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{{short description|Executive head of Government of Nepal}}
{{pp-protected|small=yes}}
{{For|list of prime ministers|List of prime ministers of Nepal}}  
{{Short description|Head of government of Nepal}}
{{Infobox Political post
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2024}}
| post = Prime Minister of Nepal
{{Infobox official post
| body =  
| post = Prime Minister
| native_name = नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री
| body = the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
| native_name = {{lang|ne|संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री}} <br> Sanghīya lōkatāntrika gaṇatantra nēpālakā pradhānamantrī
| insignia = Emblem of Nepal (alternative).svg
| insignia = Emblem of Nepal (alternative).svg
| insigniasize = 150px
| insigniasize = 150px
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| flagsize = 100px
| flagsize = 100px
| flagcaption = [[Flag of Nepal]]
| flagcaption = [[Flag of Nepal]]
| image = Pushpa Kamal Dahal on September 16, 2016 (cropped).jpg
| image = Balendra Shah, official portrait.jpg
| imagesize = 200px
| imagesize =  
| incumbent = [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]]<ref name = "r">{{Cite web |last=Online |first=T. H. T. |date=2022-12-25 |title=President Bhandari appoints Dahal as new PM, swearing-in on Monday |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/president-bhandari-appoints-dahal-as-new-pm-swearing-in-on-monday |access-date=2022-12-25 |website=The Himalayan Times |language=en}}</ref>
| incumbent = [[Balendra Shah]]
| incumbentsince = 26 December 2022
| incumbentsince = 27 March 2026
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Council of Ministers of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| member_of = {{ubl|[[Council of Ministers of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| reports_to = {{ubl|[[President of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| reports_to = {{ubl|[[President of Nepal]]|[[Pratinidhi Sabha]]}}
| status = [[Head of government]]
| status = [[Head of government]]
| abbreviation = PM
| abbreviation = PM
| residence = [[Baluwatar, Kathmandu]]<ref name="himalayandeuba">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-shifts-to-official-residence-in-baluwatar/|title=PM Deuba shifts to official residence in Baluwatar|date=19 June 2017|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
| residence = [[Kathmandu]]<ref name="himalayandeuba">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/pm-sher-bahadur-deuba-shifts-to-official-residence-in-baluwatar/|title=PM Deuba shifts to official residence in Baluwatar|date=19 June 2017|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
| seat = [[Singha Durbar]], [[Kathmandu]]
| seat = [[Singha Durbar]], [[Kathmandu]]
| style = [[The Right Honourable]]
| style = [[The Right Honourable]]
| appointer = [[President of Nepal]]
| appointer = [[President of Nepal]]
| termlength = Five years
| termlength = 5 Years
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1806}}
| formation = {{start date and age|df=yes|1806}}
| inaugural = [[Bhimsen Thapa]]
| inaugural = [[Bhimsen Thapa]]
| salary = [[Nepalese rupee|रु]]77,280/550 US$ per month <ref name="himalayansalary"/>
| salary =  
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| deputy = [[Deputy Prime Minister of Nepal]]
| website = {{URL|https://www.opmcm.gov.np}}
| website = {{Official URL}}
| flagborder =
| nominator =
| constituting_instrument = Article 76(1), [[Constitution of Nepal]]
}}
}}
{{Politics of Nepal}}
{{Politics of Nepal}}
The '''Prime Minister of Nepal''' ({{lang-ne|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री}}) is the [[head of government]] of [[Nepal]]. Together with their [[Council of Ministers of Nepal|Council of Ministers]], the prime minister exercises executive power in the country.
The '''Prime Minister of Nepal''' ({{langx|ne|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī}}) is the [[head of government]] of [[Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal]]. The prime minister leads the [[Council of Ministers of Nepal|Council of Ministers]] and holds the chief executive authority in the country. The prime minister must command majority support and maintain the confidence of the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Pratinidhi Sabha]] to remain in office.<ref>{{Cite web |title=President appoints Pushpa Kamal Dahal prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/25/president-appoints-pushpa-kamal-dahal-prime-minister|website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/heritage-tale/pms-office|title=PM's Office – Heritage Tale – ECSNEPAL – The Nepali Way|website=ecs.com.np|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref><ref name="himalayandeuba" /><ref name="himalayansushil">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/baluwatar-vacated/|title=Baluwatar vacated – The Himalayan Times|date=14 October 2015|website=The Himalayan Times|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> If the prime minister loses this support, they are required to resign.


The prime minister must enjoy the confidence in the [[House of Representatives (Nepal)|Pratinidhi Sabha]] before being appointed by the [[President of Nepal|president]] and shall resign if they are unable to retain the majority in the House.
The official residence of the prime minister is located in [[Baluwatar, Kathmandu]].<ref name="himalayandeuba" /><ref name="himalayansushil" /> The seat of the prime minister's office has been at [[Singha Durbar|Singha Darbar]] since [[Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana]]'s reign (1901–1929).


