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==Conversion==
==Conversion==
[[Meenakshipuram]] is a village in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The scheduled caste members in the village were segregated by the [[caste]], who referred to them as untouchables on the basis of the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]].<ref name="Desai1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vekq6s2RyYC&pg=PA12|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=12–13}}</ref> The district had a long history of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]].<ref name="Katju2003">{{cite book|author=Manjari Katju|title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2476-7|page=32}}</ref> An estimated of 1,100 scheduled caste members from the village had converted to Islam.<ref>{{cite book|title=India Briefind, 1991|first=Philip|last=Oldenburg|year=1991|page=119|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bWRDxm8ObUC}}</ref> Though originally 220 families were registered for conversions, about 40 of them changed their mind and 180 families attended the ceremony held on 19 February 1981.<ref>{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/346 346]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990}}</ref>
[[Meenakshipuram]] is a village in the [[Tirunelveli district]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], [[India]]. The [[scheduled caste]] members in the village were segregated by the [[caste]], who referred to them as untouchables on the basis of the [[Caste system in India|Indian caste system]].<ref name="Desai1991">{{cite book|author=Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai|title=Violation of Democratic Rights in India|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0vekq6s2RyYC&pg=PA12|date=1 January 1991|publisher=Popular Prakashan|isbn=978-81-7154-529-2|pages=12–13}}</ref> The district had a long history of [[Caste-related violence in India|caste-related violence]].<ref name="Katju2003">{{cite book|author=Manjari Katju|title=Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b70nKb-8YuMC&pg=PA32|year=2003|publisher=Orient Blackswan|isbn=978-81-250-2476-7|page=32}}</ref> They embraced Islam, tired of upper caste atrocities, mostly by the landed OBC Thevar community in the village.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=India Briefind, 1991|first=Philip|last=Oldenburg|year=1991|page=119|isbn=9780813382548|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1bWRDxm8ObUC}}</ref> The scheduled caste members belonging to [[Pallar]] community always had tussle with the majority [[Maravar]] community. The Pallars were considered untouchable by the majority community. They were predominantly employed as farm labour and the income and education was lower. During the time of conversion, there was reportedly 40 per cent of Pallar youths were educated who induced the conversion.<ref>{{cite book|title=Subaltern revolts in Tamilnadu|last=B.S.|first=Chandrababu|publisher= JJ Publications|location=Madurai|year=2001|pages=53–6}}</ref> Though originally 220 families were registered for conversions, about 40 of them changed their mind and 180 families attended the ceremony held on 19 February 1981.<ref>{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/346 346]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}</ref>


==Aftermath==
==Aftermath==
After the incident, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] set up an inquiry commission to investigate the conversion. The commission in its report suggested an anti-conversion bill to be passed by the state government, but government put it on hold.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalithaas-anti-conversion-law-causes-political-polarisation-in-tamil-nadu/1/218669.html | title=Jayalalithaa's anti-conversion law causes political polarisation in Tamil Nadu | work=India Today | date=18 November 2002 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>
After the incident, the [[Government of Tamil Nadu|Tamil Nadu government]] set up an inquiry commission to investigate the conversion. The commission in its report suggested an anti-conversion bill to be passed by the state government, but government put it on hold.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/jayalalithaas-anti-conversion-law-causes-political-polarisation-in-tamil-nadu/1/218669.html | title=Jayalalithaa's anti-conversion law causes political polarisation in Tamil Nadu | work=India Today | date=18 November 2002 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref>


