robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit) |
Wilfred0198 (talk | contribs) m basic improve citations further and corrected details |
||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Hindu and Christian caste system in the Indian state of Goa}} | {{short description|Hindu and Christian caste system in the Indian state of Goa}} | ||
{{pp-semi-indef|small=yes}} | |||
{{More footnotes needed|date=August 2024}} | |||
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}} | ||
The '''caste system in Goa''' consists of various ''[[Jāti]]s'' or sub-castes found among [[Hindus]] belonging to the four ''[[Varna (Hinduism)|varna]]s'' ([[Brahmin]], [[Kshatriya]], [[Vaishya]], and [[Shudra]]), as well as those [[Avarna|outside of them]]. A variation of the traditional Hindu caste system was also retained by the [[Goan Catholics|Goan Catholic]] community. | |||
==Hindu caste system== | ==Hindu caste system== | ||
According to the [[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I | According to the [[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I, published in 1979 the 'chief castes' found in Goa are: | ||
===Brahman=== | |||
*[[Pancha-Gauda|Pancha | *[[Pancha-Gauda|Pancha Gauda Brahmin]]s Saraswat Brahmins are spread over widely separated regions spanning from [[Kashmir]] and [[Punjab]] in the north to the [[Konkan]] region of southwest India covering the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala. The word Saraswat is derived from the Rigvedic Sarasvati River. | ||
**[[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s popularly known as GSBs. They are landowning though most were engaged in clerical jobs, trade, priests and landlords. | **[[Gaud Saraswat Brahmin]]s popularly known as GSBs. They are landowning though most were engaged in clerical jobs, trade, priests and landlords. | ||
**[[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman]] were landowning class generally associated with agriculture and trade. | **[[Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman]] were landowning class generally associated with agriculture and trade. | ||
**[[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]] were associated with trade. | **[[Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin]] were associated with trade. | ||
**[[Saraswat | **[[Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin]] also known as Bhalavalikar Saraswat Brahmins.<ref name="ReferenceA">"Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B.D. Satoskar.</ref><ref name=dhume>{{cite book | ||
*Pancha Dravida Brahmins | |last=Sinai Dhume | ||
**The two sub-castes was known as the [[Padye]] Brahmins and [[Bhatt Prabhu]]s, popularly known as | |first=Anant Ramkrishna | ||
**[[Chitpavan]] | |title=The Cultural History of Goa from 10000 B.C. to 1352 A.D. | ||
** | |year=1986 | ||
|publisher=University of Michigan | |||
}}</ref><ref name="Mitragotri 1999">{{cite book | |||
|title=A Socio-cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara | |||
|first=Vithal Raghavendra | |||
|last=Mitragotri | |||
|date=1999 | |||
|publisher=Institute Menezes Braganza | |||
|location=Panjim}}</ref> | |||
*[[Pancha-Dravida|Pancha Dravida Brahmins]] | |||
**The two sub-castes was known as the [[Padye]] Brahmins and [[Bhatt Prabhu]]s, popularly known as 'Bhatt' and 'Prabhu' respectively. They generally associate themselves with [[Karhade Brahmin]]s. They are landowning castes and were engaged as temples priests and in agriculture, some into money lending.<ref name="Pereira1978">{{cite book|last1=Gomes Pereira|first1=Rui|title=Goa: Hindu temples and deities (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto)|date=1978|publisher=Pereira, 1978|pages=1–231}}</ref> | |||
**[[Chitpavan Brahmins]] also known as ''[[Konkanastha]] Brahman'' are priests, few in area like Sattari are landowners and work in other professions.<ref name="Pereira1978"/> | |||
**Kramavanta Joshi or Kriyavant Joshi, they were a class of priests who officiated Hindu funeral ceremony and were looked down upon by the above-mentioned castes. | |||
=== | === 96 Kuli Maratha === | ||
Kshatriyas of Goa historically belonged to different clans, and they were collectively referred to as ''[[Christian Cxatria|Chardo]]'' prior to the Portuguese rule in Goa. | |||
The | Historian and Journalist B.D. Satoskar has cited [[Shenoi Goembab]] Konkani Author and Grammerian had said that "The Konkani word Chardo comes from the Sanskrit word Chatur-Rathi & the Prakrit word Chau-radi literally means The one who rides a chariot yoked with four horses, like Maha-Rathi for the origin of the word 'Maratha'.Chatur-rathi have entered Goa through Dwaraka & Cheddis."<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ||
