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{{Short description|American multinational technology company}}
{{Short description|American multinational technology conglomerate}}
{{for|other companies|Amazon (disambiguation)#Organizations}}
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{{Use American English|date=February 2024}}
{{Merge from|.amazon|discuss=Talk:Amazon (company)#Proposed merge of .amazon into Amazon|date=February 2022}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Use American English|date=June 2018}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox company
{{Infobox company
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.
| logo = Amazon logo.svg
| logo = [[File:Amazon 2024.svg|frameless|upright=0.9|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_size = 175px
| image = Amazon Tower I topped out, June 2015.jpg
| logo_caption = Logo since 2000
| image_size = 250
| image = Amazon Spheres 05.jpg
| image_caption = [[Doppler (building)|Doppler]], home to Amazon's corporate headquarters
| image_caption = The [[Amazon Spheres]], part of the [[Doppler (building)|Amazon headquarters]] in Seattle, U.S.
| trade_name = Amazon
| trade_name = Amazon
| former_name = Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)
| former_name = Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| type = [[Public company|Public]]
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|AMZN}}|[[Nasdaq-100]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| traded_as = {{ubl|{{NASDAQ|AMZN}}|[[Nasdaq-100]] component|[[DJIA]] component|[[S&P 100]] component|[[S&P 500]] component}}
| ISIN = US0231351067
| ISIN = {{ISIN|sl=n|pl=y|US0231351067}}
| industry = {{hlist| [[E-commerce]]| [[Cloud Computing]]| [[Artificial intelligence]]| [[Consumer electronics]]| [[Entertainment]]| [[Digital distribution]]| [[Self-driving cars]] | [[Supermarket]]
| industry = {{hlist| [[Conglomerate (company)|Conglomerate]]
}}
}}
| founded = {{start date and age|1994|07|05}}<br />[[Bellevue, Washington]], U.S.
| founded = {{Start date and age|1994|07|05}}, in [[Bellevue, Washington]], U.S.
| founder = [[Jeff Bezos]]
| founder = [[Jeff Bezos]]
| hq_location_city = [[Seattle, Washington]] and [[Arlington, Virginia]]
| hq_location_city = [[Seattle]], Washington, and [[Arlington County, Virginia]]
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| hq_location_country = U.S.
| area_served = Worldwide
| area_served = Worldwide
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|Jeff Bezos<br />(executive chairman)|[[Andy Jassy]]<br />(president and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| key_people = {{unbulleted list|[[Jeff Bezos]] ([[Chair (officer)|executive chairman]])|[[Andy Jassy]] ([[President (corporate title)|president]] and [[Chief executive officer|CEO]])}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Amazon Echo|Echo]]|[[Amazon Fire tablet|Fire Tablet]]|[[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]|[[Fire OS]]|[[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]}}
| products = {{hlist|[[Amazon Echo|Echo]]|[[Amazon Fire|Fire Tablet]]|[[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]|[[Fire OS]]|[[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]}}
| services = {{plainlist|
| services = {{plainlist|
* [[Amazon.ca|Amazon.com]]
* Amazon.com
* [[Amazon Alexa]]
* [[Amazon Alexa]]
* [[Amazon Appstore]]
* [[Amazon Luna]]
* [[Amazon Luna]]
* [[Amazon Music]]
* [[Amazon Music]]
* [[Amazon Pay]]
* [[Amazon Pay]]
* [[Amazon Prime]]|[[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [[Amazon Prime]]
* [[Amazon Prime Video]]
* [[Amazon MGM Studios]]
* [[Amazon Robotics]]
* [[Amazon Web Services]]
* [[MGM+]]
* [[One Medical]]
* [[Ring (company)|Ring]]
* [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]
* [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]]
* [[Ring (company)|Ring]]
* [[Amazon Web Services]]
}}
}}
| revenue = {{nowrap| {{increase}} [[US$]]469.822 billion (2021)<ref name=10K2021>{{cite web |url=https://sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/0001018724/000101872422000005/amzn-20211231.htm |title=Form 10-K: Amazon.com.inc |publisher=United States Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref><ref name=Annual8K2021>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2021 Form 8-K Report |url= https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/34bc6b9b-884c-4f1a-a264-90174aebf4c3.pdf |website= cloudfront.net |accessdate=4 February 2022|date=31 December 2021}}</ref> }}  
| revenue = {{increase}} {{US$|716.9}}{{nbsp}}billion
| revenue_year =  
| revenue_year = 2025
| operating_income = {{increase}} US$24.879 billion (2021)<ref name=10K2021/>
| operating_income = {{increase}} {{US$|79.98}}{{nbsp}}billion
| income_year =  
| income_year = 2025
| net_income = {{increase}} US$33.364 billion (2021)<ref name=10K2021/>
| net_income = {{increase}} {{US$|77.67}}{{nbsp}}billion
| net_income_year =  
| net_income_year = 2025
| assets = {{increase}} US$420.549 billion (2021)<ref name=10K2021/>
| assets = {{increase}} {{US$|818.0}}{{nbsp}}billion
| assets_year =  
| assets_year = 2025
| equity = {{increase}} US$138.245 billion (2021)<ref name=10K2021/>
| equity = {{increase}} {{US$|411.1}}{{nbsp}}billion
| equity_year =  
| equity_year = 2025
| num_employees = {{increase}} 1,622,000 (March 2022)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/quote/AMZN/profile?p=AMZN |title=Amazon profile |website=finance.yahoo.com |access-date=20 May 2022}}</ref><ref name=10K2021/><br />U.S.: 950,000 (June 2021)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7 |title=1 out of every 153 American workers is an Amazon employee |work=Business Insider |last=Reuter |first=Dominick |date=30 July 2021 |access-date=4 February 2022}}</ref>
| num_employees = 1,576,000
| subsid = {{collapsible list|[[A9.com]]|[[AbeBooks]]|[[Alexa Internet]]|[[Amazon.com]]|[[Amazon Air]]|[[Amazon Books]]|[[Amazon Fresh]]|[[Amazon Games]]|[[Amazon Lab126]]|[[Amazon Logistics]]|[[Amazon Pharmacy]]|[[Amazon Publishing]]|[[Amazon Robotics]]|[[Amazon Studios]]|[[Amazon Web Services|AWS]]|[[Audible (service)|Audible]]|[[Body Labs]]|[[Book Depository]]|[[ComiXology]]|[[Digital Photography Review]]|Eero LLC|[[Goodreads]]|[[Graphiq]]|[[IMDb]]|[[MGM Holdings]]|[[PillPack]]|[[Ring Inc.|Ring]]|[[Souq.com]]|[[Twitch Interactive]]|[[Whole Foods Market]]|[[Woot]]|[[Zappos]]|[[Zoox Inc|Zoox]]}}
| num_employees_year = 2025
| owner = Jeff Bezos (14.0% voting power, 10.6% economic interest)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465921050333/tm2035374-1_def14a.htm#tBOOS|title=tm2035374-1_def14a - none - 7.9375412s|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref>
| subsid = {{collapsible list|[[AbeBooks]]|[[Amazon.com]]|[[Amazon Air]]|[[Amazon Books]]|[[Amazon Fresh]]|[[Amazon Games]]|[[Amazon Lab126]]|[[Amazon Leo]]|[[Amazon Logistics]]|[[Amazon Pharmacy]]|[[Amazon Publishing]]|[[Amazon Robotics]]|[[Amazon MGM Studios]]|[[Amazon Web Services|AWS]]|[[Audible (service)|Audible]]|[[Blink Home|Blink]]|[[Body Labs]]|Brilliance Audio|[[Eero (wireless networking brand)|Eero LLC]]|[[Goodreads]]|[[IMDb]]|[[PillPack]]|[[Ring (company)|Ring]]|[[Twitch Interactive]]|[[Whole Foods Market]]|[[Woot]]|[[Zappos]]|[[Zoox (company)|Zoox]]}}
| owner = Jeff Bezos (8.92%)
| website = {{URL|https://www.amazon.com/|amazon.com}}
| website = {{URL|https://www.amazon.com/|amazon.com}}
| footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872421000004/amzn-20201231.htm | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2020 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov |title=California Secretary of State Business Search | publisher=[[Secretary of State of California]]}}</ref>
| footnotes = <ref name=10K>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2024 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=February 7, 2025 | access-date=February 7, 2025 | archive-date=February 7, 2025 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250207163728/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872425000004/amzn-20241231.htm | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |title=California Secretary of State Business Search |publisher=[[Secretary of State of California]] |access-date=October 26, 2018 |archive-date=February 23, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180223134214/https://businesssearch.sos.ca.gov/ |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465922045572/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Proxy Statement | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=April 14, 2022 | access-date=July 8, 2022 | archive-date=July 8, 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220708001850/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000110465922045572/tm223357-5_def14a.htm#tBOOS | url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7 |title=1 out of every 153 American workers is an Amazon employee |work=Business Insider |last=Reuter |first=Dominick |date=July 30, 2021 |access-date=February 4, 2022 |archive-date=February 3, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220203235019/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-employees-number-1-of-153-us-workers-head-count-2021-7 |url-status=live }}</ref>
}}
}}


'''Amazon.com, Inc.'''<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com, Inc. - Form-10K |url=https://secfilings.nasdaq.com/filingFrameset.asp?FilingID=13184158&RcvdDate=2/1/2019&CoName=AMAZON%20COM%20INC |publisher=[[NASDAQ]] |access-date=March 17, 2019 |date=December 31, 2018}}</ref> ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ɒ|n}} {{respell|AM|ə|zon}}) is an American [[Multinational corporation|multinational]] [[technology company]] which focuses on [[e-commerce]], [[cloud computing]], [[digital streaming]], and [[artificial intelligence]]. It has been referred to as "one of the most influential economic and cultural forces in the world",<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Empire: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/amazon-empire/|website=[[PBS]]}}</ref> and is one of the [[List of most valuable brands|world's most valuable brands]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Kantar|title=Accelerated Growth Sees Amazon Crowned 2019's BrandZ™ Top 100 Most Valuable Global Brand|url=https://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/accelerated-growth-sees-amazon-crowned-2019s-brandz-top-100-most-valuable-global-brand-300863486.html|access-date=May 25, 2020|website=www.prnewswire.com|language=en}}</ref> It is one of the [[Big Tech|Big Five]] American [[information technology]] companies, alongside [[Alphabet Inc.|Alphabet]], [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Meta Platforms|Meta]], and [[Microsoft]].
<!--Brief introduction-->'''Amazon.com, Inc.'''<ref name="10K" /> ([[doing business as]] '''Amazon'''){{efn|{{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ɒ|n|audio=LL-Q1860 (eng)-Flame, not lame-Amazon (company).wav}}, {{respell|AM|ə|zon}}; {{IPAc-en|Ukalso|ˈ|æ|m|ə|z|ə|n}}, {{respell|AM|ə|zən}}}} is an American multinational technology company engaged in [[e-commerce]], [[cloud computing]], [[online advertising]], [[digital streaming]], and [[artificial intelligence]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon Empire: The Rise and Reign of Jeff Bezos|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/documentary/amazon-empire/?|publisher=[[PBS]]|access-date=February 15, 2020|archive-date=January 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200116035015/https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/film/amazon-empire/|url-status=live}}</ref> Founded in 1994 by [[Jeff Bezos]] in [[Bellevue, Washington]],<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon's John Schoettler has helped change how we think of corporate campuses |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210417003045/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |archive-date=April 17, 2021 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |date=November 17, 2020 |last1=Guevara |first1=Natalie |work=[[Puget Sound Business Journal]] |access-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref> the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=October 28, 2013|title=Selling as Hard as He Can|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029073241/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-date=October 29, 2013 |url-access=limited|url-status=live|access-date=December 20, 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> Amazon has been described as a [[Big Tech]] company.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Tech |url=https://sdialliance.org//dictionary/big-tech/ |access-date=2025-12-29 |website=sdialliance.org}}</ref>
 
Amazon was founded by [[Jeff Bezos]] from his garage in [[Bellevue, Washington|Bellevue]], Washington,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon's John Schoettler has helped change how we think of corporate campuses |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210309155633/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |archive-date=March 9, 2021 |url=https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2020/11/17/skyline-shaper-john-schoettler.html |date=November 17, 2020 |last1=Guevara |first1=Natalie |website=bizjournals.com |access-date=March 9, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref> on July 5, 1994. Initially an online marketplace for books, it has expanded into a multitude of product categories: a strategy that has earned it the moniker The Everything Store.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Kakutani|first=Michiko|date=2013-10-28|title=Selling as Hard as He Can|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029073241/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/10/29/books/the-everything-store-jeff-bezos-and-the-age-of-amazon.html |archive-date=2013-10-29 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|access-date=2021-12-20|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> It has multiple [[Subsidiary|subsidiaries]] including [[AWS|Amazon Web Services]] (cloud computing), [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]] ([[Self-driving car|autonomous vehicles]]), [[Kuiper Systems]] (satellite Internet), [[Amazon Lab126]] (computer hardware [[Research and development|R&D]]). Its other subsidiaries include [[Ring (company)|Ring]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[IMDb]], and [[Whole Foods Market]]. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for {{USD}}13.4&nbsp;billion substantially increased its footprint as a [[physical retailer]].<ref name="wf" />


Amazon has earned a reputation as a disruptor of well-established industries through technological innovation and mass scale.<ref>{{cite web|title=Fortune Global 500 List 2018: See Who Made It|url=http://fortune.com/global500/list/|access-date=January 8, 2019|website=Fortune}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|title=Why Amazon and Jeff Bezos Are So Successful at Disruption|last=Furth|first=John F.|date=May 18, 2018|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|title=Amazon's Lesson About Disruption: Rattle Any Market You Can|last=Bylund|first=Per|date=August 29, 2017|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/danielnewman/2018/10/24/alibaba-vs-amazon-the-battle-of-disruptive-innovation-beyond-traditional-e-commerce/|title=Alibaba vs. Amazon: The Battle Of Disruptive Innovation Beyond Traditional E-Commerce|last=Newman|first=Daniel|website=Forbes|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019}}</ref> As of 2021, it is the world's largest [[Online shopping|online retailer]] and [[Online marketplace|marketplace]], [[smart speaker]] provider, [[cloud computing]] service through AWS,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front |title=Microsoft Cloud Revenues Leap; Amazon is Still Way Out in Front|publisher=Synergy Research Group|location=Reno, Nevada|work=srgresearch.com}}</ref> [[Live streaming|live-streaming]] service through Twitch, and [[largest Internet company by revenue|Internet company]] as measured by [[revenue]] and [[market share]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Jopson |first=Barney |url=http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |title=Amazon urges California referendum on online tax |work=Financial Times |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714230245/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, it surpassed [[Walmart]] as the world's largest retailer outside of [[China]], driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [[Amazon Prime]], which has over 200&nbsp;million subscribers worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Prime now has 200 million members, jumping 50 million in one year|url=https://news.yahoo.com/amazon-prime-has-200-million-members-142910961.html|access-date=2021-12-20|website=news.yahoo.com|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=2021-04-15|title=Amazon Prime Tops 200 Million Members, Jeff Bezos Says|url=https://variety.com/2021/digital/news/amazon-prime-200-million-jeff-bezos-1234952188/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US}}</ref> It is the [[List of largest employers in the United States|second-largest private employer in the United States]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|title=Amazon climbs into list of top five largest US stocks by market cap|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=September 23, 2016|website=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref>
It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping [[retailer]] and [[marketplace]], best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells [[books]], [[electronics]], [[pharmacy]], [[car parts]], [[video games]], [[dining]], [[jewelry]], [[food]], [[music]], and [[sports equipment]].<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon: From Books to Everything|url=https://quartr.com/insights/company-research/amazon-from-books-to-everything|date=June 17, 2024|access-date=17 January 2026|archive-date=January 2, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260102133246/https://quartr.com/insights/company-research/amazon-from-books-to-everything|url-status=live}}</ref>


Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[Amazon Music]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], and [[Audible (store)|Audible]] units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [[Amazon Publishing]], film and television content through [[Amazon Studios]], and has been the owner of film and television studio [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] since March 2022. It also produces [[consumer electronics]]—most notably, [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] [[e-reader]]s, [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] devices, [[Kindle Fire|Fire]] [[tablet computer|tablets]], and [[Fire TV]]s.
<!--END Brief introduction; do not overload this section with details--><!--Operations and products:-->The company has multiple subsidiaries, including [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), providing cloud computing; [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]], a [[self-driving car]] division; [[Kuiper Systems]], a satellite Internet provider; and [[Amazon Lab126]], a computer hardware [[R&D]] provider. Other subsidiaries include [[Ring (company)|Ring]], [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[IMDb]], and [[Whole Foods Market]]. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for {{USD}}13.4&nbsp;billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a [[physical retailer]].<ref name="wf">{{Cite press release |url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170824006124/en/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone |title=Amazon and Whole Foods Market Announce Acquisition to Close This Monday, Will Work Together to Make High-Quality, Natural and Organic Food Affordable for Everyone |website=[[Business Wire]] |date=August 24, 2017 |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913230014/https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170824006124/en/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its [[Amazon Prime Video]], [[MGM+]], [[Amazon Music]], Twitch, [[Audible (service)|Audible]] and [[Wondery]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Carman |first=Ashley |date=December 30, 2020 |title=Amazon buys Wondery, setting itself up to compete against Spotify for podcast domination |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/30/22098312/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry |access-date=March 16, 2024 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=September 29, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230929181931/https://www.theverge.com/2020/12/30/22098312/amazon-music-wondery-acquire-buy-podcast-industry |url-status=live }}</ref> units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, [[Amazon Publishing]], produces and distributes film and television content through [[Amazon MGM Studios]], including the [[Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer]] studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute [[audiobook]]s, respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] e-readers, [[Amazon Echo|Echo]] devices, [[Amazon Fire|Fire]] tablets, and [[Amazon Fire TV|Fire]] TVs.<!--END Operations and products-->


Amazon [[Criticism of Amazon|has been criticized]] for customer data collection practices,<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/04/30/amazons-facial-recognition-technology-is-supercharging-local-police/|title=Amazon's facial-recognition AI is supercharging police in Oregon.|last=Harwell|first=Drew|date=April 30, 2019|newspaper=The Washington Post|access-date=June 30, 2019}}</ref> a toxic work culture,<ref>{{cite news |last1=Kantor |first1=Jodi |last2=Streitfeld |first2=David|author-link=Jodi Kantor|author-link2=David Streitfeld|title=Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html |website=[[The New York Times]] |access-date=February 15, 2020}}</ref> [[tax avoidance]],<ref name="fortune">{{cite web|last=Stampler|first=Laura|date=February 14, 2019|title=Amazon Will Pay a Whopping $0 in Federal Taxes on $11.2 Billion Profits|url=http://fortune.com/2019/02/14/amazon-doesnt-pay-federal-taxes-2019/|access-date=February 20, 2019|website=Fortune|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Jr|first=Tom Huddleston|date=2019-02-15|title=Amazon will pay $0 in federal taxes this year — and it's partially thanks to Trump|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/15/amazon-will-pay-0-in-federal-taxes-this-year.html|access-date=2022-02-14|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref> and [[anti-competitive practices|anti-competitive]] behavior.<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last=Khan|first=Lina|date=January 2017|title=Amazon's Antitrust Paradox|url=https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox|journal=Yale Law Journal|volume=126|issue=3|pages=564–907}}</ref><ref name="baum" />
<!--Status:-->Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|title=Why Amazon and Jeff Bezos Are So Successful at Disruption|last=Furth|first=John F.|date=May 18, 2018|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019|archive-date=August 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220826131641/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/312481|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|title=Amazon's Lesson About Disruption: Rattle Any Market You Can|last=Bylund|first=Per|date=August 29, 2017|website=Entrepreneur|language=en|access-date=May 16, 2019|archive-date=March 28, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220328011716/https://www.entrepreneur.com/article/299129|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How to compete with Amazon |url=https://fortune.com/2013/10/24/how-to-compete-with-amazon/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927183139/https://fortune.com/2013/10/24/how-to-compete-with-amazon/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Reinvesting for Growth – Why Amazon.com, Inc. (NASDAQ:AMZN) is Undervalued Even in this Market |url=https://finance.yahoo.com/news/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=[[Yahoo Finance]] |language=en-US |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213908/https://finance.yahoo.com/news/reinvesting-growth-why-amazon-com-015452330.html |url-status=live }}</ref> {{As of|2023}}, it is the world's largest [[online retailer]] and [[Online marketplace|marketplace]], [[smart speaker]] provider, cloud computing service through AWS,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front|title=Microsoft Cloud Revenues Leap; Amazon is Still Way Out in Front|publisher=Synergy Research Group|location=[[Reno, Nevada]]|date=October 29, 2014|access-date=July 2, 2015|archive-date=May 4, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190504111318/https://www.srgresearch.com/articles/microsoft-cloud-revenues-leap-amazon-still-way-out-front|url-status=live}}</ref> [[live-streaming]] service through Twitch, and [[List of largest Internet companies|Internet company]] as measured by revenue and market share.<ref>{{cite news |last=Jopson |first=Barney |url=https://www.ft.com/content/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0 |title=Amazon urges California referendum on online tax |work=[[Financial Times]] |date=July 12, 2011 |access-date=August 4, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110714230245/http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/61828252-ac1d-11e0-b85c-00144feabdc0.html |archive-date=July 14, 2011 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2021, it surpassed [[Walmart]] as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, [[Amazon Prime]], which has 200&nbsp;million subscribers worldwide.<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon Prime now has 200 million members, jumping 50 million in one year|url=https://news.yahoo.com/amazon-prime-has-200-million-members-142910961.html|access-date=December 20, 2021|website=[[Yahoo News]]|date=April 15, 2021|language=en-US|archive-date=January 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122002252/https://news.yahoo.com/amazon-prime-has-200-million-members-142910961.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Spangler|first=Todd|date=April 15, 2021|title=Amazon Prime Tops 200 Million Members, Jeff Bezos Says|url=https://variety.com/2021/digitaHapgoodews/amazon-prime-200-million-jeff-bezos-1234952188/|access-date=February 14, 2022|website=[[Variety (magazine)|Variety]]|language=en-US|archive-date=April 15, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210415124656/https://variety.com/2021/digitaHapgoodews/amazon-prime-200-million-jeff-bezos-1234952188/|url-status=live}}</ref> It is the [[List of largest United States–based employers globally|second-largest private employer in the United States]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|title=Amazon climbs into list of top five largest US stocks by market cap|last=Cheng|first=Evelyn|date=September 23, 2016|publisher=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=May 10, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190510043319/https://www.cnbc.com/2016/09/23/amazon-climbs-into-list-of-top-five-largest-us-stocks-by-market-cap.html|url-status=live}}</ref> and the [[List of largest companies by revenue|second-largest company in the world]] and [[List of largest companies in the United States by revenue|in the U.S.]] by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).<ref>{{cite news |title=Fortune Global 500 |url=https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |access-date=August 19, 2024 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=January 14, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260114130124/https://fortune.com/ranking/global500/ |url-status=live }}</ref> As of October 2024, Amazon is the [[List of most-visited websites|12th-most visited website in the world]] and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Top Websites Ranking |url=https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |website=Similarweb |access-date=December 1, 2021 |archive-date=February 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220210041116/https://www.similarweb.com/top-websites/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="auto5">{{cite web|url=https://www.similarweb.com/website/amazon.com/#geography|title=amazon.com|website=[[similarweb]].com|access-date=January 8, 2024|archive-date=October 24, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221024012112/https://www.similarweb.com/website/amazon.com/#geography|url-status=live}}</ref> [[Criticism of Amazon|Amazon has been criticized]] for its business practices, including [[surveillance]] partnerships, poor worker conditions, [[Union busting|anti-union]] efforts, [[Environmental degradation|environmental harm]], [[Anti-competitive practices|anti-competitive behavior]], [[censorship]] controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.<!--END Status-->
{{TOC limit|2}}
<!--Do not add a 4th paragraph unless absolutely necessary.-->


== History ==
== History ==
{{main|History of Amazon}}
{{main|History of Amazon}}
[[File:Amazon Hyderabad campus.jpg|thumb|The company's largest campus outside the United States was inaugurated in [[Hyderabad]], India in September 2019.]]


Amazon was founded by [[Jeff Bezos]] in July 1994, who chose [[Seattle]] for its abundance of technical talent, as [[Microsoft]] was in the area.<ref>[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f3NBQcAqyu4&t=223 The David Rubenstein Show: Jeff Bezos], Bloomberg Markets and Finance, September 19, 2018,</ref> [[MacKenzie Scott|Mackenzie Scott]] was also instrumental in its founding, and drove across the country with Bezos to start it. When Scott graduated, she applied to work for [[D. E. Shaw & Co.]], a quantitative hedge fund in New York City, as a research associate to "pay the bills while working on her novels".<ref name="Abadi">{{cite web|last=Abadi|first=Mark|title=MacKenzie Bezos played a big role in the founding of Amazon and drove across the country with Jeff to start it|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/how-mackenzie-bezos-met-jeff-bezos-2019-1|access-date=December 24, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Cain|first=Áine|title=Meet MacKenzie Bezos, who stands to become one of the world's richest women after her divorce, was one of the first Amazon employees and has written 2 award-winning novels|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/mackenzie-bezos-career-2017-11|access-date=December 24, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref> Bezos, then a vice-president at the firm, met her when he interviewed her.<ref>{{cite web|last=Hubbard|first=Lauren|date=April 4, 2019|title=Who Is Jeff Bezos's Ex-Wife, Novelist MacKenzie Bezos?|url=https://www.townandcountrymag.com/society/money-and-power/a26345596/mackenzie-bezos-facts/|access-date=December 24, 2020|website=Town & Country|language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="Abadi"/>
=== 1994–2009<!-- I'm making this arbitrary cutoff; please discuss on talk page since we ideally need consensus on which cutoff years to use --> ===
[[File:Amazon's founding site in Bellevue, Washington - exterior.jpg|thumb|right|Jeff Bezos's home in [[Bellevue, Washington]], where the company was founded in 1994]]
 
On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by [[Jeff Bezos]], after he relocated from [[New York City]] to [[Bellevue, Washington]], near [[Seattle]], to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from [[Microsoft]] and the [[University of Washington]], as well as its smaller population for [[sales tax]] purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in [[Roseburg, Oregon]]. Other options Bezos considered included [[Portland, Oregon]], and [[Boulder, Colorado]].<ref name="SeattleTimes-25">{{cite news |last=Romano |first=Benjamin |date=June 29, 2019 |title=Amazon at 25: The magic that changed everything |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-25-the-magic-that-changed-everything/ |work=[[The Seattle Times]] |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183908/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-25-the-magic-that-changed-everything/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |last=Spector |first=Robert |date=April 16, 2000 |title=Homegrown Amazon |url=https://archive.seattletimes.com/archive/?date=20000416&slug=4015638 |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=July 7, 2024}}</ref>
 
On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.<ref name="SeattleTimes-25"/><ref>{{cite news |last=Perez |first=Elizabeth |date=June 28, 2019 |title=Store on internet is open book — Amazon.com boasts more than 1 million titles on web |page=E1 |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/store-on-internet-is-open-book-amazon-com-boasts-more-than-1-million-titles-on-web-from-the-archives/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=July 7, 2024 |archive-date=July 8, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240708183910/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/store-on-internet-is-open-book-amazon-com-boasts-more-than-1-million-titles-on-web-from-the-archives/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebowitz |first=Shana |title=Amazon is celebrating its 25th birthday. Here's how the e-commerce giant got its name. |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |access-date=August 16, 2025 |website=Business Insider |language=en-US |archive-date=June 11, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210611125234/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-jeff-bezos-chose-company-name-2018-5 |url-status=live }}</ref>


Amazon went [[public company|public]] in May 1997. It began selling music and videos in 1998, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. The following year, it began selling video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.
In May 1997, Amazon went [[public company|public]].<ref name="anders1999a"/><ref name="anders1999b"/>


In 2002, it launched [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), which provided data on website popularity, Internet traffic patterns, and other statistics for marketers and developers. In 2006, it grew its AWS portfolio when [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2), which rented computer processing power, provided [[Simple Storage Service]] (S3), and rented data storage via the Internet, also became available. That year, Amazon also started'' Fulfillment by Amazon ''which allowed individuals and small companies to sell items through the company's Internet site. In 2012, Amazon bought [[Amazon Robotics|Kiva Systems]] to automate its inventory management business. It purchased the [[Whole Foods Market]] supermarket chain in 2017.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom|title=Amazon.com - History & Facts|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref>
In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.<ref name="anders1999a">{{Cite news |last1=Anders |first1=George |last2=Tessler |first2=Joelle |date=June 8, 1999 |title=Amazon.com Steps Into World Of Online, Downloadable Music |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB92877726979442347 |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB92877726979442347 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="anders1999b">{{Cite news |last=Anders |first=George |date=July 13, 1999 |title=Amazon.com Unveils Plans to Open Two More 'Stores' on Its Web Site |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB931823473942188601 |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927184149/https://www.wsj.com/articles/SB931823473942188601 |url-status=live }}</ref>


On February 2, 2021, Amazon announced that Jeff Bezos would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board in Q3 of 2021. Andy Jassy, previously CEO of AWS, became Amazon's CEO.<ref>{{cite web|last=|first=|date=February 2, 2021|title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos will step down as CEO|url=https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://archive.today/20210202233026/https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/|archive-date=February 2, 2021|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=[[Fox8]]|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Haselton|first=Todd|date=February 2, 2021|title=Jeff Bezos to step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to take over in Q3|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|website=CNBC|language=en}}</ref>
In 2002, the company launched [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build [[web application]]s on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=July 16, 2002 |title=Amazon.com Launches Web Services; Developers Can Now Incorporate Amazon.com Content and Features into Their Own Web Sites; Extends ''Welcome Mat'' for Developers |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date= 2022-09-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192432/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-launches-web-services/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 19, 2003 |title=Amazon.com Web Services Announces Trio of Milestones - New Tool Kit, Enhanced Web Site and 25,000 Developers in the Program |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-web-services-announces-trio-milestones-new-tool-kit |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192430/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazoncom-web-services-announces-trio-milestones-new-tool-kit |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=October 4, 2004 |title=New Amazon Web Services Offerings Give Developers Unprecedented Access to Amazon Product Data and Technology, and First-Ever Access to Data Compiled by Alexa Internet |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/new-amazon-web-services-offerings-give-developers-unprecedented |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192431/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/new-amazon-web-services-offerings-give-developers-unprecedented |url-status=live }}</ref> AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with [[Amazon S3|Simple Storage Service]] (S3) in 2006,<ref>{{Cite press release |date=March 14, 2006 |title=Amazon Web Services Launches |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-s3-simple-storage-service |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=December 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251216213157/https://press.aboutamazon.com/2006/3/amazon-web-services-launches |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[Amazon Elastic Compute Cloud|Elastic Compute Cloud]] (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.<ref>{{Cite press release |date=October 23, 2008 |title=Amazon Web Services Launches Amazon EC2 for Windows |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-ec2-windows |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |quote=Additionally, AWS today announced that Amazon EC2 is now Generally Available, having successfully exited its beta period and now offers a Service Level Agreement (SLA) |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192429/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-web-services-launches-amazon-ec2-windows |url-status=live }}</ref>


== Board of directors ==
In 2006, Amazon launched the'' Fulfillment by Amazon ''program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.<ref name=amazon-fulfill-press>{{Cite press release |date=September 19, 2006 |title=Amazon Launches New Services to Help Small and Medium-Sized Businesses Enhance Their Customer Offerings by Accessing Amazon's Order Fulfillment, Customer Service, and Website Functionality |url=https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-launches-new-services-help-small-and-medium-sized |access-date=September 27, 2022 |publisher=Amazon.com Press Center |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927192433/https://press.aboutamazon.com/news-releases/news-release-details/amazon-launches-new-services-help-small-and-medium-sized |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Jeff Bezos 2016.jpg|thumb|upright|Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] in 2016]]


{{As of|2020|September|df=US}}, Amazon's board of directors is:<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers & Directors |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/board-of-directors|website=Amazon |access-date=March 29, 2019}}</ref>
=== 2010–present<!-- should be expanded and talk about Amazon's growth --> ===
* [[Jeff Bezos]], executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.
Amazon purchased the [[Whole Foods Market]] supermarket chain in 2017.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com - History & Facts |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom |access-date=January 3, 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |archive-date=June 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190608125826/https://www.britannica.com/topic/Amazoncom |url-status=live }}</ref> It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion [[Sales (accounting)#Gross sales and net sales|net sales]] in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.<ref>{{Citation |last=Schmidt |first=Gordon B. |title=Amazon |date=2020 |url=http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/9781483375519.n28 |encyclopedia=The SAGE International Encyclopedia of Mass Media and Society |access-date=May 1, 2023 |place=Thousand Oaks, California|publisher=SAGE Publications, Inc. |language=en |doi=10.4135/9781483375519.n28 |isbn=978-1-4833-7551-9|s2cid=240656642 |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
* [[Andy Jassy]], president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.
* [[Keith B. Alexander]], CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA director]]
* [[Rosalind Brewer]], group president and COO, [[Starbucks]]
* [[Jamie Gorelick]], partner, [[Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr]]
* [[Daniel P. Huttenlocher]], [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the Schwarzman College of Computing, [[Massachusetts Institute of Technology]]
* [[Judy McGrath]], former CEO, [[MTV Networks]]
* [[Indra Nooyi]], former CEO, [[PepsiCo]]
* [[Jon Rubinstein]], former chairman and CEO, [[Palm, Inc.]]
* [[Thomas O. Ryder]], former chairman and CEO, [[Reader's Digest Association]]
* [[Patty Stonesifer]], president and CEO, [[Martha's Table]]
* [[Wendell P. Weeks]], chairman, president and CEO, [[Corning Inc.]]