Media reported that the conversion took place by force using foreign funding.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultures of Conversions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-W-wOgKI9cC&pg=PA2&dq=press#v=onepage&q=press&f=false|author1=Jan N. Bremmer|author2=Wout Jac. van Bekkum|author3=Arie L. Molendijk|publisher=Peeters Publishers}}</ref><ref name="averting">{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/347 347]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|page=162|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|publisher=Primus Books}}</ref> While some converts denied the allegations,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/05/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-chapter-three/ | title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: Chapter Three | work=WSJ | date=5 December 2012 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> others said that they had been bribed. Ayyappan, a resident of Meenakshipuram, said that he had declined an offer of Rs. 500 in cash to convince him to renounce his faith.<ref>{{cite book|title=Politics of Conversion|page=30|first=Devendra|last=Swarup|publisher=Deendayal Research Institute|year=1986}}</ref> One news paper had also printed a photo of a currency note from a [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf country]].<ref name="averting"/>
Media reported that the conversion took place by force using foreign funding.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cultures of Conversions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7-W-wOgKI9cC&dq=press&pg=PA2|author1=Jan N. Bremmer|author2=Wout Jac. van Bekkum|author3=Arie L. Molendijk|year = 2006|publisher=Peeters Publishers|isbn = 9789042917538}}</ref><ref name="averting">{{cite book|title=Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today|page=[https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn/page/347 347]|publisher=Duke University Press|url=https://archive.org/details/avertingapocalyp00bonn|url-access=registration|year=1990|isbn=9780822310297}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Religion, Caste, and Politics in India|page=162|first=Christophe|last=Jaffrelot|publisher=Primus Books}}</ref> While some converts denied the allegations,<ref>{{cite web | url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2012/12/05/ayodhya-the-battle-for-indias-soul-chapter-three/ | title=Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: Chapter Three | work=WSJ | date=5 December 2012 | accessdate=24 December 2014}}</ref> others said that they had been bribed. Ayyappan, a resident of Meenakshipuram, said that he had declined an offer of Rs. 500 in cash to convince him to renounce his faith.<ref>{{cite book|title=Politics of Conversion|page=30|first=Devendra|last=Swarup|publisher=Deendayal Research Institute|year=1986}}</ref> One news paper had also printed a photo of a currency note from a [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf|Gulf country]].<ref name="averting"/>
 
The official report of SC / ST, the Government of India on the conversions said: "Dalits were those who contacted Muslims for the first time ... they went to Tirunelveli to ask Muslim leaders to join Islam; Their elders have considered converting to Islam for 20 years. Converts contributed Rs 41,000 for their conversion ceremony. An estimated of 1,100 scheduled caste members from the village had converted to Islam.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref>


Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] was reportedly unhappy, and Home Minister [[Zail Singh]] questioned if "''a conspiracy or political motivation''" was involved in these conversions.<ref name="averting"/> A number of press reporters and politicians such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Mass-conversions of Meenakshipuram: a sociological enquiry|page=49|author=Mumtaz Ali Khan|year=1983|publisher=Christian Literature Society}}</ref> and [[Yogendra Makwana]]<ref>{{cite book|title=MGR: A Life|page=276|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}}</ref> visited the village.
Prime Minister [[Indira Gandhi]] was reportedly unhappy, and Home Minister [[Zail Singh]] questioned if "''a conspiracy or political motivation''" was involved in these conversions.<ref name="averting"/> A number of press reporters and politicians such as [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Mass-conversions of Meenakshipuram: a sociological enquiry|page=49|author=Mumtaz Ali Khan|year=1983|publisher=Christian Literature Society}}</ref> and [[Yogendra Makwana]]<ref>{{cite book|title=MGR: A Life|page=276|publisher=Penguin Random House India|year=2017}}</ref> visited the village.


Many of the converts left Islam later on.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19830315-meenakshipuram-in-tamil-nadu-becomes-battleground-of-hindu-zealots-and-muslim-fanatics-770499-2013-07-24|title=Meenakshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes battleground of Hindu zealots and Muslim fanatics|date=15 March 1983|publisher=India Today|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> By July 1981, some of the converts returned to [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Demolition: India at the Crossroads|quote=Meenakshipuram. In July 1981, some of the converts to Islam had re-converted to Hinduism.|page=129|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461144}}</ref> In 1991, a decade later, 900 out of 1,100 converts returned to Hinduism, citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.<ref>{{cite news|title=Meenakshipuram Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism|date=1991|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism/1/318269.html}}</ref>
Most of the converted Dalits become supporters of AIADMK, while the upper caste Thevars have aligned with the BJP.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/news/india/flashback-how-800-dalit-hindus-were-converted-to-islam-33-years-45123.html|title = Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago|date = 12 December 2014}}</ref>
 
