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{{Short description|Peninsula in Southeast Asia}}
{{Short description|Peninsula in Southeast Asia}}
{{Distinguish|Peninsular Malaysia}}
{{Distinguish|Peninsular Malaysia}}
{{EngvarB|date=July 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2018}}
{{Infobox peninsulas
{{Infobox peninsulas
| name                   = Malay Peninsula
| name                   = Malay Peninsula
| native_name            = {{native name|ms|Semenanjung Tanah Melayu}}<br> {{native name|ms-ar|سمننجوڠ تانه ملايو}} <br/>{{native name|my|လေး ကျွန်းဆွယ်}}<br/>{{native name|th|คาบสมุทรมลายู}}
| image_map              = Semenanjung Malaka.png
| native_name_lang      =
| map_caption            = Location of the Malay Peninsula<br>{{hlist|{{legend0|#19893f|Southernmost tip of [[Myanmar]]}}|{{legend0|#1071fe|[[Southern Thailand]]}}|{{legend0|#b61c1c|[[Peninsular Malaysia]]}}}}
| sobriquet              = <!-- or |nickname= -->
| coordinates             = {{Coord|7|00|N|100|00|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}}
| image_size             =
| location               = [[Southeast Asia]]
| image_alt              =
| waterbody               = [[Indian Ocean]], [[Pacific Ocean]]
| image_map              = Semenanjung Malaka.png
| area_km2               = 242,363.8
| map_alt                =
| elevation_m             = 2,187
| map_size              =
| highest_mount           = [[Mount Tahan]]
| map_caption            = Location of the Malay Peninsula
| country                 = [[Malaysia]]
| pushpin_map            =
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| coordinates            = {{Coord|7|00|N|100|00|E|source:kolossus-ruwiki|display=inline,title}}
| etymology              =
| location               = [[Southeast Asia]]
| GridReference          = <!-- UK only -->
| archipelago            =
| waterbody             = [[Indian Ocean]], [[Pacific Ocean]]
| total_islands          =
| major_islands          =
| area_km2               = 242,363.8
| area_footnotes        =
| rank                  =
| length_km              = <!-- or |length_m=  -->
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| width_km              = <!-- or |width_m=  -->
| width_footnotes        =
| coastline_km          = <!-- or |coastline_m=  -->
| coastline_footnotes    =
| elevation_m           = 2187
| elevation_footnotes    =
| highest_mount         = [[Mount Tahan]]
| country               = [[Malaysia]]
| country_admin_divisions_title =
| country_admin_divisions = [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
| country_admin_divisions = [[Peninsular Malaysia]]
| country_largest_city = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| country_largest_city   = [[Kuala Lumpur]]
| country1               = [[Myanmar]]
| country1               = [[Myanmar]]
| country1_admin_divisions_title = Region
| country1_admin_divisions_title = Region
| country1_admin_divisions = [[Tanintharyi Region|Tanintharyi]]
| country1_admin_divisions = [[Tanintharyi Region|Tanintharyi]]
| country1_admin_divisions_title_1 = District
| country1_admin_divisions_title_1 = District
| country1_admin_divisions_1 = [[Kawthaung District|Kawthaung]]
| country1_admin_divisions_1 = [[Kawthaung District|Kawthaung]]
| country1_largest_city = [[Kawthaung]]
| country1_largest_city     = [[Kawthaung]]
| country2               = [[Thailand]]
| country2                   = [[Thailand]]
| country2_admin_divisions_title =
| country2_admin_divisions   = [[Southern Thailand]]
| country2_admin_divisions = [[Southern Thailand]]
| country2_largest_city     = [[Hat Yai]]
| country2_largest_city = [[Hat Yai]]
| demonym                =
| population            =
| population_as_of      =
| population_footnotes  =
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| website                =
| additional_info        =
| footnotes              =
}}
}}


The '''Malay Peninsula''' or also known as '''Segaramsin Peninsula''' ([[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'', ''Semenanjung Tanah Segara Masin'') is a [[peninsula]] in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. The [[landmass]] runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Southern Thailand]], and the southernmost tip of [[Myanmar]] ([[Kawthaung District|Kawthaung]]). The [[island country]] of [[Singapore]] also has historical and cultural ties with the region. The indigenous people of the peninsula are [[Orang Asli]] and [[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]], an [[Austronesian peoples|Austronesian people]].  
The '''Malay Peninsula'''{{efn|[[Malay language|Malay]]: ''Semenanjung Tanah Melayu'' or ''Semenanjung Melayu''}} is located in [[Mainland Southeast Asia]]. The [[landmass]] runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, [[Tanjung Piai]], it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains [[Peninsular Malaysia]], [[Southern Thailand]], and the southernmost tip of [[Myanmar]] ([[Kawthaung District|Kawthaung]]). The [[island country]] of [[Singapore]] also has historical and cultural ties with the region.


The [[Titiwangsa Mountains]] are part of the [[Tenasserim Hills]] system and form the backbone of the peninsula and the southernmost section of the central [[cordillera]], which runs from [[Tibet]] through the [[Kra Isthmus]], the peninsula's narrowest point, into the Malay Peninsula.<ref>The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Avijit Gupta</ref> The [[Strait of Malacca]] separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of [[Sumatra]], and the south coast is separated from the island of [[Singapore]] by the [[Straits of Johor]].
The [[Titiwangsa Mountains]] are part of the [[Tenasserim Hills]] system and form the backbone of the peninsula and the southernmost section of the central [[cordillera]], which runs from [[Tibet]] through the [[Kra Isthmus]], the peninsula's narrowest point, into the Malay Peninsula.<ref>The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Avijit Gupta</ref> The [[Strait of Malacca]] separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of [[Sumatra]], and the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the [[Straits of Johor]].


== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
The Malay term ''Tanah Melayu'' is derived from the word ''Tanah'' (land) and ''Melayu'' ([[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]), thus it means "the Malay land". The term can be found in various Malay texts, of which the oldest dating back to the early 17th century.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Mohamed An war Omar Din |year=2012 |title=Legitimacy of the Malays as the Sons of the Soil |url=http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ass/article/download/23534/15030 |journal=Asian Social Science |publisher=Canadian Center of Science and Education |pages=80–81 |issn=1911-2025}}</ref> It is frequently mentioned in the ''[[Hikayat Hang Tuah]]'', a well-known classic tale associated with the legendary heroes of [[Malacca Sultanate]]. ''Tanah Melayu'' in the text is consistently employed to refer to the area under Malaccan dominance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |title=Imperial alchemy : nationalism and political identity in Southeast Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialalchemyn00reid |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-87237-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialalchemyn00reid/page/n110 95] |author-link=Anthony Reid (academic)}}</ref>
The Malay term ''Tanah Melayu'' is derived from the word ''Tanah'' (land) and ''Melayu'' ([[Malays (ethnic group)|Malays]]), thus it means "the Malay land". The term can be found in various Malay texts, of which the oldest dating back to the early 17th century. It is frequently mentioned in the ''[[Hikayat Hang Tuah]]'', a well-known classic tale associated with the legendary heroes of [[Malacca Sultanate]]. ''Tanah Melayu'' in the text is consistently employed to refer to the area under Malaccan dominance.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Reid |first=Anthony |title=Imperial alchemy : nationalism and political identity in Southeast Asia |url=https://archive.org/details/imperialalchemyn00reid |url-access=limited |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-521-87237-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/imperialalchemyn00reid/page/n110 95] |author-link=Anthony Reid (academic)}}</ref> In the [[Nagarakretagama|''Negarakertagama'']] manuscript written in 1365, this area is called ''Hujung Medini''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pigeaud |first=Theodoor Gautier Thomas |title=Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff |orig-date=1st Pub. 1962 |isbn=978-94-017-7133-7 |edition=3rd |location=The Hague }}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Nugroho |first=Irawan Djoko |title=Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit |publisher=Ragam Media |year=2009}}</ref>


In the early 16th century, [[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese [[apothecary]] who stayed in [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] from 1512 to 1515, uses an almost identical term, ''Terra de Tana Malaio'', with which he referred to the southeastern part of Sumatra, where the deposed sultan of Malacca, [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca|Mahmud Shah]], established his exiled government. The 17th century's account of Portuguese historian, [[Emanuel Godinho de Erédia]], noted on the region of ''Malaios'' surrounded by the [[Andaman Sea]] in the north, the entire [[Strait of Malacca]] in the centre, a part of [[Sunda Strait]] in the south, and the western part of [[South China Sea]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/82001895 |title=Asal Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya (The Malay Origin: Rewrite Its History) |last=Mohamed Anwar Omar Din |year=2011 |publisher=Jurnal Melayu, [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] |pages=28–30 |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>
In the early 16th century, [[Tomé Pires]], a Portuguese [[apothecary]] who stayed in [[Portuguese Malacca|Malacca]] from 1512 to 1515, uses an almost identical term, ''Terra de Tana Malaio'', with which he referred to the southeastern part of Sumatra, where the deposed sultan of Malacca, [[Mahmud Shah of Malacca|Mahmud Shah]], established his exiled government. The 17th century's account of Portuguese historian, [[Emanuel Godinho de Erédia]], noted on the region of ''Malaios'' surrounded by the [[Andaman Sea]] in the north, the entire [[Strait of Malacca]] in the centre, a part of [[Sunda Strait]] in the south, and the western part of [[South China Sea]] in the east.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.scribd.com/doc/82001895 |title=Asal Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya (The Malay Origin: Rewrite Its History) |last=Mohamed Anwar Omar Din |year=2011 |publisher=Jurnal Melayu, [[Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia]] |pages=28–30 |access-date=4 June 2012}}</ref>