== Merchant partnerships ==
Amazon saw large growth during the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], hiring more than 100,000 staff in the [[United States]] and [[Canada]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Otto |first=Ben |date=September 14, 2020 |title=Amazon to Hire 100,000 in US and Canada |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |access-date=December 15, 2020 |archive-date=December 13, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201213172920/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |url-status=live }}</ref> Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news |date=April 14, 2020 |title=Amazon hiring spree as orders surge under lockdown |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149 |access-date=April 14, 2020 |archive-date=July 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200707182733/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="FTMarch19">{{cite news |date=March 19, 2020 |title=Amazon workers protest over normal shifts despite Covid-19 cases |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,<ref name="BBCMarch31">{{Cite news |date=March 31, 2020 |title=Amazon workers strike over virus protection |language=en-GB |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273 |access-date=March 31, 2020 |archive-date=December 11, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211073405/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273 |url-status=live }}</ref> while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.<ref name="TheVergeMarch31">{{cite news |last=Dzieza |first=Josh |date=March 30, 2020 |title=Amazon warehouse workers walk out in rising tide of COVID-19 protests |url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout |access-date=March 31, 2020 |website=The Verge |language=en |archive-date=July 12, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200712090322/https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout |url-status=live }}</ref>
In 2000, U.S. toy retailer [[Toys "R" Us]] entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50&nbsp;million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/|title=Toys R Us bankruptcy: A dot-com-era deal with Amazon marked the beginning of the end |website=Quartz|language=en|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm|title=Toys R Us wins Amazon lawsuit|work=[[BBC News]]|date=March 3, 2006|access-date=December 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm|title=Amazon to pay Toys R Us $51M to settle suit|last=Metz|first=Rachel|date=June 12, 2009|work=[[USA Today]]|access-date=December 1, 2012|agency=[[Associated Press]]}}</ref>


In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [[Borders Group]], under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm|title=Amazon/Borders form online partnership|website=CNN Money|date=April 11, 2001|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref> Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php|title=How 'Amazon factor' killed retailers like Borders, Circuit City|date=July 13, 2015|work=SFGate|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref>
On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS [[Andy Jassy]] replacing him as CEO.<ref>{{cite news |agency=Associated Press |date=February 2, 2021 |title=Amazon founder Jeff Bezos will step down as CEO |url=https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210208045855/https://fox8.com/news/amazon-founder-jeff-bezos-will-step-down-as-ceo/ |archive-date=February 8, 2021 |access-date=February 2, 2021 |publisher=[[Fox8]] |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Haselton|first=Todd|date=February 2, 2021|title=Jeff Bezos to step down as Amazon CEO, Andy Jassy to take over in Q3|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|access-date=February 2, 2021|publisher=CNBC|language=en|archive-date=November 4, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104005654/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/02/02/jeff-bezos-to-step-down-as-amazon-ceo-andy-jassy-to-take-over-in-q3.html|url-status=live}}</ref> In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64171008 | title=Amazon to shed over 18,000 jobs as it cuts costs, CEO says | date=January 5, 2023 | publisher=BBC News | access-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-date=January 5, 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230105021351/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-64171008 | url-status=live }}</ref>


On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [[DC Comics]] for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including ''[[Superman]]'', ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Green Lantern]]'', ''[[The Sandman (Vertigo)|The Sandman]],'' and ''[[Watchmen]]''. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018234650/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |archive-date=2011-10-18 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Bookstores Drop Comics After Amazon Deal With DC|last=Streitfeld|first=David|date=October 18, 2011|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for [[Jeff Bezos]] to sell approximately 50 million [[Share (finance)|shares]] of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion.<ref>{{Cite news|language=en|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/jeff-bezos-sells-roughly-2-billion-of-amazon-shares/articleshow/107594980.cms|title=Jeff Bezos sells roughly $2 billion of Amazon shares|website=The Economic Times|date=February 11, 2024 |access-date=February 25, 2024|archive-date=February 25, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225192713/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/jeff-bezos-sells-roughly-2-billion-of-amazon-shares/articleshow/107594980.cms}}</ref>


In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [[United States Postal Service]] to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [[Los Angeles]] and [[New York, New York|New York]] because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [[Dallas, Texas|Dallas]], [[Houston]], [[New Orleans]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] by 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barr |first=Alistair |title=Amazon starts Sunday delivery with US Postal Service |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |work=USA Today |access-date=November 25, 2013 |date=November 11, 2013}}</ref>
On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the [[Dow Jones Industrial Average]].<ref>{{cite press release |url=https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/documents/indexnews/announcements/20240220-1470711/1470711_djiadjtawbajblu-feb2024.pdf |title=Amazon Set to Join Dow Jones Industrial Average and Uber to Join Dow Jones Transportation Average |publisher=[[S&P Dow Jones Indices]] |date=February 20, 2024 |access-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-date=February 26, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240226123355/https://www.spglobal.com/spdji/en/documents/indexnews/announcements/20240220-1470711/1470711_djiadjtawbajblu-feb2024.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>


In June 2017, [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |title=Nike confirms 'pilot' partnership with Amazon |website=Engadget|access-date=July 3, 2017}}</ref><ref name=CNBC>{{cite web |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Elly |last2=Thomas |first2=Lauren |title=Nike won't sell directly to Amazon anymore |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/nike-wont-sell-directly-to-amazon-anymore.html |website=[[CNBC]] |language=en |date=13 November 2019}}</ref> This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.<ref name=CNBC/><ref>{{cite web |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Ben |title=Council Post: Why Nike Cut Ties With Amazon And What It Means For Other Retailers |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2020/01/22/why-nike-cut-ties-with-amazon-and-what-it-means-for-other-retailers/ |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Companies including [[IKEA]] and [[Birkenstock]] also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Muldowney |first1=Decca |title=As demand for bikes surged, Amazon got in the way |url=https://www.theverge.com/22618306/pacific-northwest-components-bike-company-quit-amazon-support-indie-shops |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |date=23 August 2021}}</ref>
On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the [[International Brotherhood of Teamsters]] labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://teamster.org/2024/12/teamsters-launch-largest-strike-against-amazon-in-american-history/|title=Teamsters Launch Strike Against Amazon In American|publisher=International Brotherhood of Teamsters|date=December 19, 2024|access-date=December 19, 2024|archive-date=December 19, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241219011342/https://teamster.org/2024/12/teamsters-launch-largest-strike-against-amazon-in-american-history/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/teamsters-announce-strike-amazon-holiday-delivery-rush-rcna184810|title=Teamsters announce strike against Amazon amid holiday delivery rush|first=Marlene|last=Lenthang|publisher=NBC News|date=December 19, 2024|access-date=December 19, 2024}}</ref>


In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$&thinsp;104.44&thinsp;million ([[Indian rupee|₹]]&thinsp;759&thinsp;[[crore]]) in financial year 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/|title=Amazon's JV Appario Retail Clocks In $104.4 Mn For FY18|last=Bhumika|first=Khatri|date=September 27, 2018|website=Inc42 Media}}</ref>
On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McLain |first=Sean |date=2025-10-27 |title=Amazon Lays Off 14,000 Corporate Workers |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/amazon-to-layoff-tens-of-thousands-of-corporate-workers-056ebc4d |access-date=2025-10-28 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=October 28, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251028152636/https://www.wsj.com/tech/amazon-to-layoff-tens-of-thousands-of-corporate-workers-056ebc4d |url-status=live }}</ref> As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-12-16 |title=Amazon European hub in Luxembourg braces for record job cuts |url=https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/amazon-european-hub-luxembourg-braces-record-job-cuts |access-date=2025-12-18 |website=The Business Times |language=en |archive-date=December 18, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251218065831/https://www.businesstimes.com.sg/companies-markets/telcos-media-tech/amazon-european-hub-luxembourg-braces-record-job-cuts |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce [[bureaucracy]], and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of [[artificial intelligence]] technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon confirms 16,000 more corporate job cuts, bringing total to 30,000 since October|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2026/amazon-confirms-16000-more-job-cuts-bringing-total-layoffs-to-30000-since-october/|website=GeekWire|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en-US|first=Taylor Soper, Todd|last=Bishop|archive-date=February 1, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201090931/https://www.geekwire.com/2026/amazon-confirms-16000-more-job-cuts-bringing-total-layoffs-to-30000-since-october/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon cuts about 16,000 corporate jobs in the latest round of layoffs|url=https://apnews.com/article/amazon-layoffs-job-cuts-tech-74387fae2313ff7b0b1e638c00863443|website=AP News|date=2026-01-28|access-date=2026-01-31|language=en|first=KELVIN CHAN Leer en|last=español|archive-date=January 31, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260131094742/https://apnews.com/article/amazon-layoffs-job-cuts-tech-74387fae2313ff7b0b1e638c00863443|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/amazon-cuts-16000-jobs-globally-broader-restructuring-2026-01-28/|title=Amazon axes 16,000 jobs as it pushes AI and efficiency}}</ref>  


{{as of|2017|October|11|df=US}}, [[AmazonFresh]] sold a range of [[Booths Supermarkets|Booths]] branded products for home delivery in selected areas.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Booths teams up with Amazon to sell down South for the first time |date=October 11, 2017 |newspaper=Telegraph |access-date=October 11, 2017}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested $475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Gabrielle Fonrouge,Annie |date=2026-01-15 |title=Amazon threatens 'drastic' action after Saks bankruptcy, says $475M stake is now worthless |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/15/amazon-says-saks-investment-is-worthless-after-bankruptcy.html |access-date=2026-01-16 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>


In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [[Apple Inc.]] to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online|title=Amazon strikes deal with Apple to sell new iPhones and iPads|work=The Verge|access-date=November 11, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/|title=Apple pumps up its Amazon listings with iPhones, iPads and more|date=November 10, 2018|work=CNET|access-date=November 11, 2018|language=en}}</ref>
In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to $50 billion.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amazon could invest up to $50 billion in OpenAI in coming weeks, source says|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/29/amazon-openai-investment-jassy-altman.html|website=CNBC|date=2026-01-29|access-date=2026-01-30|language=en|first=Ashley Capoot,Kate Rooney,Annie|last=Palmer|archive-date=January 30, 2026|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260130041441/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/29/amazon-openai-investment-jassy-altman.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/business/retail-consumer/amazon-considers-another-multibillion-dollar-investment-anthropic-ft-reports-2025-07-10/|title=Amazon considers another multibillion-dollar investment in Anthropic, FT reports|date=10 July 2025|website=Reuters}}</ref>


== Logistics ==
In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to [[Artificial intelligence|AI]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Valinsky |first=Jordan |date=2026-01-28 |title=Amazon is laying off 16,000 employees as AI battle intensifies {{!}} CNN Business |url=https://www.cnn.com/2026/01/28/tech/amazon-layoffs-ai |access-date=2026-03-12 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref>


Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:
In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest $12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon plans $12 billion Louisiana data center buildout |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/amazon-plans-12-billion-louisiana-data-center-buildout-5947956 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>
* [[Amazon Air]], a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the [[United States Postal Service]].
* [[Amazon Flex]], a [[smartphone app]] that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [[Prime Now]], same or next day [[Amazon Fresh]] groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flex.amazon.com/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Frequently asked questions about Amazon Flex}}</ref>
* '''Amazon Logistics''', in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Amazon Logistics / Frequently Asked Questions}}</ref>
* [[Amazon Prime Air]] is an experimental drone delivery service.


Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "[[Amazon Hub]] Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |title=Find jobs by job category}}</ref>
According to an analysis by [[Bridgewater Associates]], Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about $650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Big Tech to invest about $650 billion in AI in 2026, Bridgewater says |url=https://www.channelnewsasia.com/business/big-tech-invest-about-650-billion-in-ai-in-2026-bridgewater-says-5947656 |access-date=2026-02-27 |website=CNA |language=en}}</ref>


Rakuten Intelligence estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the United States Postal Service (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [[United Parcel Service|UPS]].<ref>[https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ Prime Day, early holiday sales create new potential for USPS ballot delivery tie-ups]</ref> In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon is spending big to take on UPS and FedEx |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/30/amazon-is-spending-big-to-take-on-ups-and-fedex.html |date=30 Apr 2021 |author=Annie Palmer}}</ref>
In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Renshaw and Kearney |first=Jarrett and Laila |date=4 March 2026 |title=Tech Giants sign energy pledge at white house ahead of midterms |url=https://www.reuters.com/sustainability/climate-energy/trump-meet-tech-giants-energy-pledge-ahead-midterms-2026-03-04/ |website=Reuters}}</ref>


== Products and services ==
== Products and services ==
{{Main|List of Amazon products and services}}
{{Main|List of Amazon products and services}}
Amazon.com's product lines available on its website include several media ([[book]]s, DVDs, music CDs, [[VHS|videotapes]] and software), apparel, baby products, [[consumer electronics]], [[Cosmetics|beauty products]], gourmet food, groceries, health and personal-care items, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [[jewelry]], watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [[Sports equipment|sporting goods]], tools, automotive items, and toys & games.{{Citation needed|date=May 2017}} In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [[San Francisco]], CA as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8|title=Amazon is looking to open a brick-and-mortar liquor store in San Francisco|last=Leskin|first=Paige|website=Business Insider|access-date=August 29, 2019}}</ref> Amazon has separate retail websites for some countries and also offers international shipping of some of its products to certain other countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |title=Amazon.com, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Jan 30, 2013 |publisher=SEC database |access-date=February 26, 2013}}</ref> In November 2020, the company started an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3|title= Amazon launches online pharmacy in challenge to traditional retailers|work=[[Financial Times]]|author=Harry Dempsey|date=November 17, 2020|access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref>


Amazon.com has a number of products and services available, including:
=== Amazon.com <span class="anchor" id="Website"></span><span class="anchor" id="Ecommerce"></span> ===
{{Div col|colwidth=22em}}
{{Infobox website
* [[Amazon Fresh]]
| name = amazon.com
* [[Amazon Prime]]
| logo = [[File:Amazon 2024.svg|frameless|class=skin-invert]]
* [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]]
| logo_size =
* [[Amazon Appstore|Appstore]]
| logo_caption = Logo since November 2024
* [[Amazon Drive]]
| screenshot = amazon.com screenshot.jpeg
* [[Amazon Echo|Echo]]
| collapsible = yes
* [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]]
| collapsetext = Screenshot
* [[Kindle Fire|Fire tablets]]
| caption = Homepage
* [[Amazon Fire TV|Fire TV]]
| url = {{URL|Amazon.com}} (original US site)
* [[Amazon Prime Video|Video]]
| commercial = Yes
* [[Kindle Store]]
| type = [[E-commerce]]
* [[Amazon Music|Music]]
| registration = Optional
* [[Amazon Music Unlimited|Music Unlimited]]
| language = {{hlist|Arabic|Chinese|Dutch|English|French|German|Hindi|Italian|Japanese|Polish|Portuguese|Spanish|Swedish|Turkish}}
* [[Amazon Digital Software & Video Games]]
| programming_language = [[C++]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
* [[Amazon Studios]]
| owner = Amazon
* [[AmazonWireless]]
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995}}
* [[Amazon Academy]]<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-amazon-academy-for-jee-competitive-exams-preparation/articleshow/80247313.cms?from=mdr|title = Amazon launches Amazon Academy for JEE, competitive exams preparation|newspaper = The Economic Times}}</ref>
| current_status = Active
{{div col end}}
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100317223153/http://lextrait.com/vincent/implementations.html |archive-date= 2010-03-17}}</ref>
}}
 
Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media ([[book]]s, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, [[consumer electronics]], [[Cosmetics|beauty products]], gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, [[Jewellery|jewelry]], watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, [[Sports equipment|sporting goods]], tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm [[agrochemical|supplies]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=All Departments |url=https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=19097677011 |access-date=September 28, 2022 |publisher=Amazon |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928022110/https://www.amazon.com/b?ie=UTF8&node=19097677011 |url-status=live }}</ref> and [[agronomy|consulting services]].<ref name="Rai">{{cite news | access-date=September 20, 2022 | last=Rai | year=2021 | website=[[Bloomberg News]] | url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-01/amazon-woos-farmers-to-help-unlock-world-s-no-2-farm-market | title=Amazon Tries to Crack India's Produce Market by Wooing Farmers | archive-date=September 27, 2021 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210927232410/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2021-09-01/amazon-woos-farmers-to-help-unlock-world-s-no-2-farm-market | url-status=live }}<!--- Bloomberg changed title from Crop-related queries, mobile alerts — Amazon tries to tap India's agri sector by wooing farmers ---></ref> Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon.com, Form 10-K, Annual Report, Filing Date Jan 30, 2013 |url=http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://pdf.secdatabase.com/1562/0001193125-13-028520.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=February 26, 2013 |publisher=SEC database}}</ref>
 
Visits to ''amazon.com'' grew from 615&nbsp;million annual visitors in 2008,<ref>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ SnapShot of amazon.com, amazonsellers.com, walmart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516154151/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |date=May 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved April 12, 2008.</ref> to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}} The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.<ref name="auto5"/>
 
In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.<ref>{{Cite news |date=August 27, 2024 |title=Amazon launches AI assistant 'Rufus' in India |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-ai-assistant-rufus-in-india/articleshow/112837014.cms |access-date=November 19, 2024 |work=The Economic Times |issn=0013-0389 |archive-date=December 6, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241206190233/https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/technology/amazon-launches-ai-assistant-rufus-in-india/articleshow/112837014.cms |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
"Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.<ref>{{cite news |title=The weird way AI assistants get their names |url=https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241030-the-weird-way-ai-assistants-get-their-names |access-date=November 19, 2024 |publisher=BBC |date=October 31, 2024 |language=en-GB |archive-date=November 16, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241116152532/https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20241030-the-weird-way-ai-assistants-get-their-names |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |last=Packer |first=George |author-link=George Packer |date=February 17, 2014 |title=Cheap Words |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |magazine=[[The New Yorker|newyorker.com]] |access-date=March 22, 2014 |archive-date=June 25, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140625183648/http://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |url-status=live }}</ref> The company's [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [[top-level domain]] and [[country code]]:
[[File:Amazon Marketplaces worldwide.svg|thumb|400x400px|Amazon Marketplaces worldwide{{legend|#215ea7|Top-Level Domain}}{{legend|#abd9e9|Served by neighboring Domain}}|center]]
{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+Sales by country (2023)<ref name=":2" />
!Country
!share
|-
|United States
|69.3%
|-
|Germany
|6.5%
|-
|United Kingdom
|5.8%
|-
|Japan
|4.8%
|-
|Other
|13.6%
|}
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|-
! scope="col" | Region !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | [[Domain name]] !! scope="col" | Since !! scope="col" style="width: 220px;" | Languages
!Notes
|-
! rowspan="2" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Africa
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Egypt}} || amazon[[.eg]] || {{sort|2021-09|September 2021}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] Egypt
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|South Africa}} || amazon.co[[.za]] || {{sort|2024-05|May 2024}} || English
|
|-
! rowspan="4" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Americas
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Brazil}} || amazon.com[[.br]] || {{sort|2012-12|December 2012}} || Portuguese
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Canada}} || amazon[[.ca]] || {{sort|2002-06|June 2002}} || English, French
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Mexico}} || amazon.com[[.mx]] || {{sort|2013-08|August 2013}} || Spanish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United States}} || amazon[[.com]] || {{sort|1995-07|July 1995}} || English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional)
| International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the [[Kindle Store]] on Amazon US.<ref name="buy-ebooks-on-amazon-us">{{Cite web|url=https://www.amazon.ae/How-to-buy-Kindle-eBooks/b?ie=UTF8&node=16043036031|title=Amazon.ae: Kindle Store|publisher=Amazon.ae|access-date=November 30, 2023|archive-date=December 4, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231204141045/https://www.amazon.ae/How-to-buy-Kindle-eBooks/b?ie=UTF8&node=16043036031|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
! rowspan="7" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Asia
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|China}} || amazon[[.cn]] || {{sort|2004-09|September 2004}} || Chinese (Simplified)
| Formerly known as [[Joyo.com]] CHN
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|India}} || amazon[[.in]] || {{sort|2013-06|June 2013}} || English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Japan}} || amazon.co[[.jp]] || {{sort|2000-11|November 2000}} || Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified)
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Saudi Arabia}} || amazon[[.sa]] || {{sort|2020-06|June 2020}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] KSA
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Singapore}} || amazon[[.sg]] || {{sort|2017-07|July 2017}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Turkey}} || amazon.com[[.tr]] || {{sort|2018-09|September 2018}} || Turkish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Arab Emirates}} || amazon[[.ae]] || {{sort|2019-05|May 2019}} || Arabic, English
| Formerly known as [[Souq.com]] UAE
|-
! rowspan="10" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Europe
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Belgium}} || amazon.com[[.be]] || {{sort|2022-10|October 2022}} || Dutch, French, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|France}} || amazon[[.fr]] || {{sort|2000-08|August 2000}} || French, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Germany}} || amazon[[.de]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}} || German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish
| Also serves Austria,<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon's impact on Austria's society, sustainable development and economy|date=June 18, 2021|publisher=Amazon|url=https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazons-impact-on-austrias-society-sustainable-development-and-economy|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070158/https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/job-creation-and-investment/amazons-impact-on-austrias-society-sustainable-development-and-economy|url-status=live}}</ref> Denmark<ref>{{cite web|title=About Deliveries to Denmark|publisher=Amazon.de|url=https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=TcdmitiBTXgXUwqUJw|access-date=July 22, 2023}}</ref> and Switzerland<ref>{{cite web|title=About Deliveries to Switzerland|publisher=Amazon.de|url=https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201910940|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=August 17, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210817152913/https://www.amazon.de/-/en/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=201910940|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Ireland}} || amazon[[.ie]] || {{sort|2025-03|March 2025}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Italy}} || amazon[[.it]] || {{sort|2010-11|November 2010}} || Italian, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Netherlands}} || amazon[[.nl]] || {{sort|2014-11|November 2014}} || Dutch, English
| Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecommercenews.nl/amazon-nl-officieel-van-start|title=(Dutch) Amazon.nl officieel van start|work=Ecommerce News Netherlands|date=March 10, 2020|access-date=November 29, 2021|quote=(Translated) Amazon has officially launched their Dutch (Netherlands) store front Amazon.nl. Instead of only books, e-books and e-readers, the e-commerce-giant now sells numerous products.|archive-date=November 29, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211129221426/https://www.ecommercenews.nl/amazon-nl-officieel-van-start/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Poland}} || amazon[[.pl]] || {{sort|2021-03|March 2021}} || Polish
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Spain}} || amazon[[.es]] || {{sort|2011-09|September 2011}} || Spanish, Portuguese, English
| Also serves Portugal<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Prime now available to customers in Portugal|date=May 25, 2021|publisher=aboutamazon.eu|url=https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/press-lounge/amazon-prime-now-available-to-customers-in-portugal|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070211/https://www.aboutamazon.eu/news/press-lounge/amazon-prime-now-available-to-customers-in-portugal|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Sweden}} || amazon[[.se]] || {{sort|2020-10|October 2020}} || Swedish, English
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Kingdom}} || amazon.co[[.uk]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}} || English
|
|-
| {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Oceania || {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Australia}} || amazon.com[[.au]] || {{sort|2017-11|November 2017}} || English
| Also serves New Zealand<ref>{{cite web|title=Customers in New Zealand can now shop millions of products on Amazon.com.au|date=June 6, 2021|publisher=Amazon.com.au|url=https://amazonau.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/customers-new-zealand-can-now-shop-millions-products-amazoncomau|access-date=July 22, 2023|archive-date=July 22, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230722070202/https://amazonau.gcs-web.com/news-releases/news-release-details/customers-new-zealand-can-now-shop-millions-products-amazoncomau|url-status=live}}</ref>
|}
 
==== Merchant partnerships ====
In 2000, US toy retailer [[Toys "R" Us]] entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50&nbsp;million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.<ref>{{cite web |date=September 18, 2017 |title=Toys R Us bankruptcy: A dot-com-era deal with Amazon marked the beginning of the end |url=https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=Quartz |language=en |archive-date=November 19, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181119085215/https://qz.com/1080389/a-dot-com-era-deal-with-amazon-marked-the-beginning-of-the-end-for-toys-r-us/ |url-status=live |first=Alison|last=Griswold}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=March 3, 2006 |title=Toys R Us wins Amazon lawsuit |publisher=[[BBC News]] |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 29, 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090129225117/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4769896.stm |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Metz |first=Rachel |date=June 12, 2009 |title=Amazon to pay Toys R Us $51M to settle suit |work=[[USA Today]] |agency=[[Associated Press]] |url=http://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm |access-date=December 1, 2012 |archive-date=January 2, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210102003413/https://usatoday30.usatoday.com/tech/news/2009-06-12-amazon-toys_N.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with [[Borders (retailer)|Borders]], under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.<ref>{{cite news |date=April 11, 2001 |title=Amazon/Borders form online partnership |url=https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm |access-date=November 11, 2018 |website=CNN Money |archive-date=October 16, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181016075708/https://money.cnn.com/2001/04/11/companies/amazon/index.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.<ref>{{Cite news |date=July 13, 2015 |title=How 'Amazon factor' killed retailers like Borders, Circuit City |work=SFGate |url=https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111133859/https://www.sfgate.com/business/article/How-Amazon-factor-killed-retailers-like-6378619.php |url-status=live |first=Benny |last=Evangelista}}</ref>
 
On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with [[DC Comics]] for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including ''[[Superman]]'', ''[[Batman]]'', ''[[Green Lantern]]'', ''[[Sandman (comics)|Sandman]]'', and ''[[Watchmen]]''. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like [[Barnes & Noble]] to remove these titles from their shelves.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Streitfeld |first=David |date=October 18, 2011 |title=Bookstores Drop Comics After Amazon Deal With DC |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018234650/http://www.nytimes.com/2011/10/19/technology/bookstores-drop-comics-after-amazon-deal-with-dc.html |archive-date=October 18, 2011 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the [[United States Postal Service]] to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of [[Greater Los Angeles]] and [[New York metropolitan area|New York]] because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into [[Dallas]], [[Houston]], [[New Orleans]] and [[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] by 2014.<ref>{{cite news |last=Barr |first=Alistair |date=November 11, 2013 |title=Amazon starts Sunday delivery with US Postal Service |work=USA Today |url=https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |access-date=November 25, 2013 |archive-date=November 21, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131121075007/http://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/2013/11/11/amazon-sunday-delivery-usps/3479055/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In June 2017, [[Nike, Inc.|Nike]] agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite web |title=Nike confirms 'pilot' partnership with Amazon |url=https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |access-date=July 3, 2017 |website=Engadget |date=June 30, 2017 |archive-date=July 2, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170702190707/https://www.engadget.com/2017/06/30/nike-amazon-confirmed/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="CNBC">{{cite news |last1=Cosgrove |first1=Elly |last2=Thomas |first2=Lauren |date=November 13, 2019 |title=Nike won't sell directly to Amazon anymore |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/nike-wont-sell-directly-to-amazon-anymore.html |publisher=[[CNBC]] |language=en |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914225340/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/11/13/nike-wont-sell-directly-to-amazon-anymore.html |url-status=live }}</ref> This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.<ref name="CNBC" /><ref>{{cite news |last1=Zimmerman |first1=Ben |title=Council Post: Why Nike Cut Ties With Amazon And What It Means For Other Retailers |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2020/01/22/why-nike-cut-ties-with-amazon-and-what-it-means-for-other-retailers/ |website=[[Forbes]] |language=en}}</ref> Companies including [[IKEA]] and [[Birkenstock]] also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Muldowney |first1=Decca |date=August 23, 2021 |title=As demand for bikes surged, Amazon got in the way |url=https://www.theverge.com/22618306/pacific-northwest-components-bike-company-quit-amazon-support-indie-shops |website=[[The Verge]] |language=en |access-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-date=September 14, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210914225346/https://www.theverge.com/22618306/pacific-northwest-components-bike-company-quit-amazon-support-indie-shops |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$104.44&nbsp;million ([[Indian rupee|₹]]759 [[crore]]) in financial year 2017–2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhumika |first=Khatri |date=September 27, 2018 |title=Amazon's JV Appario Retail Clocks In $104.4 Mn For FY18 |url=https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/ |website=Inc42 Media |access-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-date=October 1, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181001182213/https://inc42.com/buzz/amazons-jv-appario-retail-clocks-in-104-4-mn-for-fy18/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{{as of|2017|October|11|df=US}}, [[Amazon Fresh]] sold a range of [[Booths]] branded products for home delivery in selected areas.<ref>{{cite news |date=October 11, 2017 |title=Booths teams up with Amazon to sell down South for the first time |newspaper=Telegraph |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=October 11, 2017 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/business/2017/10/11/booths-teams-amazon-sell-south-first-time/ |archive-date=January 10, 2022|first=Ashley |last=Armstrong}}{{cbignore}}</ref>
 
In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with [[Apple Inc.]] to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amazon strikes deal with Apple to sell new iPhones and iPads |work=The Verge |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110154421/https://www.theverge.com/2018/11/9/18079340/amazon-apple-iphone-ipad-watch-beats-deal-selling-products-online |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=November 10, 2018 |title=Apple pumps up its Amazon listings with iPhones, iPads and more |language=en |work=CNET |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/ |access-date=November 11, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110064612/https://www.cnet.com/news/apple-pumps-up-its-amazon-listings-with-iphones-ipads-and-more/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup [[Anthropic]], following its initial $4 billion investment.<ref>{{cite news |date=November 8, 2024 |title=Amazon mulls new multi-billion dollar investment in Anthropic, the Information reports |publisher=[[Reuters]] |url=https://www.reuters.com/technology/amazoncom-mulls-new-multi-billion-dollar-investment-anthropic-information-2024-11-07/}}</ref>
 
On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2025-10-08 |title=Amazon launches prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/10/08/amazon-debuts-prescription-kiosks-at-los-angeles-one-medical-clinics.html |access-date=2026-01-29 |website=CNBC |language=en}}</ref>
 
==== Private-label products ====
{{Main|List of Amazon brands}}
 
[[Image:Amazon Basics USB cable.jpg|thumb|right|Amazon Basics USB cable]]
Amazon sells many products under its [[Private label|own brand names]], including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dulaney |first=Chelsey |date=November 30, 1999 |title=Amazon's Private-Label Brands Could Deliver a $1 Billion Profit Boost |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-private-label-brands-could-deliver-a-1-billion-profit-boost-1507651025 |access-date=September 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 25, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220925175712/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazons-private-label-brands-could-deliver-a-1-billion-profit-boost-1507651025 |url-status=live }}</ref> Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Bensinger |first=Greg |date=May 15, 2016 |title=Amazon to Expand Private-Label Offerings—From Food to Diapers |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=http://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-expand-private-label-offeringsfrom-food-to-diapers-1463346316 |access-date=September 25, 2022 |issn=0099-9660 |archive-date=September 28, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220928061258/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-expand-private-label-offeringsfrom-food-to-diapers-1463346316 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==== Third-party sellers ====
Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Enters the Cloud Computing Business |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.<ref>{{cite web |title=Help |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |access-date=December 16, 2011 |publisher=Amazon |archive-date=January 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172629/https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
==== Affiliate program ====
Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 9, 2010 |title=Amazon.co.uk Associates: The web's most popular and successful Affiliate Program |url=http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826210540/http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |archive-date=August 26, 2008 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk}}</ref> In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after [[Google Ads]].<ref>{{cite web |date=July 22, 2014 |title=Usage of advertising networks for websites |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising/all |access-date=July 22, 2014 |website=W3Techs.com |archive-date=August 13, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230813185655/https://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising |url-status=live }}</ref> It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=14 Easy Fundraising Ideas for Non-Profits |url=http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120701/http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |access-date=November 24, 2014 |website=blisstree.com}}</ref>
 
Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) [[XML]] service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Seller Product Suggestions |url=http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205225641/http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |publisher=Amazonservices.com}}</ref>
 
==== Product reviews ====
{{See also|Criticism of Amazon#Amazon reviews}}
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [[rating scale]] from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "...''the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used''." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |title=2010 Social Shopping Study Reveals Changes in Consumers' Online Shopping Habits and Usage of Customer Reviews |work=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 3, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |archive-date=January 26, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130126023159/http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |url-status=live }}</ref>


In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of Astro, its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Molloy |first1=David |title=Amazon announces Astro the home robot |work=BBC News |date=September 28, 2021 |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58727057 |access-date=29 September 2021}}</ref>
When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose".<ref>{{cite book |author=Spector, Robert |title=Amazon.com |year=2002 |page=132}}</ref>


== Subsidiaries ==
There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [[public relations]] companies on behalf of their clients<ref>{{cite web |date=May 25, 2010 |title=BEACON SPOTLIGHT: Amazon.com rave book reviews – too good to be true? |url=http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?/contents/comments/amazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004404/http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?%2Fcontents%2Fcomments%2Famazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |archive-date=May 2, 2014 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |work=The Cincinnati Beacon}}</ref> and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.
{{See also|List of Amazon locations}}


Amazon owns over 40 subsidiaries, including [[Amazon Web Services]], [[Audible (store)|Audible]], Diapers.com, [[Goodreads]], [[IMDb]], Kiva Systems (now [[Amazon Robotics]]), [[Shopbop]], Teachstreet, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[Zappos]], and [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|title=Amazon Jobs – Work for a Subsidiary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801055637/http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|archive-date=August 1, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref>
==== Amazon sales rank ====
The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Amazon FAQ |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225095432/http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.<ref name="amazon" /> Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |title=Amazon.com Movers and shakers |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 7, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110907192217/http://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |url-status=live }}</ref> For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [[point of sale]] data via the [[BookScan]] service to verified authors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |title=Amazon.com Author Central |access-date=September 5, 2011 |archive-date=September 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908005118/https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |url-status=live }}</ref> While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Sales Estimator |publisher=Jungle Scout |url=http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |date=May 15, 2017 |access-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-date=March 17, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160317113932/http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |url-status=live }}</ref> though Amazon states:


===A9.com===
{{blockquote|text=Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources|sign=Amazon.com Help<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Amazon.com |publisher=Amazon |access-date=September 6, 2012 |archive-date=February 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130225095432/http://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |url-status=live }}</ref>}}
[[A9.com]], a company focused on researching and building innovative [[technology]], has been a subsidiary since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|title=Amazon's A9 Search as We Knew It: Dead!|last=McCracken|first=Harry|date=September 29, 2006|website=[[PC World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052029/http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>


===Amazon Maritime===
=== Physical stores ===
Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a [[Federal Maritime Commission]] license to operate as a [[NVOCC|non-vessel-owning common carrier]] (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.<ref>Steele, B., [https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ Amazon is now managing its own ocean freight], [[engadget.com]], January 27, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017</ref>
[[Image:Amazon Fresh Shop Sevenoaks (52626225962).jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Fresh]] store in [[Sevenoaks]], [[United Kingdom]]]]
In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical [[Amazon Books]] store in [[University Village, Seattle|University Village]] in [[Seattle]]. The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|title=Amazon Plans Hundreds of Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores, Mall CEO Says|last=Bensinger|first=Greg|date=February 2, 2016|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660|archive-date=February 12, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212191635/https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|url-status=live}}</ref> Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |title=Amazon just confirmed its tenth bookstore, signaling this is way more than an experiment |first=Jason Del |last=Rey |date=March 8, 2017 |website=Recode |access-date=May 12, 2017 |archive-date=March 23, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170323051235/https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |url-status=live }}</ref> media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.<ref name=":1" /> All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.<ref>{{cite news |last=Rosenblatt |first=Lauren |date=March 2, 2022 |title=Turning the page on a bookstore push launched in Seattle, Amazon ditches dozens of brick-and-mortar shops |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/turning-the-page-on-a-bookstore-push-launched-in-seattle-amazon-ditches-dozens-of-brick-and-mortar-shops/ |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=March 21, 2024 |archive-date=March 22, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240322034945/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/turning-the-page-on-a-bookstore-push-launched-in-seattle-amazon-ditches-dozens-of-brick-and-mortar-shops/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Annapurna Labs===
In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a {{cvt|1,100,000|ft|m|1}} square foot facility in [[Palmer Township, Pennsylvania|Palmer Township]] in the [[Lehigh Valley]] region of eastern [[Pennsylvania]]. As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.<ref>[https://www.lehighvalley.org/amazon-opening-new-lehigh-valley-facility-creating-over-500-new-jobs/ "Amazon opening new Lehigh Valley facility, creating over 500 new jobs"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240217092609/https://www.lehighvalley.org/amazon-opening-new-lehigh-valley-facility-creating-over-500-new-jobs/ |date=February 17, 2024 }}, Lehigh Valley Economic Development</ref><ref>[https://www.lehighvalley.org/about-lehigh-valley/lehigh-valley-s-largest-private-sector-employers/ "Lehigh Valley's Largest Private-Sector Employers"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229142719/https://www.lehighvalley.org/about-lehigh-valley/lehigh-valley-s-largest-private-sector-employers/ |date=December 29, 2023 }}, Lehigh Valley Economic Development</ref>
In January 2015, [[Amazon Web Services]] acquired [[Annapurna Labs]], an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M.<ref name="reut_Amaz">{{cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122|title=Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs|work=Reuters|date=January 22, 2015|access-date=January 24, 2015|archive-date=September 15, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065319/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/22/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="extr_Amaz">{{cite web|url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million|title=Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million|work=ExtremeTech|access-date=January 24, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Hirschauge|first=Orr|date=January 22, 2015|title=Amazon to Acquire Israeli Chip Maker Annapurna Labs|language=en-US|work=Wall Street Journal|url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-israels-annapurna-labs-1421936575|access-date=October 20, 2020|issn=0099-9660}}</ref>


===Audible.com===
In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in [[San Francisco]], as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.<ref>{{cite news |last=Leskin |first=Paige |title=Amazon is looking to open a brick-and-mortar liquor store in San Francisco |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8 |access-date=August 29, 2019 |website=Business Insider |archive-date=August 29, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829182234/https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-liquor-license-storefront-san-francisco-2019-8 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[Audible.com]] is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [[audiobooks]], radio and television programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300&nbsp;million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |work=PC World |author=Sayer, Peter |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |title=Amazon buys Audible for US$300 million |date=January 31, 2008}}</ref>


===Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services===
In 2020, [[Amazon Fresh]] opened several physical stores in the US and the [[United Kingdom]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Soper |first=Taylor |date=August 27, 2020 |title=Amazon opens first Fresh grocery store, debuts high-tech shopping cart in retail expansion |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2020/amazon-opens-first-grocery-store-debuts-high-tech-shopping-cart-expands-retail-footprint/ |access-date=September 28, 2022 |website=GeekWire |language=en-US |archive-date=February 17, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210217005435/https://www.geekwire.com/2020/amazon-opens-first-grocery-store-debuts-high-tech-shopping-cart-expands-retail-footprint/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Avila |first=Kate King, Sean McLain and Joseph De |date=2026-01-27 |title=Amazon to Shut Down All Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh Stores |url=https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/amazon-to-shut-down-all-amazon-go-and-amazon-fresh-stores-0301dfb7 |access-date=2026-01-27 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=January 27, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260127174759/https://www.wsj.com/business/retail/amazon-to-shut-down-all-amazon-go-and-amazon-fresh-stores-0301dfb7 |url-status=live }}</ref>  
Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services is a subsidiary of Amazon and it applied for a [[Freight forwarder|freight forwarding]] license with the [[Federal Maritime Commission|US Maritime Commission]]. Amazon is also building out its logistics in [[Trucking industry in the United States|trucking]] and [[air freight]] to potentially compete with [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] and [[FedEx]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |title=Is Logistics About To Get Amazon'ed? |date=January 29, 2016 |publisher=AOL |work=TechCrunch}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |title=Amazon China Has Its Ocean Shipping License – Fortune |author=David Z. Morris |date=January 14, 2016 |work=Fortune}}</ref>


===Brilliance Audio===
=== Hardware and services ===
Brilliance Audio is an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [[Grand Haven, Michigan|Grand Haven]], Michigan.<ref name="brilliance">{{cite web |url=http://www.brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |title=Company Overview |publisher=Brilliance Audio |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> The company produced its first 8 audio titles in 1985.<ref name="brilliance" /> The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |title=amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio |work=Taume News |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=May 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704192411/http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gigaom">{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |title=Amazon Acquires Audiobook Indie Brilliance Audio |work=Gigaom |author=Staci D. Kramer |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2014}}</ref> At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.<ref name="gigaom" /> It operates as an independent company within Amazon.
[[Image:Kindle Fire tablet HD 8 Plus - 2.jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Fire]] tablet]]
Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant [[Amazon Alexa|Alexa]], [[Amazon Music]], and [[Amazon Prime Video|Prime Video]] for music and videos respectively, the [[Amazon Appstore]] for Android apps, the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]] line of [[electronic paper]] e-readers, [[Amazon Fire|Fire]] and [[Fire HD]] color [[Liquid-crystal display|LCD]] tablets. [[Audible (service)|Audible]] provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.