The BJP later took the issue of Meenakshipuram conversion to the Parliament when it reached Lok Sabha in 1984 with two seats. Its propaganda gathered momentum over the years and culminated with the [[Babri Masjid demolition]] in 1992.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dtnext.in/News/TopNews/2019/11/10041638/1196679/Meenakshipuram-TNs-link-to-Babri-demolition-now-prays-.vpf|title = Meenakshipuram, TN's link to Babri demolition, now prays for harmony|date = 10 November 2019}}</ref>
 
Many of the converts left Islam later on.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19830315-meenakshipuram-in-tamil-nadu-becomes-battleground-of-hindu-zealots-and-muslim-fanatics-770499-2013-07-24|title=Meenakshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes battleground of Hindu zealots and Muslim fanatics|date=15 March 1983|publisher=India Today|accessdate=30 June 2020}}</ref> By July 1981, some of the converts returned to [[Hinduism]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Demolition: India at the Crossroads|quote=Meenakshipuram. In July 1981, some of the converts to Islam had re-converted to Hinduism.|page=129|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.461144}}</ref> In 2015, 33 years after the incident, [[Rediff.com]] conducted a survey in the village and reported that those who converted to Islam said they were happy.<ref>{{cite news | url=http://www.rediff.com/news/special/meenakshipuram-33-years-on-muslims-happy-hindus-not/20150112.htm | title=Meenakshipuram, 33 years on: Muslims happy, Hindus not | publisher=Rediff | date=12 January 2015 | accessdate=22 October 2017}}</ref> In 2019, The Muslims insist that they are now being accorded dignity and respect.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/in-meenakshipuram-conversions-continue-in-hope-of-social-dignity/articleshow/68913456.cms|title=In Meenakshipuram, conversions continue in hope of social dignity &#124; Chennai News - Times of India|website=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> Of the many who continue to remain Muslims, almost all have prospered in the years following their conversion.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/religion/story/19910430-meenakshipuram-harijans-flip-flop-between-islam-and-hinduism-814434-1991-04-30|title = Meenakshipuram: Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism}}</ref>


==References==
==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
{{#seo:
|keywords=Religious conversion in India, Conversion to Islam, 1981 in India, 1980s in Tamil Nadu, Social history of Tamil Nadu, Dalit history
|description=
}}


[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]
[[Category:Religious conversion in India]]

Latest revision as of 20:35, 8 July 2023

Template:Islamization The 1981 Meenakshipuram conversion was a mass religious conversion that took place in the Indian village of Meenakshipuram, in which hundreds of low caste Hindus converted to Islam. This incident sparked debate over freedom of religion in India and the government decided to introduce anti-conversion legislation.[1] Later, many converts converted back to Hinduism, citing the lack of fulfillment of promises made during the conversions.

ConversionEdit

Meenakshipuram is a village in the Tirunelveli district of Tamil Nadu, India. The scheduled caste members in the village were segregated by the caste, who referred to them as untouchables on the basis of the Indian caste system.[2] The district had a long history of caste-related violence.[3] They embraced Islam, tired of upper caste atrocities, mostly by the landed OBC Thevar community in the village.[4][5] The scheduled caste members belonging to Pallar community always had tussle with the majority Maravar community. The Pallars were considered untouchable by the majority community. They were predominantly employed as farm labour and the income and education was lower. During the time of conversion, there was reportedly 40 per cent of Pallar youths were educated who induced the conversion.[6] Though originally 220 families were registered for conversions, about 40 of them changed their mind and 180 families attended the ceremony held on 19 February 1981.[7]

AftermathEdit

After the incident, the Tamil Nadu government set up an inquiry commission to investigate the conversion. The commission in its report suggested an anti-conversion bill to be passed by the state government, but government put it on hold.[8]

Media reported that the conversion took place by force using foreign funding.[9][10][11] While some converts denied the allegations,[12] others said that they had been bribed. Ayyappan, a resident of Meenakshipuram, said that he had declined an offer of Rs. 500 in cash to convince him to renounce his faith.[13] One news paper had also printed a photo of a currency note from a Gulf country.[10]

The official report of SC / ST, the Government of India on the conversions said: "Dalits were those who contacted Muslims for the first time ... they went to Tirunelveli to ask Muslim leaders to join Islam; Their elders have considered converting to Islam for 20 years. Converts contributed Rs 41,000 for their conversion ceremony. An estimated of 1,100 scheduled caste members from the village had converted to Islam.[14]

Prime Minister Indira Gandhi was reportedly unhappy, and Home Minister Zail Singh questioned if "a conspiracy or political motivation" was involved in these conversions.[10] A number of press reporters and politicians such as Atal Bihari Vajpayee[15] and Yogendra Makwana[16] visited the village.