Prior to the foundation of Malacca, ancient and medieval references to a Malay peninsula exist in various foreign sources. According to several Indian scholars, the word ''[[Malayadvipa]]'' ("mountain-insular continent"), mentioned in the ancient Indian text, ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', may possibly refer to the Malay Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Govind Chandra |title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science,Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |page=266 |author-link=Govind Chandra Pande}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Radhakamal |title=The culture and art of India |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureartindia00muke |url-access=limited |publisher=Coronet Books Inc |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cultureartindia00muke/page/n211 212] |author-link=Radhakamal Mukerjee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Himansu Bhusan |title=Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1970 |location=Calcutta |page=8 |asin=B000PFNF5C}}</ref> Another Indian source, an inscription on the south wall of the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]], recorded the word ''Malaiur'', referring to a kingdom in the Malay Peninsula that had "a strong mountain for its rampart".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langer |first=William Leonard |title=An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-395-13592-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/362 362] |author-link=William L. Langer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kotha |first=Satchidananda Murthy |title=Life, thought, and culture in India, c. AD 300-1000 |last2=S. |first2=Sankaranarayanan |publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87586-09-8 |page=121 |author-link=Kotha Satchidanda Murthy}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' named a geographical region of the ''[[Golden Chersonese]]'' as ''Maleu-kolon'', a term thought to derive from Sanskrit ''malayakolam'' or ''malaikurram''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerini |first=Gerolamo Emilio |title=Researches on Ptolemy's geography of eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago) |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |year=1974 |isbn=81-7069-036-6 |page=101 |author-link=Gerolamo Emilio Gerini}}</ref> While the Chinese chronicle of the [[Yuan dynasty]] mentioned the word ''Ma-li-yu-er'', referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that was threatened by the southward expansion of the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] under King [[Ram Khamhaeng]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |last=Guoxue |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Daniel George Edward |title=History of South East Asia |publisher=Macmillan |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-333-24163-9 |page=190 |author-link=D.G.E. Hall}}</ref> During the same era, [[Marco Polo]] made a reference to ''Malauir'' in his [[The Travels of Marco Polo|travelogue]], as a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in the Yuan chronicle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cordier |first=Henri |title=Ser Marco Polo; notes and addenda to Sir Henry Yule's edition, containing the results of recent research and discovery |publisher=Bibliolife |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-77685-6 |page=105 |author-link=Henri Cordier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Thomas |title=The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-8573-1 |pages=364–365}}</ref> The Malay Peninsula was conflated with [[Persia]] in old Japan, and was known by the same name.<ref>Ziro Uraki, Utsuho Monogatari footnotes, p. 2</ref>
Prior to the foundation of Malacca, ancient and medieval references to a Malay peninsula exist in various foreign sources. According to several Indian and Western scholars, the word ''[[Malayadvipa]]'' ("mountain-insular continent"), mentioned in the ancient Indian text, ''[[Vayu Purana]]'', may possibly refer to the Malay Peninsula.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Pande |first=Govind Chandra |title=India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3 |publisher=Munshiram Manoharlal |year=2005 |isbn=978-81-87586-24-1 |page=266 |author-link=Govind Chandra Pande}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Mukerjee |first=Radhakamal |title=The culture and art of India |url=https://archive.org/details/cultureartindia00muke |url-access=limited |publisher=Coronet Books Inc |year=1984 |isbn=978-81-215-0114-9 |page=[https://archive.org/details/cultureartindia00muke/page/n211 212] |author-link=Radhakamal Mukerjee}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Sarkar |first=Himansu Bhusan |title=Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia |publisher=Punthi Pustak |year=1970 |location=Calcutta |page=8 |asin=B000PFNF5C}}</ref><ref>Gerini, G. E. (1909). [https://books.google.com.my/books?id=FKYcAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA81#v=onepage&q&f=false Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago]) (Vol. 1, Asiatic Society monographs). Royal Asiatic Society; Royal Geographical Society</ref> Another Indian source, an inscription on the south wall of the [[Brihadeeswarar Temple]], recorded the word ''Malaiur'', referring to a kingdom in the Malay Peninsula that had "a strong mountain for its rampart".<ref>{{Cite book |last=Langer |first=William Leonard |title=An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged |publisher=Houghton Mifflin Co |year=1973 |isbn=978-0-395-13592-1 |page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaworl00will/page/362 362] |author-link=William L. Langer}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Kotha |first1=Satchidananda Murthy |title=Life, thought, and culture in India, c. AD 300-1000 |last2=S. |first2=Sankaranarayanan |publisher=Centre for Studies in Civilizations |year=2002 |isbn=978-81-87586-09-8 |page=121 |author-link1=Kotha Satchidanda Murthy}}</ref> [[Ptolemy]]'s ''[[Geographia (Ptolemy)|Geographia]]'' named a geographical region of the ''[[Golden Chersonese]]'' as ''Maleu-kolon'', a term thought to derive from Sanskrit ''malayakolam'' or ''malaikurram''.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gerini |first=Gerolamo Emilio |title=Researches on Ptolemy's geography of eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago) |publisher=Oriental Books Reprint Corporation |year=1974 |isbn=81-7069-036-6 |page=101 |author-link=Gerolamo Emilio Gerini}}</ref> [[Tabula Rogeriana]] completed by an Arab geographer [[Muhammad al-Idrisi]], reflects the Malay peninsula as a long island and called it Malai, bordering the Qmer ([[Khmer Empire|Khmer]]) and lying 12 days sail from Sanf ([[Champa]]).<ref>[https://www.sg/sgbicentennial/the-bicentennial-experience/map/al-idrisis-a-guide-to-pleasant-journeys-into-faraway-lands/ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands]. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.</ref><ref>Tibbetts, G. (2025). Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia. Netherlands: Brill.</ref> While the Chinese chronicle of the [[Yuan dynasty]] mentioned the word ''Ma-li-yu-er'', referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that was threatened by the southward expansion of the [[Sukhothai Kingdom]] under King [[Ram Khamhaeng]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.guoxue.com/shibu/24shi/yuanshi/yuas_210.htm |title=Chronicle of Mongol Yuan |last=Guoxue |year=2003}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hall |first=Daniel George Edward |title=History of South East Asia |publisher=Macmillan |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-333-24163-9 |page=190 |author-link=D.G.E. Hall}}</ref> During the same era, [[Marco Polo]] made a reference to ''Malauir'' in his [[The Travels of Marco Polo|travelogue]], as a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in the Yuan chronicle.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cordier |first=Henri |title=Ser Marco Polo; notes and addenda to Sir Henry Yule's edition, containing the results of recent research and discovery |publisher=Bibliolife |year=2009 |isbn=978-1-110-77685-6 |page=105 |author-link=Henri Cordier}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Wright |first=Thomas |title=The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes |publisher=Kessinger Publishing, LLC |year=2004 |isbn=978-1-4191-8573-1 |pages=364–365}}</ref> The Malay Peninsula was conflated with [[Persia]] in old Japan, and was known by the same name.<ref>Ziro Uraki, Utsuho Monogatari footnotes, p. 2</ref>