= | The term ''Chardo'' fell into disuse among the Hindu Kshatriyas, in order to differentiate from those Kshatriyas who converted to [[Catholic Christian]]ity. Later, the Hindus Kshatriyas began to identify themselves as ''Marathas'' of the Mahratta confederacy of the Deccan.<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ||
===Vaishya Vani=== | |||
Vaishya/[[Vaishya Vani]]: are the traditional community of traders, and are commonly known as ''Vani''s. | Vaishya/[[Vaishya Vani]]: are the traditional community of traders, and are commonly known as ''Vani''s. | ||
===Daivadnya=== | |||
[[Daivadnya Brahmin]]s are popularly known as [[Shett]]s, they mainly work as jewellers.They are Mahajan of [[Kasarpali]] Kalika devi Temple in [[Bicholim]] . They're [[Forward Caste]]<ref>{{Cite book|title=Survey Report on Village: Goa, Daman & Diu|last=Rajendran|first=S.|publisher=CPublications|location=Director of Census Operations, functions Goa, for Daman & Diu|pages=10}}</ref><ref name="Ghurye 1969 https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/449 449">{{Cite book|title=Caste and Race in India |url=https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur |url-access=registration |series=Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought|last=Ghurye|first=Govind Sadashiv|publisher=Popular Prakashan|year=1969|isbn=9788171542055|pages=[https://archive.org/details/casteraceinindia0000ghur/page/449 449]}}</ref><ref name="Pereira1978"/> | |||
=== | ===Bhandaris=== | ||
{{Unreferenced section|date=September 2024}} | |||
B.D. Satoskar notes that the Naik/Hetkari subcaste of the Bhandari community from the Konkan region served as naval warriors during the [[Maratha kingdom]], with Mainak Bhandari being a notable naval commander. In later periods, members of this community also served in the British Army Called [[Bhandari Militia]]. Traditionally, their primary occupation has been toddy tapping. The Bhandari community is classified under the [[Other Backward Class]] (OBC) and is one of the largest social groups in Goa. | |||
=== | ===Kalavants=== | ||
Commonly known as ''Kalavants'' and now known as [[Gomantak Maratha Samaj]] is a group of various sub-castes who served the temples and the aristocrats in the olden days. Gomantak Maratha is relatively a new ameliorative name (coined in the late 20th century <ref name="ReferenceA"/>) given to these groups for uniting and emancipating them.<ref>{{cite book|last= Gracias|first=Fatima da Silva|title=Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510-1961 |pages=80}}</ref> | |||
===Artisan castes=== | |||
These include ''Chari''s, ''Chitaris'' who call themselves [[Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin]], Sutars and Kasars. They are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] list of the [[Government of India]]. | These include ''Chari''s, ''Chitaris'' who call themselves [[Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin]], Sutars and Kasars. They are included in the [[Other Backward Class]] list of the [[Government of India]]. | ||
Rest of castes generally referred to as [[Shudra]]s or ''Sudir''s in Konkani do not really follow the four-fold [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system, but have recently started claiming higher status. Most of them have been practicing different occupations historically and now are categorized as Other Backward Class by Govt of Goa, these include [[dhobi|Madval]] (Rajak, Dhobi), Gosavi , Shimpi, Khumbar, Teli, Nathjogi, this list also includes Roman Catholic counterparts of few Hindu castes too].<ref name="Pereira1978"/><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/goa.html |title=Central list of other backward classes |access-date=2009-06-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619081822/http://ncbc.nic.in/backward-classes/goa.html |archive-date=2009-06-19 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
Rest of castes generally referred to as [[Shudra]]s or ''Sudir''s in Konkani do not really follow the four-fold [[varna (Hinduism)|varna]] system, but have recently started claiming higher status. Most of them have been practicing different occupations historically and now are categorized as Other Backward Class by Govt of Goa, these include [[dhobi|Madval]] (Rajak, Dhobi), Gosavi, Shimpi, Khumbar, Teli, Nathjogi, this list also includes Roman Catholic counterparts of few Hindu castes too].<ref name=" | |||
===Scheduled Castes of Goa=== | ===Scheduled Castes of Goa=== | ||
Following castes are commonly known as [[Dalit]]s. | Following castes are commonly known as [[Dalit]]s. | ||
*[[ | * [[Chambhar]] | ||
* [[Mahar]] | |||
* [[Mahyavanshi]] ([[Vankar]]) | |||
* [[Mang (caste)|Mang]] | |||
===Scheduled Tribes of Goa=== | ===Scheduled Tribes of Goa=== | ||