Most of the converted Dalits become supporters of AIADMK, while the upper caste Thevars have aligned with the BJP.[17]

The BJP later took the issue of Meenakshipuram conversion to the Parliament when it reached Lok Sabha in 1984 with two seats. Its propaganda gathered momentum over the years and culminated with the Babri Masjid demolition in 1992.[18]

Many of the converts left Islam later on.[19] By July 1981, some of the converts returned to Hinduism.[20] In 2015, 33 years after the incident, Rediff.com conducted a survey in the village and reported that those who converted to Islam said they were happy.[21] In 2019, The Muslims insist that they are now being accorded dignity and respect.[22] Of the many who continue to remain Muslims, almost all have prospered in the years following their conversion.[23]

ReferencesEdit

  1. ↑ "Sudden spurt in conversions of Harijans to Islam forces govt to study the 'issue'". India Today. 11 November 2013. Retrieved 25 December 2014.
  2. ↑ Akshayakumar Ramanlal Desai (1 January 1991). Violation of Democratic Rights in India. Popular Prakashan. pp. 12–13. ISBN 978-81-7154-529-2.
  3. ↑ Manjari Katju (2003). Vishva Hindu Parishad and Indian Politics. Orient Blackswan. p. 32. ISBN 978-81-250-2476-7.
  4. ↑ "Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago". 12 December 2014.
  5. ↑ Oldenburg, Philip (1991). India Briefind, 1991. p. 119. ISBN 9780813382548.
  6. ↑ B.S., Chandrababu (2001). Subaltern revolts in Tamilnadu. Madurai: JJ Publications. pp. 53–6.
  7. ↑ Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today. Duke University Press. 1990. p. 346. ISBN 9780822310297.
  8. ↑ "Jayalalithaa's anti-conversion law causes political polarisation in Tamil Nadu". India Today. 18 November 2002. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  9. ↑ Jan N. Bremmer; Wout Jac. van Bekkum; Arie L. Molendijk (2006). Cultures of Conversions. Peeters Publishers. ISBN 9789042917538.
  10. ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 Averting the Apocalypse: Social Movements in India Today. Duke University Press. 1990. p. 347. ISBN 9780822310297.
  11. ↑ Jaffrelot, Christophe. Religion, Caste, and Politics in India. Primus Books. p. 162.
  12. ↑ "Ayodhya, the Battle for India's Soul: Chapter Three". WSJ. 5 December 2012. Retrieved 24 December 2014.
  13. ↑ Swarup, Devendra (1986). Politics of Conversion. Deendayal Research Institute. p. 30.
  14. ↑ "Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago". 12 December 2014.
  15. ↑ Mumtaz Ali Khan (1983). Mass-conversions of Meenakshipuram: a sociological enquiry. Christian Literature Society. p. 49.
  16. ↑ MGR: A Life. Penguin Random House India. 2017. p. 276.
  17. ↑ "Flashback: How 800 Dalit Hindus in Meenakshipuram were converted to Islam 33 years ago". 12 December 2014.
  18. ↑ "Meenakshipuram, TN's link to Babri demolition, now prays for harmony". 10 November 2019.
  19. ↑ "Meenakshipuram in Tamil Nadu becomes battleground of Hindu zealots and Muslim fanatics". India Today. 15 March 1983. Retrieved 30 June 2020.
  20. ↑ The Demolition: India at the Crossroads. p. 129. Meenakshipuram. In July 1981, some of the converts to Islam had re-converted to Hinduism.
  21. ↑ "Meenakshipuram, 33 years on: Muslims happy, Hindus not". Rediff. 12 January 2015. Retrieved 22 October 2017.
  22. ↑ "In Meenakshipuram, conversions continue in hope of social dignity | Chennai News - Times of India". The Times of India.
  23. ↑ "Meenakshipuram: Harijans flip-flop between Islam and Hinduism".

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