In the early 20th century, the term ''Tanah Melayu'' was generally used by the Malays of the peninsula during the rise of [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] to describe uniting all [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malay states]] on the peninsula under one Malay nation, and this ambition was largely realised with the formation of ''Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'' ([[Malay language|Malay]] for "[[Federation of Malaya]]") in 1948.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bunnell |first=Tim |year=2004 |title=From nation to networks and back again: Transnationalism, class and national identity in Malaysia |journal=State/Nation/Transnation: Perspectives on Transnationalism in the Asia Pacific |publisher=Routledge |pages=1984 |isbn=0-415-30279-X}}</ref>
In the early 20th century, the term ''Tanah Melayu'' was generally used by the Malays of the peninsula during the rise of [[Early Malay nationalism|Malay nationalism]] to describe uniting all [[Peninsular Malaysia|Malay states]] on the peninsula under one Malay nation, and this ambition was largely realised with the formation of ''Persekutuan Tanah Melayu'' ([[Malay language|Malay]] for "[[Federation of Malaya]]") in 1948.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Bunnell |first=Tim |year=2004 |title=From nation to networks and back again: Transnationalism, class and national identity in Malaysia |journal=State/Nation/Transnation: Perspectives on Transnationalism in the Asia Pacific |publisher=Routledge |pages=1984 |isbn=0-415-30279-X}}</ref>


==Ecology==
==Ecology==
The Malay Peninsula is covered with [[Tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist forests]]. Lowland forests are dominated by [[dipterocarp]] trees, while montane forests are home to evergreen trees in the beech family ([[Fagaceae]]), Myrtle family ([[Myrtaceae]]), laurel family ([[Lauraceae]]), tropical [[conifer]]s, and other plant families.
The Malay Peninsula is covered with [[tropical and subtropical moist broadleaf forests|tropical moist broadleaf forests]]. Lowland forests are dominated by [[dipterocarpaceae|dipterocarp]] trees, while montane forests are home to evergreen trees in the beech family ([[Fagaceae]]), Myrtle family ([[Myrtaceae]]), laurel family ([[Lauraceae]]), tropical [[conifer]]s, and other plant families.


The peninsula's forests are home to thousands of species of animals and plants. Several large endangered mammals inhabit the peninsula – [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[sun bear]] (''Helarctos malayanus''), [[Malayan tapir]] (''Tapirus indicus''), [[clouded leopard]] (''Neofelis nebulosa''), and [[siamang]] (''Symphalangus syndactylus'').<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref> The [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') once inhabited the forests, but Malaysia's last rhinoceroses died in 2019, and the species' few remaining members survive only in [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1= Williams|first1=David|last2= Ko|first2=Stella|date=24 November 2019 |title=The last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia has died and there are less than 80 left in the world|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/24/world/malaysia-sumatra-rhino-death-sci-trnd/index.html|work=[[CNN]] |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>
The peninsula's forests are home to thousands of species of animals and plants. Several large endangered mammals inhabit the peninsula – [[Asian elephant]] (''Elephas maximus''), [[gaur]] (''Bos gaurus''), [[tiger]] (''Panthera tigris''), [[sun bear]] (''Helarctos malayanus''), [[Malayan tapir]] (''Tapirus indicus''), [[clouded leopard]] (''Neofelis nebulosa''), and [[siamang]] (''Symphalangus syndactylus'').<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref> The [[Sumatran rhinoceros]] (''Dicerorhinus sumatrensis'') once inhabited the forests, but Malaysia's last rhinoceroses died in 2019, and the species' few remaining members survive only in [[Sumatra]].<ref>{{cite news |last1= Williams|first1=David|last2= Ko|first2=Stella|date=24 November 2019 |title=The last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia has died and there are less than 80 left in the world|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/11/24/world/malaysia-sumatra-rhino-death-sci-trnd/index.html|work=[[CNN]] |access-date=27 November 2019}}</ref>


The peninsula is home to several distinct [[ecoregions]]. The [[Tenasserim-South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests]] cover the northern peninsula, including the [[Tenasserim Hills]] and the Isthmus of Kra, and extend to the coast on both sides of the isthmus.
The peninsula is home to several distinct [[ecoregion]]s. The [[Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests]] cover the northern peninsula, including the [[Tenasserim Hills]] and the Isthmus of Kra, and extend to the coast on both sides of the isthmus.
 
The Kangar-Pattani floristic boundary crosses the peninsula in southern Thailand and northernmost Malaysia, marking the boundary between the large biogeographic regions of [[Mainland Southeast Asia|Indochina]] to the north and [[Sundaland]] and [[Malesia]] to the south. The forests north of the boundary are characterized by seasonally-deciduous trees, while the Sundaland forests have more year-round rainfall and the trees are mostly evergreen. Peninsular Malaysia is home to three terrestrial ecoregions. The [[Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests]] ecoregion covers the mountains above 1,000 meters elevation. The lowlands and hills are in the [[Peninsular Malaysian rain forests]] ecoregion. The [[Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests]] include distinctive waterlogged forests in the lowlands on both sides of the peninsula.<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref>
 
Extensive [[mangrove]]s line both coasts. The [[Myanmar Coast mangroves]] are on the western shore of the peninsula, and the [[Indochina mangroves]] on the eastern shore.
 
== List of areas by country ==
===Malaysia===
{{Main|Peninsular Malaysia}}
 
[[File:Map PeninsularMalaysia.png|thumb|Map of Peninsular Malaysia]]
 