These include the castes Velip, [[Gauda and Kunbi]], which are considered as [[adivasis]] in the state of Goa. | |||
===Historically outside Comunidade=== | ===Historically outside Comunidade=== | ||
====Dhangars==== | ====Dhangars==== | ||
[[Dhangar]], also referred as Gouly or Gavli, is the | [[Dhangar]], also referred as Gouly or [[Gavli]], is the state's only ancient pastoral community. In Goa under colonialism, the community kept away from the rest of society as they wanted to escape the grazing tax and the ban on ''Kumeri'' ([[shifting cultivation]]) introduced by the [[Portuguese Empire]]. Dhangar leaders claim that they had fled to remote hilly and forested areas to avoid religious persecution and religious conversion. They were not part of the ''comunidade'' anywhere in Goa. It is claimed that throughout the [[Portuguese India|Portuguese rule]] in Goa they were so insulated that not a single Dhangar was converted to [[Christianity]].<ref name="Herald">{{cite news |first=Team | last=Herald| date= 2013-10-24| title=Dhangars-Gouly treated like outsiders, says report| url=https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dhangarsgouly-treated-like-outsiders-says-report/71208| location=Goa| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024214457/https://www.heraldgoa.in/Goa/The-Sunday-Roundtable/dhangarsgouly-treated-like-outsiders-says-report/71208| archive-date=24 October 2020}}</ref> Their knowledge and experience of deep forests played a major part in finding specific locations to build forts for the Maratha kingdom to flourish. A study carried out by [[Government of Goa]] in 2013 stated that the community had a unique identity, and are known for their martial prowess.<ref>{{cite news |last=Kerkar |first=Rajendra |date=2019-01-11 |title=Tribal tag for Dhangars long pending|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tribal-tag-for-dhangars-long-pending/articleshow/67478622.cms |location=Goa|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201024214451/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/goa/tribal-tag-for-dhangars-long-pending/articleshow/67478622.cms |archive-date=24 October 2020 }}</ref><ref name="Herald"/><ref>{{cite thesis |type=PhD |last=Draxe |first=M. J. |date=1987 |title=The dange dhangars of Kolhapur district: A sociological study |publisher=Shivaji University | url= https://shodhganga.inflibnet.ac.in/bitstream/10603/138156/9/09_chapter%204.pdf | page=71}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|first=L. K. |last=Singh |title=Indian Cultural Heritage Perspective For Tourism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u21tp_JG9I0C |year=2008 |publisher=Asian Educational Services |isbn=9788182054752 |page=57}}</ref> In [[Goa]], they are classified in the [[Other Backward Classes]] category in India's [[Reservation in India|system of reservation]].<ref>{{cite report |author=Central Commission for Backward Classes |date= 2020-10-20|title=Central List of OBCs Goa|url=http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20201020162529/http://www.ncbc.nic.in/User_Panel/GazetteResolution.aspx?Value=mPICjsL1aLv%2BpzkDbfVwy7KkMoLIvvaceTAbtkdOdl%2F2XEmG8ajygAg6ldNVbPZ9|archive-date= 20 October 2020}}</ref> | ||
==Christianity== | |||
In [[Goa]], mass conversions were carried out by Portuguese Catholic missionaries from [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|the 1510 conquest]] onwards. The Portuguese clergy imposed Portuguese surnames on the converts at the time of [[baptism]] so that it would be difficult to ascertain their original caste. The Portuguese authorities also suppressed [[untouchability]] among the converts and attempted to homogenize them into a single class.<ref>{{Cite book | |||
== | |||
In [[Goa]], mass conversions were carried out by Portuguese Catholic missionaries from [[Portuguese conquest of Goa|the 1510 conquest]] onwards. The Portuguese clergy imposed Portuguese surnames on the converts at the time of [[ | |||
|last=Boxer | |last=Boxer | ||
|first=C. R. | |first=C. R. | ||
| Line 74: | Line 91: | ||
}}</ref> | }}</ref> | ||
However, the | However, the converts retained a variation of their caste status based on patrilineal descent from their previous caste affiliations. All Brahmin sub-castes ([[Saraswat]]s, [[Padye]]s and [[Daivadnya]]s) were merged into the Christian caste of ''[[Roman Catholic Brahmin|Bamonns]]'' (Konkani: Brahmins).<ref name="Bamonn">{{Cite document | ||
|last2=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept | |last2=Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept | ||
|last1=Gune | |last1=Gune | ||
| Line 82: | Line 99: | ||
|page=238 | |page=238 | ||
|publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu | |publisher=Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu | ||
