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===Asia Minor===
===Asia Minor===
In some parts of Asia Minor, Ares was a prominent [[oracle|oracular deity]], something not found in any Hellennic cult to Ares or Roman cult to Mars. Ares was linked in some regions or polities with a local god or cultic hero, and recognised as a higher, more prestigious deity than in mainland Greece. His cults in southern Asia Minor are attested from the 5th century BC and well into the later Roman Imperial era, at 29 different sites, and on over 70 local coin issues.<ref>Gonzales, 2005, pp.263, 271, 280-283.</ref> He is sometimes represented on coinage of the region by the "Helmet of Ares" or carrying a spear and a shield, or as a fully armed warrior, sometimes accompanied by a female deity. In what is now western Turkey, the Hellenistic city of [[Metropolis (Anatolia)|Metropolis]] built a monumental temple to Ares as the city's protector, not before the 3rd century BC. It is  now lost, but the names of some of its priests and priestesses survive, along with the temple's likely depictions on coins of the province.<ref>Millington, A.T. (2013) "Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares" in A. Mouton, I. Rutherford, & I. Yakubovich (eds.) ''Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean'' (Leiden) pp.555-557</ref>
In some parts of Asia Minor, Ares was a prominent [[oracle|oracular deity]], something not found in any Hellennic cult to Ares or Roman cult to Mars. Ares was linked in some regions or polities with a local god or cultic hero, and recognised as a higher, more prestigious deity than in mainland Greece. His cults in southern Asia Minor are attested from the 5th century BC and well into the later Roman Imperial era, at 29 different sites, and on over 70 local coin issues.<ref>Gonzales, 2005, pp.263, 271, 280-283.</ref> He is sometimes represented on coinage of the region by the "Helmet of Ares" or carrying a spear and a shield, or as a fully armed warrior, sometimes accompanied by a female deity. In what is now western Turkey, the Hellenistic city of [[Metropolis (Anatolia)|Metropolis]] built a monumental temple to Ares as the city's protector, not before the 3rd century BC. It is  now lost, but the names of some of its priests and priestesses survive, along with the temple's likely depictions on coins of the province.<ref>Millington, A.T. (2013) "Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares" in A. Mouton, I. Rutherford, & I. Yakubovich (eds.) ''Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean'' (Leiden) pp.555-557</ref>
===Crete===
A sanctuary of Aphrodite was established at [[Sta Lenika]], on [[Crete]], between the cities of [[Lato]] and [[Olus]], possibly during the [[Geometric period]]. It was rebuilt in the late 2nd century BC as a double-sanctuary to Ares and Aphrodite.<ref>Martha W. Baldwin Bowsky. "Portrait of a Polis: Lato Pros Kamara (Crete) in the Late Second Century B. C." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 58, no. 3, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1989, pp. 331–47, https://doi.org/10.2307/148222</ref> Inscriptions record disputes over the ownership of the sanctuary. The names of Ares and Aphrodite appear as witness to sworn oaths, and there is a Victory thanks-offering to Aphrodite, whom Millington believes had capacity as a "warrior-protector acting in the realm of Ares". There were cultic links between the Sta Lenika sanctuary, Knossos and other Cretan states, and perhaps with [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] on the mainland.<ref>This refers to a double-temple to Aphrodite and Ares reported by Pausanias. Its cult practises are unknown. See Fusco, U. (2017). The Sanctuary of Aphrodite and Ares (Paus. 2.25.1) in the Periurban Area of Argos and Temples with a Double Cella in Greece. Tekmeria, 13, 97-124. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.1073.</ref> While the Greek literary and artistic record from both the Archaic and Classical eras connects Ares and Aphrodite as complementary companions and ideal though adulterous lovers, their cult pairing and Aphrodite as warrior-protector is localised to Crete.<ref name="Millington, Alexander T. 2013, pp.555-557">Millington, Alexander T., "Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares" in A. Mouton, I. Rutherford, & I. Yakubovich (eds.) ''Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean'' (Leiden) 2013, pp.555-557</ref><ref name="discovery.ucl.ac.uk">Millington, Alexander T., ''War and the Warrior: Functions of Ares in Literature and Cult'', University College, London, 2013, pp. 101-105 [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1427880/1/Alexander_Thomas_Millington_Ares_-_Full_PhD_Thesis_(corrected).pdf]</ref>
===Aksum===