{| class="wikitable noresize sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! class="unsortable" | [[List of Malaysian flags|Flag]]
! class="unsortable" | [[Armorial of Malaysia|Emblem /<br />Achievement]]
! [[States and federal territories of Malaysia|State]]
! [[List of capitals in Malaysia|Capital]]
! [[List of capitals in Malaysia|Royal Capital]]
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)<ref name="2010 stats">{{cite web |url=http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |title=Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010 |publisher=Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia |page=27 |access-date=24 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101227065717/http://www.statistics.gov.my/ccount12/click.php?id=2127 |archive-date=27 December 2010 |df=dmy-all }}</ref>
! Head of State
! Head of Government
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Johor.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Johor|alt=Flag of Johor]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Johor.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Johor|alt=Coat of arms of Johor]]
| [[Johor]]
| [[Johor Bahru]]
| [[Muar (town)|Muar]]
| 19,166
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Johor|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Johor|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Kedah.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Kedah|alt=Flag of Kedah]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Kedah.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Kedah|alt=Coat of arms of Kedah]]
| [[Kedah]]
| [[Alor Setar]]
| [[Anak Bukit]]
| 9,492
| align="right" | [[Kedah Sultanate|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Kedah|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Kelantan.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Kelantan|alt=Flag of Kelantan]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Kelantan.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Kelantan|alt=Coat of arms of Kelantan]]
| [[Kelantan]]
| [[Kota Bharu]]
| [[Kubang Kerian]]
| 15,040
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Kelantan|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Kelantan|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Malacca.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Malacca|alt=Flag of Malacca]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Malacca.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Malacca|alt=Coat of arms of Malacca]]
| [[Malacca]] {{small|({{langx|ms|Melaka}})}}
| [[Malacca City]]
| —
| 1,712
| align="right" | {{Lang|ms|[[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]|italic=no}}<br />(Governor)
| align="right" | [[List of Chief Ministers of Malacca|Chief Minister]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Negeri Sembilan.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Negeri Sembilan|alt=Flag of Negeri Sembilan]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan|alt=Coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan]]
| [[Negeri Sembilan]]
| [[Seremban]]
| [[Seri Menanti]]
| 6,658
| align="right" | [[Yamtuan Besar|Yang di-Pertuan Besar]]<br />(Grand Ruler)
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Negeri Sembilan|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Pahang.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Pahang|alt=Flag of Pahang]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Pahang.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Pahang|alt=Coat of arms of Pahang]]
| [[Pahang]]
| [[Kuantan]]
| [[Pekan District|Pekan]]
| 35,965
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Pahang|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Pahang|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Penang (Malaysia).svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Penang|alt=Flag of Penang]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Penang.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Penang|alt=Coat of arms of Penang]]
| [[Penang]] {{small|({{langx|ms|Pulau Pinang)}}}}
| [[George Town, Penang|George Town]]
| —
| 1,049
| align="right" | {{Lang|ms|[[Yang di-Pertua Negeri]]|italic=no}}<br />(Governor)
| align="right" | [[List of Chief Ministers of Penang|Chief Minister]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Perak.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Perak|alt=Flag of Perak]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Perak.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Perak|alt=Coat of arms of Perak]]
| [[Perak]]
| [[Ipoh]]
| [[Kuala Kangsar]]
| 21,146
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Perak|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Perak|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Perlis.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Perlis|alt=Flag of Perlis]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Perlis.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Perlis|alt=Coat of arms of Perlis]]
| [[Perlis]]
| [[Kangar]]
| [[Arau]]
| 819
| align="right" | [[House of Jamalullail (Perlis)|Raja]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Perlis|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Selangor.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Selangor|alt=Flag of Selangor]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Selangor.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Selangor|alt=Coat of arms of Selangor]]
| [[Selangor]]<sup>*</sup>
| [[Shah Alam]]
| [[Klang (city)|Klang]]
| 7,951
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Selangor|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Selangor|Menteri Besar]]
|-
| [[Image:Flag of Terengganu.svg|border|centre|50px|link=Flag of Terengganu|alt=Flag of Terengganu]]
| [[Image:Coat of arms of Terengganu.svg|centre|50px|link=Coat of arms of Terengganu|alt=Coat of arms of Terengganu]]
| [[Terengganu]]
| [[Kuala Terengganu]]
| [[Kuala Terengganu]]
| 12,958
| align="right" | [[Sultan of Terengganu|Sultan]]
| align="right" | [[List of Menteris Besar of Terengganu|Menteri Besar]]
|}
 
<sup>*</sup> Two [[Federal Territories of Malaysia|federal territories]] are embedded within [[Selangor]], which are [[Kuala Lumpur]] and [[Putrajaya]].


The Kangar-Pattani floristic boundary crosses the peninsula in southern Thailand and northernmost Malaysia, marking the boundary between the large biogeographic regions of [[Indochina]] to the north and [[Sundaland]] and [[Malesia]] to the south. The forests north of the boundary are characterized by seasonally-deciduous trees, while the Sundaland forests have more year-round rainfall and the trees are mostly evergreen. Peninsular Malaysia is home to three terrestrial ecoregions. The [[Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests]] ecoregion covers the mountains above 1000 meters elevation. The lowlands and hills are in the [[Peninsular Malaysian rain forests]] ecoregion. The [[Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests]] include distinctive waterlogged forests in the lowlands on both sides of the peninsula.<ref>Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). ''Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment.'' Washington, DC: Island Press.</ref>
===Thailand===
{{Main|Southern Thailand}}
[[File:Thailand Southern location map.svg|thumb|Map of southern Thailand]]
{| class="wikitable noresize sortable" style="text-align:center; font-size:95%"
|-
! class="unsortable" | [[Administrative divisions of Thailand#Current Provinces|Seal]]
! [[Provinces of Thailand|Provinces]]
! Malay name
! [[List of municipalities in Thailand|Capital]]
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Head of Province
! Head of Government
|-
|[[File:Seal of Chomphon Province.svg|50px]]
|[[Chumphon province|Chumphon]]
|''Jumbara''
|[[Chumphon]]
|6,009
|rowspan=14 |Governor
|rowspan=14 |[[Provincial Administrative Organization|PAO]]
|-
|[[File:Seal Krabi.svg|50px]]
|[[Krabi province|Krabi]]
|''Kera'' or ''[[Kerambit]]''
|[[Krabi]]
|4,709
|-
|[[File:Seal Nakhon Si Thammarat.svg|50px]]
|[[Nakhon Si Thammarat province|Nakhon Si Thammarat]]
|''Negara Sri Dharmaraja'' (simply known as ''Ligor'')
|[[Nakhon Si Thammarat]]
|9,942.5
|-
|[[File:Seal_Narathiwat.png|50px]]
|[[Narathiwat province|Narathiwat]]
|''Manara''
|[[Narathiwat]]
|4,475
|-
|[[File:Coat of arms of Pattani.png|60px]]
|[[Pattani province|Pattani]]
|''Patani''
|[[Pattani, Thailand|Pattani]]
|1,940.4
|-
|[[File:Seal Phang Nga.png|50px]]
|[[Phang Nga province|Phang Nga]]
|''Pangan'' or ''Kuala Bungga''
|[[Phang Nga]]
|4,170
|-
|[[File:Provincial Seal of Phatthalung.svg|50px]]
|[[Phatthalung province|Phatthalung]]
|''Merdelong''
|[[Phatthalung]]
|3,424.5
|-
|[[File:Seal Phuket (blue).png|50px]]
|[[Phuket province|Phuket]]
|''Bukit''
|[[Phuket]]
|543
|-
|[[File:Seal Ranong.png|50px]]
|[[Ranong province|Ranong]]
|''Rundung''
|[[Ranong]]
|3,298
|-
|[[File:Seal of Satun Province (colour version, as the provincial administration used).svg|50px]]
|[[Satun province|Satun]]
|''Setul''
|[[Satun]]
|2,479
|-
|[[File:Seal of Songkhla.svg|50px]]
|[[Songkhla province|Songkhla]]
|''Singgora''
|[[Songkhla]]; Largest city: [[Hat Yai]]
|7,393.9
|-
|[[File:Seal Surat Thani.png|50px]]
|[[Surat Thani province|Surat Thani]]
|''Bentong'' also known as ''Kota Cahaya'' ([[Chaiya district]])
|[[Surat Thani]]
|12,891.5
|-
|[[File:Seal of Trang.svg|50px]]
|[[Trang province|Trang]]
|''Terang''
|[[Trang, Thailand|Trang]]
|4,917.5
|-
|[[File:Seal Yala.png|50px]]
|[[Yala province|Yala]]
|''Jala''
|[[Yala, Thailand|Yala]]
|4,521.1
|}