In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.<ref name="blake">{{cite book |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |author=Virgil L. P. Blake |year=1990 |pages=203–218}}</ref> The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.<ref name="blake" /> It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.<ref name="blake" />
In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of [[Amazon Astro|Astro]], its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Molloy |first1=David |date=September 28, 2021 |title=Amazon announces Astro the home robot |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58727057 |access-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-date=September 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210929001412/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58727057 |url-status=live }}</ref>


===ComiXology===
In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. [[Amazon Prime]] members to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as [[Medicare (United States)|Medicare]] and [[Medicaid]] will not be able to sign up for RXPass.<ref>{{cite news |last=Meyersohn |first=Nathaniel |date=January 24, 2023 |title=Amazon launches $5-a-month unlimited prescription plan |url=https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/amazon-prescription-drugs-rxpass/index.html |access-date=January 26, 2023 |publisher=CNN |language=en |archive-date=February 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230209110020/https://www.cnn.com/2023/01/24/business/amazon-prescription-drugs-rxpass/index.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[ComiXology]] is a [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based digital comics platform with over 200&nbsp;million comic downloads {{as of|2013|September|lc=y}}. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Buys ComiXology, Takes Over Digital Leadership |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |author=Stone, Brad |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref>


===CreateSpace===
=== Subsidiaries ===
CreateSpace, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/|title=Independent Publishing with CreateSpace|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161130/https://www.createspace.com/|archive-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|title=About CreateSpace : History|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706210134/https://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|archive-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref>
{{See also|List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon}}
Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including [[Amazon Web Services]], [[Audible (service)|Audible]], [[Diapers.com]], [[Goodreads]], [[IMDb]], Kiva Systems (now [[Amazon Robotics]]), [[One Medical]], [[Shopbop]], Teachstreet, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]], [[Zappos]], and [[Zoox (company)|Zoox]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|title=Amazon Jobs – Work for a Subsidiary|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140801055637/http://www.amazon.jobs/team-category/subsidiaries|archive-date=August 1, 2014|url-status=dead|access-date=October 27, 2014}}</ref>


===Eero===
Bezos separately owns ''[[The Washington Post]]'' (through Nash Holdings, LLC), [[Blue Origin]], [[Bezos Expeditions]], [[Altos Labs]], and other companies.
Eero is an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking Wifi devices founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNBC Tech|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/amazon-is-acquiring-home-wifi-start-up-eero.html|title=Amazon is acquiring home Wi-Fi start-up Eero|author=Novet, Jordan|date=February 11, 2019}}</ref> Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Amazon's $97 million Eero acquisition screwed employees and minted millionaires|work=Mashable|url=https://mashable.com/article/amazon-eero-wifi-router-sale|author=Kraus, Rachel|date=April 5, 2019}}</ref> Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Amazon's purchase of Eero means for your privacy|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/12/amazon-eero-privacy|author=Whittaker, Zack| date=February 12, 2019}}</ref>


===Goodreads===
====Amazon Live====
{{Main|Goodreads}}
{{Infobox website
[[Goodreads]] is a "[[social cataloging]]" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013203/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |archive-date=2013-03-29 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Amazon to Buy Social Site Dedicated to Sharing Books|last=Kaufman|first=Leslie|date=March 28, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
| name = Amazon Inspire
| logo = File:Amazon Live logo.png
| logo_caption =
| logo_size = 250px
| screenshot =
| caption = Screenshot of Amazon Inspire in December 2022
| type = [[Online video platform]]
| launched = {{start date and age|2019}}
| location = 98109, WA<br />[[Seattle]], Washington
| country = United States
| area_served =
| owner = [[Amazon Inc.]]
| industry = * [[E-commerce]]
* Live streaming
| revenue =
| parent = [[Amazon Inc.]]
| url =
| content_license =
| programming_language =
| advertising =
}}
'''Amazon Live''' is an American video [[e-commerce]] live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.<ref name="AmazonLive">{{cite web |title=Amazon Live |url=https://www.amazon.com/live |publisher=Amazon |access-date=April 20, 2024 |archive-date=April 19, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240419083641/https://www.amazon.com/live |url-status=live }}</ref> Users (mainly celebrities or [[Influencer|Internet influencers]]) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.<ref name="AmazonLive" />


===Health Navigator===
In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and [[Mobile app|application]]. In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into [[Amazon Freevee]] and [[Amazon Prime Video]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Live introduces an interactive and shoppable channel on Prime Video and Amazon Freevee |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/amazon-live-free-channel-prime-video-freevee-shopping |website=aboutamazon.com |publisher=Amazon Staff |access-date=April 20, 2024 |date=April 16, 2024 |archive-date=April 20, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240420083948/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/entertainment/amazon-live-free-channel-prime-video-freevee-shopping |url-status=live }}</ref>
In October 2019, Amazon finalized the acquisition of Health Navigator, a startup developing [[Application programming interface|APIs]] for online health services. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [[PillPack]] for under $1&nbsp;billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=Amazon acquires Health Navigator for Amazon Care, its pilot employee healthcare program |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |website=Tech Crunch |access-date=October 31, 2019}}</ref>


===Junglee===
====Amazon Web Services====
Junglee is a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |title=Junglee boys strike gold on the net |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217162934/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref>
[[Image:AWS - Amazon Web Services Office in Houston, Texas (46600198075).jpg|thumb|right|[[Amazon Web Services]], [[Houston|HOU-14]]]]
{{main|Amazon Web Services}}


Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012<ref>{{cite web |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |title=Amazon Launches Online Shopping Service In India |publisher=reuters.com |date=February 2, 2012}}</ref> as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon brings the curtains down on Junglee.com, finally |url=https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |website=vccircle.com |access-date=February 1, 2018}}</ref>
Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides [[Software as a service|on-demand]] [[cloud computing]] [[computing platform|platform]]s and [[API]]s to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing [[web service]]s provide [[distributed computing]] processing capacity and software tools via AWS [[server farm]]s. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors [[Microsoft Azure]] and [[Google Cloud Platform|Google Cloud]] have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to [[Synergy Group]].<ref>{{Cite web|first=Joe|last=Panettieri|date=August 3, 2020|title=Cloud Market Share 2020: Amazon AWS, Microsoft Azure, Google, IBM|url=https://www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2020-amazon-aws-microsoft-azure-google-ibm/|access-date=October 12, 2020|website=ChannelE2E|language=en-US|archive-date=January 10, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210110030408/https://www.channele2e.com/channel-partners/csps/cloud-market-share-2020-amazon-aws-microsoft-azure-google-ibm/|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Kuiper Systems{{anchor|Project Kuiper}}===
==== Audible ====
{{Main|Kuiper Systems}}
{{Main|Audible (service)}}
Kuiper Systems LLC, is a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [[broadband]] [[satellite internet constellation]] with an announced 3,236 [[Low Earth orbit]] [[satellite]]s to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.<ref name="cnbc20190404">{{cite news|last=Sheetz|first=Michael|date=April 4, 2019|title=Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space|work=[[CNBC]]|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html|access-date=April 4, 2019}}</ref><ref name="sn20190404">{{cite news|last=Henry|first=Caleb|date=April 4, 2019|title=Amazon planning 3,236-satellite constellation for internet connectivity|work=[[SpaceNews]]|url=https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/|access-date=April 5, 2019}}</ref><ref name="ars20190708">
{{cite news|last=Brodkin|first=Jon|date=July 8, 2019|title=Amazon plans nationwide broadband—with both home and mobile service|work=ars Technica|url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/|access-date=July 9, 2019|quote=''Kuiper is wholly owned by Amazon, and its president is Rajeev Badyal, a former SpaceX vice president who was reportedly fired because SpaceX CEO Elon Musk was unsatisfied with his company's satellite-broadband progress.''}}</ref>


===Lab126===
Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital [[audiobook]]s, [[Radio program|radio]] and [[Television show|television programs]], and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300&nbsp;million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.<ref>{{cite news |author=Sayer, Peter |date=January 31, 2008 |title=Amazon buys Audible for US$300 million |work=PC World |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |access-date=August 24, 2017 |archive-date=May 30, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170530160655/http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/01/31/AR2008013101662.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{main|Amazon Lab126}}
Lab126, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]], became a subsidiary in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|title=Amazon research unit Lab 126 agrees to big lease that could bring Sunnyvale 2,600 new workers|last=Avalos|first=George|date=September 19, 2012|work=The Mercury News|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref>


===Ring===
====Goodreads====
{{main|Ring Inc.}}
{{Main|Goodreads}}
Ring is a [[home automation]] company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its WiFi powered [[smart doorbell]]s, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html|title=Amazon buys Ring, a former 'Shark Tank' reject|last=Montag|first=Ali|date=February 27, 2018|website=CNBC|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref>


===Shelfari===
[[Goodreads]] is a "[[Social cataloging application|social cataloging]]" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.<ref name=":0">{{Cite news |last=Kaufman |first=Leslie |date=March 28, 2013 |title=Amazon to Buy Social Site Dedicated to Sharing Books |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |url-status=live |url-access=limited |access-date=February 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130329013203/http://www.nytimes.com/2013/03/29/business/media/amazon-to-buy-goodreads.html |archive-date=March 29, 2013 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
[[Shelfari]] was a [[social cataloging]] website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [[tag (metadata)|tag]] and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [[Goodreads]] and closing down Shelfari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|title=Amazon Kills Shelfari|date=January 13, 2016|website=The Reader's Room|language=en|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |title=Shelfari Is Closing! BUT, You Can Merge Your Account with Goodreads! |author=Holiday, J.D. |date=January 13, 2016 |website=The Book Marketing Network |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206034116/http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |url-status=dead }}</ref>


===Souq===
====Ring====
{{main|Souq.com}}
{{main|Ring (company)}}


[[Souq.com]] was the largest [[e-commerce]] platform in the [[Arab world]]. The company launched in 2005 in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and served multiple areas across the [[Middle East]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/amazon-to-acquire-souqcom-a-large-e-commerce-site-in-the-middle-east.html|title=Amazon reaches deal to acquire Middle East e-commerce site Souq.com|publisher=CNBC|date=28 March 2017}}</ref> On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|title=Document|website=www.sec.gov}}</ref> The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-rebrands-souq-launches-new-middle-east-marketplace.html|title=Amazon launches new Middle East marketplace, and rebrands Souq, the company it bought for $580 million in 2017|publisher=CNBC|date=30 April 2019}}</ref>
Ring is a [[home automation]] company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its [[Wi-Fi]] powered [[smart doorbell]]s, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1&nbsp;billion in 2018.<ref>{{cite web |last=Montag |first=Ali |date=February 27, 2018 |title=Amazon buys Ring, a former 'Shark Tank' reject |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html |access-date=February 20, 2019 |publisher=CNBC |archive-date=February 12, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190212234514/https://www.cnbc.com/2018/02/27/amazon-buys-ring-a-former-shark-tank-reject.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


===Twitch===
====Twitch====
{{main|Twitch (service)}}
{{main|Twitch (service)}}


[[File:E3 – 2014 (23113432796).jpg|thumb|[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] at the [[Electronic Entertainment Expo]]]]
[[File:E3 – 2014 (23113432796).jpg|thumb|[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] at the [[E3|Electronic Entertainment Expo]]]]
 
[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] is a [[live streaming]] platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=August 25, 2014 |title=Amazon, not Google, is buying Twitch for $970 million |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |access-date=August 8, 2017 |website=The Verge |archive-date=July 19, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160719225746/http://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |url-status=live }}</ref> The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [[esports]] competitions on the service, leading ''[[GameSpot]]'' senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [[ESPN]] of esports".<ref>{{cite news |last=Popper |first=Ben |date=September 30, 2013 |title=Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |access-date=August 8, 2017 |website=The Verge |archive-date=July 8, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170708025418/https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |url-status=live }}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the service had over 1.5&nbsp;million broadcasters and 100&nbsp;million monthly viewers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Needleman |first=Sarah E. |date=January 29, 2015 |title=Twitch's Viewers Reach 100 Million a Month |url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/ |access-date=February 20, 2019 |website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US |archive-date=August 9, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170809175422/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
====Whole Foods Market====
[[File:Whole Foods Market Cranbrook Village Ann Arbor Michigan.JPG|thumb|[[Whole Foods Market]] store in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan]]]]


[[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] is a [[live streaming]] platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. The service was first established as a spin-off of a general-interest streaming service known as [[Justin.tv]]. Its prominence was eclipsed by that of Twitch, and Justin.tv was eventually shut down by its parent company in August 2014 in order to focus exclusively on Twitch.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnet.com/news/twitch-pulls-the-plug-on-video-streaming-site-justin-tv/ |title=Twitch pulls the plug on video-streaming site Justin.tv |work=CNET|access-date=August 8, 2017 |language=en}}</ref> Later that month, Twitch was acquired by Amazon for $970&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2014/8/25/6066295/amazon-reportedly-buying-twitch-for-over-1-billion |title=Amazon, not Google, is buying Twitch for $970 million |last=Welch |first=Chris |date=August 25, 2014 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> Through Twitch, Amazon also owns [[Curse, Inc.]], an operator of video gaming communities and a provider of [[VoIP]] services for gaming.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.polygon.com/2016/8/16/12507616/twitch-buys-curse |title=Twitch to acquire Curse |last=Hall |first=Charlie |date=August 16, 2016 |website=Polygon|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> Since the acquisition, Twitch began to sell games directly through the platform,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2017/2/27/14748896/twitch-sell-games-streamers-cut |title=Twitch will start selling games and giving its streamers a cut |last=McCormick |first=Rich |date=February 27, 2017 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> and began offering special features for Amazon Prime subscribers.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2016/9/30/13125824/twitch-prime-amazon-ad-free-game-discounts |title=Twitch will be ad-free for all Amazon Prime subscribers |last=Statt |first=Nick |date=September 30, 2016 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref>
[[Whole Foods Market]] is an American [[supermarket]] [[chain store|chain]] exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.<ref>{{cite web |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |date=<!--undated--> |title=Quality Standards |url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |publisher=Whole Foods Market |access-date=November 4, 2017 |archive-date=December 21, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171221022541/http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kelleher |first=Kevin |date=August 28, 2017 |title=Amazon closes Whole Foods acquisition. Here's what's next |work=[[VentureBeat]] |url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/28/amazon-closes-whole-foods-acquisition-heres-whats-next/ |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 19, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210919021932/https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/28/amazon-closes-whole-foods-acquisition-heres-whats-next/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Thomas |first=Lauren |date=August 24, 2017 |title=Amazon says Whole Foods deal will close Monday, with discounts to begin then |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/amazon-says-whole-foods-deal-will-close-monday-prime-customers-to-immediately-get-discounts.html |access-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-date=September 13, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210913230011/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/amazon-says-whole-foods-deal-will-close-monday-prime-customers-to-immediately-get-discounts.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="wf" />


The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major [[esports]] competitions on the service, leading [[GameSpot]] senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the [[ESPN]] of esports".<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.theverge.com/2013/9/30/4719766/twitch-raises-20-million-esports-market-booming |title=Field of streams: how Twitch made video games a spectator sport |last=Popper |first=Ben |date=September 30, 2013 |website=The Verge|access-date=August 8, 2017}}</ref> {{as of|2015}}, the service had over 1.5&nbsp;million broadcasters and 100&nbsp;million monthly viewers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2015/01/29/twitchs-viewers-reach-100-million-a-month/|title=Twitch's Viewers Reach 100 Million a Month|last=Needleman|first=Sarah E.|date=January 29, 2015|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref>
Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of [[Amazon Fresh|Fresh]] supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.


On August 10, 2020, Amazon announced the rebranding of [[Twitch (service)|Twitch Prime]], the live-streaming site, renaming it [[Prime Gaming]] in another attempt to crack the [[video game]] market after failing a big-budget game effort. With Twitch Prime, users will be given a free subscription to Twitch, with free games from small studios and discounts for larger titles like [[Grand Theft Auto]] and [[League of Legends]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/technology/amazon-video-games-prime-gaming.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200810161018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/technology/amazon-video-games-prime-gaming.html |archive-date=2020-08-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=After a Flop, Amazon Makes Another Foray Into Video Games|access-date=August 10, 2020|website=The New York Times}}</ref>
==== Other ====
Other Amazon subsidiaries include:
* '''[[A9.com]]''', a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|title=Amazon's A9 Search as We Knew It: Dead!|last=McCracken|first=Harry|date=September 29, 2006|magazine=[[PC World]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716052029/http://blogs.pcworld.com/techlog/archives/002876.html|archive-date=July 16, 2011|url-status=dead|access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>
* [[Amazon Academy]], formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021
* '''Amazon Maritime''', Inc. holds a [[Federal Maritime Commission]] license to operate as a [[Freight forwarder|non-vessel-owning common carrier]] (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.<ref>Steele, B., [https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ Amazon is now managing its own ocean freight] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170129093941/https://www.engadget.com/2017/01/26/amazon-shipping-ocean-freight/ |date=January 29, 2017 }}, [[engadget.com]], January 27, 2017, accessed January 29, 2017</ref>
* '''[[Amazon Pharmacy]]''' is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.<ref>{{cite news |author=Harry Dempsey |date=November 17, 2020 |title=Amazon launches online pharmacy in challenge to traditional retailers |work=[[Financial Times]] |url=https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3 |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/f45c4956-108f-4b69-b115-c73cfc55f0e3 |archive-date=December 10, 2022 |url-access=subscription |access-date=November 17, 2020}}</ref>
* '''[[Annapurna Labs]]''', an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M acquired by [[Amazon Web Services]] in January 2015 .<ref name="reut_Amaz">{{cite news |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Amazon to buy Israeli start-up Annapurna Labs |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122 |url-status=live |access-date=January 24, 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150915065319/http://www.reuters.com/article/2015/01/22/us-annapurna-m-a-amazon-com-idUSKBN0KV0SG20150122 |archive-date=September 15, 2015}}</ref><ref name="extr_Amaz">{{cite news |title=Amazon buys secretive chip maker Annapurna Labs for $350 million |url=http://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million |access-date=January 24, 2015 |work=ExtremeTech |date=January 23, 2015 |last1=Whitwam |first1=Ryan |archive-date=December 14, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201214090126/https://www.extremetech.com/computing/198140-amazon-buys-secretive-chip-maker-annapurna-labs-for-350-million |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Hirschauge |first=Orr |date=January 22, 2015 |title=Amazon to Acquire Israeli Chip Maker Annapurna Labs |language=en-US |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |url=https://online.wsj.com/articles/amazon-in-advanced-talks-to-buy-israels-annapurna-labs-1421936575 |access-date=October 20, 2020 |issn=0099-9660}}</ref>
* '''Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services''', which applied for a [[Freight forwarder|freight forwarding]] license with the [[Federal Maritime Commission|US Maritime Commission]]. Amazon is also building out its logistics in [[Trucking industry in the United States|trucking]] and [[Air cargo|air freight]] to potentially compete with [[United Parcel Service|UPS]] and [[FedEx]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |title=Is Logistics About To Get Amazon'ed? |date=January 29, 2016 |work=TechCrunch |access-date=June 25, 2017 |archive-date=June 22, 2017 |first=Zvi |last=Schreiber|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170622225652/https://techcrunch.com/2016/01/29/is-logistics-about-to-get-amazoned/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |title=Amazon China Has Its Ocean Shipping License – Fortune |author=David Z. Morris |date=January 14, 2016 |work=Fortune |access-date=January 30, 2016 |archive-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205033011/http://fortune.com/2016/01/14/amazon-china-earns-its-ocean-shipping-license/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* {{anchor|Brilliance Audio}} '''Brilliance Audio''', an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in [[Grand Haven, Michigan]].<ref name="brilliance">{{cite web |url=http://www.brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |title=Company Overview |publisher=Brilliance Audio |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 9, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140209063325/http://brillianceaudio.com/company_overview |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.<ref name="brilliance" /> The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |title=amazon.com Acquires Brilliance Audio |work=Taume News |date=May 27, 2007 |access-date=May 28, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070704192411/http://news.taume.com/World-Business/Business-Finance/Amazon_com-Acquires-Brilliance-Audio-1358 |archive-date=July 4, 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="gigaom">{{cite web |url=http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |title=Amazon Acquires Audiobook Indie Brilliance Audio |work=Gigaom |author=Staci D. Kramer |date=May 23, 2007 |access-date=February 14, 2014 |archive-date=February 22, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140222182233/http://gigaom.com/2007/05/23/419-amazon-acquires-audiobook-indie-brilliance-audio/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.<ref name="gigaom" /> It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.<ref name="blake">{{cite book |title=Information Literacies for the Twenty-First Century |chapter=Something New Has Been Added: Aural Literacy and Libraries |publisher=G. K. Hall & Co. |author=Virgil L. P. Blake |year=1990 |pages=203–218}}</ref> The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.<ref name="blake" /> It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.<ref name="blake" />
* '''[[ComiXology]]''', a [[Cloud computing|cloud]]-based digital comics platform with over 200&nbsp;million comic downloads {{as of|2013|September|lc=y}}. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Buys ComiXology, Takes Over Digital Leadership |work=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |url=http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140411202203/http://www.businessweek.com/articles/2014-04-11/amazon-buys-comixology-takes-over-digital-leadership-of-comic-book-world |url-status=dead |archive-date=April 11, 2014 |author=Stone, Brad |date=April 11, 2014}}</ref>
* '''[[CreateSpace]]''', which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/|title=Independent Publishing with CreateSpace|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131126161130/https://www.createspace.com/|archive-date=November 26, 2013|url-status=dead|access-date=January 22, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|title=About CreateSpace : History|website=CreateSpace: An Amazon Company|access-date=January 22, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170706210134/https://www.createspace.com/AboutUs.jsp|archive-date=July 6, 2017}}</ref>
* '''{{visible anchor|[[Eero (wireless networking brand)|eero]]}}''', an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking [[Wi-Fi]] founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.<ref>{{cite news|work=CNBC Tech|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/amazon-is-acquiring-home-wifi-start-up-eero.html|title=Amazon is acquiring home Wi-Fi start-up Eero|author=Novet, Jordan|date=February 11, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061316/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/02/11/amazon-is-acquiring-home-wifi-start-up-eero.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite news|title=How Amazon's $97 million Eero acquisition screwed employees and minted millionaires|work=Mashable|url=https://mashable.com/article/amazon-eero-wifi-router-sale|author=Kraus, Rachel|date=April 5, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061345/https://mashable.com/article/amazon-eero-wifi-router-sale|url-status=live}}</ref> Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.<ref>{{cite news|title=What Amazon's purchase of Eero means for your privacy|work=TechCrunch|url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/12/amazon-eero-privacy|author=Whittaker, Zack|date=February 12, 2019|access-date=January 6, 2022|archive-date=January 6, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220106061318/https://techcrunch.com/2019/02/12/amazon-eero-privacy/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Health Navigator''' is a startup developing [[Application programming interface|APIs]] for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of [[PillPack]] for under $1&nbsp;billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Shu |first1=Catherine |title=Amazon acquires Health Navigator for Amazon Care, its pilot employee healthcare program |url=https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |website=Tech Crunch |date=October 24, 2019 |access-date=October 31, 2019 |archive-date=October 31, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191031080428/https://techcrunch.com/2019/10/23/amazon-acquires-health-navigator-for-amazon-care-its-pilot-employee-healthcare-program/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''Junglee''', a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |title=Junglee boys strike gold on the net|first=Chidanand |last=Rajghatta|work=Indian Express|url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217162934/http://expressindia.indianexpress.com/ie/daily/19980814/22650774.html |archive-date=December 17, 2013 }}</ref> Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012<ref>{{cite news |url=http://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |title=Amazon Launches Online Shopping Service In India |publisher=Reuters |date=February 2, 2012 |access-date=July 5, 2021 |archive-date=August 2, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200802064803/https://in.reuters.com/article/amazon-india-launch-idINDEE81108G20120202 |url-status=dead }}</ref> as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon brings the curtains down on Junglee.com, finally |url=https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |website=vccircle.com |access-date=February 1, 2018 |archive-date=January 4, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180104022252/https://www.vccircle.com/amazon-brings-the-curtains-down-on-junglee-com-finally/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Kuiper Systems]]''', a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a [[broadband]] [[satellite internet constellation]] with an announced 3,236 [[Low Earth orbit]] [[satellite]]s to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.<ref name="cnbc20190404">{{cite news |last=Sheetz |first=Michael |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Amazon wants to launch thousands of satellites so it can offer broadband internet from space |publisher=[[CNBC]] |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html |access-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-date=April 4, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190404151556/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/04/amazon-project-kuiper-broadband-internet-small-satellite-network.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="sn20190404">{{cite news |last=Henry |first=Caleb |date=April 4, 2019 |title=Amazon planning 3,236-satellite constellation for internet connectivity |work=[[SpaceNews]] |url=https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/ |access-date=April 5, 2019 |archive-date=April 5, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220405114142/https://spacenews.com/amazon-planning-3236-satellite-constellation-for-internet-connectivity/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="ars20190708">{{cite news |last=Brodkin |first=Jon |date=July 8, 2019 |title=Amazon plans nationwide broadband—with both home and mobile service |work=ars Technica |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/ |access-date=July 9, 2019 |quote=''Kuiper is wholly owned by Amazon, and its president is Rajeev Badyal, a former SpaceX vice president who was reportedly fired because SpaceX CEO Elon Musk was unsatisfied with his company's satellite-broadband progress.'' |archive-date=July 8, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190708220112/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2019/07/amazon-follows-spacex-into-satellite-broadband-asks-fcc-to-ok-launch-plan/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
* '''[[Amazon Lab126|Lab126]]''', developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the [[Amazon Kindle|Kindle]], became a subsidiary in 2004.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|title=Amazon research unit Lab 126 agrees to big lease that could bring Sunnyvale 2,600 new workers|last=Avalos|first=George|date=September 19, 2012|work=The Mercury News|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=December 24, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224111922/https://www.mercurynews.com/2012/09/19/amazon-research-unit-lab-126-agrees-to-big-lease-that-could-bring-sunnyvale-2600-new-workers/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''Shelfari''', a former [[Social cataloging application|social cataloging]] website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, [[tag (metadata)|tag]] and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.<ref name=":0" /> Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with [[Goodreads]] and closing down Shelfari.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|title=Amazon Kills Shelfari|date=January 13, 2016|website=The Reader's Room|language=en|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=February 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190222171627/https://thereadersroom.org/2016/01/12/amazon-kills-shelfari/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |title=Shelfari Is Closing! BUT, You Can Merge Your Account with Goodreads! |author=Holiday, J.D. |date=January 13, 2016 |website=The Book Marketing Network |access-date=January 20, 2016 |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206034116/http://thebookmarketingnetwork.com/profiles/blogs/shelfari-is-closing-but-you-can-merge-your-account-with-goodreads |url-status=dead }}</ref>
* '''[[Souq (company)|Souq]]''', the former largest [[e-commerce]] platform in the [[Arab world]]. The company launched in 2005 in [[Dubai]], [[United Arab Emirates]] and served multiple areas across the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/amazon-to-acquire-souqcom-a-large-e-commerce-site-in-the-middle-east.html|title=Amazon reaches deal to acquire Middle East e-commerce site Souq.com|publisher=CNBC|date=March 28, 2017|access-date=October 16, 2021|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016200257/https://www.cnbc.com/2017/03/28/amazon-to-acquire-souqcom-a-large-e-commerce-site-in-the-middle-east.html|url-status=live}}</ref> On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|title=Document|publisher=Securities and Exchange Commission |access-date=February 3, 2019|archive-date=December 25, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225171406/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872417000051/amzn-20170331x10q.htm|url-status=live}}</ref> The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-rebrands-souq-launches-new-middle-east-marketplace.html|title=Amazon launches new Middle East marketplace, and rebrands Souq, the company it bought for $580 million in 2017|publisher=CNBC|date=April 30, 2019|access-date=October 16, 2021|archive-date=October 16, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211016202030/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-rebrands-souq-launches-new-middle-east-marketplace.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* [[Zoox]], Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gerut |first=Amanda |title=Amazon robotaxi service Zoox to start charging for rides in 2026, with ‘laser focus’ on transporting people, not deliveries, says cofounder |url=https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/ |access-date=2025-12-09 |website=Fortune |language=en |archive-date=December 9, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251209071850/https://fortune.com/2025/12/08/amazon-robotaxi-service-zoox-plans-fees-vegas-san-francisco/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


On November 2, 2020, [[Twitch (service)|Twitch]] announced a virtual flagship conference and named it GlitchCon instead of TwitchCon to be held on November 14. The main aim of the conference will be to bring its numerous, disparate communities of streamers and fans together where they can be real-life confidants.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/10/26/21534517/california-verily-testing-google-covid-inequity|title=Twitch announces a virtual TwitchCon next week|access-date=October 2, 2020|website=The Verge}}</ref>
Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four [[Small modular reactor|small nuclear reactor]]s at the [[Washington Xe-100 reactor site|Xe-100 reactor site]] in Eastern [[Washington (state)|Washington]], and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in [[Alberta]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Amazon unveils plan for a major solar power project in southern Alberta|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225|access-date=May 21, 2021|archive-date=May 7, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507140827/https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225|url-status=live}}</ref>


===Whole Foods Market===
== Operations ==
[[File:Whole Foods Market Cranbrook Village Ann Arbor Michigan.JPG|thumb|[[Whole Foods Market]] store in [[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]], Michigan]]
{{See also|List of Amazon locations}}


[[Whole Foods Market]] is an American [[supermarket]] [[chain store|chain]] exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wholefoodsmarket.com/quality-standards |title=Quality Standards |publisher=Whole Foods Market |date=<!--undated--> |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.-->}}</ref>
=== Logistics <span class="anchor" id="Delivery service partners"></span> ===
[[File:Amazon Logistics, Borgstedt (APC 0067).jpg|thumb|Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station]]
[[File:Amazon Prime Delivery Trucks (44155424640).jpg|thumb|Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in [[Florida]]]]
Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:
* [[Amazon Air]], a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.
* Amazon Flex, a [[Mobile app|smartphone app]] that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours [[Prime Now]], same or next day [[Amazon Fresh]] groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://flex.amazon.com/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Frequently asked questions about Amazon Flex |archive-date=January 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210104112032/https://flex.amazon.com/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amazon Freight]], a [[freight brokerage]] and logistics service<ref>{{cite news |last=Kim |first=Eugene |title=Amazon Freight, 'Uber for trucking' service, running since last year |publisher=[[CNBC]] |date=April 30, 2019 |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-freight-uber-for-trucking-service-running-since-last-year.html |access-date=December 23, 2025 |archive-date=December 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251224045801/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/04/30/amazon-freight-uber-for-trucking-service-running-since-last-year.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
* Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |access-date=December 31, 2020 |title=Amazon Logistics / Frequently Asked Questions |archive-date=February 4, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210204213921/https://logistics.amazon.com/marketing/faq |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Amazon Prime Air]] is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.


Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://venturebeat.com/2017/08/28/amazon-closes-whole-foods-acquisition-heres-whats-next/ | title=Amazon closes Whole Foods acquisition. Here's what's next | first=Kevin | last=Kelleher | work=[[VentureBeat]] | date=August 28, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news | url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/08/24/amazon-says-whole-foods-deal-will-close-monday-prime-customers-to-immediately-get-discounts.html | title=Amazon says Whole Foods deal will close Monday, with discounts to begin then | first=Lauren | last=Thomas | work=[[CNBC]] | date=August 24, 2017}}</ref><ref name=wf>{{Cite press release | url=https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20170824006124/en/Amazon-and-Whole-Foods-Market-Announce-Acquisition-to-Close-This-Monday-Will-Work-Together-to-Make-High-Quality-Natural-and-Organic-Food-Affordable-for-Everyone | title=Amazon and Whole Foods Market Announce Acquisition to Close This Monday, Will Work Together to Make High-Quality, Natural and Organic Food Affordable for Everyone | publisher=[[Business Wire]] | date=August 24, 2017}}</ref>
Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.<ref>{{cite web |access-date=December 31, 2020 |url=https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |title=Find jobs by job category |archive-date=November 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201129084657/https://www.amazon.jobs/en/search-jobcategory |url-status=live }}</ref>


=== Other ===
[[Rakuten Intelligence]] estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the [[United States Postal Service]] (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by [[United Parcel Service|UPS]].<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ |title=Prime Day, early holiday sales create new potential for USPS ballot delivery tie-ups |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |access-date=December 31, 2020 |archive-date=December 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201225114439/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/2020/10/14/amazon-prime-day-usps-ballots/ |url-status=live }}</ref> In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the [[COVID-19 pandemic in the United States]]).<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon is spending big to take on UPS and FedEx |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/30/amazon-is-spending-big-to-take-on-ups-and-fedex.html |date=April 30, 2021 |first=Annie|last=Palmer |access-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-date=September 22, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210922033211/https://www.cnbc.com/2021/04/30/amazon-is-spending-big-to-take-on-ups-and-fedex.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
Amazon also has investments in renewable energy and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in Alberta.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon unveils plan for a major solar power project in southern Alberta|url=https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/calgary/alberta-amazon-solar-energy-power-renewable-newell-county-1.5993225}}</ref>


==Supply chain==
=== Supply chain ===
Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in [[Seattle]] and [[New Castle, Delaware|New Castle]], Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Routley |first1=Nick |title=Amazon's Massive Distribution Network in One Giant Visualization |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |access-date=July 7, 2019|date=September 8, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9 facts about Amazon's unprecedented warehouse empire |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |access-date=July 7, 2019|date=November 21, 2017 }}</ref> Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [[Amazon Robotics]].
Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and [[New Castle, Delaware]]. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Routley |first1=Nick |title=Amazon's Massive Distribution Network in One Giant Visualization |url=https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |access-date=July 7, 2019 |date=September 8, 2018 |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122602/https://www.visualcapitalist.com/footprint-all-amazons-warehouses/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=9 facts about Amazon's unprecedented warehouse empire |url=https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |access-date=July 7, 2019 |date=November 21, 2017 |archive-date=July 7, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190707122602/https://www.curbed.com/2017/11/21/16686150/black-friday-2018-amazon-warehouse-fulfillment |url-status=dead }}</ref> Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by [[Amazon Robotics]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=October 18, 2023 |title=Amazon announces 2 new ways it's using robots to assist employees and deliver for customers |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions |access-date=October 22, 2023 |website=US About Amazon |language=en |archive-date=October 22, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231022174510/https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/operations/amazon-introduces-new-robotics-solutions |url-status=live }}</ref>


In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Barnes|first=Jo|date=2020-08-24|title=Fulfillment By Amazon|url=https://yourlifestylebusiness.com/amazon-fba/|access-date=2022-02-14|website=Your Lifestyle Business|language=en-US}}</ref>
In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.<ref name=amazon-fulfill-press />


<gallery mode="packed">
<gallery mode="packed">
File:Lauwin-Planque - Lauwin-Park (02).JPG|Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [[Lauwin-Planque]], France
File:Lauwin-Planque - Lauwin-Park (02).JPG|Amazon.fr fulfillment center in [[Lauwin-Planque]], [[France]]
File:Amazon España por dentro (San Fernando de Henares).JPG|Amazon.es fulfillment center in [[San Fernando de Henares]], Spain
File:Amazon España por dentro (San Fernando de Henares).JPG|Amazon.es fulfillment center in [[San Fernando de Henares]], [[Spain]]
File:Amazon warehouse Glenrothes.jpg|Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [[Glenrothes]], Scotland, UK
File:Amazon warehouse Glenrothes.jpg|Amazon.co.uk fulfillment center in [[Glenrothes]], [[Scotland]], [[United Kingdom|UK]]
File:Amazon.de 1204 - panoramio.jpg|Amazon.de fulfillment center in [[Graben, Bavaria|Graben]], Germany
File:Amazon.de 1204 - panoramio.jpg|Amazon.de fulfillment center in [[Graben, Bavaria|Graben]], [[Germany]]
File:AmazonIchikawaFC (78316917).jpg|Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]], Japan
File:AmazonIchikawaFC (78316917).jpg|Amazon.co.jp fulfillment center in [[Ichikawa, Chiba|Ichikawa]], [[Japan]]
File:Amazon fulfillment center, Macon.jpg|Amazon fulfillment center in [[Macon, Georgia|Macon]], Georgia, U.S.
File:Larry Hogan tours Amazon warehouse in Maryland (36490655883).jpg|Amazon.co fulfillment center in [[Baltimore]], Maryland, [[United States|US]] featuring [[Amazon Robotics]]
</gallery>
</gallery>


== Website ==
== Corporate affairs ==
{{Infobox website
=== Board of directors ===
| name = amazon.com
[[File:Jeff Bezos Unveils Blue Origin Lunar Lander (cropped).jpg|thumb|upright|Amazon founder [[Jeff Bezos]] in 2019]]
| logo = Amazon.com-Logo.svg
| logo_size = 200px
| logo_caption = Logo since January 2000
| screenshot = amazon.com screenshot.jpeg
| collapsible = yes
| collapsetext = Screenshot
| caption = Homepage
| url = {{URL|Amazon.com}} (original U.S. site)
| commercial = Yes
| type = [[E-commerce]]
| registration = Optional
| language = {{hlist|Arabic|Chinese|Dutch|English|French|German|Hindi|Italian|Japanese|Polish|Portuguese|Spanish|Swedish|Turkish}}
| programming_language = [[C++]] and [[Java (programming language)|Java]]
| owner = Amazon
| launch_date = {{start date and age|1995}}
| current_status = Active
| footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |title=The Programming Languages Beacon, v10.0 |first=Vincent |last=Lextrait |date=January 2010 |access-date=March 14, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120530/http://www.lextrait.com/Vincent/implementations.html |archive-date=May 30, 2012 }}</ref>
}}


The domain ''amazon.com'' attracted at least 615&nbsp;million visitors annually by 2008;<ref>[http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ SnapShot of amazon.com, amazonellers.com, walmart.com] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100516154151/http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |date=May 16, 2010 }}. Retrieved April 12, 2008.</ref> by the beginning of 2016, over 130&nbsp;million customers were visiting the U.S. website each month.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com |title=SnapShot of amazon.com – Compete |publisher=Siteanalytics.compete.com |access-date=March 24, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160113075825/https://siteanalytics.compete.com/amazon.com/ |archive-date=January 13, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref> The company has invested heavily in a massive amount of server capacity for its website, especially to handle the excessive traffic during the [[Christmas holiday season]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Why attackers can't take down Amazon.com |url=https://money.cnn.com/2010/12/09/technology/amazon_wikileaks_attack |publisher=CNN |date=December 9, 2010 |access-date=December 14, 2010 |quote=Amazon has famously massive server capacity in order to handle the December e-commerce rush. That short holiday shopping window is so critical and so intense, that even a few minutes of downtime could cost Amazon millions. |first=Julianne |last=Pepitone}}</ref> According to [[Alexa Internet]] rankings, ''amazon.com'' is the third most popular website in the United States and the 11th most popular website worldwide.<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexa - Top sites|url=https://www.alexa.com/topsites|access-date=2021-07-14|website=www.alexa.com}}</ref>
{{As of|2025|August|df=US}}, Amazon's board of directors were:<ref>{{cite web |title=Officers & Directors |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/board-of-directors |publisher=Amazon |access-date=August 13, 2025 |archive-date=August 13, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250813231820/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/officers-and-directors/default.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref>
* [[Jeff Bezos]], executive chairman, Amazon.com, Inc.
* [[Andy Jassy]], president and CEO, Amazon.com, Inc.
* [[Keith B. Alexander]], CEO of IronNet Cybersecurity, former [[Director of the National Security Agency|NSA director]]
* Edith W. Cooper, co-founder of Medley and former EVP of [[Goldman Sachs]]
* [[Jamie Gorelick]], partner, [[Wilmer Cutler Pickering Hale and Dorr]]
* [[Daniel Huttenlocher]], [[Dean (education)|dean]] of the [[MIT Schwarzman College of Computing]].
* [[Andrew Ng]], co-founder, [[Coursera]]
* [[Indra Nooyi]], former CEO, [[PepsiCo]]
* [[Jon Rubinstein]], former chairman and CEO, [[Palm, Inc.]]
* [[Brad D. Smith]], president, [[Marshall University]]
* [[Patty Stonesifer]], president and CEO, [[Martha's Table]]
* [[Wendell Weeks]], chairman, president and CEO, [[Corning Inc.]]


Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.<ref name="New Yorker">{{cite magazine |last=Packer |first=George |author-link=George Packer |date=February 17, 2014 |title=Cheap Words |url=https://www.newyorker.com/reporting/2014/02/17/140217fa_fact_packer?currentPage=all |magazine=[[The New Yorker|newyorker.com]] |access-date=March 22, 2014}}</ref> The company's [[Internationalization and localization|localized]] storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by [[top-level domain]] and [[country code]]:
=== Ownership ===
[[File:Amazon_Marketplaces_worldwide_in_2021.jpg|right|400x400px]]
The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:<ref name=":2">{{Cite web |title=Amazon.com, Inc.: Shareholders Board Members Managers and Company Profile {{!}} US0231351067 |website=MarketScreener |url=https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AMAZON-COM-INC-12864605/company/ |access-date=October 28, 2025 |language=en |archive-date=August 1, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230801073911/https://www.marketscreener.com/quote/stock/AMAZON-COM-INC-12864605/company/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Shareholder name
!Percentage
|-
|-
! scope="col" | Region !! scope="col" | Country !! scope="col" | [[Domain name]] !! scope="col" | Since
|[[Jeff Bezos]]
!Notes
|9.04%
|-
|-
! rowspan="1" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Africa
|[[The Vanguard Group]]
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Egypt}} || amazon[[.eg]] || {{sort|2021-09|September 2021}}
|7.96%
|  
|-
|-
! rowspan="4" {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Americas
|[[BlackRock]]
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Brazil}} || amazon.com[[.br]] || {{sort|2012-12|December 2012}}
|4.93%
|  
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Canada}} || amazon[[.ca]] || {{sort|2002-06|June 2002}}
|[[State Street Corporation]]
|  
|3.5%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Mexico}} || amazon.com[[.mx]] || {{sort|2013-08|August 2013}}
|[[Fidelity Investments]]
|  
|3.22%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United States}} || amazon[[.com]] || {{sort|1995-07|July 1995}}
|[[Geode Capital Management]]
|  
|2.03%
|-
|-
! rowspan="6" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Asia
|[[JPMorgan Chase|JP Morgan Investment Management]]
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|China}} || amazon[[.cn]] || {{sort|2004-09|September 2004}}
|1.81%
|  
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|India}} || amazon[[.in]] || {{sort|2013-06|June 2013}}
|[[Eaton Vance]]
|  
|1.5%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Japan}} || amazon.co[[.jp]] || {{sort|2000-11|November 2000}}
|[[T. Rowe Price]]
|  
|1.48%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Singapore}} || amazon[[.sg]] || {{sort|2017-07|July 2017}}
|BlackRock Life Ltd.
|  
|1.45%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Arab Emirates}} || amazon[[.ae]] || {{sort|2019-05|May 2019}}
|Others
|
|63.04%
|-
|}
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Saudi Arabia}} || amazon[[.sa]] || {{sort|2020-06|June 2020}}
 
|
=== Finances ===
|-
{| class="wikitable floatright"
! rowspan="9" {{rh2|align=right}} scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Europe
|+Sales by business (2023)<ref name=":2" />
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|France}} || amazon[[.fr]] || {{sort|2000-08|August 2000}}
!Business
|
!share
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Germany}} || amazon[[.de]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}}
|
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Italy}} || amazon[[.it]] || {{sort|2010-11|November 2010}}
|
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Netherlands}} || amazon[[.nl]] || {{sort|2014-11|November 2014}}
|Online Stores
| Books & e-books (plus readers) only, full shop per March 2020<ref>{{cite web|url=https://eenvandaag.avrotros.nl/item/webwinkelgigant-amazon-komt-nu-echt-naar-nederland-en-dit-betekent-dat-voor-jou|title=(Dutch) Webwinkelgigant Amazon komt nu echt naar Nederland|work=EenVandaag|date=January 13, 2020|access-date=November 29, 2021|quote=(Translated) The end of Februari, is, according to retail watchers the moment for web gigant Amazon to really enter the Dutch market}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ecommercenews.nl/amazon-nl-officieel-van-start|title=(Dutch) Amazon.nl officieel van start|work=Ecommerce News Netherlands|date=March 10, 2020|access-date=November 29, 2021|quote=(Translated) Amazon has officially launched their Dutch (Netherlands) store front Amazon.nl. Instead of only books, e-books and e-readers the e-commerce-gigant now sells numerous products.}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://tweakers.net/reviews/9432/8/anderhalf-jaar-amazon-punt-nl-was-de-angst-voor-amazon-terecht-conclusie.html |title=(Dutch) Anderhalf jaar Amazon.nl, was de angst terecht? (1,5 years Amazon.nl, was the fear justified?)|work=Tweakers.net|date=November 27, 2021|access-date=November 29, 2021|quote=(Translated) Amazon.nl got lucky with their full fledged release in march 2020, because people started shopping online more and more that year, Amazon has enjoyed a flying start.}}</ref>
|40.3%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Poland}} || amazon[[.pl]] || {{sort|2021-03|March 2021}}
|Third-party Seller Services
|
|24.4%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Spain}} || amazon[[.es]] || {{sort|2011-09|September 2011}}
|Amazon Web Services
|
|15.8%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Sweden}} || amazon[[.se]] || {{sort|2020-10|October 2020}}
|Advertising
|
|8.2%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Turkey}} || amazon.com[[.tr]] || {{sort|2018-09|September 2018}}
|Subscription Services
|
|7.0%
|-
|-
| {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|United Kingdom}} || amazon.co[[.uk]] || {{sort|1998-10|October 1998}}
|Physical Stores
|
|3.5%
|-
|-
| {{rh2|align=right}} class="rh heading table-rh" | Oceania || {{rh|align=left}} class="table-rh" | {{small|Australia}} || amazon.com[[.au]] || {{sort|2017-11|November 2017}}
|Other
|
|0.9%
|}
|}
Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |title=SWOT Analysis Amazon |access-date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203164606/http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |website=Fortune |language=en-US |access-date=November 9, 2018 |archive-date=November 10, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181110190356/http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> In [[Forbes Global 2000]] 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.<ref>{{cite news|language=en|url=https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=51d599675ac0|title=The Global 2000 2023|editor-first=Andrea|editor-last=Murphy|editor-first2=Hank|editor-last2=Tucker|website=Forbes|date= June 8, 2023|access-date=February 7, 2024|archive-date=January 29, 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240129031905/https://www.forbes.com/lists/global2000/?sh=4f5ab07e5ac0}}</ref>


=== Reviews ===
For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36&nbsp;billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82&nbsp;billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835&nbsp;billion to 469.822&nbsp;billion, due to continued business expansion.{{citation needed|date=August 2024}}
{{See also|Criticism of Amazon#Amazon reviews}}
Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a [[rating scale]] from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "... ''the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used''." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.<ref>{{cite press release |url=http://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20100503005110/en/2010-Social-Shopping-Study-Reveals-Consumers%E2%80%99-Online |title=2010 Social Shopping Study Reveals Changes in Consumers' Online Shopping Habits and Usage of Customer Reviews |work=the e-tailing group, PowerReviews |publisher=[[Business Wire]] |date=May 3, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013}}</ref>


When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach ... we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly ... to let truth loose".<ref>{{cite book |title=Amazon.com |author=Spector, Robert |year=2002 |page=132}}</ref>
Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1&nbsp;trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.<ref name="4Q 2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130220018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html |archive-date=January 30, 2020 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit|date=January 30, 2020 |last=Streitfeld |first=David |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>
 
There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by [[public relations]] companies on behalf of their clients<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?/contents/comments/amazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |title=BEACON SPOTLIGHT: Amazon.com rave book reviews – too good to be true? |work=The Cincinnati Beacon |date=May 25, 2010 |access-date=January 31, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140502004404/http://www.cincinnatibeacon.com/index.php?%2Fcontents%2Fcomments%2Famazon.com_rave_book_reviews_too_good_to_be_true |archive-date=May 2, 2014 }}</ref> and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.
 
=== Content search ===
"Search Inside the Book" is a feature which allows customers to search for keywords in the full text of many books in the catalog.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com |title=Amazon's online reader ''Search Inside'' reference |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100828044958/http://www.amazon.com/ |archive-date=August 28, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com |title=''Search Inside'' reference |date=September 9, 2009 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref> The feature started with 120,000 titles (or 33&nbsp;million pages of text) on October 23, 2003.<ref>{{cite web |first=Eric |last=Ward |url=http://www.urlwire.com/news/102203.html |title=Amazon.com Launches "Search Inside the Book" Feature |publisher=Urlwire.com |date=October 23, 2003 |access-date=August 29, 2010}}</ref>
 
=== Third-party sellers ===
Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.stanford.edu/class/ee204/Publications/Amazon-EE353-2008-1.pdf |title=AMAZON ENTERS THE CLOUD COMPUTING BUSINESS |access-date=May 29, 2013}}</ref> Associates receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |title=Amazon.co.uk Associates: The web's most popular and successful Affiliate Program |publisher=Affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk |date=July 9, 2010 |access-date=August 29, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080826210540/http://affiliate-program.amazon.co.uk/gp/associates/join |archive-date=August 26, 2008 }}</ref> In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://w3techs.com/technologies/overview/advertising/all |title=Usage of advertising networks for websites |publisher=W3Techs.com |date=July 22, 2014 |access-date=July 22, 2014}}</ref> It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.<ref>{{cite web |title=14 Easy Fundraising Ideas for Non-Profits |url=http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |website=blisstree.com |access-date=November 24, 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151222120701/http://www.blisstree.com/2009/04/12/sex-relationships/14-easy-fundraising-ideas-for-non-profits/ |archive-date=December 22, 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the [[Amazon Web Services]] (AWS) [[XML]] service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched (rumored to be internally called "Project Genesis") to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |title=Amazon Seller Product Suggestions |publisher=Amazonservices.com |access-date=August 29, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205225641/http://www.amazonservices.com/content/product_alerts.htm?ld=AOguerillaPGJG |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> In 2019, Amazon launched a bigger local online store in [[Singapore]] to expand its product selection in the face of intensifying competition with competitors in the region.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-singapore-idUSKBN1WN05N|title=Amazon launches bigger local online store in Singapore|date=October 8, 2019|work=Reuters|access-date=October 8, 2019|language=en}}</ref>
 
In July 2019, the 3rd U.S. City Court of Appeals in Philadelphia ruled that Amazon can be held accountable for faulty third-party sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www2.ca3.uscourts.gov/opinarch/181041p.pdf |title=UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT. No. 18-1041. HEATHER R. OBERDORF; MICHAEL A. OBERDORF, her husband, Appellants v. AMAZON.COM INC., a Washington Corporation |website=www2.ca3.uscourts.gov}}</ref> The decision ran counter to a past lower court ruling that had favored Amazon. Heather Oberdorf had sued the company in 2016 over a dog leash that snapped, causing permanent loss of vision in one eye. If upheld, the decision would expose Amazon and similar platform businesses to strict liability lawsuits for defective products, which represents a major change in the law.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.natlawreview.com/article/supply-chain-decision-online-marketplaces-risk-due-to-federal-court-ruling-oberdorf|title=Supply Chain Decision: Online Marketplaces At Risk Due To Federal Court Ruling in Oberdorf v. Amazon.com Inc.|date=July 22, 2019|website=The National Law Review|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref> The panel sent the case back to the lower court, to decide whether the leash was defective.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-liability/amazon-can-be-held-liable-for-third-party-seller-products-u-s-appeals-court-idUSKCN1TY2HM|title=Amazon can be held liable for third-party seller products: U.S. appeals court|date=July 3, 2019|website=Reuters|access-date=January 31, 2020}}</ref>
 
== Amazon sales rank ==
The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.<ref name="amazon">{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Amazon FAQ |website=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.<ref name="amazon" /> Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/movers-and-shakers |title=Amazon.com Movers and shakers |website=Amazon |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release [[point of sale]] data via the [[Nielsen BookScan]] service to verified authors.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://authorcentral.amazon.com/gp/help?topicID=200580390 |title=Amazon.com Author Central |access-date=September 5, 2011}}</ref> While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon Sales Estimator |publisher=Jungle Scout |url=http://www.junglescout.com/estimator/ |date=May 15, 2017}}</ref> though Amazon states:
 
{{blockquote|text=Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources|sign=Amazon.com Help<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=14101911 |title=Frequently Asked Questions about Amazon.com |website=Amazon |access-date=September 6, 2012}}</ref>}}
 
== Multi-level sales strategy ==
Amazon employs a multi-level e-commerce strategy. Amazon started by focusing on business-to-consumer relationships between itself and its customers and business-to-business relationships between itself and its suppliers and then moved to facilitate customer-to-customer with the [[Amazon Marketplace]] which acts as an intermediary to facilitate transactions. The company lets anyone sell nearly anything using its platform. In addition to an affiliate program that lets anyone post Amazon links and earn a commission on click-through sales, there is now a program that lets those affiliates build entire websites based on Amazon's platform.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://money.howstuffworks.com/amazon2.htm |title=How Amazon Works |access-date=December 15, 2011|date=January 25, 2006 }}</ref>
 
Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amazon.com/gp/help/customer/display.html?nodeId=743056 |title=Help |website=Amazon |access-date=December 16, 2011}}</ref>
 
In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in [[University Village, Seattle|University Village]] in Seattle. The store is 5,500 square feet and prices for all products match those on its website.<ref name=":1">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-plans-hundreds-of-brick-and-mortar-bookstores-mall-ceo-says-1454449475|title=Amazon Plans Hundreds of Brick-and-Mortar Bookstores, Mall CEO Says|last=Bensinger|first=Greg|date=February 2, 2016|work=Wall Street Journal|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0099-9660}}</ref> Amazon will open its tenth physical book store in 2017;<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.recode.net/2017/3/8/14850324/amazon-books-store-bellevue-mall-expansion |title=Amazon just confirmed its 10th book store, signaling this is way more than an experiment |first=Jason Del |last=Rey |date=March 8, 2017 |website=Recode}}</ref> media speculation suggests Amazon plans to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.<ref name=":1" />
 
In June 2018, it was reported that Amazon planned to open brick and mortar bookstores in Germany.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.faz.net/1.5347928 |title=Einzelhandel: Amazon plant Offline-Filialen in Deutschland |access-date=June 4, 2018 |newspaper=Faz.net}}</ref>
 
In September 2020, Amazon launched Luxury Stores on its mobile app, where [[Oscar de la Renta]] become the first and only label to partner with the firm.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2020/10/01/media/google-news-publishers-payments/index.html|title=Amazon Launches Luxury Stores on Its Mobile App With Oscar de la Renta as First Brand Partner|access-date=September 15, 2020|website=Vogue}}</ref>
 
== Finances ==
Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |title=SWOT Analysis Amazon |access-date=December 17, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111203164606/http://www.marketingteacher.com/swot/amazon-swot.html |archive-date=December 3, 2011 }}</ref> {{as of|2018}}, Amazon.com is ranked 8th on the [[Fortune 500]] rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://fortune.com/fortune500/list/ |title=Fortune 500 Companies 2018: Who Made the List |website=Fortune |language=en-US |access-date=November 9, 2018}}</ref>
 
For the fiscal year 2018, Amazon reported earnings of US$10.07&nbsp;billion, with an annual revenue of US$232.887&nbsp;billion, an increase of 30.9% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835&nbsp;billion to 232.887&nbsp;billion, thanks to continued business expansion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/266282/annual-net-revenue-of-amazoncom/ |title=Amazon: annual revenue 2017|website=Statista |language=en |access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref>
 
Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1&nbsp;trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.<ref name="4Q 2020">{{cite news |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200130220018/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/01/30/technology/amazon-earningts.html |archive-date=2020-01-30 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=Amazon Powers Ahead With Robust Profit|date=January 30, 2020 |last=Streitfeld |first=David |work=[[The New York Times]] |language=en-US |access-date=February 2, 2020}}</ref>


{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
{| class="wikitable float-left" style="text-align: right;"
|-
|-
!Year
! rowspan="2" |Year
!Revenue<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps |title=Amazon.com, Inc. Common Stock (AMZN) |website=[[Nasdaq]]}}</ref><br />in mil. USD$
!Revenue<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps |title=Amazon.com, Inc. Common Stock (AMZN) |publisher=[[Nasdaq]] |access-date=June 21, 2021 |archive-date=July 20, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210720164419/https://www.nasdaq.com/market-activity/stocks/amzn/revenue-eps |url-status=live }}</ref>
!Net income<br />in mil. USD$
!Net income
!Total Assets<br />in mil. USD$
!Total Assets
!Employees
! rowspan="2" |Employees
|-
|-
|1995<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/566f6509-4b15-4cd4-929a-1cba79f822b2.pdf |website=Amazon 1997 10K |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>
! colspan="3" |in million US$
|-
|align=left|1995<ref name="auto3">{{cite web |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/566f6509-4b15-4cd4-929a-1cba79f822b2.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/566f6509-4b15-4cd4-929a-1cba79f822b2.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=1997 Annual Report|publisher=Amazon 1997 10K |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|0.5
|0.5
|−0.3
|−0.3
Line 409: Line 544:
|
|
|-
|-
|1996<ref name="auto3"/>
|align=left|1996<ref name="auto3"/>
|16
|16
|−6
|−6
Line 415: Line 550:
|
|
|-
|-
|1997<ref name="auto3"/>
|align=left|1997<ref name="auto3"/>
|148
|148
|−28
|−28
Line 421: Line 556:
|614
|614
|-
|-
|1998<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=2002 Amazon 10K |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/fae0d139-777f-489f-8e63-c97285413f9d.pdf |access-date=17 May 2022}}</ref>
|align=left|1998<ref name="auto2">{{cite web |title=2002 Amazon 10K |url=https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/fae0d139-777f-489f-8e63-c97285413f9d.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://d18rn0p25nwr6d.cloudfront.net/CIK-0001018724/fae0d139-777f-489f-8e63-c97285413f9d.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |access-date=May 17, 2022}}</ref>
|610
|610
|−124
|−124
Line 427: Line 562:
|2,100
|2,100
|-
|-
|1999<ref name="auto2"/>
|align=left|1999<ref name="auto2"/>
|1,639
|1,639
|−720
|−720
Line 433: Line 568:
|7,600
|7,600
|-
|-
|2000<ref name="auto2"/>
|align=left|2000<ref name="auto2"/>
|2,761
|2,761
|−1,411
|−1,411
Line 439: Line 574:
|9,000
|9,000
|-
|-
|2001<ref name="auto2"/>
|align=left|2001<ref name="auto2"/>
|3,122
|3,122
|−567
|−567
Line 445: Line 580:
|7,800
|7,800
|-
|-
|2002<ref name="auto2"/>
|align=left|2002<ref name="auto2"/>
|3,932
|3,932
|−149
|−149
Line 451: Line 586:
|7,500
|7,500
|-
|-
|2003<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|title=2007 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2003<ref name="auto1">{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|title=2007 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/56afc458-02b3-4938-9918-85d610d6f146|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|5,263
|5,263
|35
|35
Line 457: Line 592:
|7,800
|7,800
|-
|-
|2004<ref name="auto1"/>
|align=left|2004<ref name="auto1"/>
|6,921
|6,921
|588
|588
Line 463: Line 598:
|9,000
|9,000
|-
|-
|2005<ref name="auto1"/>
|align=left|2005<ref name="auto1"/>
|8,490
|8,490
|359
|359
Line 469: Line 604:
|12,000
|12,000
|-
|-
|2006<ref name="auto1"/>
|align=left|2006<ref name="auto1"/>
|10,711
|10,711
|190
|190
Line 475: Line 610:
|13,900
|13,900
|-
|-
|2007<ref name="auto1"/>
|align=left|2007<ref name="auto1"/>
|14,835
|14,835
|476
|476
Line 481: Line 616:
|17,000
|17,000
|-
|-
|2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|title=2008 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2008<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|title=2008 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/e1846da7-9425-42d9-add7-84218d7ee5e7|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|19,166
|19,166
|645
|645
Line 487: Line 622:
|20,700
|20,700
|-
|-
|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|title=2009 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2009<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|title=2009 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172626/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/f793debb-dc0a-4edf-a56d-9ff739d53b41|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|24,509
|24,509
|902
|902
Line 493: Line 628:
|24,300
|24,300
|-
|-
|2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|title=2010 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000053/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|title=2010 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000053/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/6f3c99ed-5094-4fed-a9ad-e18cdbf37478|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|34,204
|34,204
|1,152
|1,152
Line 499: Line 634:
|33,700
|33,700
|-
|-
|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|title=2011 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000117/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|title=2011 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181111000117/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/02a49fbe-6860-4ed7-ade4-905bcf16a5e1|archive-date=November 11, 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|48,077
|48,077
|631
|631
Line 505: Line 640:
|56,200
|56,200
|-
|-
|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|title=2012 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2012<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|title=2012 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/28bfea7a-7b18-4ab0-ba03-581c6ccaa3a4|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|61,093
|61,093
|−39
|−39
Line 511: Line 646:
|88,400
|88,400
|-
|-
|2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|title=2013 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=left|2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|title=2013 Annual Report|website=Ir.aboutamazon.com|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190113172625/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/static-files/1be0475a-fcab-4826-9258-17f11c208487|archive-date=January 13, 2019|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|74,452
|74,452
|274
|274
Line 517: Line 652:
|117,300
|117,300
|-
|-
|2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|title=Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=January 29, 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2018}}</ref>
|align=left|2014<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|title=Amazon reports $89bn in sales last year as shares jump 11% after hours|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=January 29, 2015|newspaper=[[The Guardian]]|language=en|access-date=November 7, 2018|archive-date=August 16, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200816053349/https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/jan/29/amazon-reports-89b-in-sales-2014|url-status=live}}</ref>
|88,988
|88,988
|−241
|−241
Line 523: Line 658:
|154,100
|154,100
|-
|-
|2015<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/|title=Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015|last=Roettgers|first=Janko|date=January 28, 2016|website=Variety.com|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
! align="left" |
|107,006
! colspan="3" |in billion US$
|596
!
|64,747
|-
| align="left" |2015<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/ |title=Amazon Clocks $107 Billion In Revenue In 2015 |last=Roettgers |first=Janko |date=January 28, 2016 |website=Variety |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=November 30, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201130110830/https://variety.com/2016/biz/news/amazon-clocks-107-billion-in-revenue-in-2015-1201691106/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|107.0
|0.59
|64.7
|230,800
|230,800
|-
|-
|2016<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/|title=Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business|date=February 2, 2017|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
| align="left" |2016<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/ |title=Amazon sales hit $136B in 2016; dollar hurts overseas business |date=February 2, 2017 |work=The Seattle Times |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-US |archive-date=October 25, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201025204225/https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-revenues-hit-by-stronger-dollar-miss-wall-street-expectations/ |url-status=live}}</ref>
|135,987
|135.9
|2,371
|2.3
|83,402
|83.4
|341,400
|341,400
|-
|-
|2017<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123|title=Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third|date=February 1, 2018|work=BBC News|access-date=November 7, 2018|language=en-GB}}</ref>
| align="left" |2017<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123 |title=Amazon 2017 sales jump by nearly a third |date=February 1, 2018 |publisher=BBC News |access-date=November 7, 2018 |language=en-GB |archive-date=September 16, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200916133305/https://www.bbc.com/news/business-42911123 |url-status=live}}</ref>
|177,866
|177.8
|3,033
|3.0
|131,310
|131.3
|566,000
|566,000
|-
|-
|2018<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf|title=2018 Annual Report}}</ref>
| align="left" |2018<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf |title=2018 Annual Report |access-date=January 12, 2021 |archive-date=November 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201127230014/https://www.annualreports.com/HostedData/AnnualReports/PDF/NASDAQ_AMZN_2018.pdf |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|232,887
|232.8
|10,073
|10.0
|162,648
|162.6
|647,500
|647,500
|-
|-
|2019<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf|title=2019 Annual Report}}</ref>
| align="left" |2019<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/2019-Annual-Report.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |title=2019 Annual Report}}</ref>
|280,522
|280.5
|11,588
|11.5
|225,248
|225.2
|798,000
|798,000
|-
|-
|2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=ir.aboutamazon.com|language=en-US}}</ref>
| align="left" |2020<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results|url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|access-date=February 10, 2021|website=ir.aboutamazon.com|language=en-US|archive-date= 2021-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210202211902/https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2021/Amazon.com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/default.aspx|url-status=live}}</ref>
|386,064
|386.0
|21,331
|21.3
|321,195
|321.1
|1,298,000
|1,298,000
|-
|-
|2021
| align="left" |2021<ref name="2022-10K" />
|469,822
|469.8
|33,364
|33.3
|420,549
|420.5
|1,608,000
|1,608,000
|-
| align="left" |2022<ref name="2022-10K">{{cite web |url=https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872423000004/amzn-20221231.htm |title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2022 Form 10-K Annual Report |publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] |date=February 3, 2022 |access-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-date=February 3, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230203170438/https://www.sec.gov/ix?doc=/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872423000004/amzn-20221231.htm |url-status=live}}</ref>
|513.9
|−2.7
|462.6
|1,541,000
|-
| align="left" |2023<ref name="2023-10K">{{cite web | url=https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000008/amzn-20231231.htm | title=Amazon.com, Inc. 2023 Form 10-K Annual Report | publisher=[[US Securities and Exchange Commission]] | date=February 2, 2024 | access-date=February 3, 2024 | archive-date=February 3, 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240203001041/https://www.sec.gov/Archives/edgar/data/1018724/000101872424000008/amzn-20231231.htm | url-status=live }}</ref>
|574.7
|30.4
|527.8
|1,525,000
|-
| align="left" |2024<ref name="10K" />
|637.9
|59.2
|624.8
|1,556,000
|-
| align="left" |2025<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amazon.com Announces Fourth Quarter Results |url=https://ir.aboutamazon.com/news-release/news-release-details/2026/Amazon-com-Announces-Fourth-Quarter-Results/ |access-date=2026-03-10 |website=ir.aboutamazon.com |language=en-US}}</ref>
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |716.9
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |77.7
|818.0
|1,576,000
|}
|}


== Controversies ==
=== Corporate culture ===
{{Main|Criticism of Amazon}}
During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of [[Warren Buffett]].<ref name=":7">{{Cite news |last1=Gregg |first1=Tricia |last2=Groysberg |first2=Boris |date=May 17, 2019 |title=Amazon's Priorities Over the Years, Based on Jeff Bezos's Letters to Shareholders |work=Harvard Business Review |url=https://hbr.org/2019/05/amazons-priorities-over-the-years-based-on-jeff-bezoss-letters-to-shareholders |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0017-8012 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213908/https://hbr.org/2019/05/amazons-priorities-over-the-years-based-on-jeff-bezoss-letters-to-shareholders |url-status=live }}</ref> These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.<ref name=":7" /><ref>{{Cite news |last=Manjoo |first=Farhad |date=August 10, 2016 |title=Think Amazon's Drone Delivery Idea Is a Gimmick? Think Again |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/technology/think-amazons-drone-delivery-idea-is-a-gimmick-think-again.html |access-date=September 27, 2022 |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213915/https://www.nytimes.com/2016/08/11/technology/think-amazons-drone-delivery-idea-is-a-gimmick-think-again.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Ritson |first=Mark |date=February 3, 2021 |title=Jeff Bezos's success at Amazon is down to one thing: focusing on the customer |url=https://www.marketingweek.com/mark-ritson-jeff-bezos-success-focusing-on-customer/ |access-date=September 27, 2022 |website=Marketing Week |language=en |archive-date=September 27, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220927213910/https://www.marketingweek.com/mark-ritson-jeff-bezos-success-focusing-on-customer/ |url-status=live }}</ref> One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a [[service-oriented architecture]] (SOA), resulted in mandatory [[Eating your own dog food|dogfooding]] of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.{{citation needed|date=January 2023}}
{{multiple issues|
{{Split portions|existing=y|portions=sections about criticism of Amazon|Criticism of Amazon|date=January 2021}}
{{Undue weight section|date=August 2021}}
|}}
 
Since its founding, the company has attracted criticism and controversy for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|title=Amazon is selling facial recognition to law enforcement — for a fistful of dollars|date=May 22, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> forming cloud computing partnerships with the [[CIA]];<ref name="vanity-fair">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title="Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon": Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> leading customers away from bookshops;<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores |first=Nick |last=Leiber |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=December 7, 2011}}</ref> adversely impacting the environment;<ref name=Cavaillez /> placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers; actively opposing unionization efforts;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matsakis |first1=Louise |title=Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 2, 2018}}</ref> remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [[1-Click]] technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [[price discrimination]];<ref name=":6" /><ref name="baum">{{cite news |last1=Baum |first1=Andrew |title=Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |access-date=December 21, 2015 |work=The National Law Review |publisher=Foley & Lardner |date=October 23, 2015}}</ref> and reclassifying [[LGBT]] books as adult content.<ref>{{cite web |last=Slatterly |first=Brennon |title=Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |work=PC World |date=April 13, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Paul |title=Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 17, 2020 |date=April 14, 2009}}</ref> Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [[WikiLeaks]] website, works containing [[Defamation|libel]] and material facilitating [[Dog fighting|dogfight]], [[cockfight]], or [[pedophilia|pedophile]] activities. In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|title=Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts|last=Raice|first=Shayndi|date=December 20, 2011|website=WSJ|language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019}}</ref> Companies like [[Groupon]], [[eBay]] and Taap.it countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |title=Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back |work=Internet Retailer |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |title=What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support |work=Mobile Commerce Daily |date=December 20, 2011 |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207203932/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]], "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."<ref name="New Yorker" /> In July 2014, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc. |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |website=PacerMonitor |publisher=PacerMonitor |access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Amazon banned selling [[Skin whitening|skin-lightening]] and [[Racism|racist]] products that might affect the consumer's health.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|title=Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products|website=www.cbsnews.com|language=en-US|access-date=November 24, 2019}}</ref> In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general Letitia James was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-05-10 |title=Amazon.com wins dismissal of NY attorney general lawsuit over worker safety |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/appeals-court-dismisses-new-york-lawsuit-against-amazoncom-over-worker-safety-2022-05-10/ |access-date=2022-05-10}}</ref>
Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award<ref>{{Cite news |date=2013-08-08 |title=Jeff Bezos, The Post’s incoming owner, known for a demanding management style at Amazon |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2013/08/07/b5ce5ee8-ff96-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html |access-date=2026-02-04 |work=The Washington Post |language=en-US |issn=0190-8286 |archive-date=August 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220810063239/https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/technology/2013/08/07/b5ce5ee8-ff96-11e2-9711-3708310f6f4d_story.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=How Amazon is built to try and learn |url=https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/fasttimes/interviews/beth-galetti |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251109065118/https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/tech-and-ai/our-insights/fasttimes/interviews/beth-galetti |archive-date=November 9, 2025 |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=McKinsey & Company |language=en |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-11-03 |title=Maximize Experimentation {{!}} Stanford eCorner |url=https://stvp.stanford.edu/clips/maximize-experimentation/ |access-date=2026-02-04 |website=Stanford Technology Ventures Program |language=en-US |archive-date=September 7, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250907151759/https://stvp.stanford.edu/clips/maximize-experimentation/ |url-status=live }}</ref> to encourage employee initiative and experimentation.