}}</ref> The converts from the [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] castes | }}</ref> The converts from the [[Kshatriya]] and [[Vaishya Vani]] castes were merged together as ''[[Roman Catholic Kshatriya|Chardos]]'' (Kshatriyas)<ref name="Bamonn"/> and those [[Vaishyas]] who did not become ''Chardos'' formed a new caste called ''Gauddos''.<ref>{{Cite book | ||
|last=Gomes | |last=Gomes | ||
|first=Olivinho | |first=Olivinho | ||
| Line 89: | Line 106: | ||
|publisher=S. Chand | |publisher=S. Chand | ||
|page=78 | |page=78 | ||
}}</ref> The converts from all the lower castes were grouped together as | }}</ref> The converts from all the lower castes, as well as the previously [[Dalit]] and [[adivasi]] groups, were grouped together as ''Sudirs'', equivalent to [[Shudra]]s.<ref>{{Cite book | ||
|last3=National Folklore Support Centre (India) | |last3=National Folklore Support Centre (India) | ||
|last2=University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology | |last2=University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology | ||
| Line 104: | Line 121: | ||
|isbn=978-81-901481-6-0 | |isbn=978-81-901481-6-0 | ||
|access-date=25 February 2012 | |access-date=25 February 2012 | ||
}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'', ''Chardos'' | }}</ref><ref name="Bhatt">{{cite book | ||
|title=Land and people of Indian states and union territories (Goa) | |||
|first1=Gopal K. | |||
|last1=Bhargava | |||
|first2=S. C. | |||
|last2=Bhatt | |||
|year=2006 | |||
|publisher=Kalpaz Publications | |||
|page=39}}</ref> The ''Bamonns'', ''Chardos'' and ''Gauddos'' have been hierarchically seen as the high castes in the [[Goan Christian]] society.<ref>{{Cite book | |||
|last=Gomes | |last=Gomes | ||
|first=Olivinho | |first=Olivinho | ||
| Line 115: | Line 140: | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
*[[Hinduism in Goa]] | *[[Hinduism in Goa]] | ||
*[[Maratha Clan System]] | |||
*[[Christianity in Goa]] | |||
*[[Christianity in India]] | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
| Line 121: | Line 149: | ||
==Further reading== | ==Further reading== | ||
*[[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979) | *[[Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu]], Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979) | ||
*[[The Gazette of India]],Extraordinary,Part-1,section-1,published by authority,India{{Cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|title=The Gazette of India,Extraordinary|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023019/http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-10|url-status=dead}} | *[[The Gazette of India]], Extraordinary, Part-1, section-1, published by authority, India{{Cite web|url=http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|title=The Gazette of India, Extraordinary|access-date=2009-06-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410023019/http://socialjustice.nic.in/bc111296.pdf|archive-date=2009-04-10|url-status=dead}} | ||
{{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}} | {{Ethnic and social groups of Goa and the Konkan}} | ||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System In Goa}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Caste System In Goa}} | ||
[[Category: | [[Category:Society of Goa]] | ||
[[Category:Hinduism in Goa]] | [[Category:Hinduism in Goa]] | ||
[[Category:Religion in Goa]] | [[Category:Religion in Goa]] | ||
[[Category:Caste system in India]] | [[Category:Caste system in India]] | ||
Latest revision as of 19:15, 26 March 2026
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it remains largely unverified because it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (August 2024) |
The caste system in Goa consists of various Jātis or sub-castes found among Hindus belonging to the four varnas (Brahmin, Kshatriya, Vaishya, and Shudra), as well as those outside of them. A variation of the traditional Hindu caste system was also retained by the Goan Catholic community.
Hindu caste system[edit | edit source]
According to the Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu, Part I, published in 1979 the 'chief castes' found in Goa are:
Brahman[edit | edit source]
- Pancha Gauda Brahmins Saraswat Brahmins are spread over widely separated regions spanning from Kashmir and Punjab in the north to the Konkan region of southwest India covering the states of Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Kerala. The word Saraswat is derived from the Rigvedic Sarasvati River.
- Gaud Saraswat Brahmins popularly known as GSBs. They are landowning though most were engaged in clerical jobs, trade, priests and landlords.
- Kudaldeshkar Gaud Brahman were landowning class generally associated with agriculture and trade.
- Chitrapur Saraswat Brahmin were associated with trade.
