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{{short description|Creative work with few or no restrictions on how it may be used}} | {{short description|Creative work with few or no restrictions on how it may be used}} | ||
{{For|the use of free content on Wikipedia| | {{For|the use of free content on Wikipedia|Bharatpedia:Free content|selfref=yes}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} | ||
[[File:Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg|thumb|[[Free Cultural Works]] logo|alt=|219x219px]] | [[File:Definition of Free Cultural Works logo notext.svg|thumb|[[Free Cultural Works]] logo|alt=|219x219px]] | ||
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===Media=== | ===Media=== | ||
[[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|thumb|100px|[[Creative Commons]] logo]] | [[File:Cc.logo.circle.svg|thumb|100px|[[Creative Commons]] logo]] | ||
In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by [[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons]] have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all of the Creative Commons’ licenses are entirely free: their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |access-date=March 22, 2009| last=Linksvayer |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Linksvayer |date= February 20, 2008| publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}}</ref> [[Digital library|Repositories]] exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, [[clip art]], music,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |title=iRate Radio |access-date=March 22, 2009 |publisher=[[SourceForge.net]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228222010/http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |archive-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> and literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3F |title=Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom? |access-date=March 22, 2009 |date=April 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the [[duplicate content]] problem. [[Wikipedia]] is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on the web. While the vast majority of content on Wikipedia is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under [[ | In media, which includes textual, audio, and visual content, free licensing schemes such as some of the licenses made by [[Creative Commons licenses|Creative Commons]] have allowed for the dissemination of works under a clear set of legal permissions. Not all of the Creative Commons’ licenses are entirely free: their permissions may range from very liberal general redistribution and modification of the work to a more restrictive redistribution-only licensing. Since February 2008, Creative Commons licenses which are entirely free carry a badge indicating that they are "approved for free cultural works".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |access-date=March 22, 2009| last=Linksvayer |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Linksvayer |date= February 20, 2008| publisher=[[Creative Commons]]}}</ref> [[Digital library|Repositories]] exist which exclusively feature free material and provide content such as photographs, [[clip art]], music,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |title=iRate Radio |access-date=March 22, 2009 |publisher=[[SourceForge.net]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090228222010/http://irate.sourceforge.net/ |archive-date=February 28, 2009 }}</ref> and literature.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/wiki/Gutenberg:No_Cost_or_Freedom%3F |title=Gutenberg:No Cost or Freedom? |access-date=March 22, 2009 |date=April 23, 2007 |publisher=[[Project Gutenberg]]}}</ref> While extensive reuse of free content from one website in another website is legal, it is usually not sensible because of the [[duplicate content]] problem. [[Wikipedia]] is amongst the most well-known databases of user-uploaded free content on the web. While the vast majority of content on Wikipedia is free content, some copyrighted material is hosted under [[Bharatpedia:Non-free content criteria|fair-use criteria]]. | ||
===Software=== | ===Software=== | ||
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The [[concept]] of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.en.html Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information]" for the GNU Project. The term "open content" was coined by [[David A. Wiley]] in 1998 and evangelized via the ''[[Open Content Project]]'', describing works licensed under the [[Open Content License]] (a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms.<ref name="OpenContent19990128"/> | The [[concept]] of applying free software licenses to content was introduced by Michael Stutz, who in 1997 wrote the paper "[https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/nonsoftware-copyleft.en.html Applying Copyleft to Non-Software Information]" for the GNU Project. The term "open content" was coined by [[David A. Wiley]] in 1998 and evangelized via the ''[[Open Content Project]]'', describing works licensed under the [[Open Content License]] (a non-free share-alike license, see 'Free content' below) and other works licensed under similar terms.<ref name="OpenContent19990128"/> | ||
It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The [[openness]] of content can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law.<ref name="OpenContentDefinition">{{cite web| last = Wiley| first = David| title = Open Content| work = OpenContent.org| access-date = 18 November 2011| url = http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/68X8TpS2Q?url=http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-date = 19 June 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> Unlike | It has since come to describe a broader class of content without conventional copyright restrictions. The [[openness]] of content can be assessed under the '5Rs Framework' based on the extent to which it can be reused, revised, remixed and redistributed by members of the public without violating copyright law.<ref name="OpenContentDefinition">{{cite web| last = Wiley| first = David| title = Open Content| work = OpenContent.org| access-date = 18 November 2011| url = http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/68X8TpS2Q?url=http://opencontent.org/definition/| archive-date = 19 June 2012| url-status = live}}</ref> Unlike free content and content under [[open-source license]]s, there is no clear threshold that a work must reach to qualify as 'open content'. | ||
Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to [[copyright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |title=Lawrence Liang, "Free/Open Source Software Open Content", ''Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme: e-Primers on Free/Open Source Software'', United Nations Development Programme – Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme, 2007. |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322210600/http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> open content licenses rely on a copyright holder's power to license their work, similarly as [[copyleft]] which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose. | Although open content has been described as a counterbalance to [[copyright]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |title=Lawrence Liang, "Free/Open Source Software Open Content", ''Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme: e-Primers on Free/Open Source Software'', United Nations Development Programme – Asia-Pacific Development Information Programme, 2007. |access-date=23 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322210600/http://www.apdip.net/publications/fosseprimers/foss-opencontent-nocover.pdf |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> open content licenses rely on a copyright holder's power to license their work, similarly as [[copyleft]] which also utilizes copyright for such a purpose. | ||
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In 2005, the [[Open Icecat]] project was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the [[Open Content License]]. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite [[open source]] minded. | In 2005, the [[Open Icecat]] project was launched, in which product information for e-commerce applications was created and published under the [[Open Content License]]. It was embraced by the tech sector, which was already quite [[open source]] minded. | ||
In 2006 the [[Creative Commons]]' successor project was the ''[[Definition of Free Cultural Works]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |title=Revision history of "Definition" – Definition of Free Cultural Works |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181729/http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> for | In 2006 the [[Creative Commons]]' successor project was the ''[[Definition of Free Cultural Works]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |title=Revision history of "Definition" – Definition of Free Cultural Works |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121102181729/http://freedomdefined.org/index.php?title=Definition&action=history |archive-date=2 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> for free content, put forth by [[Erik Möller]],<ref name="history"/> [[Richard Stallman]], [[Lawrence Lessig]], [[Benjamin Mako Hill]],<ref name="history"/> Angela Beesley,<ref name="history">{{cite web |url=http://freedomdefined.org/History |title=History – Definition of Free Cultural Works |publisher=Freedomdefined.org |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121030190858/http://freedomdefined.org/History |archive-date=30 October 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> and others. The ''Definition of Free Cultural Works'' is used by the [[Wikimedia Foundation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy |title=Resolution:Licensing policy |publisher=Wikimedia Foundation |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121113195859/https://wikimediafoundation.org/wiki/Resolution:Licensing_policy |archive-date=13 November 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2008, the Attribution and Attribution-ShareAlike [[Creative Commons licenses]] were marked as "Approved for Free Cultural Works" among other licenses.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |title=Approved for Free Cultural Works |publisher=Creative Commons |date=24 July 2009 |access-date=14 November 2012 |archive-url=https://www.webcitation.org/68gq3V3Mv?url=http://creativecommons.org/weblog/entry/8051 |archive-date=25 June 2012 |url-status=live }}</ref> | ||
[[File:OK LOGO COLOUR RGB.svg|thumb|100px|[[Open Knowledge]] Foundation]] | [[File:OK LOGO COLOUR RGB.svg|thumb|100px|[[Open Knowledge]] Foundation]] | ||
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According to the current definition of open content on the OpenContent website, any general, royalty-free copyright license would qualify as an open license because it 'provides users with the right to make more kinds of uses than those normally permitted under the law. These permissions are granted to users free of charge.'<ref name="OpenContentDefinition" /> | According to the current definition of open content on the OpenContent website, any general, royalty-free copyright license would qualify as an open license because it 'provides users with the right to make more kinds of uses than those normally permitted under the law. These permissions are granted to users free of charge.'<ref name="OpenContentDefinition" /> | ||
However, the narrower definition used in the Open Definition effectively limits open content to [[libre content]], any | However, the narrower definition used in the Open Definition effectively limits open content to [[libre content]], any free content license, defined by the [[Definition of Free Cultural Works]], would qualify as an open content license. According to this narrower criteria, the following still-maintained licenses qualify: | ||
* [[Creative Commons licenses]] (only [[Creative Commons Attribution]], [[CC BY-SA|Attribution-Share Alike]] and [[CC0|Zero]]) | * [[Creative Commons licenses]] (only [[Creative Commons Attribution]], [[CC BY-SA|Attribution-Share Alike]] and [[CC0|Zero]]) | ||
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* [[Open Game License]] (a license designed for role-playing games by [[Wizards of the Coast]]) | * [[Open Game License]] (a license designed for role-playing games by [[Wizards of the Coast]]) | ||
* [[Free Art License]] | * [[Free Art License]] | ||
(For more licenses see [[Open Knowledge]], | (For more licenses see [[Open Knowledge]], Free content and [[Free Cultural Works]] licenses) | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
{{Open navbox}} | {{Open navbox}} | ||
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[[Category:Free software|Content]] | [[Category:Free software|Content]] | ||
[[Category:Open content| ]] | [[Category:Open content| ]] | ||
{{en-Wikipedia}} | |||