===Environmental impact===
===Lobbying===
In 2018, Amazon emitted 44.4&nbsp;million metric tons of [[carbon dioxide|{{CO2}}]].<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=The New York Times|date=February 17, 2020|title=Jeff Bezos commits $10 billion to address climate change|author=Karen Weise|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/technology/jeff-bezos-climate-change-earth-fund.html}}</ref>
Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [[Information privacy|data protection]] and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [[United States Congress]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] and the [[Federal Reserve]]. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5&nbsp;million, $5&nbsp;million and $9.5&nbsp;million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures |language=en-US |website=Opensecrets.org |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |access-date=August 9, 2021 |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207101249/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2019, it spent $16.8&nbsp;million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.<ref>{{cite web |title=Client Profile: Amazon.com |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000023883 |access-date=February 4, 2020 |publisher=Centre for Responsive Politics |archive-date=December 7, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201207101249/https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883 |url-status=live }}</ref>


In November 2018, a community action group opposed the construction permit delivered to [[Goodman Group]] for the construction of a {{convert|160000|m2|sqft}} logistics platform Amazon will operate at [[Lyon–Saint-Exupéry Airport]]. In February 2019, [[:fr:Étienne Tête|Étienne Tête]] filed a request on behalf of a second regional community action group asking the administrative court to decide whether the platform served a sufficiently important public interest to justify its environmental impact. Construction has been suspended while these matters are decided.<ref name=Cavaillez>{{cite news|newspaper=[[Le Progrès]]|url=https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais|title=Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais|author=Jean-Philippe Cavaillez|date=March 5, 2019|page=10|language=fr}}</ref>
Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |first=Emily |last=Parkhurst |title=Amazon shareholders met by protesters, company cuts ties with ALEC |website=Bizjournals.com |date=May 24, 2012 |access-date=May 29, 2012 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727040920/https://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


In September 2019, Amazon workers organized a walk-out as part of the [[Global Climate Strike of September 2019|Global Climate Strike]].<ref name=":4">{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/09/20/tech/amazon-climate-strike-global-tech/index.html|title=Amazon workers walk out to protest climate change inaction|author=Ahiza Garcia|website=CNN|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{cite web|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2019/9/20/20874497/amazon-climate-change-walkout-google-microsoft-strike-tech-activism|title=Here's why the Amazon climate walkout is a big deal|last=Ghaffary|first=Shirin|date=September 20, 2019|website=Vox|language=en|access-date=February 6, 2020}}</ref> An internal group called [[Amazon Employees For Climate Justice|Amazon Employees for Climate Justice]] said over 1,800 employees in 25 cities and 14 countries committed to participating in the action to protest Amazon's environmental impact and inaction to [[Global warming|climate change]].<ref name=":4" /> This group of workers petitioned Jeff Bezos and Amazon with three specific demands: to stop donating to politicians and [[Lobbying|lobbyists]] that [[Climate change denial|deny climate change]], to stop working with [[fossil fuel]] companies to accelerate oil and gas extraction, and to achieve zero [[carbon emissions]] by 2030.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-walkout-climate-change/|title=Amazon Employees Will Walk Out Over Climate Change Inaction|last=Matsakis|first=Louise|date=September 9, 2019|magazine=Wired|access-date=February 6, 2020|language=en|issn=1059-1028}}</ref><ref name=":5" />
In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] lobbying firm in June.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |title=In Amazon's shopping cart: D.C. influence |url=https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776.html |date=August 6, 2014 |work=Politico |access-date=August 7, 2014 |archive-date=July 29, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200729165308/https://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776 |url-status=live }}</ref> Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228045609/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-date=December 28, 2015 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|title=F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules|last=Kang|first=Cecilia|date=December 27, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matt McFarland|title=Amazon gets closer to drone delivery with FAA approval|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2020|publisher=CNN|archive-date=September 27, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200927162225/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|url-status=live}}</ref>


Amazon has introduced the Shipment Zero program, however, Shipment Zero has only committed to reducing 50% of its shipments to net-zero by 2030. Also, even that 50% does not necessarily mean a decrease in emissions compared to current levels given Amazon's rate of growth in orders.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://medium.com/@amazonemployeesclimatejustice/amazon-employees-are-joining-the-global-climate-walkout-9-20-9bfa4cbb1ce3|title=Amazon employees are joining the Global Climate Walkout, 9/20|first=Amazon Employees for Climate|last=Justice|date=September 20, 2019|website=Medium}}</ref>
During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated $1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 21, 2025|first=Ben|last=Kamisar|title=Major corporate interests and megadonors gave $239 million to fund Trump's inauguration|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/major-corporate-interests-megadonors-gave-239-million-fund-trumps-inau-rcna202074|access-date=April 29, 2025|publisher=NBC News|language=en|archive-date=April 25, 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250425020841/https://www.nbcnews.com/politics/trump-administration/major-corporate-interests-megadonors-gave-239-million-fund-trumps-inau-rcna202074|url-status=live}}</ref> In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the [[Egg rolling#United States|White House Easter Egg Roll]], after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Wise |first=Alana |date=April 19, 2025 |title=White House solicits corporate sponsors for its Easter Egg Roll event |url=https://www.npr.org/2025/04/19/g-s1-61377/white-house-easter-egg-roll-corporate-sponsors |access-date=April 24, 2025 |publisher=NPR |language=en |archive-date=April 23, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250423222756/https://www.npr.org/2025/04/19/g-s1-61377/white-house-easter-egg-roll-corporate-sponsors |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Johansen |first=Ben |date=April 19, 2025 |title=Companies vying for Trump's attention are sponsoring the Easter Egg Roll |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2025/04/19/white-house-egg-roll-sponsors-00299714 |access-date=April 24, 2025 |website=Politico |language=en}}</ref> In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the [[White House State Ballroom]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=Maher |first1=Kit |last2=Tapper |first2=Jake |last3=Jaramillo |first3=Alejandra |title=White House releases list of donors for Trump's multi-million-dollar ballroom |url=https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump |access-date=23 October 2025 |work=CNN |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251023104311/https://www.cnn.com/2025/10/23/politics/ballroom-donors-white-house-trump |archive-date=October 23, 2025}}</ref>


That said, Amazon's CEO has also signed the Climate Pledge, in which Amazon would meet the Paris climate agreement goals 10 years ahead of schedule, and would be carbon-neutral by 2040. Besides this pledge, it also ordered 100,000 electric delivery trucks from [[Rivian]].<ref name=autogenerated1>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/02/17/technology/jeff-bezos-climate-change-earth-fund.html|title=Jeff Bezos Commits $10 Billion to Address Climate Change|first=Karen|last=Weise|date=February 17, 2020|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref> In September 2021, signatories of Amazon Environmental Pledge reached 200.<ref>{{cite web|date=2021-09-20|title=The Climate Pledge announces 86 new signatories|url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/sustainability/the-climate-pledge-announces-86-new-signatories|access-date=2021-10-29|website=US About Amazon|language=en}}</ref> According to the report, signatories of pledge are from 16 countries, 25 industries.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Climate Pledge|url=https://sustainability.aboutamazon.com/about/the-climate-pledge|access-date=2021-10-29|website=Sustainability - US|language=en}}</ref>
Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Staff |first=Amazon |date=2025-07-15 |title=How Amazon is helping power America's AI future |url=https://www.aboutamazon.com/news/aws/amazon-aws-trump-summit-ai-energy-future |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=Amazon News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LobbyMap: Amazon |url=https://lobbymap.org/evidence/42054067e63e4ca8188f8a550e687a14 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=lobbymap.org}}</ref> Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.<ref>{{Cite web |title=C3 Energy Summit - Dec 15, 2025 |url=https://c3energysummit.com/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=C3 Energy Summit |language=en-US}}</ref> A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Takver |first=Rei |date=2025-12-18 |title=Amazon Sponsors AI Energy Summit Featuring Climate Deniers |url=https://www.desmog.com/2025/12/18/amazon-sponsors-ai-energy-summit-featuring-climate-deniers/ |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=DeSmog |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=LobbyMap: Amazon |url=https://lobbymap.org/evidence/d65938efb89d7db7a6acc0c7fab141a6 |access-date=2026-03-23 |website=lobbymap.org}}</ref>  


Amazon funds both climate denial groups including the [[Competitive Enterprise Institute]] and politicians denying climate change including [[Jim Inhofe]].<ref>{{Cite news|last1=Root|first1=Tik|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/climate/nyt-climate-newsletter-cei.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190710185008/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/07/10/climate/nyt-climate-newsletter-cei.html |archive-date=2019-07-10 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Following the Money That Undermines Climate Science|date=July 10, 2019|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 7, 2020|last2=Friedman|first2=Lisa|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331|last3=Tabuchi|first3=Hiroko}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://popular.info/p/these-corporations-are-quietly-bankrolling|title=These corporations are quietly bankrolling Congress' top climate denier|last=Legum|first=Judd|website=popular.info|access-date=February 7, 2020}}</ref>
== Criticism ==
 
{{Main|Criticism of Amazon}}
Amazon considered making an option for Prime customers to have packages delivered at the most efficient and environmentally-friendly time (allowing the company to combine shipments with the same destination) but decided against it out of fear customers might reduce purchases.<ref name="day">{{cite news |author=Matt Day |date=March 7, 2020 |title=Amazon nixed 'green' shipping proposal to avoid alienating shoppers |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon-nixed-green-shipping-proposal-to-avoid-alienating-shoppers/ |agency=Bloomberg}}</ref> Since 2019, the company has instead offered customers an "Amazon Day" option, where all orders are delivered on the same day, emphasizing customer convenience, and it occasionally offers Prime customers credits in return for selecting slower and less expensive shipping options.<ref name="day" />
 
In May 2022, Amazon announced a $10.6 million commitment to help build and renovate 130 affordable homes with Metropolitan Development and Housing Agency (MDHA) and support the social work of the local nonprofit CrossBridge in Nashville. Since 2020, amazon has committed more than $94 million to affordable housing projects in Nashville. The commitment is part of the Amazon Housing Equity Fund, a $2 billion commitment to create and preserve 20,000 affordable homes.<ref>{{cite journal|date=5 May 2022|url= https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220504005473/en|title=Amazon Commits $10.6 Million to Create 130 Affordable Homes and Expand Social Services in Nashville, Bringing Total Commitment in Local Affordable Housing to Nearly $100 Million|journal=Business Wire|access-date=6 May 2022|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
=== The Solimo Strategy ===
 
In October 2021, based on several leaked internal documents, Reuters reported<ref name="kalrastecklow">{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/amazon-india-rigging/ |title=Amazon copied products and rigged search results to promote its own brands, documents show |work=Reuters |last1=Kalra |first1=Aditya |last2=Stecklow |first2=Steve |date=October 13, 2021 |access-date=October 21, 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> that Amazon systematically harvested and studied data about their sellers' products' market performance, and used those data to identify lucrative markets and ultimately launch Amazon's replacement products in India. The data included information about returns, the sizing of clothing ''down to the neck circumference and sleeve length'', and the volume of product views on their website. Rivals' market performance data are not available to Amazon's sellers. The strategy also involved tweaking the search results to favor Amazon's knock-off products. The Solimo Strategy's impact had a reach well beyond India: hundreds of Solimo branded household items, from [[multivitamin]]s to [[coffee pod]]s, are available in the US. One of the victims of the Solimo Strategy is the clothing brand John Miller, owned by India's 'retail king' [[Kishore Biyani]].
 
=== Selling counterfeit, unsafe and discarded items ===
The selling of counterfeit products by Amazon has attracted widespread notice, with both purchases marked as being fulfilled by third parties and those shipped directly from Amazon warehouses being found to be counterfeit. This has included some products sold directly by Amazon itself and marked as "ships from and sold by Amazon.com".<ref name="wapo">{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/14/how-amazons-quest-more-cheaper-products-has-resulted-flea-market-fakes/ |title=How Amazon's quest for more, cheaper products has resulted in a flea market of fakes |first=Jay |last=Greene |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=November 14, 2019 |access-date=May 28, 2020}}</ref> Counterfeit charging cables sold on Amazon as purported Apple products have been found to be a fire hazard.<ref name="gma">{{cite web |url=https://www.goodmorningamerica.com/living/story/gma-investigates-inexpensive-lightning-cables-harm-phone-54920478|title='GMA' Investigates: Inexpensive lightning cables that could harm your phone|work=[[Good Morning America]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=May 4, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Ganda |last=Suthivarakom |title=What to Do If You Think Your Amazon Purchase Is a Fake |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/what-to-do-amazon-purchase-fake/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> Such counterfeits have included a wide array of products, from big ticket items to every day items such as tweezers, gloves,<ref name="wsj">{{cite news |first=Ganda |last=Suthivarakom |title=Welcome to the Era of Fake Products |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/amazon-counterfeit-fake-products/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=February 11, 2020}}</ref> and umbrellas.<ref>{{cite news |first=Daniel |last=Varghese|title=Bogus Umbrellas, Towels, and Luggage Zippers: New This Week |url=https://www.nytimes.com/wirecutter/blog/bogus-umbrellas-bath-towels-luggage-zippers/ |website=[[Wirecutter (website)|Wirecutter]] |publisher=[[The New York Times Company]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |date=May 25, 2018}}</ref> More recently, this has spread to Amazon's newer grocery services.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Palmer |first1=Annie |title=Amazon is shipping expired food, from baby formula to old beef jerky, scaring consumers and putting big brands at risk |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/10/20/amazon-is-shipping-expired-baby-formula-and-other-out-of-date-foods.html |website=[[CNBC]] |access-date=May 28, 2020 |language=en |date=October 20, 2019}}</ref> Counterfeiting was reported to be especially a problem for artists and small businesses whose products were being rapidly copied for sale on the site.<ref>{{cite news |first=Ari |last=Levi |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2016/05/25/amazon-counterfeiters-wreak-havoc-on-artists-and-small-businesses.html |title=Amazon counterfeiters wreak havoc on artists and small businesses |website=[[CNBC]] |date=May 26, 2016 |access-date=August 28, 2020}}</ref>


One Amazon business practice that encourages counterfeiting is that, by default, seller accounts on Amazon are set to use "commingled inventory". With this practice, the goods that a seller sends to Amazon are mixed with those of the producer of the product and with those of all other sellers that supply what is supposed to be the same product.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://consumerist.com/2014/05/12/does-amazons-inventory-commingling-help-fake-products-fly-under-the-radar/ |work=[[Consumerist.com|Consumerist]] |first=Mary Beth |last=Quirk |title=Does Amazon's Inventory Commingling Help Fake Products Fly Under The Radar? |date=May 12, 2014 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref>
[[File:Anti-Amazon sticker.jpg|thumb|A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle]]Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;<ref name="washingtonpost.com">{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|title=Amazon is selling facial recognition to law enforcement — for a fistful of dollars|first=Elizabeth|last=Dwoskin|date=May 22, 2018|language=en-US|access-date=August 18, 2018|archive-date=October 15, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201015001022/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/the-switch/wp/2018/05/22/amazon-is-selling-facial-recognition-to-law-enforcement-for-a-fistful-of-dollars/|url-status=live}}</ref> forming cloud computing partnerships with the [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]];<ref name="vanity-fair">{{cite magazine|url=https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|title='Everybody immediately knew that it was for Amazon': Has Bezos become more powerful in DC than Trump?|first=May|last=Jeong|magazine=Vanity Fair|date=August 13, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018|archive-date=August 21, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821034524/https://www.vanityfair.com/news/2018/08/has-bezos-become-more-powerful-in-dc-than-trump|url-status=live}}</ref> leading customers away from bookshops;<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon Lure's Shoppers Away from Stores |first=Nick |last=Leiber |url=http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111208221628/http://www.businessweek.com/smallbiz/running_small_business/archives/2011/12/amazon_turns_shops_into_showrooms_with_new_app.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=December 8, 2011 |newspaper=Bloomberg BusinessWeek |date=December 7, 2011 |access-date=December 7, 2011}}</ref> adversely impacting the environment;<ref name="Cavaillez">{{cite news |author=Jean-Philippe Cavaillez |date=March 5, 2019 |title=Plateforme logistique Amazon : bras de fer dans l'Est lyonnais |language=fr |page=10 |newspaper=[[Le Progrès]] |url=https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais |access-date=March 7, 2019 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024154429/https://www.leprogres.fr/rhone-69-edition-lyon-metropole/2019/03/05/plateforme-logistique-amazon-bras-de-fer-dans-l-est-lyonnais |url-status=live }}</ref> placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Greene |first1=Jay |last2=Alcantara |first2=Chris |title=Amazon warehouse workers suffer serious injuries at higher rates than other firms |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/01/amazon-osha-injury-rate/ |access-date=April 11, 2022 |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |date=June 1, 2021 |archive-date=March 31, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331164313/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/06/01/amazon-osha-injury-rate/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Chakrabortty |first=Aditya |date=November 22, 2024 |title=Chronic pain and ravaged mental health: this is the brutal reality of Britain's new working class |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2024/nov/22/britain-working-class-pain-mental-health |work=The Guardian |language= |issn=0261-3077}}</ref> actively opposing unionization efforts;<ref>{{cite news |last1=Matsakis |first1=Louise |title=Why Amazon Really Raised Its Minimum Wage to $15 |url=https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |magazine=[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |date=October 2, 2018 |access-date=June 10, 2019 |archive-date=October 30, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181030030200/https://www.wired.com/story/why-amazon-really-raised-minimum-wage/ |url-status=live }}</ref> remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its [[1-Click]] technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and [[price discrimination]];<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal |last=Khan |first=Lina |date=January 2017 |title=Amazon's Antitrust Paradox |url=https://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox |url-status=live |journal=Yale Law Journal |volume=126 |issue=3 |pages=564–907 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170405144903/http://www.yalelawjournal.org/note/amazons-antitrust-paradox |archive-date=April 5, 2017 |access-date=February 9, 2020}}</ref><ref name="baum">{{cite news |last1=Baum |first1=Andrew |title=Amazon Wins Ruling on Results for Searches on Brands It Doesn't Sell |url=http://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |access-date=December 21, 2015 |work=The National Law Review |publisher=Foley & Lardner |date=October 23, 2015 |archive-date=July 27, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727055253/https://www.natlawreview.com/article/amazon-wins-ruling-results-searches-brands-it-doesn-t-sell |url-status=live }}</ref> and reclassifying [[LGBTQ]] books as adult content.<ref>{{cite magazine |last=Slatterly |first=Brennon |title=Amazon 'Glitch' Yanks Sales Rank of Hundreds of LGBT Books |url=http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |magazine=[[PC World]] |date=April 13, 2009 |access-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-date=July 28, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120728223422/http://www.pcworld.com/article/162996/amazon_glitch_yanks_sales_rank_of_hundreds_of_lgbt_books.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Armstrong |first=Paul |title=Amazon: 'Glitch' caused gay censorship error |url=http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |publisher=CNN |access-date=May 17, 2020 |date=April 14, 2009 |archive-date=October 24, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024213304/http://edition.cnn.com/2009/TECH/04/14/amazon.gay.lesbian.ranking/ |url-status=live }}</ref> Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the [[WikiLeaks]] website, works containing [[Defamation|libel]], anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating [[dog fighting]], [[cockfighting]], or [[pedophilia|pedophile]] activities. An article published by ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'' in the wake of social media website [[Parler]]'s termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.<ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://time.com/5929888/amazon-parler-aws/|title=Why Amazon's Move to Drop Parler Is a Big Deal for the Future of the Internet|author=Alex Fitzpatrick|date=January 21, 2021|access-date=November 26, 2023|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|archive-date=November 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231128104146/http://time.com/5929888/amazon-parler-aws/|url-status=live}}</ref> In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|title=Groupon Launches Anti-Amazon Promotion of Sorts|last=Raice|first=Shayndi|date=December 20, 2011|website=The Wall Street Journal |language=en-US|access-date=February 20, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725044624/https://blogs.wsj.com/digits/2011/12/20/groupon-launches-anti-amazon-promotion-of-sorts/|url-status=live}}</ref> Companies like [[Groupon]], [[eBay]] and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |title=Focus on Mobile Commerce – While some still cry, others fight back |work=Internet Retailer |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-date=March 27, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160327071349/https://www.internetretailer.com/commentary/2011/12/22/while-some-still-cry-others-fight-back |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |title=What can retailers learn from Amazon, Groupon and eBay? – Mobile Commerce Daily – Multichannel retail support |work=Mobile Commerce Daily |date=December 20, 2011 |access-date=February 1, 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120207203932/http://www.mobilecommercedaily.com/2011/12/20/what-can-retailers-learn-from-amazon-groupon-and-ebay |archive-date=February 7, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


In June 2019, ''[[BuzzFeed]]'' reported that some products identified on the site as "Amazon's choice" were low quality, had a history of customer complaints, and exhibited evidence of product review manipulation.<ref>{{cite web |first=Nicole |last=Nguyen |url=https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/nicolenguyen/amazons-choice-bad-products |title='Amazon's Choice' Does Not Necessarily Mean A Product Is Good |website=[[BuzzFeed News]] |date=June 14, 2019 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref>
The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to [[Brad Stone (journalist)|Brad Stone]], "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."<ref name="New Yorker"/> In July 2014, the [[Federal Trade Commission]] launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.<ref>{{cite web |title=Complaint, Federal Trade Commission v. Amazon.com, Inc. |url=https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://www.pacermonitor.com/view/FGNCSIQ/Federal_Trade_Commission_v_Amazoncom_Inc__wawdce-14-01038__0001.0.pdf |archive-date=October 9, 2022 |url-status=live |website=PacerMonitor |access-date=June 16, 2016}}</ref> In 2019, Amazon banned selling [[Skin whitening|skin-lightening]] products after pushback from [[Minnesota]] health and [[Environmental movement|environmental activists.]]<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|title=Amazon pulls "racist" skin-lightening products|publisher=CBS News |date=November 22, 2019|language=en-US|access-date=November 24, 2019|archive-date=July 25, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200725042954/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/amazon-skin-lightening-products-with-high-mercury-levels/|url-status=live}}</ref> In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general [[Letitia James]] was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.<ref>{{Cite news |work=Reuters |date=May 10, 2022 |title=Amazon.com wins dismissal of NY attorney general lawsuit over worker safety |language=en |publisher=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/appeals-court-dismisses-new-york-lawsuit-against-amazoncom-over-worker-safety-2022-05-10/ |access-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-date=May 10, 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220510155152/https://www.reuters.com/legal/litigation/appeals-court-dismisses-new-york-lawsuit-against-amazoncom-over-worker-safety-2022-05-10/ |url-status=live }}</ref> After the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the [[Presidency of Joe Biden|Biden Administration]], to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the [[COVID-19 vaccine]],<ref>{{cite news |last=Miller |first=Parker |date=February 8, 2024 |title=The Amazon Files: Biden likes banning books too, you hypocrites - Washington Examiner |url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2845323/the-amazon-files-biden-likes-banning-books-too-you-hypocrites/ |access-date=February 14, 2024 |language=en-US |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214162534/https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/2845323/the-amazon-files-biden-likes-banning-books-too-you-hypocrites/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |date=February 13, 2024 |title=Biden administration pressured Amazon to censor books that questioned COVID vaccines - Washington Times |website=[[The Washington Times]] |url=https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/5/biden-administration-pressured-amazon-censure-book/ |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240213074945/https://www.washingtontimes.com/news/2024/feb/5/biden-administration-pressured-amazon-censure-book/ |archive-date=February 13, 2024 }}</ref> which was revealed after Rep. [[Jim Jordan]] (acting on behalf of the [[United States House Committee on the Judiciary|House Judiciary Committee]]) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.<ref>{{Cite tweet |last=Jordan |first=Jim |user=Jim_Jordan |number=1754637204146581783 |date=February 5, 2024 |title=Amazon Files Thread |access-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-date=February 14, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240214162533/https://twitter.com/Jim_Jordan/status/1754637204146581783 |url-status=live }}</ref>
[[File:Amazon Prime van blocking bike lane at CityCenterDC.jpg|thumb|upright|An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.]]
Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically [[double parking]], blocking [[bike lane]]s, and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to [[traffic congestion]] and endangering other road users.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Haag |first1=Matthew |last2=Hu |first2=Winnie |title=1.5 Million Packages a Day: The Internet Brings Chaos to N.Y. Streets |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=October 27, 2019 |archive-date=January 28, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210128210832/https://www.nytimes.com/2019/10/27/nyregion/nyc-amazon-delivery.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Dungca |first1=Nicole |title=Seeing Red: Ride-hailing, deliveries add traffic to Boston's crowded streets |url=https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2019/11/21/seeing-red/convenience-culture-makes-traffic-worse/ |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The Boston Globe]] |date=November 21, 2019 |language=en |archive-date=December 12, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241212131528/https://apps.bostonglobe.com/metro/investigations/spotlight/2019/11/21/seeing-red/convenience-culture-makes-traffic-worse/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Bergmann |first1=Joy |title=Locals Decry 'Total Madness' of Delivery Truck Parking; Proposed City Council Bill May Help |url=https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=West Side Rag |date=January 28, 2019 |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213125201/https://www.westsiderag.com/2019/01/28/locals-decry-total-madness-of-delivery-truck-parking-proposed-city-council-bill-may-help |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Caldwell |first1=Christopher |title=Something Has Changed on City Streets, and Amazon Is to Blame |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html |access-date=December 13, 2024 |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=August 17, 2023 |language=en |archive-date=December 13, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241213191616/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/08/17/opinion/amazon-delivery-trucks-urban-planning.html |url-status=live }}</ref>


In August 2019, ''[[The Wall Street Journal]]'' reported that they had found more than 4,000 items for sale on Amazon's site that had been declared unsafe by federal agencies, had misleading labels or had been banned by federal regulators.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-has-ceded-control-of-its-site-the-result-thousands-of-banned-unsafe-or-mislabeled-products-11566564990?shareToken=stf528a8da601e4017bdfc2faa508e09a2 |title=Amazon Has Ceded Control of Its Site. The Result: Thousands of Banned, Unsafe or Mislabeled Products |first1=Alexandra |last1=Berzon |first2=Shane |last2=Shifflett |first3=Justin |last3=Scheck |date=August 23, 2019 |newspaper=[[The Wall Street Journal]] |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref>
Jane Friedman<ref name="janefriedman/books">{{cite web |title=Books by Jane Friedman |url=https://janefriedman.com/books/ |website=Jane Friedman.com |access-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-date=August 10, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230810113239/https://janefriedman.com/books/ |url-status=live }}</ref> discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and [[Goodreads]]. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."<ref name="janefriedman/rather-my-books-pirated">{{cite web |last1=Friedman |first1=Jane |title=I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires) |url=https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/ |website=Jane Friedman |access-date=August 9, 2023 |date=August 7, 2023 |archive-date=August 9, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230809003245/https://janefriedman.com/i-would-rather-see-my-books-pirated/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="arstechnica/2023/08/ai-generated-counterfeit-books-amazon">{{cite news |last1=Edwards |first1=Benj |title=Author discovers AI-generated counterfeit books written in her name on Amazon |url=https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/ |access-date=August 9, 2023 |work=Ars Technica |date=August 8, 2023 |language=en-us |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808231428/https://arstechnica.com/information-technology/2023/08/author-discovers-ai-generated-counterfeit-books-written-in-her-name-on-amazon/ |url-status=live }}<!-- https://www.thedailybeast.com/author-jane-friedman-finds-ai-fakes-being-sold-under-her-name-on-amazon  https://gizmodo.com/amazon-jane-friedman-ai-generated-books-removed-1850718989  https://www.thestreet.com/technology/author-levels-troubling-new-accusation-at-amazons-publishing-practices --></ref><ref name="vice/v7b774">{{cite web |last1=Roscoe |first1=Jules |title=AI-Generated Books of Nonsense Are All Over Amazon's Bestseller Lists |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists/ |website=Vice |access-date=August 9, 2023 |language=en |date=June 28, 2023 |archive-date=August 8, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230808123916/https://www.vice.com/en/article/v7b774/ai-generated-books-of-nonsense-are-all-over-amazons-bestseller-lists |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="washingtonpost/amazon-goodreads">{{cite news |last1=O'Donovan |first1=Caroline |title=Goodreads was the future of book reviews. Then Amazon bought it. |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/ |access-date=August 9, 2023 |newspaper=Washington Post |date=July 2, 2023 |archive-date=August 28, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230828145218/https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2023/07/01/amazon-goodreads-elizabeth-gilbert/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


In the wake of the ''WSJ'' investigation, three U.S. senators{{snd}} [[Richard Blumenthal]], [[Ed Markey]], and [[Bob Menendez]]{{snd}}sent an open letter to Jeff Bezos demanding him to take action about the selling of unsafe items on the site. The letter said that "Unquestionably, Amazon is falling short of its commitment to keeping safe those consumers who use its massive platform."<ref name=SenatorsAsk/> The letter included several questions about the company's practices and gave Bezos a deadline to respond by September 29, 2019, saying "We call on you to immediately remove from the platform all the problematic products examined in the recent ''WSJ'' report; explain how you are going about this process; conduct a sweeping internal investigation of your enforcement and consumer safety policies; and institute changes that will continue to keep unsafe products off your platform."<ref name=SenatorsAsk>{{cite web |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/08/29/senators-ask-jeff-bezos-to-crack-down-on-unsafe-products-on-amazon.html |website=[[CNBC]] |first=Annie |last=Palmer |title=Senators ask Jeff Bezos to crackdown on thousands of unsafe products on Amazon |date=August 29, 2019 |access-date=August 30, 2020}}</ref> Earlier in the same month, senators Blumenthal and Menendez had sent Bezos a letter about the ''BuzzFeed'' report.<ref name=SenatorsAsk/>
In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of [[Ring (company)|Ring]] (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.<ref name="auto4">{{Cite news |date=January 27, 2024 |title=Ring will no longer allow police to request users' doorbell camera footage|publisher=[[NPR]] |url=https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage |access-date=February 3, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240127172246/https://www.npr.org/2024/01/25/1226942087/ring-will-no-longer-allow-police-to-request-users-doorbell-camera-footage |archive-date=January 27, 2024|agency=Associated Press}}</ref> It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the [[Electronic Frontier Foundation]] for this change.<ref name="auto4"/>


In December 2019, ''The Wall Street Journal'' reported that some people were literally retrieving trash out of dumpsters and selling it as new products on Amazon. The reporters ran an experiment and determined that it was easy for a seller to set up an account and sell cleaned up junk as new products. In addition to trash, sellers were obtaining inventory from [[clearance bin]]s, [[thrift store]]s, and [[pawn shop]]s.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/you-might-be-buying-trash-on-amazonliterally-11576599910?mod=e2twd |title=You Might Be Buying Trash on Amazon – Literally |date=December 18, 2019 |first1=Khadeeja |last1=Safdar |first2=Shane |last2=Shifflett |first3=Denise |last3=Blostein |access-date=August 29, 2020 |work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.komando.com/news/amazon-sells-literal-trash/697331/ |work=[[Komando.com]] |first=Mark |last=Jones |title=Shocking report finds dumpster divers selling trash on Amazon |date=December 19, 2019 |access-date=August 29, 2020}}</ref>
In February 2025, [[Sky UK|Sky]] accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Dalleres |first=Frank |date=February 26, 2025 |title=Sky accuses Amazon of failing to prevent piracy on Fire Sticks |url=https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/ |access-date=February 27, 2025 |website=City AM |language=en-GB |archive-date=February 26, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250226154039/https://www.cityam.com/sky-accuses-amazon-of-failing-to-prevent-piracy-on-fire-sticks/ |url-status=live }}</ref>


In August 2020, an appeals court in California ruled that Amazon can be held liable for unsafe products sold on its website. A Californian had bought a replacement laptop battery that caught fire and caused her to sustain [[third-degree burn]]s.<ref>{{cite news |title=California court rules Amazon can be liable for defective goods sold on its marketplace |url= https://www.cnbc.com/2020/08/13/amazon-can-be-held-liable-for-faulty-goods-court-rules.html |first=Annie |last=Palmer |date=August 13, 2020 |access-date=August 29, 2020 |website=[[CNBC]] }}</ref>
[[Project Nimbus]] is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide [[Israel]] and [[Israel Defense Forces|its military]] with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Kwet |first=Michael |title=How US Big Tech supports Israel's AI-powered genocide and apartheid |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid |access-date=July 17, 2025 |website=Al Jazeera |language=en |archive-date=July 16, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250716212913/https://www.aljazeera.com/opinions/2024/5/12/how-us-big-tech-supports-israels-ai-powered-genocide-and-apartheid |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Grant |first=Nico |date=August 30, 2022 |title=Google Employee Who Played Key Role in Protest of Contract With Israel Quits |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html |access-date=July 17, 2025 |work=The New York Times |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331 |archive-date=May 31, 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240531195403/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/30/technology/google-employee-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of [[Palestinians|Palestinian]] human rights in the [[Israeli–Palestinian conflict]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=October 12, 2021 |title=We are Google and Amazon workers. We condemn Project Nimbus |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract |access-date=July 17, 2025 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=May 18, 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230518020549/https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/oct/12/google-amazon-workers-condemn-project-nimbus-israeli-military-contract |url-status=live }}</ref> In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2025-09-11 |title=Amazon suspends engineer who protested company's work with Israeli government |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=October 14, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20251014034800/https://www.cnbc.com/2025/09/11/amazon-suspends-engineer-who-protested-companys-work-with-israel.html |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hays |first=Kali |title=Amazon fires engineer after internal message critical of company's work with Israeli government |url=https://of-interest.beehiiv.com/p/amazon-fires-engineer-after-internal-message-critical-of-company-s-work-with-israeli-government |access-date=2025-10-17 |website=Of Interest |language=en}}</ref>


=== Rigged search results ===
On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire [[San Francisco]]-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern [[smartwatch]]es, equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Nguyen |first=Nicole |title=Why Amazon Wants an AI Bracelet That Records Everything You Say |url=https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934 |access-date=July 25, 2025 |website=WSJ |date=July 23, 2025 |language=en-US |archive-date=July 24, 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250724222242/https://www.wsj.com/tech/personal-tech/amazon-bee-ai-wearable-cea07934 |url-status=live }}</ref>
Reuters has reported<ref name="kalrastecklow"/> that Amazon has rigged its product search results to favor its brand in India. According to the article, leaked internal strategy documents show that Amazon has systematically manipulated its search results such that Amazon's brand products appear in the first three search results, leading customers to purchase those instead of other sellers' products on the platform. The company employed two tactics: search seeding and search sparkles. By search seeding, Amazon boosted the rankings of its own branded goods. By search sparkles, the company inserted promotions of their brands into broad category searches.