The residence of the prime minister of Nepal is in [[Baluwatar, Kathmandu]].<ref name="himalayandeuba"/><ref name="himalayansushil">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/kathmandu/baluwatar-vacated/|title=Baluwatar vacated - The Himalayan Times|date=14 October 2015|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> The seat of the prime minister is [[Singha Durbar|Singha Darbar]] since the time of [[Chandra Shamsher Jung Bahadur Rana]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ecs.com.np/heritage-tale/pms-office|title=PM's Office - Heritage Tale - ECSNEPAL - The Nepali Way|website=ecs.com.np|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> The basic monthly salary of the prime minister of Nepal is [[Nepalese rupee|NPR]] 77,280.<ref name="himalayansalary">{{cite web|url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/nepal-vips-monthly-salary-scale/|title=How much are VIPs, including President and PM, paid monthly?|date=20 July 2016|website=thehimalayantimes.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref>
The sitting prime minister ranks third in the [[order of precedence in Nepal]].


The current prime minister is [[Pushpa Kamal Dahal]] from [[Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre)|CPN (Maoist Center)]] since 25 December 2022. He was appointed by the [[President of Nepal|President]] [[Bidya Devi Bhandari|Bidhya Devi Bhandari]] as per Article 76(2) of the [[Constitution of Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=President appoints Pushpa Kamal Dahal prime minister |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2022/12/25/president-appoints-pushpa-kamal-dahal-prime-minister |access-date=2022-12-26 |website=kathmandupost.com |language=English}}</ref>
[[Balendra Shah]] has been serving as the 40th Prime Minister of Nepal since 27 March 2026.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://kathmandupost.com/national/2026/03/27/balendra-shah-appointed-prime-minister |title=Balendra Shah appointed Prime Minister |website=Kathmandu Post |date=27 March 2026}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://ekantipur.com/politics/2026/03/27/balen-will-take-the-oath-of-office-as-prime-minister-at-1234-pm-44-38.html |title=Balen to take oath as Prime Minister |website=eKantipur |date=27 March 2026}}</ref>


== Introduction ==
== History ==
The position of '''[[prime minister]] of Nepal''' ({{lang-ne|नेपालको प्रधानमन्त्री|translit=Nēpālakō pradhānamantrī}}) in modern form was called by different names at different times of [[History of Nepal|Nepalese history]]. At the time of the [[Shah dynasty]], either '''Chautariya''', '''Kaji''' or '''[[Mulkaji]]s''' (Chief Kajis) served the function of prime ministers [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]] was first [[Mulkaji]] appointed by [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal|Bahadur Shah]] at 1785-1794 after that his nephew [[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]] was appointed as [[Mulkaji]] from 1794 – 1801 September after that his younger brother [[Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat]] was appointed as [[Mulkaji]] in 1801-1803 and after that [[Damodar Pandey]] became [[Mulkaji]] till February 1803 – March 1804. In 1804 the position of '''[[Mukhtiyar]]''' was created by [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] which carried executive powers of nation.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=314}} ''Mukhtiyar'' is formed from two words: ''Mukhya'' and ''Akhtiyar''. ''Mukhya'' means Chief<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%96%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF|title=English Translation of "मुख्य" - Collins Hindi-English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> and ''Akhtiyar'' means Authority.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/hindi-english/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%96%E0%A4%BC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0|title=English Translation of "अख़्तियार" - Collins Hindi-English Dictionary|website=www.collinsdictionary.com|access-date=26 March 2018}}</ref> Altogether it means the "executive head of the state". ''Mukhtiyar'' held the position of executive head till adoption of title of [[prime minister]] in 1843 A.D.<ref name="Kandel"/> The first Mukhtiyar to title himself as prime minister, as per the British convention, was the last ''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' [[Mathabar Singh Thapa]].<ref name="Kandel">{{Cite book | last = Kandel | first = Devi Prasad | title = Pre-Rana Administrative System | publisher = Siddhababa Offset Press | pages = 95 | year = 2011 | location = Chitwan }}</ref> Mathabar Singh became [[Mukhtiyar]] as well as prime minister and Commander-In-Chief of the Nepalese army in November 1843 {{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=17}} by the declaration of second queen of Rajendra, Queen [[Rajya Laxmi Devi]].{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=18}}{{refn|group=note|Though he was declared [[Mukhtiyar]] and as well as minister and commander-in-chief in November 1843, his appointment letter was issued only on Aswin Badi 7, 1901 (i.e. September 1844). The appointment letter in English translation continues as: ''From King [[Rajendra of Nepal|Rajendra]], To Mathbar Singh Thapa Bahadur, son of [[Nain Singh Thapa]], grandson of [[Amar Singh Thapa (born 1759)|Ambar Singh Thapa]], resident of Gorkha. We hereby appoint you as '''Mukhtiyar of all civil and administrative affairs throughout our country, as well as Prime Minister, Commander-In-Chief and General''' with [[Jagir]] emoluments amounting to Rs 12,401. Remain in attendance during war and other occasions as commanded by us, be faithful to our salt and utilize the following lands and revenues as your Jagir with due loyalty. (Particulars of lands and revenues follow).''{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=24}}}} During the [[Rana dynasty]], the position of Prime Minister was hereditary and the officeholder held additional titles — Maharaja of Lambjang and Kaski, Supreme Commander-in-Chief of Nepal and Grand Master of the Royal Orders of Nepal.
{{Main|List of prime ministers of Nepal}}
The position of Prime Minister of Nepal has evolved significantly over centuries, reflecting the country's complex political and social transformations. Initially, the role was largely ceremonial under the rule of monarchs, with real power concentrated in the hands of kings and hereditary chiefs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Former Prime Ministers {{!}} Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers |url=https://www.opmcm.gov.np/en/former-pm/ |access-date=2025-05-25 |language=en-US}}</ref>