- Rajapur Saraswat Brahmin also known as Bhalavalikar Saraswat Brahmins.[1][2][3]
- Pancha Dravida Brahmins
- The two sub-castes was known as the Padye Brahmins and Bhatt Prabhus, popularly known as 'Bhatt' and 'Prabhu' respectively. They generally associate themselves with Karhade Brahmins. They are landowning castes and were engaged as temples priests and in agriculture, some into money lending.[4]
- Chitpavan Brahmins also known as Konkanastha Brahman are priests, few in area like Sattari are landowners and work in other professions.[4]
- Kramavanta Joshi or Kriyavant Joshi, they were a class of priests who officiated Hindu funeral ceremony and were looked down upon by the above-mentioned castes.
96 Kuli Maratha[edit | edit source]
Kshatriyas of Goa historically belonged to different clans, and they were collectively referred to as Chardo prior to the Portuguese rule in Goa.
Historian and Journalist B.D. Satoskar has cited Shenoi Goembab Konkani Author and Grammerian had said that "The Konkani word Chardo comes from the Sanskrit word Chatur-Rathi & the Prakrit word Chau-radi literally means The one who rides a chariot yoked with four horses, like Maha-Rathi for the origin of the word 'Maratha'.Chatur-rathi have entered Goa through Dwaraka & Cheddis."[1]
The term Chardo fell into disuse among the Hindu Kshatriyas, in order to differentiate from those Kshatriyas who converted to Catholic Christianity. Later, the Hindus Kshatriyas began to identify themselves as Marathas of the Mahratta confederacy of the Deccan.[1]
Vaishya Vani[edit | edit source]
Vaishya/Vaishya Vani: are the traditional community of traders, and are commonly known as Vanis.
Daivadnya[edit | edit source]
Daivadnya Brahmins are popularly known as Shetts, they mainly work as jewellers.They are Mahajan of Kasarpali Kalika devi Temple in Bicholim . They're Forward Caste[5][6][4]
Bhandaris[edit | edit source]
 | This section does not cite any sources. (September 2024) |
B.D. Satoskar notes that the Naik/Hetkari subcaste of the Bhandari community from the Konkan region served as naval warriors during the Maratha kingdom, with Mainak Bhandari being a notable naval commander. In later periods, members of this community also served in the British Army Called Bhandari Militia. Traditionally, their primary occupation has been toddy tapping. The Bhandari community is classified under the Other Backward Class (OBC) and is one of the largest social groups in Goa.
Kalavants[edit | edit source]
Commonly known as Kalavants and now known as Gomantak Maratha Samaj is a group of various sub-castes who served the temples and the aristocrats in the olden days. Gomantak Maratha is relatively a new ameliorative name (coined in the late 20th century [1]) given to these groups for uniting and emancipating them.[7]
Artisan castes[edit | edit source]
These include Charis, Chitaris who call themselves Vishwakarma Manu Maya Brahmin, Sutars and Kasars. They are included in the Other Backward Class list of the Government of India. Rest of castes generally referred to as Shudras or Sudirs in Konkani do not really follow the four-fold varna system, but have recently started claiming higher status. Most of them have been practicing different occupations historically and now are categorized as Other Backward Class by Govt of Goa, these include Madval (Rajak, Dhobi), Gosavi , Shimpi, Khumbar, Teli, Nathjogi, this list also includes Roman Catholic counterparts of few Hindu castes too].[4][8]
Scheduled Castes of Goa[edit | edit source]
Following castes are commonly known as Dalits.
Scheduled Tribes of Goa[edit | edit source]
These include the castes Velip, Gauda and Kunbi, which are considered as adivasis in the state of Goa.