=== Tax avoidance ===
In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Palmer |first=Annie |date=2026-01-28 |title=Amazon inadvertently announces cloud unit layoffs in email to employees |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html |access-date=2026-02-13 |website=CNBC |language=en |archive-date=February 1, 2026 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20260201214259/https://www.cnbc.com/2026/01/27/amazon-inadvertently-sends-email-to-employees-confirming-wednesday-layoffs.html |url-status=live }}</ref>
{{Main|Amazon tax}}
Amazon's tax affairs were investigated in China, Germany, Poland, South Korea, France, Japan, Ireland, Singapore, Luxembourg, Italy, Spain, United Kingdom, United States, and Portugal.<ref>{{cite news|date=April 5, 2012|title=Amazon investigated by UK authorities over tax avoidance|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/amazon-investigated-uk-authorities-over-tax-avoidance-7622019.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510183638/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/amazon-investigated-uk-authorities-over-tax-avoidance-7622019.html |archive-date=2021-05-10 |url-access=limited |url-status=live|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=The Independent|language=en}}</ref> According to a report released by [[Fair Tax Mark]] in 2019, Amazon is the worst offender of tax avoidance, having paid a 12% effective tax rate between 2010 and 2018, in contrast with 35% corporate tax rate in the US during the same period. Amazon countered that it had a 24% effective tax rate during the same period.<ref>{{cite web|last=Neate|first=Rupert|date=December 2, 2019|title=New study deems Amazon worst for 'aggressive' tax avoidance|url=http://www.theguardian.com/business/2019/dec/02/new-study-deems-amazon-worst-for-aggressive-tax-avoidance|access-date=February 14, 2021|website=[[The Guardian]]|language=en}}</ref>
 
===Comments by Donald Trump and Bernie Sanders===
In early 2018, President [[Donald Trump]] repeatedly criticized Amazon's use of the [[United States Postal Service]] and its prices for the delivery of packages, stating, "I am right about Amazon costing the United States Post Office massive amounts of money for being their Delivery Boy," Trump tweeted. "Amazon should pay these costs (plus) and not have them {{Sic|bourne}} by the American Taxpayer."<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2018/04/03/amazon-shares-turn-negative-after-trump-bashes-company-for-a-fourth-time-in-a-week.html |title=Amazon shares turn negative after Trump bashes company for a fourth time in a week |last=Franck |first=Thomas |date=April 3, 2018 |work=CNBC|access-date=April 3, 2018}}</ref> Amazon's shares fell by 6 percent as a result of Trump's comments. [[Shepard Smith]] of [[Fox News]] disputed Trump's claims and pointed to evidence that the USPS was offering below-market prices to all customers with no advantage to Amazon. However, analyst Tom Forte pointed to the fact that Amazon's payments to the USPS are not made public and that their contract has a reputation for being "a sweetheart deal".<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-trump/amazon-shares-fall-6-percent-as-trump-renews-attack-idUSKCN1H9185 |title=Amazon shares fall 6 percent as Trump renews attack |work=Reuters |access-date=April 3, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=http://thehill.com/homenews/media/381542-foxs-shep-smith-fact-checks-trumps-amazon-claims-none-of-that-was-true |title=Fox's Shep Smith fact-checks Trump's Amazon claims: 'None of that was true' |last=Manchester |first=Julia |work=The Hill|access-date=April 3, 2018 |language=en-US}}</ref>
 
Throughout the summer of 2018, Vermont Senator [[Bernie Sanders]] criticized Amazon's wages and working conditions in a series of [[YouTube]] videos and media appearances. He also pointed to the fact that Amazon had paid no federal income tax in the previous year.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inlander.com/spokane/workers-describe-pressures-at-amazon-warehouses-as-sen-bernie-sanders-gears-up-to-make-the-corporation-pay/Content?oid=12226281|title=Workers describe pressures at Amazon warehouses as Bernie Sanders gears up to make the corporation pay|first=Samantha|last=Wohlfeil|publisher=Inlander|date=September 6, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> Sanders solicited stories from Amazon warehouse workers who felt exploited by the company.<ref name=":2">{{Cite news|url=https://www.wired.com/story/truth-about-amazon-food-stamps-tax-breaks/|title=Bernie Sanders and the Truth About Amazon, Food Stamps, and Tax Breaks|last=Matsakis|first=Louise|date=September 6, 2018|magazine=Wired|access-date=February 20, 2019|issn=1059-1028}}</ref> One such story, by [[James Bloodworth (journalist)|James Bloodworth]], described the environment as akin to "a low-security prison" and stated that the company's culture used an Orwellian [[newspeak]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2018/sep/17/amazon-warehouse-bernie-sanders|title=I worked in an Amazon warehouse. Bernie Sanders is right to target them|first=James|last=Bloodworth|newspaper=The Guardian|date=September 17, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref> These reports cited a finding by New Food Economy that one third of fulfilment center workers in Arizona were on the [[Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program]] (SNAP).<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/9/5/17819450/bernie-sanders-stop-bezos-amazon-worker-pay-corporate-welfare-tax-bill|title=Bernie Sanders introduces "Stop BEZOS" bill to tax Amazon for underpaying workers|first=Adi|last=Robertson|website=The Verge|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Responses by Amazon included incentives for employees to tweet positive stories and a statement which called the salary figures used by Sanders "inaccurate and misleading". The statement also charged that it was inappropriate for him to refer to SNAP as "food stamps".<ref name=":2" /> On September 5, 2018, Sanders along with [[Ro Khanna]] introduced the Stop Bad Employers by Zeroing Out Subsidies (Stop [[Jeff Bezos|BEZOS]]) Act aimed at Amazon and other alleged beneficiaries of [[corporate welfare]] such as [[Walmart]], [[McDonald's]] and [[Uber]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/bernie-sanders-amazon-walmart-with-100-tax/|title=Bernie Sanders targets Amazon, Walmart with 100% tax|first=Kate|last=Gibson|publisher=CBS|date=September 5, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref> Among the bill's supporters were [[Tucker Carlson]] of [[Fox News]] and [[Matt Taibbi]] who criticized himself and other journalists for not covering Amazon's contribution to wealth inequality earlier.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/tucker-carlson-bernie-sanders-food-stamps_us_5b895651e4b0511db3d7aa34|title=Why Bernie Sanders and Tucker Carlson agree on food stamps|first=Arthur|last=Delaney|work=The Huffington Post|date=August 31, 2018|access-date=September 14, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=https://www.rollingstone.com/politics/politics-news/bernie-sanders-amazon-bezos-725282/|title=Bernie Sanders' Anti-Amazon Bill is an Indictment of the Media, Too|first=Matt|last=Taibbi|magazine=Rolling Stone|date=September 18, 2018|access-date=September 22, 2018}}</ref>
 
On October 2, 2018, Amazon announced that its minimum wage for all American employees would be raised to $15 per hour. Sanders congratulated the company for making this decision.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/10/2/17927478/amazon-minimum-wage-15-dollars-increase-bernie-sanders|title=Amazon raises minimum wage to $15 for all 350,000 US workers following criticism|first=Jon|last=Porter|website=The Verge|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=October 20, 2018}}</ref>
 
=== Opposition to trade unions ===
{{main|Amazon worker organization}}
[[File:Anti-Amazon sticker.jpg|thumb|A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle.]]
Amazon has opposed efforts by [[trade union]]s to organize in both the United States and the United Kingdom. In 2001, 850 employees in Seattle were laid off by Amazon.com after a unionization drive. The Washington Alliance of Technological Workers (WashTech) accused the company of violating union laws and claimed Amazon managers subjected them to intimidation and heavy propaganda. Amazon denied any link between the unionization effort and layoffs.<ref name="Independent">{{cite web|url=http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010203/ai_n14364804|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080410033727/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4158/is_20010203/ai_n14364804|url-status=dead|archive-date=April 10, 2008|title=Short shrift for unions in Amazon's silicon jungle – Independent, The (London) – Find Articles at BNET.com|date=April 10, 2008|access-date=September 23, 2017}}</ref> Also in 2001, Amazon.co.uk hired a US management consultancy organization, [[The Burke Group]], to assist in defeating a campaign by the [[Graphical, Paper and Media Union]] (GPMU, now part of [[Unite the Union]]) to achieve recognition in the [[Milton Keynes]] distribution depot. It was alleged that the company victimized or sacked four union members during the 2001 recognition drive and held a series of captive meetings with employees.<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news|author=Jon Henley and Ed Pilkington |url=https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2008/feb/26/tradeunions.workandcareers |title=Divide and rule |newspaper=Guardian |date= February 26, 2008|access-date=August 29, 2010 | location=London}}</ref>
 
An Amazon training video that was leaked in 2018 stated "We are not anti-union, but we are not neutral either. We do not believe unions are in the best interest of our customers or shareholders or most importantly, our associates." The video also encouraged to report "warning signs" of potential worker organization, which included workers using words like "[[living wage]]", employees "suddenly hanging out together" as well as workers showing "unusual interest in policies, benefits, employee lists, or other company information".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://gizmodo.com/amazons-aggressive-anti-union-tactics-revealed-in-leake-1829305201|title=Amazon's Aggressive Anti-Union Tactics Revealed in Leaked 45-Minute Video|access-date=April 7, 2022|date=September 26, 2018|work=[[Gizmodo]]|author=Bryan Menegus}}</ref><ref name="register2020">{{cite web|url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2020/04/02/amazon_coronavirus_firing/|title=Amazon says it fired a guy for breaking pandemic rules. Same guy who organized a staff protest over a lack of coronavirus protection|first=Thomas|last=Claburn|publisher=The Register|date=April 2, 2020|access-date=April 2, 2020}}</ref> Two years later, it was found that [[Whole Foods]] was using a heat map to track which stores had the highest levels of pro-union sentiment. Factors including low racial diversity, proximity to other unions, high poverty levels in the surrounding community and calls to the [[National Labor Relations Board]] were named as contributors to "unionization risk".<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/whole-foods-tracks-unionization-risk-with-heat-map-2020-1?r=US&IR=T|title=Amazon-owned Whole Foods is quietly tracking its employees with a heat map tool that ranks which stores are most at risk of unionizing|first=Hayley|last=Peterson|publisher=Business Insider|date=April 20, 2020|access-date=April 21, 2020}}</ref>
 
In early 2020, Amazon internal documents were leaked, which said that Whole Foods had been using an interactive heat map to monitor its 510 locations across the U.S. and assign each store a unionization risk score based on such criteria as employee loyalty, turnover rate, and racial diversity. Data collected in the heat map suggest that stores with low racial and ethnic diversity, especially those located in poor communities, were more likely to unionize.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://observer.com/2020/04/amazon-whole-foods-anti-union-technology-heat-map/|title=Whole Foods Secretly Upgrades Tech to Target and Squash Unionizing Efforts|date=April 24, 2020|work=[[Observer.com]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com.au/whole-foods-tracks-unionization-risk-with-heat-map-2020-1|title=Amazon-owned Whole Foods is quietly tracking its employees with a heat map tool that ranks which stores are most at risk of unionizing|first=Hayley|last=Peterson|date=April 21, 2020|website=Business Insider Australia}}</ref>
 
[[National Labor Relations Board]] determined that Amazon illegally fired two employees in retaliation for efforts to organize workers.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Weise |first1=Karen |title=Amazon Illegally Fired Activist Workers, Labor Board Finds |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/technology/amazon-nlrb-activist-workers.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20211228/https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/05/technology/amazon-nlrb-activist-workers.html |archive-date=2021-12-28 |url-access=limited |access-date=April 5, 2021 |work=The New York Times |date=April 5, 2021}}{{cbignore}}</ref> In April 2021, after a majority of workers in Bessemer, Alabama voted against joining the [[Retail, Wholesale and Department Store Union]], the union asked for a hearing with the NLRB to determine whether the company created "an atmosphere of confusion, coercion and/or fear of reprisals" ahead of the union vote.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Selyukh |first1=Alina |title=It's A No: Amazon Warehouse Workers Vote Against Unionizing In Historic Election |url=https://www.npr.org/2021/04/09/982139494/its-a-no-amazon-warehouse-workers-vote-against-unionizing-in-historic-election |access-date=April 12, 2021 |work=National Public Radio |date=April 9, 2021}}</ref>
 
In April 2022, Amazon workers in Staten Island voted to form [[Amazon Labor Union]], the company's first legally recognized union.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Business |first=Sara Ashley O'Brien, CNN |title=Amazon workers at New York warehouse vote to form company's first US union |url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/04/01/tech/amazon-union-election-staten-island/index.html |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=CNN|date=April 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=2022-04-01 |title=Amazon beaten by workers in fight for unionisation in New York |language=en-GB |work=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-60944677 |access-date=2022-04-01}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Hogan |first=Gwynne |date=2022-04-01 |title=Staten Island workers prevail in vote for first ever Amazon union |url=https://gothamist.com/ |access-date=2022-04-01 |website=Gothamist |language=en}}</ref> In that same month, ''[[The Intercept]]'' reported on Amazon's planned internal messaging app that would ban words like "union", "[[living wage]]", "freedom", "pay raise" or "restrooms".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://theintercept.com/2022/04/04/amazon-union-living-wage-restrooms-chat-app/|title=LEAKED: NEW AMAZON WORKER CHAT APP WOULD BAN WORDS LIKE "UNION," "RESTROOMS," "PAY RAISE," AND "PLANTATION"|access-date=April 7, 2022|date=April 3, 2022|work=The Intercept|author=[[Ken Klippenstein]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2022/apr/05/amazon-banned-words-list-union-internal-app|title=Amazon to ban 'union' and other words from staff chat app – report|access-date=April 7, 2022|date=April 6, 2022|work=[[The Guardian]]|author=Dani Anguiano}}</ref>
 
=== Working conditions ===
Former employees, current employees, the media, and politicians have criticized Amazon for poor working conditions at the company.<ref name="linkedin">{{cite web|title=An Amazonian's response to 'Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace'|url=https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/amazonians-response-inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-nick-ciubotariu|last=Ciubotariu|first=Nick|date=August 16, 2015|work=[[LinkedIn Pulse]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon under fire for staffing practices in Randstad contract|url=https://www.recruiter.co.uk/news/2013/08/amazon-under-fire-for-staffing-practices-in-randstad-contract/|date=August 2, 2013|work=Recruiter|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130804221109/http://www.recruiter.co.uk/news/2013/08/amazon-under-fire-for-staffing-practices-in-randstad-contract/|archive-date=August 4, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/brutal-conditions-in-amazons-warehouses-2013-8 |title=Brutal Conditions In Amazon's Warehouse's Threaten To Ruin The Company's Image |first=Jim |last=Edwards |date=August 5, 2013 |work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=February 24, 2014}}</ref> In 2011, it was publicized that workers had to carry out tasks in {{convert|100|°F|°C}} heat at the [[Breinigsville, Pennsylvania]] warehouse. As a result of these inhumane conditions, employees became extremely uncomfortable and suffered from dehydration and collapse. Loading-bay doors were not opened to allow in fresh air because of concerns over theft.<ref name="AllentownMorningCall1">{{cite news |last1=Soper |first1=Spencer |title=Inside Amazon's Warehouse |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/watchdog/mc-allentown-amazon-complaints-20110917-story.html |access-date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=September 18, 2011}}</ref> Amazon's initial response was to pay for an ambulance to sit outside on call to cart away overheated employees.<ref name="AllentownMorningCall1" /> The company eventually installed air conditioning at the warehouse.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Soper |first1=Spencer |last2=Kraus |first2=Scott |title=Amazon gets heat over warehouse |url=https://www.mcall.com/news/watchdog/mc-allentown-amazon-folo-20110917-story.html |access-date=March 15, 2018 |work=[[The Morning Call]] |date=September 25, 2011}}</ref>
 
Some workers, "pickers", who travel the building with a trolley and a handheld scanner "picking" customer orders, can walk up to {{Convert|15|mi|km}} during their workday and if they fall behind on their targets, they can be reprimanded. The handheld scanners give real-time information to the employee on how quickly or slowly they are working; the scanners also serve to allow Team Leads and Area Managers to track the specific locations of employees and how much "idle time" they gain when not working.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-warehouse-rules-2011-9 |last1=Yarrow |first1=Jay |last2=Kovach |first2=Steve |title=10 Crazy Rules That Could Get You Fired From Amazon Warehouses |access-date=April 21, 2013 |date=September 20, 2011 |work=Business Insider}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ft.com/content/ed6a985c-70bd-11e2-85d0-00144feab49a |title=Amazon unpacked |last1=O'Connor |first1=Sarah |access-date=April 21, 2013 |date=February 8, 2013 |work=Financial Times}}</ref>
 
In a German television report broadcast in February 2013, journalists Diana Löbl and Peter Onneken conducted a covert investigation at the distribution center of Amazon in the town of [[Bad Hersfeld]] in the German state of [[Hessen]]. The report highlights the behavior of some of the security guards, themselves being employed by a third-party company, who apparently either had a [[Neo-Nazism|neo-Nazi]] background or deliberately dressed in neo-Nazi apparel and who were intimidating foreign and temporary female workers at its distribution centers. The third-party security company involved was delisted by Amazon as a business contact shortly after that report.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tagesschau.de/inland/amazon136.html |title=Kritik an Arbeitsbedingungen bei Amazon |publisher=[[Tagesschau (German TV series)|Tagesschau]] |access-date=February 20, 2013 |language=de}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/dokus/sendung/hr/13022013-ausgeliefert-leiharbeiter-bei-amazon-100.html |title=Ausgeliefert! Leiharbeiter ... – Ausgeliefert! Leiharbeiter bei Amazon – Reportage & Documentation – ARD &#124; Das Erste |publisher=Daserste.de |date=February 13, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130218013257/http://www.daserste.de/information/reportage-dokumentation/dokus/sendung/hr/13022013-ausgeliefert-leiharbeiter-bei-amazon-100.html |archive-date=February 18, 2013 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |first=Tony |last=Paterson |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/amazon-used-neonazi-guards-to-keep-immigrant-workforce-under-control-in-germany-8495843.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130216103830/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/europe/amazon-used-neonazi-guards-to-keep-immigrant-workforce-under-control-in-germany-8495843.html |archive-date=2013-02-16 |url-access=limited |url-status=live |title=Amazon 'used neo-Nazi guards to keep immigrant workforce under control' in Germany – Europe – World |work=The Independent |date=February 14, 2013 |access-date=February 20, 2013 |location=London}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon to investigate reports temporary staff in Germany were mistreated |url=http://globalnews.ca/news/392864/amazon-to-investigate-reports-temporary-staff-in-germany-were-mistreated/ |access-date=July 14, 2015 |website=Globalnews.ca}}</ref>
 
In March 2015, it was reported in ''[[The Verge]]'' that Amazon would be removing [[non-compete clause]]s of 18 months in length from its US employment contracts for hourly-paid workers, after criticism that it was acting unreasonably in preventing such employees from finding other work. Even short-term temporary workers have to sign contracts that prohibit them from working at any company where they would "directly or indirectly" support any good or service that competes with those they helped support at Amazon, for 18 months after leaving Amazon, even if they are fired or made redundant.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Woodman |first1=Spencer |title=Exclusive: Amazon makes even temporary warehouse workers sign 18-month non-competes |url=https://www.theverge.com/2015/3/26/8280309/amazon-warehouse-jobs-exclusive-noncompete-contracts |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=The Verge |date=March 26, 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Kasperkevic |first1=Jana |title=Amazon to remove non-compete clause from contracts for hourly workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2015/mar/27/amazon-remove-noncompete-clause-contracts-hourly-workers |access-date=March 28, 2015 |work=The Guardian |date=March 27, 2015}}</ref>
 
A 2015 front-page article in ''[[The New York Times]]'' profiled several former Amazon employees<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/16/technology/inside-amazon-wrestling-big-ideas-in-a-bruising-workplace.html|title=Inside Amazon: Wrestling Big Ideas in a Bruising Workplace|last1=Kantor|first1=Jodi|author-link=Jodi Kantor|last2=Streitfeld|first2=David|author-link2=David Streitfeld|date=August 15, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> who together described a "bruising" workplace culture in which workers with illness or other personal crises were pushed out or unfairly evaluated.<ref name=":3" /> Bezos responded by writing a Sunday memo to employees,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.geekwire.com/2015/full-memo-jeff-bezos-responds-to-cutting-nyt-expose-says-tolerance-for-lack-of-empathy-needs-to-be-zero/ |title=Full memo: Jeff Bezos responds to brutal NYT story, says it doesn't represent the Amazon he leads |last=Cook |first=John |date=November 8, 2017 |work=GeekWire|access-date=April 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> in which he disputed the ''Times''{{'}}s account of "shockingly callous management practices" that he said would never be tolerated at the company.<ref name=":3">{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/technology/amazon-bezos-workplace-management-practices.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150817142224/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/08/18/technology/amazon-bezos-workplace-management-practices.html |archive-date=2015-08-17 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Jeff Bezos and Amazon Employees Join Debate Over Its Culture|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|author-link1=David Streitfeld|last2=Kantor|first2=Jodi|author-link2=Jodi Kantor|date=August 17, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
 
To boost employee morale, on November 2, 2015, Amazon announced that it would be extending six weeks of paid leave for new mothers and fathers. This change includes birth parents and adoptive parents and can be applied in conjunction with existing maternity leave and medical leave for new mothers.<ref>{{cite web |title=Amazon increases paid leave for new parents |url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/technology/amazon-increases-paid-leave-for-new-parents/ |work=The Seattle Times |date=November 2, 2015 |access-date=November 13, 2015}}</ref>
 
In mid-2018, investigations by journalists and media outlets such as ''[[The Guardian]]'' reported poor working conditions at Amazon's fulfillment centers.<ref>{{cite news |last=Picchi |first=Aimee |date=April 19, 2018 |title=Inside an Amazon warehouse: 'Treating human beings as robots'|url=https://www.cbsnews.com/news/inside-an-amazon-warehouse-treating-human-beings-as-robots/|work=[[CBS MoneyWatch]]|access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last= Sainato|first=Michael|date=July 30, 2018 |title=Accidents at Amazon: workers left to suffer after warehouse injuries|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/jul/30/accidents-at-amazon-workers-left-to-suffer-after-warehouse-injuries|work=The Guardian |access-date=September 22, 2018 }}</ref> Later in 2018, another article exposed poor working conditions for Amazon's delivery drivers.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-delivery-drivers-reveal-claims-of-disturbing-work-conditions-2018-8 |title=Missing wages, grueling shifts, and bottles of urine: The disturbing accounts of Amazon delivery drivers may reveal the true human cost of 'free' shipping |first=Hayley |last=Peterson |date=September 11, 2018 |work=Business Insider}}</ref>
 
In response to criticism that Amazon does not pay its workers a livable wage, Jeff Bezos announced beginning November 1, 2018, all US and UK Amazon employees will earn a $15 an hour minimum wage.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://abcnews.go.com/US/amazon-raise-companys-minimum-wage-15-employees/story?id=58225644|title=Amazon to raise wages for more than 350,000 employees|last=Osborne|first=Mark|date=October 2, 2018|website=ABC News|access-date=January 3, 2019}}</ref> Amazon will also lobby to make $15 an hour the federal [[minimum wage]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/oct/02/amazon-raises-minimum-wage-us-uk-employees|title=Amazon raises minimum wage for US and UK employees|first=Richard|last=Partington|date=October 2, 2018|access-date=January 3, 2019|work=The Guardian}}</ref> At the same time, Amazon also eliminated stock awards and bonuses for hourly employees.<ref>{{cite news |last=Soper |first=Spencer |date=October 3, 2018 |title=Amazon Warehouse Workers Lose Bonuses, Stock Awards for Raises|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2018-10-03/amazon-eliminating-bonuses-stock-awards-to-help-pay-for-raises|work=Bloomberg |access-date=October 4, 2018 }}</ref>
 
On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]] 2018, Amazon warehouse workers in several European countries, including Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom, went on strike to protest inhumane working conditions and low pay.<ref>{{cite news |last= Hamilton|first=Isobel Asher|date=November 23, 2018 |title='We are not robots': Thousands of Amazon workers across Europe are striking on Black Friday over warehouse working conditions|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/black-friday-amazon-workers-protest-poor-working-conditions-2018-11|work=[[Business Insider]] |access-date=November 24, 2018}}</ref>
 
''[[The Daily Beast]]'' reported in March 2019 that emergency services responded to 189 calls from 46 Amazon warehouses in 17 states between the years 2013 and 2018, all relating to suicidal employees. The workers attributed their mental breakdowns to employer-imposed social isolation, aggressive surveillance, and the hurried and dangerous working conditions at these fulfillment centers. One former employee told ''The Daily Beast'' "It's this isolating colony of hell where people having breakdowns is a regular occurrence."<ref>{{cite news |last1=Zahn|first1=Max |last2=Paget|first2=Sharif |date=March 11, 2019 |title='Colony of Hell': 911 Calls From Inside Amazon Warehouses|url=https://www.thedailybeast.com/amazon-the-shocking-911-calls-from-inside-its-warehouses|work=[[The Daily Beast]]|access-date=March 13, 2019 }}</ref>
 
On July 15, 2019, during the onset of Amazon's Prime Day sale event, Amazon employees working in the United States and Germany went on strike in protest of unfair wages and poor working conditions.<ref>{{cite news |last= Chen|first=Michelle|date=July 16, 2019|title=Amazon Prime Day deals aren't worth the moral cost of exploiting their workers|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/amazon-prime-day-deals-aren-t-worth-moral-cost-exploiting-ncna1030361|work=[[NBC News]] |access-date=July 17, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/07/15/business/german-amazon-workers-strike-prime-day-scli-intl/index.html|title=Amazon workers go on strike in Germany as Prime Day begins|last1=Woodyatt|first1=Amy|last2=Wojazer|first2=Barbara|work=CNN Business|access-date=July 15, 2019}}</ref>
 
In August 2019, the [[BBC]] reported on Amazon's [[Twitter]] ambassadors. Their constant support for and defense of Amazon and its practices have led many Twitter users to suspect that they are in fact [[Internet bot|bots]], being used to dismiss the issues affecting Amazon workers.<ref>{{Cite news|date=August 16, 2019|title='Fake' Amazon ambassadors baited on Twitter|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-49372809|access-date=December 14, 2020}}</ref> In March 2021, a flurry of new ambassador accounts claiming to be employees defended the company against a unionization drive, in some cases making the false claim that there was no way to opt-out of union dues. Amazon confirmed at least one was fake, and Twitter shut down several for violating its terms of use.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-56581266 |title='Fake' Amazon workers defend the company on Twitter |work=BBC News |date=30 March 2021}}</ref>
 
In March 2020, during the coronavirus outbreak when the government instructed companies to restrict social contact, Amazon's UK staff was forced to work overtime to meet the demand spiked by the disease. A [[GMB (trade union)|GMB]] spokesperson said the company had put "profit before safety".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Jones|first=Lora|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-51921916|title=Amazon staff told to work overtime as virus hits|date=March 17, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=March 17, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> GMB has continued to raise concerns regarding "gruelling conditions, unrealistic productivity targets, surveillance, bogus self-employment and a refusal to recognise or engage with unions unless forced", calling for the UK government and safety regulators to take action to address these issues.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government must stand up to Amazon on workers' rights|url=https://www.gmb.org.uk/news/government-must-stand-amazon-workers-rights|date=October 14, 2020|author=GMB Union}}</ref>
 
In its 2020 statement to its US shareholders, Amazon stated that "we respect and support the Core Conventions of the [[International Labour Organization]] (ILO), the ILO [[Declaration on Fundamental Principles and Rights at Work]], and the United Nations [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]". Operation of these Global Human Rights Principles has been "long-held at Amazon, and codifying them demonstrates our support for fundamental human rights and the dignity of workers everywhere we operate".<ref>{{cite web|title=Notice of 2020 Annual Meeting of Shareholders & Proxy Statement|url=https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/ar/updated/2020-Proxy-Statement.pdf|date=May 27, 2020|author=Amazon}}</ref>
 
On November 27, 2020, [[Amnesty International]] said, workers working for Amazon have faced great health and safety risks since the start of the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. On [[Black Friday (shopping)|Black Friday]], one of Amazon's busiest periods, the company failed to ensure key safety features in France, Poland, the United Kingdom, and [[United States|USA]]. Workers have been risking their health and lives to ensure essential goods are delivered to consumer doorsteps, helping Amazon achieve record profits.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2020/11/black-friday-rush-must-not-cost-amazon-workers-their-health-and-safety/|title=Black Friday rush must not cost Amazon workers their health and safety|access-date=November 27, 2020|work=Amnesty International|date=27 November 2020}}</ref>
 
On January 6, 2021, Amazon said that it is planning to build 20,000 affordable houses by spending $2 billion in the regions where the major employments are located.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=January 6, 2021|title=Amazon.com to spend $2 billion in homebuilding near key U.S. offices|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-amazon-com-housing-idUSKBN29B1MV|access-date=January 6, 2021}}</ref>
 
On January 24, 2021, Amazon said that it was planning to open a pop-up clinic hosted in partnership with Virginia Mason Franciscan Health in Seattle in order to vaccinate 2,000 persons against COVID-19 on the first day.<ref>{{Cite news|author=Reuters Staff|date=January 22, 2021|title=Amazon to open pop-up COVID-19 vaccine clinic in Seattle headquarters|language=en|work=Reuters|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-amazon-com-vaccine-idUSKBN29R0D8|access-date=January 22, 2021}}</ref>
 
In February 2021, Amazon said that it was planning to put cameras in its delivery vehicles. Although many drivers were upset by this decision, Amazon said that the videos would only be sent in certain circumstances.<ref>{{cite news|last=McFarland|first=Matt|title=Amazon is putting cameras in its delivery vans and some drivers aren't happy|url=https://www.cnn.com/2021/02/25/tech/amazon-driver-monitoring/index.html|access-date=February 26, 2021|work=CNN Business|date=February 25, 2021}}</ref>
 
Drivers have alleged they sometimes have to urinate and defecate in their vans as a result of pressure to meet quotas. This was denied in a tweet from the official Amazon News account saying: "You don't really believe the peeing in bottles thing, do you? If that were true, nobody would work for us." Amazon employees subsequently leaked an email to ''[[The Intercept]]''<ref>{{cite news |last=Klippenstein |first=Ken |date=March 25, 2021 |title=Documents Show Amazon Is Aware Drivers Pee in Bottles and Even Defecate En Route, Despite Company Denial |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/03/25/amazon-drivers-pee-bottles-union/ |work=[[The Intercept]] |location= |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref> showing the company was aware its drivers were doing so. The email said: "This evening, an associate discovered human feces in an Amazon bag that was returned to station by a driver. This is the 3rd occasion in the last 2 months when bags have been returned to the station with poop inside."<ref>{{Cite news|date=March 25, 2021|title=Leaked memo shows Amazon knows delivery drivers resort to urinating in bottles|url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/mar/25/amazon-delivery-workers-bathrooms-memo|access-date=March 28, 2021|work=the Guardian|language=en-GB|last=Paul|first=Kari}}</ref> Amazon acknowledged the issue publicly after denying it at first.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Amazon acknowledges issue of drivers urinating in bottles in apology to Rep. Pocan |date=April 3, 2021 |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2BQ0DC |archive-url=https://archive.today/20210403155240/https://www.reuters.com/article/idUSKBN2BQ0DC |archive-date=April 3, 2021 |publisher=[[Reuters]] |location=[[Bangalore]] |last1=Kalia |first1=Shubham |editor1=David Holmes |access-date=April 3, 2021 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
In July 2021, workers at the warehouse in New York City filed a complaint with the [[Occupational Safety and Health Administration]] which describes harsh 12-hour workdays with sweltering internal temperatures that resulted in fainting workers being carried out on stretchers. The complaint reads "internal temperature is too hot. We have no ventilation, dusty, dirty fans that spread debris into our lungs and eyes, are working at a non-stop pace and [we] are fainting out from heat exhaustion, getting nose bleeds from high blood pressure, and feeling dizzy and nauseous." They add that many of the fans provided by the company don't work, water fountains often lack water, and cooling systems are insufficient. Those filing the complaint are affiliated with the [[Amazon Labor Union]] group attempting to unionize the facility, which the company has been actively campaigning against. Similar conditions have been reported elsewhere, such as in Kent, Washington during the [[2021 Western North America heat wave|2021 heat wave]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Gurley |first=Lauren Kaori |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Amazon Workers Describe 'Excessive Heat,' 'Fainting' in NYC Warehouse |url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/88nv7g/amazon-workers-describe-excessive-heat-fainting-in-nyc-warehouse |work=[[Vice (magazine)|Vice]] |location= |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last=Chariton |first=Jordan |author-link=Jordan Chariton |date=July 8, 2021 |title=Prime Delivery: Amazon Workers Fainting, Carted Off on Stretchers Amid Sweltering Warehouse Heat |url=https://statuscoup.substack.com/p/amazon-workers-warehouse-heat |work=Status Coup |location= |access-date=July 9, 2021}}</ref>
 
=== Conflict of interest with the CIA and DOD ===
In 2013, Amazon secured a {{USD|600 million}} contract with the [[CIA]], which poses a potential [[conflict of interest]] involving the Bezos-owned ''[[The Washington Post]]'' and his newspaper's coverage of the CIA.<ref>"[https://www.huffingtonpost.com/norman-solomon/the-cia-amazon-bezos-and_b_4559317.html The CIA, Amazon, Bezos and the Washington Post : An Exchange with Executive Editor Martin Baron]". ''The Huffington Post''. January 8, 2014.</ref> Kate Martin, director of the Center for National Security Studies, said, "It's a serious potential conflict of interest for a major newspaper like ''The Washington Post'' to have a contractual relationship with the government and the most secret part of the government."<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/18/business/expecting-the-unexpected-from-jeff-bezos.html|title=Expecting the Unexpected From Jeff Bezos|last1=Streitfeld|first1=David|date=August 17, 2013|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|last2=Haughney|first2=Christine|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> This was later followed by a {{USD|10 billion}} contract with the [[U.S. Department of Defense]].<ref name="vanity-fair" />
 
=== Seattle head tax and houselessness services ===
In May 2018, Amazon threatened the [[Seattle City Council]] over an [[Seattle head tax|employee head tax proposal]] that would have funded houselessness services and low-income housing. The tax would have cost Amazon about $800 per employee, or 0.7% of their average salary.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.seattletimes.com/business/amazon/amazon-pauses-plans-for-seattle-office-towers-while-city-council-considers-business-tax/|title=Amazon puts high-profile Seattle plans on ice over proposal to tax large employers|date=May 2, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=May 3, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref> In retaliation, Amazon paused construction on a new building, threatened to limit further investment in the city, and funded a repeal campaign. Although originally passed, the measure was soon repealed after an expensive repeal campaign spearheaded by Amazon.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://seattletimes.com/seattle-news/politics/business-backed-opponents-of-seattle-head-tax-outspent-supporters-2-to-1/|title='Show of force': Business-backed opponents of Seattle head tax outspent supporters 2 to 1|date=July 13, 2018|work=The Seattle Times|access-date=July 17, 2018|language=en-US}}</ref>
 
===Nashville Operations Center of Excellence===
The incentives given by the [[Metropolitan Council of Nashville and Davidson County]] to Amazon for their new Operations Center of Excellence in [[Nashville Yards]], a site owned by developer [[Southwest Value Partners]], have been controversial, including the decision by the Tennessee Department of Economic and Community Development to keep the full extent of the agreement secret.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits">{{cite news |last1=Reicher |first1=Mike |title=Tennessee wants to keep its incentives offer for Amazon's HQ2 secret for 5 years |url=https://tennessean.com/story/news/2019/01/04/tennessee-amazon-incentives-kept-secret-five-years-public-records-original-pitch/2482548002/ |access-date=January 6, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=January 4, 2019}}</ref> The incentives include "$102 million in combined grants and tax credits for a scaled-down Amazon office building" as well as "a $65 million cash grant for capital expenditures" in exchange for the creation of 5,000 jobs over seven years.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits"/>
 