== Opinion on First Prime Minister: Damodar Pande or Bhimsen Thapa ==
The establishment of the [[Shah dynasty|Shah monarchy]] in the 18th century brought the office of Prime Minister into greater prominence.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-07-12 |title=List of Prime Ministers of Nepal (1806-2022) |url=https://www.jagranjosh.com/general-knowledge/prime-ministers-of-nepal-1626097279-1 |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=Jagranjosh.com |language=en}}</ref> The title was often held by powerful nobles and royal courtiers who effectively controlled the administration and military affairs. During the [[Rana dynasty|Rana period]] (1846–1951), the Prime Ministership became hereditary within the Rana family, marking an era of autocratic rule where the Prime Minister wielded supreme power, while the king remained a figurehead.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Jung Bahadur {{!}} Prime Minister of Nepal & Founder of Rana Dynasty {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Jung-Bahadur |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information |first=Bureau of Public Affairs |date=2005-02-09 |title=Nepal (01/09) |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/5283.htm |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=2001-2009.state.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-05-23 |title=Nepal - Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Nepal/Government-and-society |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-02 |title=List of Prime Ministers Of Nepal |url=https://www.worldatlas.com/articles/prime-ministers-of-modern-nepal.html |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=WorldAtlas |language=en-US}}</ref>
''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' [[Bhimsen Thapa]] was the first person to be referred to as Prime Minister by the [[United Kingdom|British]].<ref name="Kandel"/> Similarly, historian [[Chittaranjan Nepali]] writes that the first institution to hold all state powers was the position of ''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' which was established after King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] returned to Nepal from [[Varanasi]]. However, historians believe that Kaji [[Damodar Pande]] was the first person to hold power as a Prime Minister as the modern system of administration originated in Nepal with the emergence of [[Damodar Pande]].{{sfn|Regmi|1971|p=6}} [[Damodar Pande]] was the most influential Kaji since the fall of regent Chautariya [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] from central power in April 1794 by his newly active nephew, King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}


During the minority of the King Girvan Yuddha, [[Damodar Pande]] took over the administration as Mulkaji, or prime minister (1799–1804), with complete control over administration and the power to conduct foreign affairs. He set a significant precedent for later Nepalese history, which has seen a recurring struggle for effective power between king and prime minister. The main policy of [[Damodar Pande]] was to protect the young king by keeping his unpredictable father in Banaras and to play off against each other the schemes of the retired king's wives. By 1804 this policy had failed. The former king engineered his return and took over as mukhtiyar.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/nepal/10.htm Nepal:The Struggle for Power] (Sourced to [[U.S. Library of Congress]])</ref><ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=UWQtAAAAQBAJ&dq=Damodar+Pande+kill&pg=PT216 The Bloodstained Throne Struggles for Power in Nepal (1775-1914) - Baburam Acharya]</ref>
The end of the Rana regime in 1951 ushered in a new era of parliamentary democracy. Since then, the office of Prime Minister has been central to Nepal’s political landscape, navigating through various phases including constitutional monarchies, multiparty democracy, periods of political instability, and the eventual abolition of the monarchy in 2008.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Reynolds |first=Latisha |title=UofL Libraries: Government Resources and International Information: Nepal |url=https://library.louisville.edu/ekstrom/gov_intl/nepal |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=library.louisville.edu |language=en}}</ref>


== 1768–1806 ==
Following the declaration of Nepal as a federal democratic republic, the Prime Minister now serves as the head of government, responsible for executive functions and policy-making,<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of Nepal {{!}} Events, People, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/history-of-Nepal |access-date=2025-05-25 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en}}</ref> working alongside the President, who acts as the ceremonial head of state.
The character of government in the [[Kingdom of Nepal]] was driven from consultative state organ of the previous [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha hill principality]], known as '''Bharadar'''.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}}{{refn|group=note|Bharadar translates as 'bearers of burden of state'.}} These Bharadars were drawn from high caste and politically influential families. For instance; '''Thar Ghar''' in previous [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha hill principality]]. The nobility of [[Gorkha Kingdom|Gorkha]] was mainly based from [[Chhetri]] families and they had a strong presence in civil administration affairs.{{sfn|Pahari|1995|p=632}} All of the Prime Minister of Nepal between 1768 and 1950 were [[Chhetri]]s with the exception of [[Ranga Nath Poudyal]], being a [[Bahun|Brahmin]].{{sfn|Raj|1996|p=5}} Bharadars formed a consultative body in the kingdom for the most important functions of the state as counsellors, ministers and Diplomats.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} There was no single successful coalition government as court politics were driven from large factional rivalries, consecutive conspiracies and ostracization of opponent Bharadar families through assassination rather than legal expulsion.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} Another reason was the minority of the reigning King between 1777 and 1847 that led to establishment of [[anarchy|anarchial]] rule.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} The government was stated to have controlled by regents, Mukhtiyars and alliance of political faction with strong fundamental support.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} At the end of the 18th century, the central politics was regularly dominated by two notable political factions; [[Thapa dynasty|Thapas]] and [[Pande family|Pandes]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=9}} Per historians and contemporary writer [[Francis Buchanan-Hamilton|Francis Hamilton]], the government of Nepal{{refn|group=note|Here the government of Nepal can simply be called ''Bharadari Sabha'' or Council of ''Bharadars''.}} comprised


