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*End of the [[Second French Empire]] | *End of the [[Second French Empire]] | ||
*[[Unification of Germany]] and establishment of the [[German Empire]] | *[[Unification of Germany]] and establishment of the [[German Empire]] | ||
| combatant1 = {{nowrap|'''Before 4 September 1870:'''<br>'''{{ | | combatant1 = {{nowrap|'''Before 4 September 1870:'''<br>'''{{flagcountry|Second French Empire}}'''<hr>'''After 4 September 1870:'''<br>'''{{flagcountry|France|name=French Third Republic}}{{efn|Under the [[Government of National Defense]].}}'''}} | ||
* [[Army of the Vosges|Foreign volunteers]] | * [[Army of the Vosges|Foreign volunteers]] | ||
| combatant2 = | | combatant2 = {{ubl|{{flagicon|German Empire}} [[North German Confederation]]'''}} | ||
* [[Kingdom of Prussia]] | |||
* | |||
*{{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]<ref>The northern parts and the Army of the Grand Duchy of Hesse were part of the North German Confederation G</ref> | *{{flagicon image|Flagge Großherzogtum Hessen ohne Wappen.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Hesse|Hesse]]<ref>The northern parts and the Army of the Grand Duchy of Hesse were part of the North German Confederation G</ref> | ||
* and 19 smaller states | * and 19 smaller states | ||
----{{nowrap|'''After 18 January 1871:'''<br>'''{{flag|German Empire}}'''}} | ----{{nowrap|'''After 18 January 1871:'''<br>'''{{flag|German Empire}}'''}} | ||
| commander1 = {{unbulleted list | | commander1 = {{unbulleted list | ||
| Line 99: | Line 97: | ||
The war had a lasting impact on Europe. By hastening [[Unification of Germany|German unification]], the war significantly altered the balance of power on the continent, with the new German state supplanting France as the dominant European land power. Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades, developing a reputation for ''[[Realpolitik]]'' that raised Germany's global stature and influence. In France, it brought a final end to imperial rule and began the first lasting republican government. Resentment over the French government's handling of the war and its aftermath triggered the [[Paris Commune]], a revolutionary uprising which seized and held power for two months before its suppression; the event would influence the politics and policies of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. | The war had a lasting impact on Europe. By hastening [[Unification of Germany|German unification]], the war significantly altered the balance of power on the continent, with the new German state supplanting France as the dominant European land power. Bismarck maintained great authority in international affairs for two decades, developing a reputation for ''[[Realpolitik]]'' that raised Germany's global stature and influence. In France, it brought a final end to imperial rule and began the first lasting republican government. Resentment over the French government's handling of the war and its aftermath triggered the [[Paris Commune]], a revolutionary uprising which seized and held power for two months before its suppression; the event would influence the politics and policies of the [[French Third Republic|Third Republic]]. | ||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
{{notelist}} | {{notelist}} | ||
==Reference== | ==Reference== | ||
{{reflist}} | {{reflist}} | ||
===Books=== | |||
{{refbegin|40em}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Ascoli |first=David |title=A Day of Battle: Mars-La-Tour 16 August 1870 |publisher=Birlinn |date=2001 |isbn=978-1-84158-121-7 |location=Edinburgh}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Bailey |first=Jonathan B. A. |title=Field Artillery and Firepower |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2004 |isbn=978-1-59114-029-0 |edition=Revised and expanded |location=Annapolis}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Baldick |first=Robert |title=The Siege of Paris |publisher=London New English Library |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-450-02190-9 |location=London |author-link=Robert Baldick}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Barry |first=Quintin |title=The Franco-Prussian War 1870–71 |publisher=Helion & Company |date=2009a |isbn=978-1-906033-45-3 |volume=1 The Campaign of Sedan |location=Solihull}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Brown |first=Frederick |title=For the Soul of France: Culture wars in the age of Dreyfus |publisher=Knopf |date=2010 |isbn=978-0-307-26631-6 |location=New York}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Bodart |first=Gaston |title=Losses of Life in Modern Wars, Austria-Hungary: France|publisher=Clarendon Press |date=1916 |isbn=978-1112270444 }} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Clodfelter |first=Micheal |title=Warfare and Armed Conflicts: A Statistical Encyclopedia of Casualty and Other Figures, 1492–2015 |publisher=McFarland |date=2017 |isbn=978-0-7864-7470-7 |edition=4th |location=Jefferson, NC}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Craig |first=G. A. |url=https://archive.org/details/germany1866194500crai |title=Germany: 1866–1945 |publisher=Oxford University Press |date=1980 |isbn=978-0-19-502724-2 |location=Oxford |author-link=Gordon A. Craig |url-access=registration}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Elliot-Wright |first1=Philipp |title=Gravelotte-St-Privat 1870 |last2=Shann |first2=Stephen |publisher=Osprey Publishing |date=1993 |isbn=978-1-85532-286-8 |series=Campaign |location=Oxford}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Foley |first=Robert T. |title=German Strategy and the Path to Verdun: Erich von Falkenhayn and the Development of Attrition, 1870–1916 |publisher=CUP |date=2007 |isbn=978-0-521-04436-3 |edition=pbk. |location=Cambridge}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=German General Staff |title=The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 1 |volume= 1 |publisher=Clowes & Sons |date=1881 |location=London |translator-last=Clarke |translator-first=F.C.H.}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=German General Staff |title=The Franco-German War 1870–71: Part 2 |volume= 3 |publisher=Clowes & Sons |date=1884 |location=London |translator-last=Clarke |translator-first=F.C.H.}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Horne |first=Alistair |title=The Fall of Paris; The siege and the Commune 1870–71 |publisher=Macmillan |date=1965 |location=London |oclc=490599556 |author-link=Alistair Horne}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Howard |first=Michael |title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871 |publisher=Rupert Hart-Davis |date=1979 |isbn=978-0-246-63587-7 |location=London |author-link=Michael Howard (historian) |orig-year=1961}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Howard |first=Michael |title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Invasion of France 1870–1871 |publisher=Routledge |date=1991 |isbn=978-0-415-02787-8 |location=New York |orig-year=1961}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Hozier |first1=Henry Montagu |url=https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11122111?page=257 |title=The Franco-Prussian War: Its Causes, Incidents, and Consequences |last2=Davenport Adams |first2=W. H. |publisher=William Mackenzie |date=1872 |volume=2 |location=London |oclc=931716547 |author-link2=William Henry Davenport Adams}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Kennedy |first=Paul M. |url=https://archive.org/details/risefallofgreatp00kenn |title=The rise and fall of the great powers: economic change and military conflict from 1500 to 2000 |publisher=Random House |date=1987 |isbn=978-0-394-54674-2 |edition=1st |location=New York |author-link=Paul Kennedy |url-access=registration}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=McElwee |first=William Lloyd |url=https://archive.org/details/artofwarwaterloo0000mcel |title=The Art of War: Waterloo to Mons |publisher=Indiana University Press |date=1974 |isbn=978-0-253-20214-7 |location=Bloomington |url-access=registration}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Milza |first=Pierre |title=L'Année terrible |publisher=Perrin |date=2009 |isbn=978-2-262-02498-7 |volume=1: La Guerre franco-prussienne, septembre 1870 – mars 1871 |location=Paris |author-link=Pierre Milza}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Nolte |first=Frédérick |title=L'Europe militaire et diplomatique au dix-neuvième siècle, 1815–1884 |publisher=E. Plon, Nourrit et Cie. |date=1884 |location=Paris |language=fr |oclc=4899575}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Ollier |first=Edmund |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JO3n-ui4VvEC&pg=PA210 |title=Cassell's History of the War Between France and Germany, 1870–1871 |publisher=Cassell Petter & Galpin |date=1883 |volume=2 |location=London |oclc=914936793 |author-link=Edmund Ollier}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Palmer |first=Michael A. |title=The German Wars: A Concise History, 1859–1945 |publisher=MBI Pub. Co. and Zenith Press |date=2010 |isbn=978-1-61673-985-0 |location=Minneapolis}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Ramm |first=Agetha |url=https://archive.org/details/germany17891919p0000ramm |title=Germany, 1789–1919 : a political history |publisher=Methuen |date=1967 |isbn=978-0-416-33990-1 |location=London |url-access=registration}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Ridley |first=Jasper |url=https://archive.org/details/garibaldi00ridl |title=Garibaldi |publisher=Viking Press |date=1976 |isbn=978-0-670-33548-0 |location=New York |author-link=Jasper Ridley (historian) |orig-year=1974}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=Paris Insurgé: La Commune de 1871 |publisher=Gallimard |date=1995 |isbn=978-2-07-053289-6 |location=Paris}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Rougerie |first=Jacques |title=La Commune de 1871 |publisher=Presses Universitaires de France |date=2014 |isbn=978-2-13-062078-5 |location=Paris}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Rüstow |first=W. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9cBVAAAAYAAJ |title=The War for the Rhine Frontier, 1870: Its Political and Military History |publisher=Blackwood |date=1872 |volume=3 |location=Edinburgh |translator-last=Needham |translator-first=John Layland |oclc=13591954}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Shann |first1=Stephen |title=French Army 1870–71 Franco-Prussian War |last2=Delperier |first2=Louis |publisher=Osprey Publishing |others=Illustrated by Richard and Christa Hook |date=1991 |isbn=978-1-85532-135-9 |series=Men-at-Arms |volume=2 Republican Troops |location=Oxford}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Sondhaus |first=Lawrence |title=Naval Warfare, 1815–1914 |publisher=Routledge |date=2001 |isbn=978-0-415-21478-0 |location=London}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Свечин (Svechin) |first=А. А. |title=Эволюция военного искусства (Evolution of military art) |date=1928 |editor-last=Военгиз (Voengiz) |editor-first=М.Л. (M.L.) |volume=II |language=Russian}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=A. J. P. |title=Bismarck: The Man and the Statesman |publisher=Hamish Hamilton |date=1955 |location=London |oclc=867374488 |author-link=A. J. P. Taylor}} | |||
* {{Cite book |author-first1=Tim |author-last1=Heath |author-first2=Michela |author-last2= Cocolin |title=Hitler's Lost State: The Fall of Prussia and the Wilhelm Gustloff Tragedy |publisher=Pen and Sword Military |date=2020 |isbn=978-1526756107 }} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=van Creveld |first=Martin |title=Supplying War: Logistics from Wallenstein to Patton |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=1977 |isbn=978-0-521-29793-6 |edition=1st |location=Cambridge |author-link=Martin van Creveld}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Varley |first=Karine |title=Defeat and Memory: Cultural Histories of Military Defeat in the Modern Era |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2008a |isbn=978-0-230-51740-0 |editor-last=Macleod |editor-first=Jenny |location=Basingstoke |chapter=The Taboos of Defeat: Unmentionable Memories of the Franco-Prussian War in France, 1870–1914}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Varley |first=Karine |title=Under the shadow of defeat: the war of 1870–71 in French memory |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |date=2008b |isbn=978-0-230-00519-8 |location=Basingstoke}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=von Bismarck |first=Otto Eduard Leopold |url=https://archive.org/details/bismarckmanands00butlgoog |title=Bismarck: The Man & the Statesman |publisher=Harper & Brothers |date=1899 |location=New York |translator-last=Arthur John Butler |oclc=51415680 |author-link=Otto von Bismarck |translator-link=Arthur John Butler}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=von Bismarck |first1=Otto Eduard Leopold |url=https://archive.org/details/conversationswit00poscrich/page/87 |title=Conversations with Prince Bismarck |last2=von Poschinger |first2=Heinrich |publisher=Harper & Brothers |date=1900 |editor-last=von Poschinge |editor-first=Heinrich |editor-link=Heinrich von Poschinger |edition=English |location=London |translator-last=Whitman |translator-first=Sidney |oclc=222059904 |author-link2=Heinrich von Poschinger |editor-last2=Whitman |editor-first2=Sidney}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=von Pflugk-Harttung |first=Julius Albert Georg |url=https://archive.org/details/francogermanwar100maur/page/n0 |title=The Franco-German War, 1870–71 |publisher=S. Sonnenschein and Co. |date=1900 |location=London |translator-last=Maurice |translator-first=J. F. |oclc=3132807 |author-link=Julius von Pflugk-Harttung |translator-last2=Long |translator-first2=Wilfred James |translator-last3=Sonnenschein |translator-first3=A}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Wawro |first=Geoffrey |title=Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914 |date=2000 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-21445-2 |location=London}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Wawro |first=Geoffrey |title=Warfare and Society in Europe, 1792–1914 |date=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-203-17183-7 |location=New York |author-link=Geoffrey Wawro}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Wawro |first=Geoffrey |title=The Franco-Prussian War: The German Conquest of France in 1870–1871 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |date=2003 |isbn=978-0-521-58436-4 |location=Cambridge}} | |||
* {{Cite book |last=Zabecki |first=David T. |title=Chief of Staff |publisher=Naval Institute Press |date=2008 |isbn=978-1-59114-990-3 |volume=1: ''Napoleonic Wars to World War I'' |location=Annapolis |author-link=David T. Zabecki}} | |||
{{refend}} | |||