The Tennessee Coalition for Open Government called for more transparency.<ref name="tenneseanwantstokeepits"/> Another local organization known as the People's Alliance for Transit, Housing, and Employment (PATHE) suggested no public money should be given to Amazon; instead, it should be spent on building more public housing for the working poor and the homeless and investing in more public transportation for Nashvillians.<ref name="tntribunewillamazonbe">{{cite news |last1=White |first1=Peter |title=Will Amazon be Naughty or Nice? |url=https://tntribune.com/community/local/nashville/will-amazon-be-naughty-or-nice/ |access-date=December 21, 2018 |work=Tennessee Tribune |date=December 13, 2018|quote=PATHE does not want Metro to give Amazon a dime. They want the city to build at least 5,000 more affordable homes to address the "Amazon effect" on the local housing market. And they want a new transit referendum that focuses on the needs of working people and better public bus service.}}</ref> Others suggested incentives to big corporations do not improve the local economy.<ref name="tennesseandidtennesseetaxpayers">{{cite news |last1=Mazza |first1=Sandy |title=Did Tennessee taxpayers get a good deal with $102M Amazon payment? |url=https://tennessean.com/story/money/2018/11/19/critics-worry-amazon-incentives-drain-community-services/1989884002/ |access-date=February 11, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=November 19, 2018}}</ref>
 
In November 2018, the proposal to give Amazon $15&nbsp;million in incentives was criticized by the Nashville Firefighters Union and the Nashville chapter of the [[Fraternal Order of Police]],<ref name="newschannel5feelleftbehind">{{cite news |last1=Koehn |first1=Alexandra |title=Metro employees feel 'left behind' after no pay raise |url=https://www.newschannel5.com/news/metro-employees-feel-left-behind-after-no-pay-raise |access-date=December 12, 2018 |work=News Channel 5 |date=November 29, 2018}}</ref> who called it "[[corporate welfare]]."<ref name="apnewsnashvillepoliceunion">{{cite news |title=Nashville police union: Amazon getting 'corporate welfare' |url=https://www.apnews.com/0a82b2c4d5ed4095b9bd4a1544f4615a |access-date=February 10, 2019 |work=Associated Press |date=November 30, 2018}}</ref> In February 2019, another $15.2&nbsp;million in infrastructure was approved by the council, although it was voted down by three council members, including Councilwoman Angie Henderson who dismissed it as "[[cronyism]]".<ref name="tennesseancouncilapproves">{{cite news |last1=Garrison |first1=Joey |title=Nashville council approves $15M in infrastructure work for future home of Amazon hub |url=https://tennessean.com/story/news/2019/02/06/nashville-approves-15-m-infrastructure-future-home-amazon-hub/2777894002/ |access-date=February 10, 2019 |work=The Tennessean |date=February 6, 2019}}</ref>
 
=== Facial recognition technology and law enforcement ===
While Amazon has publicly opposed secret government surveillance, as revealed by Freedom of Information Act requests it has supplied [[facial recognition system|facial recognition]] support to law enforcement in the form of the [[Amazon Rekognition|Rekognition]] technology and consulting services. Initial testing included the city of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]], Florida, and [[Washington County, Oregon|Washington County]], Oregon. Amazon offered to connect Washington County with other Amazon government customers interested in Rekognition and a body camera manufacturer. These ventures are opposed by a coalition of civil rights groups with concern that they could lead to an expansion of surveillance and be prone to abuse. Specifically, it could automate the identification and tracking of anyone, particularly in the context of potential police body camera integration.<ref name="washingtonpost.com"/><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.washingtonexaminer.com/opinion/yes-amazon-is-tracking-people-and-sending-their-data-to-police|title=Yes, Amazon is tracking people|website=Washingtonexaminer.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/privacy-technology/surveillance-technologies/amazon-teams-government-deploy-dangerous-new|title=Amazon Teams Up With Government to Deploy Dangerous New Facial Recognition Technology|website=Aclu.org}}</ref> Because of the backlash, the city of [[Orlando, Florida|Orlando]] publicly stated it will no longer use the technology, but may revisit this decision at a later date.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.newsweek.com/orlando-stops-using-amazons-facial-recognition-tech-996057|title=Orlando Stops Using Amazon's Face-Scanning Tech Amid Spying Concerns|website=Newsweek.com|date=June 26, 2018|language=en-USA}}</ref>
 
===Access to NHS data===
The UK government awarded Amazon a contract that gives the company free access to information about healthcare published by the UK's [[National Health Service]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3298/alexa-what-hidden-behind-your-contract-nhs|title=Alexa, what is hidden behind your contract with the NHS?|date=December 6, 2019|website=Privacy International|access-date=January 24, 2020|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200125112306/https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3298/alexa-what-hidden-behind-your-contract-nhs|archive-date=January 25, 2020}}</ref> This will, for example, be used by Amazon's Alexa to answer medical questions, although Alexa also uses many other sources of information. The material, which excludes patient data, could also allow the company to make, advertise and sell its products. The contract allows Amazon access to information on symptoms, causes, and definitions of conditions, and "all related copyrightable content and data and other materials". Amazon can then create "new products, applications, cloud-based services and/or distributed software", which the NHS will not benefit from financially. The company can also share the information with third parties. The government said that allowing Alexa devices to offer expert health advice to users will reduce pressure on doctors and pharmacists.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/society/2019/dec/08/nhs-gives-amazon-free-use-of-health-data-under-alexa-advice-deal|title=NHS gives Amazon free use of health data under Alexa advice deal|date=December 8, 2019|website=The Guardian|access-date=January 24, 2020}}</ref>
 
===Collection of data and surveillance===
On February 17, 2020, a ''[[Panorama (British TV programme)|Panorama]]'' documentary broadcast by the BBC in the UK highlighted the amount of data collected by the company and the move into surveillance causing concerns of politicians and regulators in the US and Europe.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/iplayer/episode/m000fjdz/panorama-amazon-what-they-know-about-us|title=Panorama - Amazon: What They Know About Us|work=BBC}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://bbc.co.uk/news/extra/CLQYZENMBI/amazon-data|title=Amazon: How Bezos built his data machine|work=BBC News}}</ref>
 
=== Antitrust complaints ===
 
On June 11, 2020, the [[European Union]] announced that it will be pressing charges against Amazon over its treatment of third-party e-commerce sellers.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-face-antitrust-charges-from-eu-over-treatment-of-third-party-sellers-11591871818?mod=business_lead_pos1|title=Amazon to Face Antitrust Charges From EU Over Treatment of Third-Party Selles|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|last1=Pop|first1=Valentina|last2=Schechner|first2=Sam|date=June 11, 2020|access-date=June 11, 2020}}</ref>
 
In July 2020, Amazon along with other tech giants [[Apple Inc.|Apple]], [[Google]] and [[Facebook, Inc.|Meta]] was accused of maintaining harmful power and anti-competitive strategies to quash potential competitors in the market.<ref>{{Cite news|date=July 30, 2020|title=Tech bosses grilled over claims of 'harmful' power|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-53583941|access-date=July 30, 2020}}</ref> The CEOs of respective firms appeared in a teleconference on July 29, 2020, before the lawmakers of the [[United States House Judiciary Subcommittee on Antitrust, Commercial and Administrative Law|U.S. House Antitrust Subcommittee]].<ref>{{cite news|author=Brian Fung|title=Congress grilled the CEOs of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google. Here are the big takeaways|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/07/29/tech/tech-antitrust-hearing-ceos/index.html|access-date=July 30, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref> In October 2020, the antitrust subcommittee of the U.S. House of Representatives released a report accusing Amazon of abusing a monopoly position in e-commerce to unfairly compete with sellers on its platform.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/2020/10/06/920882893/how-are-apple-amazon-facebook-google-monopolies-house-report-counts-the-ways|title=How Are Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Google Monopolies? House Report Counts The Ways|website=NPR.org|date=6 October 2020|last1=Bond|first1=Shannon|last2=Selyukh|first2=Alina|last3=Allyn|first3=Bobby}}</ref> In December 2019, the [[Competition Commission of India]] suspended an approval for the strategic takeover of Future Retail and levied a penaty of Rs 200 crores. The regulator discovered through internal emails of Amazon that it intended to acquire the company so that it can take advantage of foreign investment relaxations and not owing to its interest in the company. Amazon appealed this order in the Company tribunal. Later in March 2022, the CCI defended its order in court citing misrepresentation on the part of Amazon.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chaturvedi |first=Arpan |title=Future-Amazon Deal: There Was Misrepresentation And Concealment, CCI Argues |url=https://www.bloombergquint.com/business/future-amazon-deal-there-was-misrepresentation-and-concealment-cci-argues |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=BloombergQuint |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-12-23 |title=Explained: Why CCI withdrew approval for Amazon's investment in Future Group |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/explained-why-cci-withdrew-approval-for-amazons-investment-in-future-group-7678959/ |access-date=2022-03-22 |website=The Indian Express |language=en}}</ref>
 
=== Anti-vaccination and non-scientific cancer 'cures' ===
Anti-vaccination and non-evidence-based cancer 'cures' have routinely appeared high in Amazon's books and videos. This may be due to positive reviews posted by supporters of untested methods, or gaming of the algorithms by [[Conspiracy theory|truther]] communities, rather than any intent on the company's part.<ref>{{cite web|last=Naughton|first=John|date=August 8, 2020|title=How Amazon puts misinformation at the top of your reading list|url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/aug/08/amazon-algorithm-curated-misinformation-books-data|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=The Guardian}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|date=May 3, 2019|title=How Amazon's Algorithms Curated a Dystopian Bookstore|url=https://www.wired.com/story/amazon-and-the-spread-of-health-misinformation/|access-date=May 11, 2020|magazine=Wired}}</ref>
 
''Wired'' magazine found that Amazon Prime Video was full of 'pseudoscientific documentaries laden with conspiracy theories and pointing viewers towards unproven treatments'.<ref>{{cite magazine|date=June 3, 2019|title=Amazon Prime Video is full of dodgy documentaries pushing dangerous cancer 'cures'|url=https://www.wired.co.uk/article/amazon-prime-video-cancer-cure-documentaries|access-date=August 11, 2020|magazine=Wired}}</ref>
 
U.S. Rep. [[Adam Schiff]] (D-Calif.) expressed concern that Amazon was “surfacing and recommending products and content that discourage parents from vaccinating their children.” Amazon subsequently removed five anti-vaccination documentaries.<ref>{{cite web|date=March 1, 2019|title=House Rep. Schiff calls Amazon's anti-vaccination content 'direct threat to public health' in letter to Bezos|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2019/03/01/schiff-calls-amazons-anti-vaccine-content-threat-to-public-health.html|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=CNBC}}</ref> Amazon also removed 12 books that unscientifically claimed bleach could cure conditions including [[malaria]] and childhood autism. This followed an NBC News report about parents who used it in a misguided attempt to reverse their children's autism.<ref>{{cite web|date=May 28, 2019|title=Amazon removes books promoting dangerous bleach 'cures' for autism and other conditions|url=https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/internet/amazon-removes-books-promoting-dangerous-bleach-cures-autism-other-illnesses-n1010861|access-date=August 11, 2020|website=NBC News}}</ref>
 
== Response to COVID-19 pandemic ==
 
=== Hazard pay and overtime ===
Amazon introduced new policies to reward frontline workers for continuing to come into work during the crisis. One of these policies, announced on March 16, 2020, was a temporary $2-per-hour rise in pay. This policy expired in June 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Rey|first=Jason Del|date=May 13, 2020|title=Amazon extends bonus pay for front-line workers but says it ends in June|url=https://www.vox.com/recode/2020/5/13/21256756/amazon-pay-increases-frontline-warehouse-workers-covid-19-coronavirus-pandemic-may|access-date=June 3, 2020|website=Vox|language=en}}</ref> Amazon also announced a policy of unlimited, unpaid time off that lasted until April 30, 2020.<ref>{{cite web|last=Davis|first=Charles|title=Amazon set to end 'unlimited unpaid time off' policy|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/amazon-set-to-end-unlimited-unpaid-time-off-policy-2020-4|access-date=June 3, 2020|website=Business Insider}}</ref> However, starting May 2, 2022, Amazon will end its paid time-off policy for its COVID-19 confirmed employees. Due to the availability of vaccines and guidance from [[U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention]], the company has decided to ease its COVID-19 policies.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Reuters |date=2022-05-01 |title=Amazon ends COVID paid leave for U.S. workers |language=en |work=Reuters |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/us/amazon-ends-covid-paid-leave-us-workers-2022-05-01/ |access-date=2022-05-01}}</ref>
 
=== Additional hiring as a result of pandemic ===
In response to the [[COVID-19 pandemic]], Amazon introduced temporary restrictions on the sale of non-essential goods. In March 2020, it hired some 100,000 more staff in the US to help deal with essential items such as food and medical equipment. It also reported that it was so busy that it was unable to bring onboard new customers and therefore had to have a waiting list. In April, the firm announced that it was going to hire up to 75,000 workers to help deal with increased demand.<ref name="auto">{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52276149|title=Amazon hiring spree as orders surge under lockdown|date=April 14, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=April 14, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> In September 2020, the company announced it would hire an additional 100,000 workers in the United States and Canada.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/amazon-to-hire-100-000-in-u-s-and-canada-11600071208 |title=Amazon to Hire 100,000 in U.S. and Canada |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=September 14, 2020}}</ref>
 
=== Employee protests during COVID-19 ===
 
During the pandemic, there have been protests by the Amazon workers at warehouses in the US, France, and Italy. The BBC reported that there were confirmed coronavirus cases in more than 50 locations.<ref name="auto"/> The reason for the protests is the company policy to "run normal shifts" despite many positive cases of the virus.<ref name=FTMarch19/> According to the [[UNI Global Union]], "Amazon cannot act like this is business as usual. We are facing a deadly virus that has already taken the lives of thousands of people and paralyzed the world's economy. If distribution centers are not safe for workers right now, they should be closed immediately."<ref name=FTMarch19>{{cite web|url=https://www.ft.com/content/08395e49-0bb1-4f49-a6f5-c6639ce3d719|title= Amazon workers protest over normal shifts despite Covid-19 cases|work=[[Financial Times]]|access-date=March 19, 2020}}</ref> In Spain, the company has faced legal complaints over its policies.<ref name=BBCMarch31/> Despite workers at 19 warehouses in the US have tested positive for COVID-19, Amazon did not shut down warehouses, only doing so when forced by the government or because of protests. A group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos in March 2020, expressing concerns about worker safety.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/>
 
An Amazon warehouse protest on March 30, 2020, in [[Staten Island]] led to its organizer, Christian Smalls, being fired. Amazon defended the decision by saying that Smalls was supposed to be in self-isolation at the time and leading the protest put its other workers at risk.<ref name=BBCMarch31/> Smalls has called this response "ridiculous".<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31/> The New York state attorney general, [[Letitia James]], is considering legal retaliation to the firing which she called "immoral and inhumane."<ref name=BBCMarch31>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/business-52096273|title=Amazon workers strike over virus protection|date=March 31, 2020|work=BBC News|access-date=March 31, 2020|language=en-GB}}</ref> She also asked the [[National Labor Relations Board]] to investigate Smalls' firing. Smalls himself accuses the company of retaliating against him for organizing a protest.<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31>{{cite web|url=https://www.commondreams.org/news/2020/03/31/new-york-ag-denounces-immoral-and-inhumane-firing-amazon-worker-who-led-protest-over|title=New York AG Denounces 'Immoral and Inhumane' Firing of Amazon Worker Who Led Protest Over Lack of Coronavirus Protections|website=Common Dreams|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> At the Staten Island warehouse, one case of COVID-19 has been confirmed by Amazon; workers believe there are more, and say that the company has not cleaned the building, given them suitable protection, or informed them of potential cases.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31>{{cite web|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/3/30/21199942/amazon-warehouse-coronavirus-covid-new-york-protest-walkout|title=Amazon warehouse workers walk out in rising tide of COVID-19 protests|last=Dzieza|first=Josh|date=March 30, 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> Smalls added specifically that there are many workers there in risk categories, and the protest only demanded that the building be sanitized and the employees continue to be paid during that process.<ref name=CommonDreamsMarch31/> Derrick Palmer, another worker at the Staten Island facility, told ''[[The Verge]]'' that Amazon quickly communicates through text and email when they need the staff to complete mandatory overtime, but have not been using this to tell people when a colleague has contracted the disease, instead of waiting days and sending managers to speak to employees in person.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/> Amazon claim that the Staten Island protest only attracted 15 of the facility's 5,000 workers,<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnet.com/news/amazon-workers-in-staten-island-protest-coronavirus-working-conditions/|title=Amazon fires warehouse worker who organized Staten Island protest|last=Rubin|first=Ben Fox|website=CNET|language=en|access-date=March 31, 2020}}</ref> while other sources describe much larger crowds.<ref name=TheVergeMarch31/>
 
On April 14, 2020, two Amazon employees were fired for "repeatedly violating internal policies", after they had circulated a petition about health risks for warehouse workers internally.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Paul |first1=Kari |title=Amazon fires two employees who condemned treatment of warehouse workers |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/apr/14/amazon-workers-fired-coronavirus-emily-cunningham-maren-costa |website=the Guardian |access-date=April 15, 2020 |language=en |date=April 14, 2020}}</ref>
 
On May 4, Amazon vice president [[Tim Bray]] resigned "in dismay" over the firing of whistle-blower employees who spoke out about the lack of COVID-19 protections, including shortages of face masks and failure to implement widespread temperature checks which were promised by the company. He said that the firings were "chickenshit" and "designed to create a climate of fear" in Amazon warehouses.<ref>{{cite news |last=Paul |first=Kari |date=May 4, 2020 |title=Amazon executive resigns over company's 'chickenshit' firings of employee activists |url=https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2020/may/04/amazon-tim-bray-resigns-working-conditions-coronavirus |work=[[The Guardian]] |access-date=May 7, 2020}}</ref>
 
In a Q1 2020 financial report, Jeff Bezos announced that Amazon expects to spend $4&nbsp;billion or more (predicted operating profit for Q2) on COVID-19-related issues: personal protective equipment, higher wages for hourly teams, cleaning for facilities, and expanding Amazon's COVID-19 testing capabilities. These measures intend to improve the safety and well-being of hundreds of thousands of the company's employees.<ref>{{cite web|title=Amazon Q1 2020 Earnings Release|url=https://s2.q4cdn.com/299287126/files/doc_financials/2020/Q1/Amazon-Q1-2020-Earnings-Release.pdf?ots=1&tag=curbedcom06-20&linkCode=w50|date=April 30, 2020}}</ref>
 
From the beginning of 2020 until September of the same year, the company declared that the total number of workers who had contracted the infection was 19,816.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/10/01/amazon-says-more-than-19000-workers-got-covid-19.html|title=Amazon says more than 19,000 workers got Covid-19|date=October 1, 2020|website=cnbc.com}}</ref>
 
===Closure in France===
The [[Solidaires Unitaires Démocratiques|SUD]] (trade unions) brought a court case against Amazon for unsafe working conditions. This resulted in a French district court ([[Nanterre]]) ruling on April 15, 2020, ordering the company to limit, under threat of a €1&nbsp;million per day fine, its deliveries to certain essential items, including electronics, food, medical or hygienic products, and supplies for home improvement, animals, and offices.<ref>{{cite news|newspaper=Le Figaro|language=fr|date=April 16, 2020|url=https://www.lefigaro.fr/flash-eco/amazon-menace-de-suspendre-l-activite-de-ses-centres-en-france-20200415|title=Amazon ferme ses entrepôts pour cinq jours en France|author=Olivia Détroyat}}</ref> Instead, Amazon immediately shut down its six warehouses in France, continuing to pay workers but limiting deliveries to items shipped from third-party sellers and warehouses outside of France.<ref name="CNN_0519" /> The company said the €100,000 fine for each prohibited item shipped could result in billions of dollars in fines even with a small fraction of items misclassified.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/04/24/tech/amazon-france-appeal/index.html|title=Amazon loses appeal against worker safety ruling in France that prompted it to close|first=Hadas |last=Gold|website=CNN}}</ref> After losing an appeal and coming to an agreement with labor unions for more pay and staggered schedules, the company reopened its French warehouses on May 19.<ref name="CNN_0519">{{cite news |url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/05/19/tech/amazon-france-reopen/index.html |title=Amazon is reopening its warehouses in France after dispute with workers ends |date=May 19, 2020}}</ref>
 
==Lobbying==
Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and [[Information privacy|data protection]] and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the [[United States Congress]], the [[Federal Communications Commission]] and the [[Federal Reserve System|Federal Reserve]]. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5&nbsp;million, $5&nbsp;million and $9.5&nbsp;million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.<ref>{{cite news |title=Amazon's Lobbying Expenditures |url=https://www.opensecrets.org/lobby/clientsum.php?id=D000023883|website=Opensecrets.org}}</ref>
 
Amazon.com was a corporate member of the [[American Legislative Exchange Council]] (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/seattle/news/2012/05/24/amazon-shareholders-met-by-protesters.html |first=Emily |last=Parkhurst |title=Amazon shareholders met by protesters, company cuts ties with ALEC|website=Bizjournals.com |date=May 24, 2012}}</ref>
 
In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the [[Federal Aviation Administration]] to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the [[Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld]] lobbying firm in June.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Romm |first1=Tony |title=In Amazon's shopping cart: D.C. influence |url=http://www.politico.com/story/2014/08/amazon-dc-influence-109776.html |website=Politico.com |publisher=Politico |access-date=August 7, 2014}}</ref> Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151228045609/http://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/28/technology/faa-drone-laws-start-to-clash-with-stricter-local-rules.html |archive-date=2015-12-28 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=F.A.A. Drone Laws Start to Clash With Stricter Local Rules|last=Kang|first=Cecilia|date=December 27, 2015|work=The New York Times|access-date=February 20, 2019|language=en-US|issn=0362-4331}}</ref> In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.<ref>{{cite news|author=Matt McFarland|title=Amazon gets closer to drone delivery with FAA approval|url=https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/31/tech/amazon-drone-faa-approval/index.html|access-date=September 4, 2020|website=CNN}}</ref>
 
In 2019, it&nbsp;spent $16.8m and had a team of 104 lobbyists, up from $14.4m and 103 lobbyists in 2018.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/summary?cycle=2019&id=D000023883|title=Client Profile: Amazon.com|website=Centre for Responsive Politics|access-date=February 4, 2020}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
{{Portal|Internet|Companies}}
* {{anl|Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award}}
* [[Amazon Breakthrough Novel Award]]
* {{anl|Amazon Pay}}
* [[Amazon Pay]]
* {{anl|Amazon Standard Identification Number|abbr=ASIN}}
* [[Amazon Standard Identification Number]] (ASIN)
* {{anl|Amazon Storywriter}}
* [[Camelcamelcamel]] – a website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com
* [[Camelcamelcamel]] – A website that tracks the prices of products sold on Amazon.com
* [[History of Amazon]]
* [[Carbon tax#Internal price on carbon|Internal carbon pricing]]
* [[Carbon tax#Internal price on carbon|Internal carbon pricing]]
* [[List of book distributors]]
* [[List of book distributors]]
* [[Statistically improbable phrases]] – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books
* [[Statistically improbable phrase]]s – Amazon.com's phrase extraction technique for indexing books
{{Portal bar|Internet|Companies|Technology}}


== References ==
== References ==
{{notelist}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}


== Further reading ==
== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
{{Refbegin}}
* {{cite book |url=http://us.penguingroup.com/nf/Book/BookDisplay/0,,9781591843757,00.html |title=One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com |last=Brandt |first=Richard L. |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |year=2011 |isbn=978-1-59184-375-7 |location=New York }}
* {{Cite book |last=Brandt |first=Richard L. |year=2011 |title=[[One Click: Jeff Bezos and the Rise of Amazon.com]]  |location=New York |publisher=Portfolio Penguin |isbn=978-1-59184-375-7 }}
* {{cite book |title=21 Dog Years |last=Daisey |first=Mike |publisher=Free Press |year=2002 |isbn=0-7432-2580-5 |author-link=Mike Daisey |url=https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais }}
* {{Cite book |last=Daisey |first=Mike |author-link=Mike Daisey |year=2002 |title=21 Dog Years |url=https://archive.org/details/21dogyearsdoingt00dais |publisher=Free Press |isbn=0-7432-2580-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=Amazon.com for Dummies |last=Friedman |first=Mara |publisher=Wiley Publishing |year=2004 |isbn=0-7645-5840-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie }}
* {{Cite book |last=Friedman |first=Mara |year=2004 |title=Amazon.com for Dummies |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomfordumm00frie |publisher=Wiley Publishing |isbn=0-7645-5840-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut |last=Marcus |first=James |publisher=W. W. Norton |year=2004 |isbn=1-56584-870-5 |url=https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc }}
* {{Cite book |last=Marcus |first=James |year=2004 |title=Amazonia: Five Years at the Epicenter of the Dot.Com Juggernaut |url=https://archive.org/details/amazonia00marc |publisher=W. W. Norton |isbn=1-56584-870-5 }}
* {{cite book |title=Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World |last=Spector |first=Robert |publisher=HarperCollins |year=2000 |isbn=0-06-662041-4 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec }}
* {{Cite book |last=Spector |first=Robert |year=2000 |title=Amazon.com – Get Big Fast: Inside the Revolutionary Business Model That Changed the World |url=https://archive.org/details/amazoncomgetbigf00spec |url-access=registration |publisher=HarperCollins |isbn=0-06-662041-4 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |last=Stone |first=Brad |publisher=Little Brown and Co |year=2013 |isbn=978-0-316-21926-6 |location=New York |oclc=856249407 |author-link=Brad Stone (journalist)|title-link=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon }}
* {{Cite book |last=Stone |first=Brad |author-link=Brad Stone (journalist) |year=2013 |title=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |title-link=The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon |location=New York |publisher=Little Brown and Co. |isbn=978-0-316-21926-6 |oclc=856249407}}
{{refend}}
{{Refend}}


== External links ==
== External links ==
* {{Commons category-inline}}
{{Commons category}}
* {{official website}}
* {{Official website}}
* {{OpenSecrets}}
* {{OpenCorp|Amazon}}
* {{OpenCorp|Amazon}}
{{Finance links
{{Finance links
|name=Amazon.com, Inc.
| name = Amazon.com, Inc.
|symbol=AMZN
| symbol = AMZN
|sec_cik=1018724
| sec_cik = 1018724
|bloomberg= AMZN:US
| bloomberg = AMZN:US
|yahoo = AMZN
| yahoo = AMZN
|google = AMZN
| google = AMZN:NASDAQ
}}
}}


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{{Amazon}}
{{Jeff Bezos}}
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[[Category:Amazon (company)| ]]
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[[Category:1994 establishments in Washington (state)]]
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[[Category:American companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Android (operating system) software]]
[[Category:Jeff Bezos]]
[[Category:Arts and crafts retailers]]
[[Category:Bookstores of the United States]]
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[[Category:Cloud computing providers]]
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[[Category:Companies listed on the Nasdaq]]
[[Category:E-book suppliers]]
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[[Category:Companies in the Dow Jones Industrial Average]]
[[Category:Companies involved in the Gaza war]]
[[Category:Ebook suppliers]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1994]]
[[Category:Internet properties established in 1994]]
[[Category:IOS software]]
[[Category:Logistics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Mobile phone manufacturers]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]
[[Category:Multinational companies headquartered in the United States]]
[[Category:Online music stores of the United States]]
[[Category:Online retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Online retailers of the United States]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Retail companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:Self-publishing companies]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Seattle]]
[[Category:Software companies based in Seattle]]
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[[Category:Software companies established in 1994]]
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[[Category:Technology companies established in 1994]]
[[Category:TvOS software]]
[[Category:Universal Windows Platform apps]]
[[Category:Webby Award winners]]
[[Category:Logistics companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Software companies of the United States]]
[[Category:Transportation companies based in Washington (state)]]
[[Category:1997 initial public offerings]]

Latest revision as of 03:38, 24 March 2026


Amazon.com, Inc.
Amazon
Formerly
Cadabra, Inc. (1994–1995)
Traded as
ISINTemplate:ISIN
Industry
FoundedJuly 5, 1994; 32 years ago (1994-07-05), in Bellevue, Washington, U.S.
Founder(s)Jeff Bezos
Headquarters
Seattle, Washington, and Arlington County, Virginia
,
U.S.
Area served
Worldwide
Key people
Products
Services
RevenueIncrease US$716.9 billion (2025)
Increase US$79.98 billion (2025)
Increase US$77.67 billion (2025)
Total assetsIncrease US$818.0 billion (2025)
Total equityIncrease US$411.1 billion (2025)
OwnerJeff Bezos (8.92%)
Number of employees
1,576,000 (2025)
Subsidiaries
Websiteamazon.com
Footnotes / references
[1][2][3][4]

Amazon.com, Inc.[1] (doing business as Amazon)[lower-alpha 1] is an American multinational technology company engaged in e-commerce, cloud computing, online advertising, digital streaming, and artificial intelligence.[5] Founded in 1994 by Jeff Bezos in Bellevue, Washington,[6] the company originally started as an online marketplace for books but gradually expanded its offerings to include a wide range of product categories, referred to as "The Everything Store".[7] Amazon has been described as a Big Tech company.[8]

It is mostly known as the world's biggest online shopping retailer and marketplace, best known for a wide range of products and supplying multiple services. Amazon sells books, electronics, pharmacy, car parts, video games, dining, jewelry, food, music, and sports equipment.[9]

The company has multiple subsidiaries, including Amazon Web Services (AWS), providing cloud computing; Zoox, a self-driving car division; Kuiper Systems, a satellite Internet provider; and Amazon Lab126, a computer hardware R&D provider. Other subsidiaries include Ring, Twitch, IMDb, and Whole Foods Market. Its acquisition of Whole Foods in August 2017 for US$13.4 billion substantially increased its market share and presence as a physical retailer.[10] Amazon also distributes a variety of downloadable and streaming content through its Amazon Prime Video, MGM+, Amazon Music, Twitch, Audible and Wondery[11] units. It publishes books through its publishing arm, Amazon Publishing, produces and distributes film and television content through Amazon MGM Studios, including the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer studio it acquired in March 2022, and owns Brilliance Audio and Audible, which produce and distribute audiobooks, respectively. Amazon also produces consumer electronics—most notably, Kindle e-readers, Echo devices, Fire tablets, and Fire TVs.

Amazon has a reputation as a disruptor of industries through technological innovation and aggressive reinvestment of profits into capital expenditures.[12][13][14][15] As of 2023, it is the world's largest online retailer and marketplace, smart speaker provider, cloud computing service through AWS,[16] live-streaming service through Twitch, and Internet company as measured by revenue and market share.[17] In 2021, it surpassed Walmart as the world's largest retailer outside of China, driven in large part by its paid subscription plan, Amazon Prime, which has 200 million subscribers worldwide.[18][19] It is the second-largest private employer in the United States[20] and the second-largest company in the world and in the U.S. by revenue as of 2024 (after Walmart).[21] As of October 2024, Amazon is the 12th-most visited website in the world and 84% of its traffic comes from the United States.[22][23] Amazon has been criticized for its business practices, including surveillance partnerships, poor worker conditions, anti-union efforts, environmental harm, anti-competitive behavior, censorship controversies, and exploitative treatment of small businesses and suppliers.