*2 ''Chautariyas''
==Powers and authority==
*4 ''[[Kaji (Nepal)|Kajis]]''
The prime minister has a more enhanced constitutional role than their counterparts in other parliamentary democracies. This is because Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests the executive power of the federal government in the Council of Ministers–of which the prime minister is the leader–not the president. In most other parliamentary republics, the president is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. Per Section 76, the prime minister is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and thus exercises executive power collectively with the Council of Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 75 Executive power|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>
*4 ''[[Sardar|Sirdar/Sardar]]s''
*2 ''Subedars''
*1 ''Khazanchi''
*1 ''Kapardar''.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}}


Per historian [[Dilli Raman Regmi]], the states the government of Nepal were
==Constitutional background==
*4 ''Chautariyas''
Under part 7, Article 76, of the Constitution,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 76 Constitution of Council of Ministers|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref> the president is required to appoint the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives as prime minister. If no party has a majority, the president is required to appoint an MP who has the support of a coalition of parties who between them have a majority in the chamber–in practice, the leader of the senior partner in such a coalition. If no majority coalition can be formed within 30 days of the final result of a parliamentary election, the president is required to appoint the leader of the largest party in the chamber. In the latter cases, the person appointed as prime minister must win a confidence vote within 30 days. However, if a confidence vote is unsuccessful, the president must appoint an MP who can demonstrate command the confidence of the House. In the event that no member can command the confidence of the House within 55 days of the announcement of the final results of the election, new elections must be held within six months.
*4 ''[[Kaji (Nepal)|Kajis]]''
*4 ''[[Sardar|Sirdar/Sardar]]s''.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}} Later, the number varied after King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] abdicated his throne to minor son in 1799.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=8}}


=== Fall of Bahadur Shah and rise of Damodar Pande (1794–1804) ===
==Vacation of office==
{{see|Pande family}}
In 1794, King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]] came of age and his first act was to re-constitute the government such that his uncle, Prince [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]], had no official part to play.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=14}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Rana Bahadur appointed [[Kirtiman Singh Basnyat]] as Chief (''Mul'') [[Kaji (Nepal)|Kaji]] among the newly appointed four kajis though [[Damodar Pande]] was the most influential Kaji.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Kirtiman had succeeded [[Abhiman Singh Basnyat]] as Chief Kaji{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=56}} while Prince Bahadur Shah was succeeded as Chief (''Mul'') Chautariya by Prince Ranodyot Shah, then heir apparent of King Rana Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} Kajis had held the administrative and executive powers of the nation after the fall of Chief Chautariya Prince Bahadur Shah in 1794. Later, Kirtiman Singh was secretly assassinated on 28 September 1801, by the supporters of [[Raj Rajeshwari Devi]]{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=34}} and his brother [[Bakhtawar Singh Basnyat]], was then given the post of Chief (''Mul'') Kaji.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=35}} During Bakhtawar's tenure as the ''Mul Kaji'', on 28 October 1801, the Treaty of Commerce and Alliance was signed between Nepal and East India Company.{{sfnm|Nepal|2007|1p=51|Amatya|1978|2p=|Acharya|2012|3pp=35–36}} Queen Rajrajeshwari was restored as regent of Nepal on 17 December 1802.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=36–37}}{{sfn|Karmacharya|1995|p=64}} On subsequent February, [[Damodar Pande]] was appointed by Queen Rajrajeshwari as [[Mulkaji]] (Chief Kaji){{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=14}} as a reward for establishing her regency.{{sfn|Karmacharya|1995|p=64}}
 
[[Damodar Pande]] was the most influential Kaji since the fall of regent Chautariya [[Bahadur Shah of Nepal]] from central power in April 1794 by his newly active nephew, King [[Rana Bahadur Shah]].{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}} By 1797, his relationship with his uncle, who was living a retired life, and who wanted to seek refuge in China on the pretext of meeting the new emperor, had deteriorated to the extent that he ordered his imprisonment on 19 February 1797 and his subsequent murder on 23 June 1797. Similarly, in mid-1795, he became infatuated with a [[Maithil Brahmin]] [[widow]], Kantavati Jha, and married her on the oath of making their illegitimate half-caste son (as per the Hindu law of that time) the heir apparent, by excluding the legitimate heir Prince Ranodyot Shah who was born from his previous marriage with a high caste [[Chhetri]], Queen [[Subarna Prabha Devi]].{{refn|group=note|Rana Bahadur Shah had two legitimate wives before marrying Kantavati. His first wife was Rajrajeshwori Devi with whom he begot one daughter. His second wife was Subarnaprabha Devi with whom he begot two sons, Ranodyot Shah and Shamsher Shah. Ranodyot Shah was the eldest male heir apparent of Rana Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=16}}}}{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=16–17}} Such acts earned Rana Bahadur notoriety both among courtiers and common people, especially among [[Brahmin]]s.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=12}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=17–21}} After the inevitable death of Kantavati, Rana Bahadur suffered a mental breakdown during which he lashed out by desecrating temples and cruelly punishing the attendant physicians and astrologers.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=26–27}} He then renounced his ascetic life and attempted to re-assert his royal authority.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} This led to a direct conflict with almost all the courtiers who had pledged a holy oath of allegiance to the legitimate king [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]]. This conflict eventually led to the establishment of a dual government and to an imminent civil war, with [[Damodar Pande]] leading the military force against the dissenting ex-king and his group.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}} Since most of the military officers had sided with Damodar Pande, Rana Bahadur realized that his authority could not be re-established, and he was forced to flee to the British-controlled city of [[Varanasi]] in May 1800.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=13}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=28–32}}
 
