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Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including [[mod (subculture)|mods]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the United Kingdom and the [[hippie]] counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], [[Punk subculture|punk]], and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[consumerism]] and [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}} | Rock music has also embodied and served as the vehicle for cultural and social movements, leading to major subcultures including [[mod (subculture)|mods]] and [[rocker (subculture)|rockers]] in the United Kingdom and the [[hippie]] counterculture that spread out from San Francisco in the US in the 1960s. Similarly, 1970s [[punk culture]] spawned the [[goth subculture|goth]], [[Punk subculture|punk]], and [[emo]] subcultures. Inheriting the folk tradition of the [[protest song]], rock music has been associated with political activism as well as changes in social attitudes to race, sex, and drug use, and is often seen as an expression of youth revolt against adult [[consumerism]] and [[conformity]]. At the same time, it has been commercially highly successful, leading to charges of [[selling out]].{{toclimit|3}} | ||
==Characteristics== | |||
{{quote box|quoted=1|quote=A good definition of rock, in fact, is that it's popular music that to a certain degree doesn't care if it's popular.|source=—[[Bill Wyman]] in ''[[Vulture.com|Vulture]]'' (2016)<ref name="wymanberry">{{cite web |url=http://www.vulture.com/2016/12/chuck-berry-invented-the-idea-of-rock-and-roll.html |date=20 December 2016 <!-- March 18, 2017 ?! update? field for it? --> | |||
|title = Chuck Berry Invented the Idea of Rock and Roll | |||
|publisher = New York Media, LLC |work=[[Vulture.com]] |author-link=Bill Wyman |last=Wyman |first=Bill}}</ref>|width=18%|align=right|style=padding:8px;}} | |||
[[File:Rhcp-live-pinkpop05.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.8|alt=A photograph of four members of The Red Hot Chili Peppers performing on a stage|[[Red Hot Chili Peppers]] in 2006, showing a quartet lineup for a rock band (from left to right: bassist, lead vocalist, drummer, and guitarist)]] | |||
The sound of rock is traditionally centered on the [[guitar amplifier|amplified]] electric guitar, which emerged in its modern form in the 1950s with the popularity of rock and roll.<ref>J.M. Curtis, ''Rock Eras: Interpretations of Music and Society, 1954–1984'' (Madison, WI: Popular Press, 1987), {{ISBN|0-87972-369-6}}, pp. 68–73.</ref> Also, it was influenced by the sounds of [[electric blues]] guitarists.<ref name=campbell>{{cite book|last1=Campbell |first1=Michael |last2=Brody |first2=James |title=Rock and Roll: An Introduction |year=2007 |edition=2nd |publisher=Thomson Schirmer |location=Belmont, CA |isbn=978-0-534-64295-2 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA80 80–81]}}</ref> The sound of an electric guitar in rock music is typically supported by an electric bass guitar, which pioneered in jazz music in the same era,<ref>{{source in source |author=R.C. Brewer |title=Bass Guitar |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=56}}</ref> and percussion produced from a drum kit that combines drums and cymbals.<ref>{{source in source |author=R. Mattingly |title=Drum Set |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=361}}</ref> This trio of instruments has often been complemented by the inclusion of other instruments, particularly keyboards such as the piano, the [[Hammond organ]], and the [[Synthesizer|synthesizer.]]<ref>P. Théberge, ''Any Sound you can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology'' (Middletown, CT, Wesleyan University Press, 1997), {{ISBN|0-8195-6309-9}}, pp. 69–70.</ref> The basic rock instrumentation was derived from the basic [[blues]] band instrumentation (prominent lead guitar, second chordal instrument, bass, and drums).<ref name=campbell/> A group of musicians performing rock music is termed as a rock band or a rock group. Furthermore, it typically consists of between three (the [[power trio]]) and five members. Classically, a rock band takes the form of a [[quartet]] whose members cover one or more roles, including vocalist, lead guitarist, rhythm guitarist, bass guitarist, drummer, and often [[keyboard player]] or other instrumentalist.<ref>{{source in source |author=D. Laing |title=Quartet |editor=Shepherd |year=2003 |page=56}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Characteristic rock drum pattern.png|thumb|right|A simple {{music|time|4|4}} drum pattern common in rock music {{Audio|Simple duple drum pattern.mid|Play}}]] | |||
Rock music is traditionally built on a foundation of simple unsyncopated rhythms in a {{music|time|4|4}} [[Meter (music)|meter]], with a repetitive snare drum [[Backbeat (music)|back beat]] on beats two and four.<ref name=Ammer2004>C. Ammer, ''The Facts on File Dictionary of Music'' (New York: Infobase, 4th edn., 2004), {{ISBN|0-8160-5266-2}}, pp. 251–52.</ref> Melodies often originate from older [[musical modes]] such as the [[Dorian mode|Dorian]] and [[Mixolydian]], as well as [[Major scale|major]] and [[Minor mode|minor]] modes. Harmonies range from the common [[Triad (music)|triad]] to parallel [[perfect fourth]]s and [[Perfect fifth|fifths]] and dissonant harmonic progressions.<ref name=Ammer2004/> Since the late 1950s,<ref>{{harvnb|Campbell|Brody|2007|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=RK-JmVbv4OIC&pg=PA117 117]}}</ref> and particularly from the mid-1960s onwards, rock music often used the [[Verse-chorus form|verse-chorus structure]] derived from blues and folk music, but there has been considerable variation from this model.<ref>J. Covach, "From craft to art: formal structure in the music of the Beatles", in K. Womack and Todd F. Davis, eds, ''Reading the Beatles: Cultural Studies, Literary Criticism, and the Fab Four'' (New York: SUNY Press, 2006), {{ISBN|0-7914-6715-5}}, p. 40.</ref> Critics have stressed the eclecticism and stylistic diversity of rock.<ref>T. Gracyk, ''Rhythm and Noise: an Aesthetics of Rock'', (London: I.B. Tauris, 1996), {{ISBN|1-86064-090-7}}, p. xi.</ref> Because of its complex history and its tendency to borrow from other musical and cultural forms, it has been argued that "it is impossible to bind rock music to a rigidly delineated musical definition."<ref>P. Wicke, ''Rock Music: Culture, Aesthetics and Sociology'' (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990), {{ISBN|0-521-39914-9}}, p. x.</ref> | |||