Historically outside Comunidade[edit | edit source]
Dhangars[edit | edit source]
Dhangar, also referred as Gouly or Gavli, is the state's only ancient pastoral community. In Goa under colonialism, the community kept away from the rest of society as they wanted to escape the grazing tax and the ban on Kumeri (shifting cultivation) introduced by the Portuguese Empire. Dhangar leaders claim that they had fled to remote hilly and forested areas to avoid religious persecution and religious conversion. They were not part of the comunidade anywhere in Goa. It is claimed that throughout the Portuguese rule in Goa they were so insulated that not a single Dhangar was converted to Christianity.[9] Their knowledge and experience of deep forests played a major part in finding specific locations to build forts for the Maratha kingdom to flourish. A study carried out by Government of Goa in 2013 stated that the community had a unique identity, and are known for their martial prowess.[10][9][11][12] In Goa, they are classified in the Other Backward Classes category in India's system of reservation.[13]
Christianity[edit | edit source]
In Goa, mass conversions were carried out by Portuguese Catholic missionaries from the 1510 conquest onwards. The Portuguese clergy imposed Portuguese surnames on the converts at the time of baptism so that it would be difficult to ascertain their original caste. The Portuguese authorities also suppressed untouchability among the converts and attempted to homogenize them into a single class.[14][15]
However, the converts retained a variation of their caste status based on patrilineal descent from their previous caste affiliations. All Brahmin sub-castes (Saraswats, Padyes and Daivadnyas) were merged into the Christian caste of Bamonns (Konkani: Brahmins).[16] The converts from the Kshatriya and Vaishya Vani castes were merged together as Chardos (Kshatriyas)[16] and those Vaishyas who did not become Chardos formed a new caste called Gauddos.[17] The converts from all the lower castes, as well as the previously Dalit and adivasi groups, were grouped together as Sudirs, equivalent to Shudras.[18][19] The Bamonns, Chardos and Gauddos have been hierarchically seen as the high castes in the Goan Christian society.[20]
See also[edit | edit source]
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Gomantak Prakruti ani Sanskruti" by B.D. Satoskar.
- ↑ Sinai Dhume, Anant Ramkrishna (1986). The Cultural History of Goa from 10000 B.C. to 1352 A.D. University of Michigan.
- ↑ Mitragotri, Vithal Raghavendra (1999). A Socio-cultural History of Goa from the Bhojas to the Vijayanagara. Panjim: Institute Menezes Braganza.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gomes Pereira, Rui (1978). Goa: Hindu temples and deities (translated from the original in Portuguese by Antonio Victor Couto). Pereira, 1978. pp. 1–231.
- ↑ Rajendran, S. Survey Report on Village: Goa, Daman & Diu. Director of Census Operations, functions Goa, for Daman & Diu: CPublications. p. 10.
- ↑ Ghurye, Govind Sadashiv (1969). Caste and Race in India. Popular library of Indian sociology and social thought. Popular Prakashan. pp. 449. ISBN 9788171542055.
- ↑ Gracias, Fatima da Silva. Kaleidoscope of women in Goa, 1510-1961. p. 80.
- ↑ "Central list of other backward classes". Archived from the original on 19 June 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Herald, Team (24 October 2013). "Dhangars-Gouly treated like outsiders, says report". Goa. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020.
- ↑ Kerkar, Rajendra (11 January 2019). "Tribal tag for Dhangars long pending". Goa. Archived from the original on 24 October 2020.
- ↑ Draxe, M. J. (1987). The dange dhangars of Kolhapur district: A sociological study (PDF) (PhD). Shivaji University. p. 71.
- ↑ Singh, L. K. (2008). Indian Cultural Heritage Perspective For Tourism. Asian Educational Services. p. 57. ISBN 9788182054752.
- ↑ Central Commission for Backward Classes (20 October 2020). Central List of OBCs Goa (Report). Archived from the original on 20 October 2020.
- ↑ Boxer, C. R. (1963). Race Relations in the Portuguese Colonial Empire, 1415-1825. Oxford Clarendon Press. p. 75.
- ↑ Prabhu, Alan Machado (1999). Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians. I.J.A. Publications. ISBN 978-81-86778-25-8.
- ↑ 16.0 16.1 Gune, Vithal Trimbak; Goa, Daman and Diu (India). Gazetteer Dept (1979). "Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa, Daman and Diu: district gazetteer, Volume 1". Gazetteer Dept., Govt. of the Union Territory of Goa, Daman and Diu: 238.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand. p. 78.
- ↑ Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology; National Folklore Support Centre (India) (2006). Muthukumaraswamy, M. D.; University of Madras. Dept. of Anthropology; National Folklore Support Centre (India) (eds.). Folklore as discourse. National Folklore Support Centre. ISBN 978-81-901481-6-0. Retrieved 25 February 2012.
- ↑ Bhargava, Gopal K.; Bhatt, S. C. (2006). Land and people of Indian states and union territories (Goa). Kalpaz Publications. p. 39.
- ↑ Gomes, Olivinho (1987). Village Goa: a study of Goan social structure and change. S. Chand. p. 79.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- Gazetteer of India, Union Territory: Goa, Daman and Diu, Part I which looks at Goa (published in 1979)
- The Gazette of India, Extraordinary, Part-1, section-1, published by authority, India"The Gazette of India, Extraordinary" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 April 2009. Retrieved 24 June 2009.