=== Fall of Damodar Pande and rise of Bhimsen Thapa (1804) ===
As soon as they received the news, Rana Bahadur and his group proceeded towards Kathmandu. Some troops were sent by Kathmandu Durbar to check their progress, but the troops changed their allegiance when they came face to face with the ex-King.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=49–55}} Damodar Pande and his men were arrested at Thankot where they were waiting to greet the ex-King with state honors and take him into isolation.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=49–55}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=56}} After Rana Bahadur's reinstatement to power, he started to extract vengeance on those who had tried to keep him in exile.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=54–57}} He exiled Rajrajeshwari to [[Helambu]], where she became a Buddhist nun, on the charge of siding with Damodar Pande and colluding with the British.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=57}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=57}} Damodar Pande, along with his two eldest sons, who were completely innocent, was executed on 13 March 1804; similarly some members of his faction were tortured and executed without any due trial, while many others managed to escape to India.{{refn|group=note|Among those who managed to escape to India were Damodar Pande's sons Karbir Pande and Ranjang Pande.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=54}}}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=54}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=57}} Rana Bahadur also punished those who did not help him while in exile. Among them was [[Prithvi Pal Sen]], the king of Palpa, who was tricked into imprisonment, while his kingdom forcefully annexed.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=56,80–83}} Subarnaprabha and her supporters were released and given a general pardon. Those who had helped Rana Bahadur to return to Kathmandu were lavished with rank, land, and wealth. [[Bhimsen Thapa]] was made a second ''kaji''; [[Ranajit Pande]], who was the father-in-law of Bhimsen's brother, was made the ''[[Mulkaji]]''; [[Sher Bahadur Shah]], Rana Bahadur's half-brother, was made the ''Mul Chautariya''; while [[Ranga Nath Poudyal|Rangnath Paudel]] was made the ''Raj Guru'' (royal spiritual preceptor).{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=58}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=55}}
 
After almost two-year, all of a sudden Rana Bahadur was made ''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' (chief authority) and Bhimsen tried to implement his schemes through Rana Bahadur.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=60–61}} Bhimsen had also secretly learned of a plot to oust Rana Bahadur.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=27}} Tribhuvan Khawas (Pradhan), a member of Sher Bahadur's faction, was imprisoned on the re-opened charges of conspiracy with the British that led to the Knox's mission, but for which pardon had already been doled out, and was ordered to be executed.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=61}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=63}} Tribhuvan Khawas decided to reveal everyone that was involved in the dialogue with the British.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=61}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=63}} Among those implicated was Sher Bahadur Shah.{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=61}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=63}} On the night of 25 April 1806, Rana Bahadur held a meeting at Tribhuvan Khawas's house with rest of the courtiers, during which he taunted and threatened to execute Sher Bahadur.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=64–66}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=62}} At around 10&nbsp;pm, Sher Bahadur in desperation drew a sword and killed Rana Bahadur Shah before being cut down by nearby courtiers, Bam Shah and [[Bal Narsingh Kunwar]], also allies of Bhimsen.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=67}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=62–63}} The assassination of Rana Bahadur Shah triggered a great massacre in Bhandarkhal (a royal garden east of Kathmandu Durbar) and at the bank of Bishnumati river.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|pp=68–71}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|pp=63–64}} That very night member of Sher Bahadur's faction – [[Bidur Bahadur Shah|Bidur Shah]], Tribhuvan Khawas, and [[Narsingh Gurung]] – and even King Prithvipal Sen of Palpa, who was under house arrest in Patan Durbar, were swiftly rounded up and killed in Bhandarkhal.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=70}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=63}} Bhimsen managed to kill everyone who did not agree with him or anyone who could potentially become a problem for him in the future. In this massacre that lasted for about two weeks, a total of ninety-three people (16 women and 77 men) died.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=70}}{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=64}}
 