Extensive [[mangroves]] line both coasts. The [[Myanmar Coast mangroves]] are on the western shore of the peninsula, and the [[Indochina mangroves]] on the eastern shore.
===Myanmar===
* [[Tanintharyi Region]]


== See also ==
== See also ==
* [[Extreme points of Asia]]
* [[Extreme points of Asia]]
* [[Geography of Malaysia]]
* [[Golden Chersonese]]
* [[Golden Chersonese]]
* [[List of peninsulas]]
* [[Malay Archipelago]]
* [[Malay Archipelago]]
* [[Malaya (disambiguation)]]
* [[Malaya (disambiguation)]]
* [[Malaysia–Thailand border]]
* [[Tenasserim Hills]]
* [[Tenasserim Hills]]
* [[Malaysia–Thailand border]]
 
* [[Geography of Malaysia]]
== Notes ==
{{notelist}}


== References ==
== References ==
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[[Category:Malay Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Malay Peninsula| ]]
[[Category:Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Andaman Sea]]
[[Category:Flora of Malaya|.02]]
[[Category:Gulf of Thailand]]
[[Category:Gulf of Thailand]]
[[Category:Landforms of Malaysia]]
[[Category:Landforms of Myanmar]]
[[Category:Landforms of the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Landforms of the South China Sea]]
[[Category:Landforms of Thailand]]
[[Category:Malaya|.]]
[[Category:Malaya|.]]
[[Category:Malesia]]
[[Category:Malesia]]
[[Category:Peninsulas of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Regions of Asia]]
[[Category:Southern Thailand|.]]
[[Category:Strait of Malacca]]
[[Category:Strait of Malacca]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]
[[Category:Articles containing video clips]]

Latest revision as of 00:35, 20 April 2026

Not to be confused with Peninsular Malaysia.

Malay Peninsula
Location of the Malay Peninsula
Geography
LocationSoutheast Asia
Coordinates7°00′N 100°00′E / 7.000°N 100.000°E / 7.000; 100.000
Adjacent bodies of waterIndian Ocean, Pacific Ocean
Area242,363.8 km2 (93,577.2 sq mi)
Highest elevation2,187 m (7175 ft)
Highest pointMount Tahan
Administration
Peninsular Malaysia
Largest settlementKuala Lumpur
RegionTanintharyi
DistrictKawthaung
Largest settlementKawthaung
Southern Thailand
Largest settlementHat Yai

The Malay Peninsula[lower-alpha 1] is located in Mainland Southeast Asia. The landmass runs approximately north–south, and at its terminus, Tanjung Piai, it is the southernmost point of the Asian continental mainland. The area contains Peninsular Malaysia, Southern Thailand, and the southernmost tip of Myanmar (Kawthaung). The island country of Singapore also has historical and cultural ties with the region.

The Titiwangsa Mountains are part of the Tenasserim Hills system and form the backbone of the peninsula and the southernmost section of the central cordillera, which runs from Tibet through the Kra Isthmus, the peninsula's narrowest point, into the Malay Peninsula.[1] The Strait of Malacca separates the Malay Peninsula from the Indonesian island of Sumatra, and the south coast is separated from the island of Singapore by the Straits of Johor.