History[edit | edit source]

Main article: History of Amazon

1994–2009[edit | edit source]

Jeff Bezos's home in Bellevue, Washington, where the company was founded in 1994

On July 5, 1994, Amazon was founded as "Cadabra" by Jeff Bezos, after he relocated from New York City to Bellevue, Washington, near Seattle, to operate an online bookstore. Bezos chose the Seattle area for its abundance of technical talent from Microsoft and the University of Washington, as well as its smaller population for sales tax purposes and the proximity to a major book distribution warehouse in Roseburg, Oregon. Other options Bezos considered included Portland, Oregon, and Boulder, Colorado.[24]

A few months later, in November 1994, Cadabra, which had been founded in the converted garage of Bezos's house for symbolic reasons, was renamed to Amazon.[25]

On July 16, 1995, the Amazon website launched for public sales, initially sourcing its books directly from wholesalers and publishers.[24][26] Bezos retained the URL www.relentless.com, which he purchased when considering a name for the company; it redirects to the Amazon homepage.[27]

In May 1997, Amazon went public.[28][29]

In 1998, Amazon began selling music and videos, and began international operations by acquiring online sellers of books in the United Kingdom and Germany. In the subsequent year, it initiated the sale of a diverse range of products, including music, video games, consumer electronics, home improvement items, software, games, and toys.[28][29]

In 2002, the company launched Amazon Web Services (AWS), which initially focused on providing APIs for web developers to build web applications on top of Amazon's ecommerce platform.[30][31] In 2004, AWS was expanded to provide website popularity statistics and web crawler data from the Alexa Web Information Service.[32] AWS later shifted toward providing enterprise services with Simple Storage Service (S3) in 2006,[33] and Elastic Compute Cloud (EC2) in 2008, allowing companies to rent data storage and computing power from Amazon.[34]

In 2006, Amazon launched the Fulfillment by Amazon program, which allowed individuals and small companies (called "third-party sellers") to sell products through Amazon's warehouses and fulfillment infrastructure.[35]

2010–present[edit | edit source]

Amazon purchased the Whole Foods Market supermarket chain in 2017.[36] It is the leading e-retailer in the United States with approximately US$178 billion net sales in 2017. It has over 300 million active customer accounts globally.[37]

Amazon saw large growth during the COVID-19 pandemic, hiring more than 100,000 staff in the United States and Canada.[38] Some Amazon workers in the US, France, and Italy protested the company's decision to "run normal shifts" due to COVID-19's ease of spread in warehouses.[39][40] In Spain, the company faced legal complaints over its policies,[41] while a group of US Senators wrote an open letter to Bezos expressing concerns about workplace safety.[42]

On February 2, 2021, Bezos announced that he would step down as CEO to become executive chair of Amazon's board. The transition officially took place on July 5, 2021, with former CEO of AWS Andy Jassy replacing him as CEO.[43][44] In January 2023, Amazon cut over 18,000 jobs, primarily in consumer retail and its human resources division in an attempt to cut costs.[45]

On November 8, 2023, a plan was adopted for Jeff Bezos to sell approximately 50 million shares of the company over the next year (the deadline for the entire sales plan is January 31, 2025). The first step was the sale of 12 million shares for about $2 billion.[46]

On February 26, 2024, Amazon became a component of the Dow Jones Industrial Average.[47]

On December 19, 2024, Amazon workers, led by the International Brotherhood of Teamsters labor union, went on strike against Amazon in at least four US states, with workers in other facilities in the United States being welcomed to join the strike as well.[48][49]

On October 28, 2025, the company announced plans to reduce its corporate workforce by 14,000 positions, which has been reported as the largest round of job cuts by Amazon since 2022.[50] As part of this plan, Amazon is expected to fire about 370 people from its European headquarters in Luxembourg in December 2025 to early 2026.[51] In January 2026, Amazon announced a second round of large-scale layoffs, affecting approximately 16,000 corporate employees. This followed the earlier reduction of 14,000 positions in October 2025. According to company statements and news reports, the layoffs were part of a broader effort to streamline operations, reduce bureaucracy, and adapt to changing business conditions, including the adoption of artificial intelligence technologies. Affected employees were offered severance packages and support for internal job placement.[52][53][54]

In January 2025, Amazon filed an objection to Saks Global’s bankruptcy financing plan. Amazon invested $475 million into Saks’ acquisition of Neiman Marcus, and is now worried that Saks declaring bankruptcy would harm creditors and push the tech company further down the repayment pecking order.[55]

In January 2026, Amazon entered talks with OpenAI to invest up to $50 billion.[56] Amazon historically has a deep strategic partnership with Anthropic, OpenAI's competitor.[57]

In January 2026, Amazon also laid off 16,000 employees in what is Amazon's second round of large-scale job reductions in three months due to AI.[58]

In February 2026, Amazon said it expected to invest $12 billion in Louisiana as part of a plan to build data centers there. This plan will create 540 full-time jobs.[59]

According to an analysis by Bridgewater Associates, Amazon, along with Meta, Alphabet and Microsoft are expected to collectively invest about $650 billion to scale up AI-related infrastructure in 2026.[60]

In March 2026, Amazon signed an energy pledge at the White House which required it to bear the cost of new electricity generation to power their data centers.[61]

Products and services[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Amazon products and services

Amazon.com [edit | edit source]

amazon.com
Logo since November 2024
Screenshot
Homepage
Type of site
E-commerce
Available in
  • Arabic
  • Chinese
  • Dutch
  • English
  • French
  • German
  • Hindi
  • Italian
  • Japanese
  • Polish
  • Portuguese
  • Spanish
  • Swedish
  • Turkish
OwnerAmazon
Websiteamazon.com (original US site)
CommercialYes
RegistrationOptional
Launched1995; 31 years ago (1995)
Current statusActive
Written inC++ and Java
[62]

Amazon.com is an e-commerce platform that sells many product lines, including media (books, movies, music, and software), apparel, baby products, consumer electronics, beauty products, gourmet food, groceries, health and personal care products, industrial & scientific supplies, kitchen items, jewelry, watches, lawn and garden items, musical instruments, sporting goods, tools, automotive items, toys and games, and farm supplies[63] and consulting services.[64] Amazon websites are country-specific (for example, amazon.com for the US and amazon.co.uk for UK) though some offer international shipping.[65]

Visits to amazon.com grew from 615 million annual visitors in 2008,[66] to more than 2 billion per month in 2022.[citation needed] The e-commerce platform is the 12th most visited website in the world.[23]

In February 2024, Amazon announced its first chatbot, "Rufus" for use in the US; in July it was widely available to all customers in the US.[67]

"Rufus" is now available in the US, India and the UK which helps the shoppers get product recommendations, get shopping list advice, compare products and see what other customers have responded to regarding their specific questions.[68]

Results generated by Amazon's search engine are partly determined by promotional fees.[69] The company's localized storefronts, which differ in selection and prices, are differentiated by top-level domain and country code:

Amazon Marketplaces worldwide
  Top-Level Domain
  Served by neighboring Domain
Sales by country (2023)[70]
Country share
United States 69.3%
Germany 6.5%
United Kingdom 5.8%
Japan 4.8%
Other 13.6%
Region Country Domain name Since Languages Notes
rowspan="2" Template:Rh2 class="rh heading table-rh" | Africa Egypt amazon.eg September 2021 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com Egypt
South Africa amazon.co.za May 2024 English
rowspan="4" Template:Rh2 class="rh heading table-rh" | Americas Brazil amazon.com.br December 2012 Portuguese
Canada amazon.ca June 2002 English, French
Mexico amazon.com.mx August 2013 Spanish
United States amazon.com July 1995 English, Spanish, Arabic, German, Hebrew, Korean, Portuguese, Chinese (Simplified), Chinese (Traditional) International customers without a localized Amazon website may purchase eBooks from the Kindle Store on Amazon US.[71]
rowspan="7" Template:Rh2 scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Asia China amazon.cn September 2004 Chinese (Simplified) Formerly known as Joyo.com CHN
India amazon.in June 2013 English, Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Kannada, Malayalam, Bengali, Marathi
Japan amazon.co.jp November 2000 Japanese, English, Chinese (Simplified)
Saudi Arabia amazon.sa June 2020 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com KSA
Singapore amazon.sg July 2017 English
Turkey amazon.com.tr September 2018 Turkish
United Arab Emirates amazon.ae May 2019 Arabic, English Formerly known as Souq.com UAE
rowspan="10" Template:Rh2 scope="row" class="rh heading table-rh" | Europe Belgium amazon.com.be October 2022 Dutch, French, English
France amazon.fr August 2000 French, English
Germany amazon.de October 1998 German, English, Czech, Dutch, Polish, Turkish Also serves Austria,[72] Denmark[73] and Switzerland[74]
Ireland amazon.ie March 2025 English
Italy amazon.it November 2010 Italian, English
Netherlands amazon.nl November 2014 Dutch, English Initially only books & e-books, full shop opened March 2020[75]
Poland amazon.pl March 2021 Polish
Spain amazon.es September 2011 Spanish, Portuguese, English Also serves Portugal[76]
Sweden amazon.se October 2020 Swedish, English
United Kingdom amazon.co.uk October 1998 English
Template:Rh2 class="rh heading table-rh" | Oceania Australia amazon.com.au November 2017 English Also serves New Zealand[77]

Merchant partnerships[edit | edit source]

In 2000, US toy retailer Toys "R" Us entered into a 10-year agreement with Amazon, valued at $50 million per year plus a cut of sales, under which Toys "R" Us would be the exclusive supplier of toys and baby products on the service, and the chain's website would redirect to Amazon's Toys & Games category. In 2004, Toys "R" Us sued Amazon, claiming that because of a perceived lack of variety in Toys "R" Us stock, Amazon had knowingly allowed third-party sellers to offer items on the service in categories that Toys "R" Us had been granted exclusivity. In 2006, a court ruled in favor of Toys "R" Us, giving it the right to unwind its agreement with Amazon and establish its independent e-commerce website. The company was later awarded $51 million in damages.[78][79][80]

In 2001, Amazon entered into a similar agreement with Borders, under which Amazon would comanage Borders.com as a co-branded service.[81] Borders pulled out of the arrangement in 2007, with plans to also launch its own online store.[82]

On October 18, 2011, Amazon.com announced a partnership with DC Comics for the exclusive digital rights to many popular comics, including Superman, Batman, Green Lantern, Sandman, and Watchmen. The partnership has caused well-known bookstores like Barnes & Noble to remove these titles from their shelves.[83]

In November 2013, Amazon announced a partnership with the United States Postal Service to begin delivering orders on Sundays. The service, included in Amazon's standard shipping rates, initiated in metropolitan areas of Greater Los Angeles and New York because of the high-volume and inability to deliver in a timely way, with plans to expand into Dallas, Houston, New Orleans and Phoenix by 2014.[84]

In June 2017, Nike agreed to sell products through Amazon in exchange for better policing of counterfeit goods.[85][86] This proved unsuccessful and Nike withdrew from the partnership in November 2019.[86][87] Companies including IKEA and Birkenstock also stopped selling through Amazon around the same time, citing similar frustrations over business practices and counterfeit goods.[88]

In September 2017, Amazon ventured with one of its sellers JV Appario Retail owned by Patni Group which has recorded a total income of US$104.44 million (₹759 crore) in financial year 2017–2018.[89]

As of October 11, 2017, Amazon Fresh sold a range of Booths branded products for home delivery in selected areas.[90]

In November 2018, Amazon reached an agreement with Apple Inc. to sell selected products through the service, via the company and selected Apple Authorized Resellers. As a result of this partnership, only Apple Authorized Resellers may sell Apple products on Amazon effective January 4, 2019.[91][92]

On November 7, 2024, Amazon is reportedly discussing a second multi-billion dollar investment in AI startup Anthropic, following its initial $4 billion investment.[93]

On 8 October 2025, Amazon launched prescription vending machines at One Medical clinics in Los Angeles. The machines are operated by Amazon Pharmacy and are able to prescribe a range of common medications, such as antibiotics, inhalers and blood pressure treatments.[94]

Private-label products[edit | edit source]

Main article: List of Amazon brands
Amazon Basics USB cable

Amazon sells many products under its own brand names, including phone chargers, batteries, and diaper wipes. The AmazonBasics brand was introduced in 2009, and now features hundreds of product lines, including smartphone cases, computer mice, batteries, dumbbells, and dog crates. Amazon owned 34 private-label brands as of 2019. These brands account for 0.15% of Amazon's global sales, whereas the average for other large retailers is 18%.[95] Other Amazon retail brands include Presto!, Mama Bear, and Amazon Essentials.[96]

Third-party sellers[edit | edit source]

Amazon derives many of its sales (around 40% in 2008) from third-party sellers who sell products on Amazon.[97] Some other large e-commerce sellers use Amazon to sell their products in addition to selling them through their websites. The sales are processed through Amazon.com and end up at individual sellers for processing and order fulfillment and Amazon leases space for these retailers. Small sellers of used and new goods go to Amazon Marketplace to offer goods at a fixed price.[98]

Affiliate program[edit | edit source]

Publishers can sign up as affiliates and receive a commission for referring customers to Amazon by placing links to Amazon on their websites if the referral results in a sale. Worldwide, Amazon has "over 900,000 members" in its affiliate programs.[99] In the middle of 2014, the Amazon Affiliate Program is used by 1.2% of all websites and it is the second most popular advertising network after Google Ads.[100] It is frequently used by websites and non-profits to provide a way for supporters to earn them a commission.[101]

Associates can access the Amazon catalog directly on their websites by using the Amazon Web Services (AWS) XML service. A new affiliate product, aStore, allows Associates to embed a subset of Amazon products within another website, or linked to another website. In June 2010, Amazon Seller Product Suggestions was launched to provide more transparency to sellers by recommending specific products to third-party sellers to sell on Amazon. Products suggested are based on customers' browsing history.[102]

Product reviews[edit | edit source]

See also: Criticism of Amazon § Amazon reviews

Amazon allows users to submit reviews to the web page of each product. Reviewers must rate the product on a rating scale from one to five stars. Amazon provides a badging option for reviewers which indicates the real name of the reviewer (based on confirmation of a credit card account) or which indicates that the reviewer is one of the top reviewers by popularity. As of December 16, 2020, Amazon removed the ability of sellers and customers to comment on product reviews and purged their websites of all posted product review comments. In an email to sellers, Amazon gave its rationale for removing this feature: "...the comments feature on customer reviews was rarely used." The remaining review response options are to indicate whether the reader finds the review helpful or to report that it violates Amazon policies (abuse). If a review is given enough "helpful" hits, it appears on the front page of the product. In 2010, Amazon was reported as being the largest single source of Internet consumer reviews.[103]

When publishers asked Bezos why Amazon would publish negative reviews, he defended the practice by claiming that Amazon.com was "taking a different approach...we want to make every book available—the good, the bad and the ugly...to let truth loose".[104]

There have been cases of positive reviews being written and posted by public relations companies on behalf of their clients[105] and instances of writers using pseudonyms to leave negative reviews of their rivals' works.

Amazon sales rank[edit | edit source]

The Amazon sales rank (ASR) indicates the popularity of a product sold on any Amazon locale. It is a relative indicator of popularity that is updated hourly. Effectively, it is a "best sellers list" for the millions of products stocked by Amazon.[106] While the ASR has no direct effect on the sales of a product, it is used by Amazon to determine which products to include in its bestsellers lists.[106] Products that appear in these lists enjoy additional exposure on the Amazon website and this may lead to an increase in sales. In particular, products that experience large jumps (up or down) in their sales ranks may be included within Amazon's lists of "movers and shakers"; such a listing provides additional exposure that might lead to an increase in sales.[107] For competitive reasons, Amazon does not release actual sales figures to the public. However, Amazon has now begun to release point of sale data via the BookScan service to verified authors.[108] While the ASR has been the source of much speculation by publishers, manufacturers, and marketers, Amazon itself does not release the details of its sales rank calculation algorithm. Some companies have analyzed Amazon sales data to generate sales estimates based on the ASR,[109] though Amazon states:

Please keep in mind that our sales rank figures are simply meant to be a guide of general interest for the customer and not definitive sales information for publishers—we assume you have this information regularly from your distribution sources

— Amazon.com Help[110]

Physical stores[edit | edit source]

Amazon Fresh store in Sevenoaks, United Kingdom

In November 2015, Amazon opened a physical Amazon Books store in University Village in Seattle. The store was 5,500 square feet and prices for all products matched those on its website.[111] Amazon opened its tenth physical bookstore in 2017;[112] media speculation at the time suggested that Amazon planned to eventually roll out 300 to 400 bookstores around the country.[111] All of its locations were closed in 2022 along with other retail locations under the "Amazon 4-Star" brand.[113]

In July 2016, the company announced that it was opening a 1,100,000 ft (335,280.0 m) square foot facility in Palmer Township in the Lehigh Valley region of eastern Pennsylvania. As of 2024, Amazon is the Lehigh Valley region's third-largest employer.[114][115]

In August 2019, Amazon applied to have a liquor store in San Francisco, as a means to ship beer and alcohol within the city.[116]

In 2020, Amazon Fresh opened several physical stores in the US and the United Kingdom.[117] In January 2026, Amazon announced it would close all of its Amazon Go and Amazon Fresh stores to shift focus to its online same-day delivery service and expand its Whole Foods Market business. The closure affects 57 Fresh stores and 15 Amazon Go locations, some of which will be converted into Whole Foods stores.[118]

Hardware and services[edit | edit source]

Amazon Fire tablet

Amazon has a number of products and services available, including its digital assistant Alexa, Amazon Music, and Prime Video for music and videos respectively, the Amazon Appstore for Android apps, the Kindle line of electronic paper e-readers, Fire and Fire HD color LCD tablets. Audible provides audiobooks for purchase and listening.

In September 2021, Amazon announced the launch of Astro, its first household robot, powered by its Alexa smart home technology. This can be remote-controlled when not at home, to check on pets, people, or home security. It will send owners a notification if it detects something unusual.[119]

In January 2023, Amazon announced the launch of RXPass, a prescription drug delivery service. It allows U.S. Amazon Prime members to pay a $5 monthly fee for access to 60 medications. The service was launched immediately after the announcement except in states with specific prescription delivery requirements. Beneficiaries of government healthcare programs such as Medicare and Medicaid will not be able to sign up for RXPass.[120]

Subsidiaries[edit | edit source]

See also: List of mergers and acquisitions by Amazon

Amazon owns over 100 subsidiaries, including Amazon Web Services, Audible, Diapers.com, Goodreads, IMDb, Kiva Systems (now Amazon Robotics), One Medical, Shopbop, Teachstreet, Twitch, Zappos, and Zoox.[121]

Bezos separately owns The Washington Post (through Nash Holdings, LLC), Blue Origin, Bezos Expeditions, Altos Labs, and other companies.

Amazon Live[edit | edit source]

Amazon Inspire
Type of site
Online video platform
Headquarters98109, WA
Seattle, Washington,
United States
OwnerAmazon Inc.
Industry
ParentAmazon Inc.
Launched2019; 7 years ago (2019)

Amazon Live is an American video e-commerce live-streaming service created by Amazon Inc. to compete with live-streaming services. The service allows users to stream live videos promoting or sponsoring products.[122] Users (mainly celebrities or Internet influencers) have the option to livestream on Amazon and add tags to additionally add context to the products they're selling or promoting. Other users can join in and type in messages to send to a global chat on the livestream.[122]

In 2019 Amazon launched an integrated platform into the Amazon website and application. In 2023 roughly a billion total viewers watch Amazon Live across the United States and India. The platform has also been integrated into Amazon Freevee and Amazon Prime Video.[123]

Amazon Web Services[edit | edit source]

Amazon Web Services, HOU-14
Main article: Amazon Web Services

Amazon Web Services (AWS) is a subsidiary of Amazon that provides on-demand cloud computing platforms and APIs to individuals, companies, and governments, on a metered pay-as-you-go basis. These cloud computing web services provide distributed computing processing capacity and software tools via AWS server farms. As of 2021 Q4, AWS has 33% market share for cloud infrastructure while the next two competitors Microsoft Azure and Google Cloud have 21%, and 10% respectively, according to Synergy Group.[124]

Audible[edit | edit source]

Main article: Audible (service)

Audible is a seller and producer of spoken audio entertainment, information, and educational programming on the Internet. Audible sells digital audiobooks, radio and television programs, and audio versions of magazines and newspapers. Through its production arm, Audible Studios, Audible has also become the world's largest producer of downloadable audiobooks. On January 31, 2008, Amazon announced it would buy Audible for about $300 million. The deal closed in March 2008 and Audible became a subsidiary of Amazon.[125]

Goodreads[edit | edit source]

Main article: Goodreads

Goodreads is a "social cataloging" website founded in December 2006 and launched in January 2007 by Otis Chandler, a software engineer, and entrepreneur, and Elizabeth Khuri. The website allows individuals to freely search Goodreads' extensive user-populated database of books, annotations, and reviews. Users can sign up and register books to generate library catalogs and reading lists. They can also create their groups of book suggestions and discussions. In December 2007, the site had over 650,000 members, and over a million books had been added. Amazon bought the company in March 2013.[126]

Ring[edit | edit source]

Main article: Ring (company)

Ring is a home automation company founded by Jamie Siminoff in 2013. It is primarily known for its Wi-Fi powered smart doorbells, but manufactures other devices such as security cameras. Amazon bought Ring for US$1 billion in 2018.[127]

Twitch[edit | edit source]

Main article: Twitch (service)
Twitch at the Electronic Entertainment Expo

Twitch is a live streaming platform for video, primarily oriented towards video gaming content. Twitch was acquired by Amazon in August 2014 for $970 million.[128] The site's rapid growth had been boosted primarily by the prominence of major esports competitions on the service, leading GameSpot senior esports editor Rod Breslau to have described the service as "the ESPN of esports".[129] As of 2015, the service had over 1.5 million broadcasters and 100 million monthly viewers.[130]

Whole Foods Market[edit | edit source]

Whole Foods Market store in Ann Arbor, Michigan

Whole Foods Market is an American supermarket chain exclusively featuring foods without artificial preservatives, colors, flavors, sweeteners, and hydrogenated fats.[131] Amazon acquired Whole Foods for $13.7 billion in August 2017.[132][133][10]

Since acquiring Whole Foods, the company has launched its own chain of Fresh supermarkets and taken steps to integrate its online and physical grocery operations.

Other[edit | edit source]

Other Amazon subsidiaries include:

  • A9.com, a company focused on researching and building innovative technology; it has been a subsidiary since 2003.[134]
  • Amazon Academy, formerly JEE Ready, is an online learning platform for engineering students to prepare for competitive exams like the Joint Entrance Examination (JEE), launched by Amazon India on January 13, 2021
  • Amazon Maritime, Inc. holds a Federal Maritime Commission license to operate as a non-vessel-owning common carrier (NVOCC), which enables the company to manage its shipments from China into the United States.[135]
  • Amazon Pharmacy is an online delivery service dedicated to prescription drugs, launched in November 2020. The service provides discounts up to 80% for generic drugs and up to 40% for branded drugs for Prime subscribe users. The products can be purchased on the company's website or at over 50,000 bricks-and-mortar pharmacies in the United States.[136]
  • Annapurna Labs, an Israel-based microelectronics company reputedly for US$350–370M acquired by Amazon Web Services in January 2015 .[137][138][139]
  • Beijing Century Joyo Courier Services, which applied for a freight forwarding license with the US Maritime Commission. Amazon is also building out its logistics in trucking and air freight to potentially compete with UPS and FedEx.[140][141]
  • Brilliance Audio, an audiobook publisher founded in 1984 by Michael Snodgrass in Grand Haven, Michigan.[142] The company produced its first eight audio titles in 1985.[142] The company was purchased by Amazon in 2007 for an undisclosed amount.[143][144] At the time of the acquisition, Brilliance was producing 12–15 new titles a month.[144] It operates as an independent company within Amazon. In 1984, Brilliance Audio invented a technique for recording twice as much on the same cassette.[145] The technique involved recording on each of the two channels of each stereo track.[145] It has been credited with revolutionizing the burgeoning audiobook market in the mid-1980s since it made unabridged books affordable.[145]
  • ComiXology, a cloud-based digital comics platform with over 200 million comic downloads as of September 2013. It offers a selection of more than 40,000 comic books and graphic novels across Android, iOS, Fire OS and Windows 8 devices and over a web browser. Amazon bought the company in April 2014.[146]
  • CreateSpace, which offers self-publishing services for independent content creators, publishers, film studios, and music labels, became a subsidiary in 2009.[147][148]
  • eero, an electronics company specializing in mesh-networking Wi-Fi founded as a startup in 2014 by Nick Weaver, Amos Schallich, and Nate Hardison to simplify and innovate the smart home.[149] Eero was acquired by Amazon in 2019 for US$97 million.[150] Eero has continued to operate under its banner and advertises its commitment to privacy despite early concerns from the company's acquisition.[151]
  • Health Navigator is a startup developing APIs for online health services acquired in October 2019. The startup will form part of Amazon Care, which is the company's employee healthcare service. This follows the 2018 purchase of PillPack for under $1 billion, which has also been included into Amazon Care.[152]
  • Junglee, a former online shopping service provided by Amazon that enabled customers to search for products from online and offline retailers in India. Junglee started as a virtual database that was used to extract information from the Internet and deliver it to enterprise applications. As it progressed, Junglee started to use its database technology to create a single window marketplace on the Internet by making every item from every supplier available for purchase. Web shoppers could locate, compare and transact millions of products from across the Internet shopping mall through one window.[153] Amazon acquired Junglee in 1998, and the website Junglee.com was launched in India in February 2012[154] as a comparison-shopping website. It curated and enabled searching for a diverse variety of products such as clothing, electronics, toys, jewelry, and video games, among others, across thousands of online and offline sellers. Millions of products are browsable, the client selects a price, and then they are directed to a seller. In November 2017, Amazon closed down Junglee.com and the former domain currently redirects to Amazon India.[155]
  • Kuiper Systems, a subsidiary of Amazon, set up to deploy a broadband satellite internet constellation with an announced 3,236 Low Earth orbit satellites to provide satellite based Internet connectivity.[156][157][158]
  • Lab126, developers of integrated consumer electronics such as the Kindle, became a subsidiary in 2004.[159]
  • Shelfari, a former social cataloging website for books. Shelfari users built virtual bookshelves of the titles which they owned or had read and they could rate, review, tag and discuss their books. Users could also create groups that other members could join, create discussions and talk about books, or other topics. Recommendations could be sent to friends on the site for what books to read. Amazon bought the company in August 2008.[126] Shelfari continued to function as an independent book social network within the Amazon until January 2016, when Amazon announced that it would be merging Shelfari with Goodreads and closing down Shelfari.[160][161]
  • Souq, the former largest e-commerce platform in the Arab world. The company launched in 2005 in Dubai, United Arab Emirates and served multiple areas across the Middle East.[162] On March 28, 2017, Amazon acquired Souq.com for $580 million.[163] The company was re-branded as Amazon and its infrastructure was used to expand Amazon's online platform in the Middle East.[164]
  • Zoox, Amazon's self-driving subsidiary, operates in the US and expects to start charging passengers for rides in Las Vegas in early 2026.[165]

Amazon also has investments in renewable energy, including plans to fund four small nuclear reactors at the Xe-100 reactor site in Eastern Washington, and plans to expand its position into the Canadian market through an investment in a new plant in Alberta.[166]

Operations[edit | edit source]

See also: List of Amazon locations

Logistics [edit | edit source]

Amazon Transportation Services truck at an Amazon Logistics delivery station
Amazon Logistics Delivery Service Partner company vehicles in Florida

Amazon uses many different transportation services to deliver packages. Amazon-branded services include:

  • Amazon Air, a cargo airline for bulk transport, with last-mile delivery handled either by Amazon Flex, Amazon Logistics, or the U.S. Postal Service.
  • Amazon Flex, a smartphone app that enables individuals to act as independent contractors, delivering packages to customers from personal vehicles without uniforms. Deliveries include one or two hours Prime Now, same or next day Amazon Fresh groceries, and standard Amazon.com orders, in addition to orders from local stores that contract with Amazon.[167]
  • Amazon Freight, a freight brokerage and logistics service[168]
  • Amazon Logistics, in which Amazon contracts with small businesses (which it calls "Delivery Service Partners") to perform deliveries to customers. Each business has a fleet of approximately 20–40 Amazon-branded vans, and employees of the contractors wear Amazon uniforms. As of December 2020, it operates in the United States, Canada, Italy, Germany, Spain, and the United Kingdom.[169]
  • Amazon Prime Air is an experimental drone delivery service that delivers packages via drones to Amazon Prime subscribers in select cities.

Amazon directly employs people to work at its warehouses, bulk distribution centers, staffed "Amazon Hub Locker+" locations, and delivery stations where drivers pick up packages. As of December 2020, it is not hiring delivery drivers as employees.[170]

Rakuten Intelligence estimated that in 2020 in the United States, the proportion of last-mile deliveries was 56% by Amazon's directly contracted services (mostly in urban areas), 30% by the United States Postal Service (mostly in rural areas), and 14% by UPS.[171] In April 2021, Amazon reported to investors it had increased its in-house delivery capacity by 50% in the last 12 months (which included the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States).[172]

Supply chain[edit | edit source]

Amazon first launched its distribution network in 1997 with two fulfillment centers in Seattle and New Castle, Delaware. Amazon has several types of distribution facilities consisting of cross-dock centers, fulfillment centers, sortation centers, delivery stations, Prime now hubs, and Prime air hubs. There are 75 fulfillment centers and 25 sortation centers with over 125,000 employees.[173][174] Employees are responsible for five basic tasks: unpacking and inspecting incoming goods; placing goods in storage and recording their location; picking goods from their computer recorded locations to make up an individual shipment; sorting and packing orders; and shipping. A computer that records the location of goods and maps out routes for pickers plays a key role: employees carry hand-held computers which communicate with the central computer and monitor their rate of progress. Some warehouses are partially automated with systems built by Amazon Robotics.[175]

In September 2006, Amazon launched a program called FBA (Fulfillment By Amazon) whereby it could handle storage, packing and distribution of products and services for small sellers.[35]

Corporate affairs[edit | edit source]

Board of directors[edit | edit source]

Amazon founder Jeff Bezos in 2019

As of August 2025, Amazon's board of directors were:[176]

Ownership[edit | edit source]

The 10 largest shareholder of Amazon at the end of October 2025:[70]

Shareholder name Percentage
Jeff Bezos 9.04%
The Vanguard Group 7.96%
BlackRock 4.93%
State Street Corporation 3.5%
Fidelity Investments 3.22%
Geode Capital Management 2.03%
JP Morgan Investment Management 1.81%
Eaton Vance 1.5%
T. Rowe Price 1.48%
BlackRock Life Ltd. 1.45%
Others 63.04%

Finances[edit | edit source]

Sales by business (2023)[70]
Business share
Online Stores 40.3%
Third-party Seller Services 24.4%
Amazon Web Services 15.8%
Advertising 8.2%
Subscription Services 7.0%
Physical Stores 3.5%
Other 0.9%

Amazon.com is primarily a retail site with a sales revenue model; Amazon takes a small percentage of the sale price of each item that is sold through its website while also allowing companies to advertise their products by paying to be listed as featured products.[177] As of 2018, Amazon.com is ranked eighth on the Fortune 500 rankings of the largest United States corporations by total revenue.[178] In Forbes Global 2000 2023 Amazon ranked 36th.[179]

For the fiscal year 2021, Amazon reported earnings of US$33.36 billion, with an annual revenue of US$469.82 billion, an increase of 21.7% over the previous fiscal cycle. Since 2007 sales increased from 14.835 billion to 469.822 billion, due to continued business expansion.[citation needed]

Amazon's market capitalization went over US$1 trillion again in early February 2020 after the announcement of the fourth quarter 2019 results.[180]

Year Revenue[181] Net income Total Assets Employees
in million US$
1995[182] 0.5 −0.3 1.1
1996[182] 16 −6 8
1997[182] 148 −28 149 614
1998[183] 610 −124 648 2,100
1999[183] 1,639 −720 2,466 7,600
2000[183] 2,761 −1,411 2,135 9,000
2001[183] 3,122 −567 1,638 7,800
2002[183] 3,932 −149 1,990 7,500
2003[184] 5,263 35 2,162 7,800
2004[184] 6,921 588 3,248 9,000
2005[184] 8,490 359 3,696 12,000
2006[184] 10,711 190 4,363 13,900
2007[184] 14,835 476 6,485 17,000
2008[185] 19,166 645 8,314 20,700
2009[186] 24,509 902 13,813 24,300
2010[187] 34,204 1,152 18,797 33,700
2011[188] 48,077 631 25,278 56,200
2012[189] 61,093 −39 32,555 88,400
2013[190] 74,452 274 40,159 117,300
2014[191] 88,988 −241 54,505 154,100
in billion US$
2015[192] 107.0 0.59 64.7 230,800
2016[193] 135.9 2.3 83.4 341,400
2017[194] 177.8 3.0 131.3 566,000
2018[195] 232.8 10.0 162.6 647,500
2019[196] 280.5 11.5 225.2 798,000
2020[197] 386.0 21.3 321.1 1,298,000
2021[198] 469.8 33.3 420.5 1,608,000
2022[198] 513.9 −2.7 462.6 1,541,000
2023[199] 574.7 30.4 527.8 1,525,000
2024[1] 637.9 59.2 624.8 1,556,000
2025[200] 716.9 77.7 818.0 1,576,000

Corporate culture[edit | edit source]

During his tenure, Jeff Bezos had become renowned for his annual shareholder letters, which have gained similar notability to those of Warren Buffett.[201] These annual letters gave an "invaluable window" into the famously "secretive" company, and revealed Bezos's perspectives and strategic focus.[201][202] A common theme of these letters is Bezos's desire to instill customer-centricity (in his words, "customer obsession") at all levels of Amazon, notably by making all senior executives field customer support queries for a short time at Amazon call centers. He also read many emails addressed by customers to his public email address.[203] One of Bezos's most well-known internal memos was his mandate for "all teams" to "expose their data and functionality" through service interfaces "designed from the ground up to be externalizable". This process, commonly known as a service-oriented architecture (SOA), resulted in mandatory dogfooding of services that would later be commercialized as part of AWS.[citation needed]

Amazon has used internal recognition programs such as the Just Do It Award[204][205][206] to encourage employee initiative and experimentation.

Lobbying[edit | edit source]

Amazon lobbies the United States federal government and state governments on multiple issues such as the enforcement of sales taxes on online sales, transportation safety, privacy and data protection and intellectual property. According to regulatory filings, Amazon.com focuses its lobbying on the United States Congress, the Federal Communications Commission and the Federal Reserve. Amazon.com spent roughly $3.5 million, $5 million and $9.5 million on lobbying, in 2013, 2014 and 2015, respectively.[207] In 2019, it spent $16.8 million and had a team of 104 lobbyists.[208]

Amazon.com was a corporate member of the American Legislative Exchange Council (ALEC) until it dropped membership following protests at its shareholders' meeting on May 24, 2012.[209]

In 2014, Amazon expanded its lobbying practices as it prepared to lobby the Federal Aviation Administration to approve its drone delivery program, hiring the Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld lobbying firm in June.[210] Amazon and its lobbyists have visited with Federal Aviation Administration officials and aviation committees in Washington, D.C. to explain its plans to deliver packages.[211] In September 2020 this moved one step closer with the granting of a critical certificate by the FAA.[212]

During the second Trump Administration, Amazon donated several times to various events and aspects of his presidency. Along with several other major companies, Amazon donated $1 million to Trump's inaugural fund.[213] In April 2025, Amazon was a corporate sponsor of the White House Easter Egg Roll, after Donald Trump solicited corporate sponsors for the event for the first time.[214][215] In October 2025, Amazon was listed among the donors funding the construction of the White House State Ballroom.[216]

Amazon lobbies on climate policy internationally. In the US, following Trump’s 2025 inauguration, Amazon began frequent engagements with the executive branch to advocate for permitting reform and energy development to support data center growth. In July 2025, Amazon joined policymakers at the Pennsylvania Energy and Innovation Summit, where it supported the development of nuclear energy to meet growing electricity demand, and lobbied for permitting reform to support grid development nationwide.[217][218] Amazon sponsored the Conservative Coalition for Climate Solutions’ (C3) Energy Summit in Washington D.C. in December 2025, which brought together administration officials and industry representatives to discuss meeting the country’s growing electricity demand through modernization of the permitting process, investment in energy infrastructure, and scaling new technologies.[219] A December 2025 DeSmog article reported that the company’s sponsorship came alongside several organizations that had supported climate change denial, and a continued role for fossil fuels to meet growing energy demand.[220][221]

Criticism[edit | edit source]

Main article: Criticism of Amazon
A sticker expressing an anti-Amazon message is pictured on the back of a street sign in Seattle

Amazon has attracted criticism for its actions, including: supplying law enforcement with facial recognition surveillance tools;[222] forming cloud computing partnerships with the CIA;[223] leading customers away from bookshops;[224] adversely impacting the environment;[225] placing a low priority on warehouse conditions for workers;[226][227] actively opposing unionization efforts;[228] remotely deleting content purchased by Amazon Kindle users; taking public subsidies; seeking to patent its 1-Click technology; engaging in anti-competitive actions and price discrimination;[229][230] and reclassifying LGBTQ books as adult content.[231][232] Criticism has also concerned various decisions over whether to censor or publish content such as the WikiLeaks website, works containing libel, anti-LGBT merchandise, and material facilitating dog fighting, cockfighting, or pedophile activities. An article published by Time in the wake of social media website Parler's termination of service by Amazon Web Service highlights the power companies like Amazon now have over the internet.[233] In December 2011, Amazon faced a backlash from small businesses for running a one-day deal to promote its new Price Check app. Shoppers who used the app to check prices in a brick-and-mortar store were offered a 5% discount to purchase the same item from Amazon.[234] Companies like Groupon, eBay and Taap have countered Amazon's promotion by offering $10 off from their products.[235][236]

The company has also faced accusations of putting undue pressure on suppliers to maintain and extend its profitability. One effort to squeeze the most vulnerable book publishers was known within the company as the Gazelle Project, after Bezos suggested, according to Brad Stone, "that Amazon should approach these small publishers the way a cheetah would pursue a sickly gazelle."[69] In July 2014, the Federal Trade Commission launched a lawsuit against the company alleging it was promoting in-app purchases to children, which were being transacted without parental consent.[237] In 2019, Amazon banned selling skin-lightening products after pushback from Minnesota health and environmental activists.[238] In 2022, a lawsuit filed by state attorney-general Letitia James was dismissed by the New York state court of appeals.[239] After the COVID-19 pandemic, Amazon faced criticism for complying, under pressure from the Biden Administration, to "reduce the visibility" of books critical of the COVID-19 vaccine,[240][241] which was revealed after Rep. Jim Jordan (acting on behalf of the House Judiciary Committee) subpoenaed emails between the company and the Biden Administration.[242]

An Amazon Prime truck blocking a bike lane in Washington, D.C.

Amazon Prime has been criticized for its vehicles systemically double parking, blocking bike lanes, and otherwise violating traffic laws while dropping off packages, contributing to traffic congestion and endangering other road users.[243][244][245][246]

Jane Friedman[247] discovered six listings of books fraudulently using her name, on Amazon and Goodreads. Amazon and Goodreads resisted removing the fraudulent titles until the author's complaints went viral on social media, in a blog post titled "I Would Rather See My Books Get Pirated Than This (Or: Why Goodreads and Amazon Are Becoming Dumpster Fires)."[248][249][250][251]

In 2024, following years of criticism for providing law enforcement footage in the custody of Ring (a home security company owned by Amazon) without a warrant, Ring has halted this practice.[252] It received cautious praise from privacy-focused organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation for this change.[252]

In February 2025, Sky accused Amazon of not doing enough to prevent the piracy of its sports rights via "jailbroken" Fire Sticks.[253]

Project Nimbus is a contract by which Amazon and Google provide Israel and its military with artificial intelligence, machine learning, and other cloud-computing services.[254][255] The contract has been criticized by shareholders and employees concerned that the project may lead to abuses of Palestinian human rights in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict.[256] In October 2025, Amazon suspended an employee who posted messages to the company's Slack and wrote a letter to Andy Jassy criticizing Nimbus.[257][258]

On July 22, 2025, Amazon announced their plan to acquire San Francisco-based startup Bee AI. Bee produces a wristband, similar to most modern smartwatches, equipped with AI and microphones. The wristband is capable of providing summaries of conversations and reminders of tasks, effectively serving as a 24/7 note taker. News outlets criticize the fact that the devices saves transcripts, potentially utilizing it to train generative AI models which require vast quantities of data.[259]

In January 2026, Amazon sent a notice out to cloud staffers in an apparent error acknowledging “organizational changes” at the company. The note also mentioned a "Project Dawn" which was cancelled, although it is unclear what the project is about.[260]

See also[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ /ˈæməzɒn/ (About this soundlisten), AM-ə-zon; UK also /ˈæməzən/, AM-ə-zən
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