Almost one and half months before the massacre, upon Bhimsen's insistence, Rana Bahadur, then 31 years old, had married a 14-year-old girl named [[Queen Tripurasundari of Nepal|Tripurasundari]] on 7 March 1806, making her his fifth legitimate wife.{{refn|group=note|While it is generally believed that Tripurasundari was from a [[Thapa family]],{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=86}} Baburam Acharya further conjectured that Tripurasundari was possibly the daughter of Bhimsen's brother [[Nain Singh Thapa]].{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=3}}}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=62}} Taking advantage of the political chaos, Bhimsen became the ''[[Mukhtiyar]]'' (1806–37), and Tripurasundari was given the title Lalita Tripurasundari and declared regent and Queen Mother (1806–32) of [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah|Girvan Yuddha Shah]], who was himself 9 years old.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=71}} Thus, Bhimsen became the first person outside the royal household to hold the position of the ''Mukhtiyar''. All the other wives (except Subarnaprabha{{sfn|Karmacharya|2005|p=80}}) and concubines of Rana Bahadur, along with their handmaidens, were forced to commit [[Sati (practice)|sati]].{{sfn|Nepal|2007|p=64}}{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=163}} Bhimsen obtained a royal mandate from Tripurasundari, given in the name of King Girvan, commanding all other courtiers to be obedient to him.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=71}} Bhimsen further consolidated his power by disenfranchising the old courtiers from the central power by placing them as administrators of far-flung provinces of the country. The courtiers were instead replaced by his close relatives, who were mere yes-men.{{sfn|Pradhan|2012|p=28}} On the spot where Rana Bahadur Shah drew his last breath, Bhimsen later built a commemorative Shiva temple by the name Rana-Mukteshwar.{{sfn|Acharya|2012|p=72}}
 
== Thapadom and subsequent transition; 1806–1846 ==
{{see|Thapa dynasty}}
[[Bhimsen Thapa]] ruled for 31 years as [[Mukhtiyar]] and implemented large number of reforms in [[agriculture]], [[forestry]], [[trade]] and [[commerce]], [[judiciary]], [[military]], [[communications]], [[transportation]]s, [[slavery]], [[human trafficking]] and other [[social evil]]s in his premiership. During Bhimsen Thapa's prime ministership, the Gurkha Empire had reached its greatest expanse from [[Sutlej]] river in the west to the [[Teesta River|Teesta river]] in the east. However, Nepal entered into a disastrous [[Anglo-Nepalese War]] with the [[East India Company]] lasting from 1814 to 1816, which was concluded with the [[Treaty of Sugauli]], by which Nepal lost almost one-third of its land. It also led to the establishment of a permanent [[Resident (title)|British Residency]]. The death of King [[Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah Deva|Girvan Yuddha Bikram Shah]] in 1816 before his maturity, and the immature age of his heir, King [[Rajendra of Nepal|Rajendra Bikram Shah]], coupled with the support from [[Queen Tripurasundari]] (the junior queen of Rana Bahadur Shah), allowed him to continue to remain in power even after Nepal's defeat in the [[Anglo-Nepalese War]].
 
== Rana regime; 1846–1951 ==
{{main|Rana dynasty}}
The Rana regime, founded by [[Jung Bahadur Rana]], began an autocratic and totalitarian rule.
 
== Democratic rule and subsequent Panchayat rule; 1951–1990 ==
Only a handful of Nepalese prime ministers have carried a democratic mandate. The first elected prime minister was [[B. P. Koirala]], in 1959. After he was deposed and imprisoned in 1960, [[Mahendra of Nepal|King Mahendra]] established the [[Panchayat (Nepal)|Panchayat system]] and the country did not have a democratic government until 1990.
 
== Constitutional monarchy; 1990–2008 ==
The country became a [[constitutional monarchy]] after the [[1990 Nepalese revolution|Jana Andolan]](meaning People's movement).
 
== Federal Democratic Republic; 2008–present ==
The [[Kingdom of Nepal|monarchy]] was abolished on 28 May 2008 by the [[1st Nepalese Constituent Assembly|1st Constituent Assembly]], and the country was declared a federal democratic republic.
 
== Powers ==
The Prime Minister has a more enhanced constitutional role than his counterparts in other parliamentary democracies. This is because Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests the executive power of the federal government in the Council of Ministers–of which the Prime Minister is the leader–not the president. In most other parliamentary republics, the president is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. Per Section 76, the prime minister is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and thus exercises executive power collectively with the Council of Ministers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 75 Executive power|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>
 
==Appointment==
Under Section 76, part 7 of the Constitution,<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 76 Constitution of Council of Ministers|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref> the president is required to appoint the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives as prime minister. If no party has a majority, the president is required to appoint an MP who has the support of a coalition of parties who between them have a majority in the chamber–in practice, the leader of the senior partner in such a coalition. If no majority coalition can be formed within 30 days of the final result of a parliamentary election, the president is required to appoint the leader of the largest party in the chamber. In the latter cases, the person appointed as prime minister must win a confidence vote within 30 days. However, if a confidence vote is unsuccessful, the president must appoint an MP who can demonstrate command the confidence of the House. In the event that no member can command the confidence of the House within 55 days of the announcement of the final results of the election, new elections must be held within six months.
 
==Removal==
The vacation process of the prime minister as per Section 77 (1) of 2015 [[Constitution of Nepal]] is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 77 Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>
The vacation process of the prime minister as per Section 77 (1) of 2015 [[Constitution of Nepal]] is as follows:<ref>{{Cite web|title=Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 77 Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister|url=http://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/archives/971|access-date=2020-06-23|website=Nepal Law Commission|language=en-UK}}</ref>


The prime minister shall cease to hold office in the following circumstances:
The prime minister shall cease to hold office in the following circumstances:


# If he/she tenders written resignation to the president,
# If they tender written resignation to the president,
# If a vote of confidence fails to be approved according to Article (100), or a motion of no confidence is passed,
# If a vote of confidence fails to be approved according to Article (100), or a motion of no confidence is passed,
# If he/she ceases to be a member of the House of Representatives,
# If they cease to be a member of the House of Representatives,
# If he/she dies.
# If they pass away.