Etymology[edit | edit source]

The Malay term Tanah Melayu is derived from the word Tanah (land) and Melayu (Malays), thus it means "the Malay land". The term can be found in various Malay texts, of which the oldest dating back to the early 17th century. It is frequently mentioned in the Hikayat Hang Tuah, a well-known classic tale associated with the legendary heroes of Malacca Sultanate. Tanah Melayu in the text is consistently employed to refer to the area under Malaccan dominance.[2] In the Negarakertagama manuscript written in 1365, this area is called Hujung Medini.[3][4]

In the early 16th century, Tomé Pires, a Portuguese apothecary who stayed in Malacca from 1512 to 1515, uses an almost identical term, Terra de Tana Malaio, with which he referred to the southeastern part of Sumatra, where the deposed sultan of Malacca, Mahmud Shah, established his exiled government. The 17th century's account of Portuguese historian, Emanuel Godinho de Erédia, noted on the region of Malaios surrounded by the Andaman Sea in the north, the entire Strait of Malacca in the centre, a part of Sunda Strait in the south, and the western part of South China Sea in the east.[5]

Prior to the foundation of Malacca, ancient and medieval references to a Malay peninsula exist in various foreign sources. According to several Indian and Western scholars, the word Malayadvipa ("mountain-insular continent"), mentioned in the ancient Indian text, Vayu Purana, may possibly refer to the Malay Peninsula.[6][7][8][9] Another Indian source, an inscription on the south wall of the Brihadeeswarar Temple, recorded the word Malaiur, referring to a kingdom in the Malay Peninsula that had "a strong mountain for its rampart".[10][11] Ptolemy's Geographia named a geographical region of the Golden Chersonese as Maleu-kolon, a term thought to derive from Sanskrit malayakolam or malaikurram.[12] Tabula Rogeriana completed by an Arab geographer Muhammad al-Idrisi, reflects the Malay peninsula as a long island and called it Malai, bordering the Qmer (Khmer) and lying 12 days sail from Sanf (Champa).[13][14] While the Chinese chronicle of the Yuan dynasty mentioned the word Ma-li-yu-er, referring to a nation of the Malay Peninsula that was threatened by the southward expansion of the Sukhothai Kingdom under King Ram Khamhaeng.[15][16] During the same era, Marco Polo made a reference to Malauir in his travelogue, as a kingdom located in the Malay Peninsula, possibly similar to the one mentioned in the Yuan chronicle.[17][18] The Malay Peninsula was conflated with Persia in old Japan, and was known by the same name.[19]

In the early 20th century, the term Tanah Melayu was generally used by the Malays of the peninsula during the rise of Malay nationalism to describe uniting all Malay states on the peninsula under one Malay nation, and this ambition was largely realised with the formation of Persekutuan Tanah Melayu (Malay for "Federation of Malaya") in 1948.[20]

Ecology[edit | edit source]

The Malay Peninsula is covered with tropical moist broadleaf forests. Lowland forests are dominated by dipterocarp trees, while montane forests are home to evergreen trees in the beech family (Fagaceae), Myrtle family (Myrtaceae), laurel family (Lauraceae), tropical conifers, and other plant families.

The peninsula's forests are home to thousands of species of animals and plants. Several large endangered mammals inhabit the peninsula – Asian elephant (Elephas maximus), gaur (Bos gaurus), tiger (Panthera tigris), sun bear (Helarctos malayanus), Malayan tapir (Tapirus indicus), clouded leopard (Neofelis nebulosa), and siamang (Symphalangus syndactylus).[21] The Sumatran rhinoceros (Dicerorhinus sumatrensis) once inhabited the forests, but Malaysia's last rhinoceroses died in 2019, and the species' few remaining members survive only in Sumatra.[22]

The peninsula is home to several distinct ecoregions. The Tenasserim–South Thailand semi-evergreen rain forests cover the northern peninsula, including the Tenasserim Hills and the Isthmus of Kra, and extend to the coast on both sides of the isthmus.

The Kangar-Pattani floristic boundary crosses the peninsula in southern Thailand and northernmost Malaysia, marking the boundary between the large biogeographic regions of Indochina to the north and Sundaland and Malesia to the south. The forests north of the boundary are characterized by seasonally-deciduous trees, while the Sundaland forests have more year-round rainfall and the trees are mostly evergreen. Peninsular Malaysia is home to three terrestrial ecoregions. The Peninsular Malaysian montane rain forests ecoregion covers the mountains above 1,000 meters elevation. The lowlands and hills are in the Peninsular Malaysian rain forests ecoregion. The Peninsular Malaysian peat swamp forests include distinctive waterlogged forests in the lowlands on both sides of the peninsula.[23]

Extensive mangroves line both coasts. The Myanmar Coast mangroves are on the western shore of the peninsula, and the Indochina mangroves on the eastern shore.

List of areas by country[edit | edit source]

Malaysia[edit | edit source]

Main article: Peninsular Malaysia
Map of Peninsular Malaysia
Flag Emblem /
Achievement 		State Capital Royal Capital Area (km2)[24] Head of State Head of Government
Flag of Johor
Coat of arms of Johor
 Johor Johor Bahru Muar 19,166 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Kedah
Coat of arms of Kedah
 Kedah Alor Setar Anak Bukit 9,492 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Kelantan
Coat of arms of Kelantan
 Kelantan Kota Bharu Kubang Kerian 15,040 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Malacca
Coat of arms of Malacca
 Malacca

(Malay: Melaka)

Malacca City — 1,712 Yang di-Pertua Negeri
(Governor) 		Chief Minister
Flag of Negeri Sembilan
Coat of arms of Negeri Sembilan
 Negeri Sembilan Seremban Seri Menanti 6,658 Yang di-Pertuan Besar
(Grand Ruler) 		Menteri Besar
Flag of Pahang
Coat of arms of Pahang
 Pahang Kuantan Pekan 35,965 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Penang
Coat of arms of Penang
 Penang

(Malay: Pulau Pinang)

George Town — 1,049 Yang di-Pertua Negeri
(Governor) 		Chief Minister
Flag of Perak
Coat of arms of Perak
 Perak Ipoh Kuala Kangsar 21,146 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Perlis
Coat of arms of Perlis
 Perlis Kangar Arau 819 Raja Menteri Besar
Flag of Selangor
Coat of arms of Selangor
 Selangor* Shah Alam Klang 7,951 Sultan Menteri Besar
Flag of Terengganu
Coat of arms of Terengganu
 Terengganu Kuala Terengganu Kuala Terengganu 12,958 Sultan Menteri Besar

* Two federal territories are embedded within Selangor, which are Kuala Lumpur and Putrajaya.

