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[[File:Dupleix Jean Francois estampe.jpeg|thumb|Lithograph of [[Joseph François Dupleix]], who pioneered the system of subsidiary alliances.]]
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A '''subsidiary alliance''', in [[History of South Asia|South Asian history]], was a [[Tribute|tributary]] alliance between an [[Princely state|Indian state]] and a European [[East India Company]], most notably the [[British East India Company]].
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Under this system, an Indian ruler who formed an agreement with the company concerned was provided with protection against external attacks. In return, the ruler was required to:
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* Maintain the Company's army at or near the capital of the state;
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* Accept the British as the supreme power in matters of external affairs;
<span style="font-size:140%;">'''Explore the Cinema'''</span><br />
* Provide money or territory to the Company for the maintenance of the troops;
<span style="font-size:90%;">From silent cinema to modern filmmaking</span>
* Expel all other Europeans from the state and refrain from employing them in military or civil services;
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* Maintain a British official, known as a ''Resident'', at the capital, who supervised diplomatic relations and correspondence with other states, thereby preventing the ruler from conducting foreign relations without British approval.<ref>{{cite web |title=Subsidiary Alliance System |publisher=[[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] |url=http://www.careerlauncher.com/upsc/subsidiary-alliance-system |access-date=1 August 2022 |archive-date=3 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210803095458/https://www.careerlauncher.com/upsc/subsidiary-alliance-system/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


The ruler was also forbidden from maintaining an independent standing army. Although internal administration formally remained with the ruler, agents of the East India Company increasingly interfered in the internal affairs of allied states, including succession disputes and governance.  
[[File:Satyajit_Ray.jpg|center|thumb|300px|Portrait of [[Satyajit Ray]], painted by Rishiraj Sahoo in 1997.]]


== Development ==
[[File:A_scene_from_film,_Raja_Harishchandra,_1913.jpg|center|thumb|300px|A still from ''[[Raja Harishchandra]]'' (1913), India's first full-length feature film. As it was a silent film, men played the female roles, marking the beginning of Indian cinema.]]


The system of subsidiary alliances was first pioneered in the [[Carnatic region]] by [[Joseph François Dupleix]].<ref name="Carton2012">{{cite book |author=Adrian Carton |title=Mixed-Race and Modernity in Colonial India: Changing Concepts of Hybridity Across Empires |publisher=Routledge |date=6 August 2012 |isbn=978-1-136-32502-1 |pages=47–49}}</ref> It was later adopted and expanded by the [[British East India Company]].
[[File:Shooting_'Film_Ghetto_Theresienstadt'.jpg|center|thumb|300px|A photograph identified by [[Karel Margry]] as showing the filming of the first Theresienstadt film in 1942.]]


Following the British victory at the [[Battle of Plassey]] (1757), [[Robert Clive]] imposed alliance conditions on [[Mir Jafar]]. These arrangements were further consolidated after the British victory at the [[Battle of Buxar]] (1764) and formalised by the [[Treaty of Allahabad]] (1765).
[[File:Shah_Rukh_Khan_Signature.svg|center|thumb|300px|The signature of my favourite actor, [[Shah Rukh Khan]].]]


The policy reached its most systematic form under [[Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley|Richard Wellesley]], Governor-General of India from 1798 to 1805. In a dispatch dated February 1801 to the East India Company Resident at Hyderabad, Wellesley outlined the strategic objectives of subsidiary alliances:<ref name="Tupper1883">{{cite book |author=Charles Lewis Tupper |title=Our Indian Protectorate |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co. |date=1893 |pages=36–41}}</ref>
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<blockquote>
'''[[User:Editorial Oversight|Editorial Oversight]]''', thank you for continuously making constructive contributions and helping this encyclopedia grow!
"His Excellency the Governor-General's policy in establishing subsidiary alliances with the principal states of India is to place those states in such a degree of dependence on the British power as may deprive them of the means of forming any confederacy hazardous to the security of the British empire, and may enable us to preserve the tranquillity of India by exercising a general control over those states..."
<br />— '''Richard Wellesley, 4 February 1801'''
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By the late 18th century, the decline of the [[Maratha Empire]] had left the [[Indian subcontinent]] fragmented into numerous states, many of them militarily weak. Several rulers accepted subsidiary alliances as a means of protection against regional rivals.<ref name="Carton2012"/>
<span style="color:#996600;">-- [[User:Bharatwiki Socrates|🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁]] <span style="color:brown;">([[User talk:Bharatwiki Socrates|Talk]])</span> 23:29, 27 September 2026 (IST)</span>
 
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The [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] was the first ruler to accept a well-defined subsidiary alliance in 1798. [[Tipu Sultan]] of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] initially resisted the system, but following British victory in the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]] (1799), Mysore was reduced to a subsidiary state before later coming under direct [[Company rule in India|Company rule]].<ref>Swan, Orient Black. ''Inspired History – Class 8''. Orient BlackSwan, 2020.</ref>
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After the [[Third Anglo-Maratha War]] (1817–1819), the Maratha ruler [[Baji Rao II]] also accepted a subsidiary alliance.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahetā |first=Alakā |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History from 1707 to the Modern Times |publisher=S. Chand |date=2018 |edition=32nd |pages=95}}</ref>
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Other states that entered into subsidiary alliances included Tanjore (1799), [[Awadh]] (1801), the [[Peshwa]] (1802), the [[Bhonsle]] kingdom (1803), [[Scindia]] (1804), [[Singrauli]] (1814), and the Rajput states of [[Jaipur State|Jaipur]] and [[Jodhpur State|Jodhpur]] (1818).<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahetā |first=Alakā |title=A New Look at Modern Indian History from 1707 to the Modern Times |publisher=S. Chand |date=2018}}</ref>
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The [[Holkar]] State of [[Indore]] was the last major member of the Maratha Confederacy to accept a subsidiary alliance, doing so in 1818.<ref>{{cite book |last=Ahir |first=Rajiv |title=A Brief History of Modern India |publisher=Spectrum Books |year=2019 |pages=122}}</ref>
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== Reference ==
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{{Reflist}}

Latest revision as of 12:44, 5 October 2026

Welcome to my Bharatpedia user page

I am an Indian Bharatpedia contributor interested in history and cinema. I enjoy creating and improving articles, researching reliable sources, and exploring the history and evolution of Indian and world cinema.

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Explore the Cinema
From silent cinema to modern filmmaking

Portrait of Satyajit Ray, painted by Rishiraj Sahoo in 1997.
A still from Raja Harishchandra (1913), India's first full-length feature film. As it was a silent film, men played the female roles, marking the beginning of Indian cinema.
A photograph identified by Karel Margry as showing the filming of the first Theresienstadt film in 1942.
The signature of my favourite actor, Shah Rukh Khan.
Received barnstar

The Working Bharatpedian's Barnstar

The Working Bharatpedian's Barnstar

Editorial Oversight, thank you for continuously making constructive contributions and helping this encyclopedia grow!

-- 🍁Bharatwiki Socrates🍁 (Talk) 23:29, 27 September 2026 (IST)

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