Furthermore, the Section 77 (3) states: If the prime minister ceases to hold the office according to clause (1), the same council of ministers shall continue to work until another council of ministers is constituted, provided that, in the case of the death of the prime minister, the senior most minister shall continue to act as Prime Minister until a new prime minister is appointed.
Furthermore, the Section 77 (3) states: If the prime minister ceases to hold the office according to clause (1), the same council of ministers shall continue to work until another council of ministers is constituted, provided that, in the case of the death of the prime minister, the senior most minister shall continue to act as prime minister until a new prime minister is appointed.


==See also==
==See also==
*[[King of Nepal]]
 
*[[President of Nepal]]
* [[Balen Shah cabinet]]
*[[Government of Nepal]]
 
* [[List of prime ministers of Nepal]]


==References==
==References==
===Footnotes===
{{reflist|group=note}}


===Notes===
===Notes===
Line 127: Line 87:
*{{citation | last = Amatya | first = Shaphalya | title = The failure of Captain Knox's mission in Nepal| journal = Ancient Nepal | issue = 46–48 | pages = 9–17 | location = Kathmandu | date = June–November 1978 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_46-48_05.pdf | access-date = January 11, 2013}}
*{{citation | last = Amatya | first = Shaphalya | title = The failure of Captain Knox's mission in Nepal| journal = Ancient Nepal | issue = 46–48 | pages = 9–17 | location = Kathmandu | date = June–November 1978 | url = http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_46-48_05.pdf | access-date = January 11, 2013}}
*{{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
*{{citation | last = Pradhan | first = Kumar L. | title = Thapa Politics in Nepal: With Special Reference to Bhim Sen Thapa, 1806–1839 | publisher = Concept Publishing Company | year = 2012 | isbn = 9788180698132 | location = New Delhi | pages = 278 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=7PP1yElRzIUC}}
*{{citation | last = Karmacharya | first = Ganga | title = Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775-1846 | publisher = Educational Publishing House | year = 2005 | isbn = 9789994633937 | location = Nepal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation | last = Karmacharya | first = Ganga | title = Queens in Nepalese Politics: an account of roles of Nepalese queens in state affairs, 1775–1846 | publisher = Educational Publishing House | year = 2005 | isbn = 9789994633937 | location = Nepal | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=6G5uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies|volume=4 |last=Pahari|first =Anup |year=1995 |publisher= University of Wisconsin--Madison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz7TAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=The Origins, Growth and Dissolution of Feudalism in Nepal: A Contribution to the Debate on Feudalism in Non-European Societies|volume=4 |last=Pahari|first =Anup |year=1995 |publisher= University of Wisconsin—Madison |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Gz7TAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Brahmins of Nepal|last= Raj |first=Prakash A.|year=1996|publisher= Nabeen Publications |isbn=9780785573661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{citation|title=Brahmins of Nepal|last= Raj |first=Prakash A.|year=1996|publisher= Nabeen Publications |isbn=9780785573661|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4i1uAAAAMAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1971|title= Regmi Research Series |volume=03|publisher= Regmi Research Centre |url= http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf}}
*{{cite book |last=Regmi |first=Mahesh Chandra |year=1971|title= Regmi Research Series |volume=03|publisher= Regmi Research Centre |url= http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/regmi/pdf/Regmi_03.pdf}}
Line 137: Line 97:


==External links==
==External links==
{{Sister project auto}}
* [http://opmcm.gov.np/en/former-pm/ Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers]
* [http://opmcm.gov.np/en/former-pm/ Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers]


{{Prime Ministers of Nepal}}  
{{Prime Ministers of Nepal}}  
{{Prime Minister}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Nepal topics}}
{{Prime Minister}}


[[Category:Prime ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:Prime ministers of Nepal]]
[[Category:1843 establishments in Nepal]]
[[Category:1806 establishments in Nepal]]

Latest revision as of 21:07, 27 March 2026


Prime Minister of the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal
संघीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपालका प्रधानमन्त्री
Sanghīya lōkatāntrika gaṇatantra nēpālakā pradhānamantrī
Emblem of Nepal
Flag of Nepal
StyleThe Right Honourable
StatusHead of government
AbbreviationPM
Member of
Reports to
ResidenceKathmandu[1]
SeatSingha Durbar, Kathmandu
AppointerPresident of Nepal
Term length5 Years
Constituting instrumentArticle 76(1), Constitution of Nepal
Inaugural holderBhimsen Thapa
Formation1806; 220 years ago (1806)
DeputyDeputy Prime Minister of Nepal
Website{{URL|example.com|optional display text}}

Template:Politics of Nepal The Prime Minister of Nepal (Script error: The function "langx" does not exist.) is the head of government of Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. The prime minister leads the Council of Ministers and holds the chief executive authority in the country. The prime minister must command majority support and maintain the confidence of the Pratinidhi Sabha to remain in office.[2][3][1][4] If the prime minister loses this support, they are required to resign.

The official residence of the prime minister is located in Baluwatar, Kathmandu.[1][4] The seat of the prime minister's office has been at Singha Darbar since Chandra Shumsher Jung Bahadur Rana's reign (1901–1929).