Thailand[edit | edit source]

Main article: Southern Thailand
Map of southern Thailand
Seal Provinces Malay name Capital Area (km2) Head of Province Head of Government
Chumphon Jumbara Chumphon 6,009 Governor PAO
Krabi Kera or Kerambit Krabi 4,709
Nakhon Si Thammarat Negara Sri Dharmaraja (simply known as Ligor) Nakhon Si Thammarat 9,942.5
Narathiwat Manara Narathiwat 4,475
Pattani Patani Pattani 1,940.4
Error creating thumbnail: File with dimensions greater than 12.5 MP Phang Nga Pangan or Kuala Bungga Phang Nga 4,170
Phatthalung Merdelong Phatthalung 3,424.5
Phuket Bukit Phuket 543
Ranong Rundung Ranong 3,298
Satun Setul Satun 2,479
Songkhla Singgora Songkhla; Largest city: Hat Yai 7,393.9
Surat Thani Bentong also known as Kota Cahaya (Chaiya district) Surat Thani 12,891.5
Trang Terang Trang 4,917.5
Yala Jala Yala 4,521.1

Myanmar[edit | edit source]

See also[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Malay: Semenanjung Tanah Melayu or Semenanjung Melayu

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ The Physical Geography of Southeast Asia, Avijit Gupta
  2. ↑ Reid, Anthony (2010). Imperial alchemy : nationalism and political identity in Southeast Asia. Cambridge University Press. p. 95. ISBN 978-0-521-87237-9.
  3. ↑ Pigeaud, Theodoor Gautier Thomas. Java in the 14th Century: A Study in Cultural History, Volume IV: Commentaries and Recapitulations (3rd ed.). The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff. ISBN 978-94-017-7133-7.
  4. ↑ Nugroho, Irawan Djoko (2009). Meluruskan Sejarah Majapahit. Ragam Media.
  5. ↑ Mohamed Anwar Omar Din (2011). "Asal Usul Orang Melayu: Menulis Semula Sejarahnya (The Malay Origin: Rewrite Its History)". Jurnal Melayu, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia. pp. 28–30. Retrieved 4 June 2012.
  6. ↑ Pande, Govind Chandra (2005). India's Interaction with Southeast Asia: History of Science, Philosophy and Culture in Indian Civilization, Vol. 1, Part 3. Munshiram Manoharlal. p. 266. ISBN 978-81-87586-24-1.
  7. ↑ Mukerjee, Radhakamal (1984). The culture and art of India. Coronet Books Inc. p. 212. ISBN 978-81-215-0114-9.
  8. ↑ Sarkar, Himansu Bhusan (1970). Some contributions of India to the ancient civilisation of Indonesia and Malaysia. Calcutta: Punthi Pustak. p. 8. ASIN B000PFNF5C.
  9. ↑ Gerini, G. E. (1909). Researches on Ptolemy's geography of Eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay Archipelago) (Vol. 1, Asiatic Society monographs). Royal Asiatic Society; Royal Geographical Society
  10. ↑ Langer, William Leonard (1973). An Encyclopedia of World History: Ancient, Medieval, and Modern, Chronologically Arranged. Houghton Mifflin Co. p. 362. ISBN 978-0-395-13592-1.
  11. ↑ Kotha, Satchidananda Murthy; S., Sankaranarayanan (2002). Life, thought, and culture in India, c. AD 300-1000. Centre for Studies in Civilizations. p. 121. ISBN 978-81-87586-09-8.
  12. ↑ Gerini, Gerolamo Emilio (1974). Researches on Ptolemy's geography of eastern Asia (further India and Indo-Malay archipelago). Oriental Books Reprint Corporation. p. 101. ISBN 81-7069-036-6.
  13. ↑ al-Idrisi's A guide to Pleasant Journeys into Faraway Lands. Singapore Bicentennial Office. November 2019.
  14. ↑ Tibbetts, G. (2025). Study of the Arabic Texts Containing Material on South-East Asia. Netherlands: Brill.
  15. ↑ Guoxue (2003). "Chronicle of Mongol Yuan".
  16. ↑ Hall, Daniel George Edward (1981). History of South East Asia. Macmillan. p. 190. ISBN 978-0-333-24163-9.
  17. ↑ Cordier, Henri (2009). Ser Marco Polo; notes and addenda to Sir Henry Yule's edition, containing the results of recent research and discovery. Bibliolife. p. 105. ISBN 978-1-110-77685-6.
  18. ↑ Wright, Thomas (2004). The travels of Marco Polo, the Venetian: the translation of Marsden revised, with a selection of his notes. Kessinger Publishing, LLC. pp. 364–365. ISBN 978-1-4191-8573-1.
  19. ↑ Ziro Uraki, Utsuho Monogatari footnotes, p. 2
  20. ↑ Bunnell, Tim (2004). "From nation to networks and back again: Transnationalism, class and national identity in Malaysia". State/Nation/Transnation: Perspectives on Transnationalism in the Asia Pacific. Routledge: 1984. ISBN 0-415-30279-X.
  21. ↑ Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  22. ↑ Williams, David; Ko, Stella (24 November 2019). "The last Sumatran rhino in Malaysia has died and there are less than 80 left in the world". CNN. Retrieved 27 November 2019.
  23. ↑ Wikramanayake, Eric; Eric Dinerstein; Colby J. Loucks; et al. (2002). Terrestrial Ecoregions of the Indo-Pacific: a Conservation Assessment. Washington, DC: Island Press.
  24. ↑ "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 27. Archived from the original on 27 December 2010. Retrieved 24 January 2011.

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