The sitting prime minister ranks third in the order of precedence in Nepal.

Balendra Shah has been serving as the 40th Prime Minister of Nepal since 27 March 2026.[5][6]

History[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of prime ministers of Nepal

The position of Prime Minister of Nepal has evolved significantly over centuries, reflecting the country's complex political and social transformations. Initially, the role was largely ceremonial under the rule of monarchs, with real power concentrated in the hands of kings and hereditary chiefs.[7]

The establishment of the Shah monarchy in the 18th century brought the office of Prime Minister into greater prominence.[8] The title was often held by powerful nobles and royal courtiers who effectively controlled the administration and military affairs. During the Rana period (1846–1951), the Prime Ministership became hereditary within the Rana family, marking an era of autocratic rule where the Prime Minister wielded supreme power, while the king remained a figurehead.[9][10][11][12]

The end of the Rana regime in 1951 ushered in a new era of parliamentary democracy. Since then, the office of Prime Minister has been central to Nepal’s political landscape, navigating through various phases including constitutional monarchies, multiparty democracy, periods of political instability, and the eventual abolition of the monarchy in 2008.[13]

Following the declaration of Nepal as a federal democratic republic, the Prime Minister now serves as the head of government, responsible for executive functions and policy-making,[14] working alongside the President, who acts as the ceremonial head of state.

Powers and authority[edit | edit source]

The prime minister has a more enhanced constitutional role than their counterparts in other parliamentary democracies. This is because Section 75 of the Constitution explicitly vests the executive power of the federal government in the Council of Ministers–of which the prime minister is the leader–not the president. In most other parliamentary republics, the president is at least the nominal chief executive, while being bound by convention to act on the advice of the cabinet. Per Section 76, the prime minister is the chairman of the Council of Ministers and thus exercises executive power collectively with the Council of Ministers.[15]

Constitutional background[edit | edit source]

Under part 7, Article 76, of the Constitution,[16] the president is required to appoint the leader of the majority party in the House of Representatives as prime minister. If no party has a majority, the president is required to appoint an MP who has the support of a coalition of parties who between them have a majority in the chamber–in practice, the leader of the senior partner in such a coalition. If no majority coalition can be formed within 30 days of the final result of a parliamentary election, the president is required to appoint the leader of the largest party in the chamber. In the latter cases, the person appointed as prime minister must win a confidence vote within 30 days. However, if a confidence vote is unsuccessful, the president must appoint an MP who can demonstrate command the confidence of the House. In the event that no member can command the confidence of the House within 55 days of the announcement of the final results of the election, new elections must be held within six months.

Vacation of office[edit | edit source]

The vacation process of the prime minister as per Section 77 (1) of 2015 Constitution of Nepal is as follows:[17]

The prime minister shall cease to hold office in the following circumstances:

  1. If they tender written resignation to the president,
  2. If a vote of confidence fails to be approved according to Article (100), or a motion of no confidence is passed,
  3. If they cease to be a member of the House of Representatives,
  4. If they pass away.

Furthermore, the Section 77 (3) states: If the prime minister ceases to hold the office according to clause (1), the same council of ministers shall continue to work until another council of ministers is constituted, provided that, in the case of the death of the prime minister, the senior most minister shall continue to act as prime minister until a new prime minister is appointed.

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

Notes[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 "PM Deuba shifts to official residence in Baluwatar". The Himalayan Times. 19 June 2017. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  2. ↑ "President appoints Pushpa Kamal Dahal prime minister". kathmandupost.com.
  3. ↑ "PM's Office – Heritage Tale – ECSNEPAL – The Nepali Way". ecs.com.np. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "Baluwatar vacated – The Himalayan Times". The Himalayan Times. 14 October 2015. Retrieved 26 March 2018.
  5. ↑ "Balendra Shah appointed Prime Minister". Kathmandu Post. 27 March 2026.
  6. ↑ "Balen to take oath as Prime Minister". eKantipur. 27 March 2026.
  7. ↑ "Former Prime Ministers | Office of the Prime Minister and Council of Ministers". Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  8. ↑ "List of Prime Ministers of Nepal (1806-2022)". Jagranjosh.com. 12 July 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  9. ↑ "Jung Bahadur | Prime Minister of Nepal & Founder of Rana Dynasty | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  10. ↑ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (9 February 2005). "Nepal (01/09)". 2001-2009.state.gov. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  11. ↑ "Nepal - Monarchy, Democracy, Constitution | Britannica". www.britannica.com. 23 May 2025. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  12. ↑ "List of Prime Ministers Of Nepal". WorldAtlas. 2 April 2019. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  13. ↑ Reynolds, Latisha. "UofL Libraries: Government Resources and International Information: Nepal". library.louisville.edu. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  14. ↑ "History of Nepal | Events, People, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 25 May 2025.
  15. ↑ "Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 75 Executive power". Nepal Law Commission. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  16. ↑ "Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 76 Constitution of Council of Ministers". Nepal Law Commission. Retrieved 23 June 2020.
  17. ↑ "Part 7 Federal Executive, Section 77 Vacation of office of Prime Minister and Minister". Nepal Law Commission. Retrieved 23 June 2020.

Books[edit | edit source]

External links[edit | edit source]

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