In Africa, [[Maḥrem]], the principal god of the [[kings of Aksum]] prior to the 4th century AD, was invoked as Ares in Greek inscriptions. The anonymous king who commissioned the [[Monumentum Adulitanum]] in the late 2nd or early 3rd century refers to "my greatest god, Ares, who also begat me, through whom I brought under my sway [various peoples]". The monumental throne celebrating the king's conquests was itself dedicated to Ares.<ref>[[Glen Bowersock]], ''The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam'' (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 45, 47–48.</ref> In the early 4th century, the last pagan king of Aksum, [[Ezana]], referred to "the one who brought me forth, the invincible Ares".<ref>Bowersock, ''Throne of Adulis'', p. 69.</ref>
==Characterisation==
[[File:Ares Borghese2.gif|thumb|250px|The ''[[Ares Borghese]]'']]
Ares was one of the [[Twelve Olympians]] in the archaic tradition represented by the ''[[Iliad]]'' and ''[[Odyssey]].'' In [[ancient Greek literature|Greek literature]], Ares often represents the physical or violent and untamed aspect of war and is the personification of sheer brutality and bloodlust ("overwhelming, insatiable in battle, destructive, and man-slaughtering", as Burkert puts it), in contrast to his sister, the armored [[Athena]], whose functions as a [[knowledge deity|goddess of intelligence]] include military strategy and generalship.<ref>[[Walter Burkert]], ''Greek Religion'' (Blackwell, 1985, 2004 reprint, originally published 1977 in German), pp. 141; William Hansen, ''Classical Mythology: A Guide to the Mythical World of the Greeks and Romans'' (Oxford University Press, 2005), p. 113.</ref> An association with Ares endows places and objects with a savage, dangerous, or militarized quality;<ref>Hansen, ''Classical Mythology'', pp. 114–115.</ref> but when Ares does appear in myths, he typically faces humiliation.<ref name="Hansen, pp. 113">Hansen, ''Classical Mythology'', pp. 113–114.</ref>
In the ''Iliad'', Zeus expresses a recurring Greek revulsion toward the god when Ares returns wounded and complaining from the [[Trojan War|battlefield at Troy]]:
{{poem quote|Then looking at him darkly Zeus who gathers the clouds spoke to him:
"Do not sit beside me and whine, you double-faced liar.
To me you are the most hateful of all gods who hold Olympus.
Forever quarrelling is dear to your heart, wars and battles.
...
And yet I will not long endure to see you in pain, since
you are my child, and it was to me that your mother bore you.
But were you born of some other god and proved so ruinous
long since you would have been dropped beneath the gods of the bright sky."<ref>''Iliad'', Book 5, lines 798–891, 895–898 in the translation of [[Richmond Lattimore]].</ref>}}
This ambivalence is expressed also in the Greeks' association of Ares with the [[Thracians]], whom they regarded as a barbarous and warlike people.<ref>''[[Iliad]]'' 13.301; [[Ovid]], ''Ars Amatoria'', II.10.</ref> [[Thrace]] was considered to be Ares's birthplace and his refuge after the affair with [[Aphrodite]] was exposed to the general mockery of the other gods.{{refn|group=n|Homer ''Odyssey'' viii. 361; for Ares/Mars and Thrace, see [[Ovid]], ''[[Ars Amatoria]]'', book ii.part xi.585, which tells the same tale: "Their captive bodies are, with difficulty, freed, at your plea, Neptune: Venus runs to Paphos: Mars heads for Thrace."; for Ares/Mars and Thrace, see also [[Statius]], ''Thebaid'' vii. 42}}
A late 6th-century BC funerary inscription from [[Attica]] emphasizes the consequences of coming under Ares's sway:{{poem quote|Stay and mourn at the tomb of dead Kroisos
Whom raging Ares destroyed one day, fighting in the foremost ranks.<ref>Athens, NM 3851 quoted in Andrew Stewart, ''One Hundred Greek Sculptors: Their Careers and Extant Works'', Introduction: I. "The Sources"</ref>}}
== Mythology ==
[[File:Ares Ludovisi Altemps Inv8602 n2.jpg|thumb|''The [[Ludovisi Ares]]'', Roman version of a Greek original c. 320 BC, with 17th-century restorations by [[Bernini]]]]
===Birth===
He is one of the [[Twelve Olympians]], and the son of [[Zeus]] and [[Hera]].<ref>[[Hesiod]], ''Theogony'' 921 ([[Loeb Classical Library]] [https://archive.org/details/hesiod00hesi <!-- quote="she, mingling in love" Ares. --> numbering]); ''[[Iliad]]'', 5.890–896. By contrast, Ares's Roman counterpart [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]] was born from [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]] alone, according to [[Ovid]] (''[[Fasti (Ovid)|Fasti]]'' 5.229–260).</ref>
===Argonautica===
In the ''[[Argonautica]]'', the ''Golden Fleece'' hangs in a grove sacred to Ares, until its theft by [[Jason (mythology)|Jason]]. The Birds of Ares (''Ornithes Areioi'') drop feather darts in defense of the [[Amazons]]' shrine to Ares, as father of their queen, on a coastal island in the [[Black Sea]].<ref>''[[Argonautica]]'' (ii.382ff and 1031ff; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' 30.</ref>
===Founding of Thebes===
Ares plays a central role in the [[founding myth]] of [[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]], as the progenitor of the water-dragon slain by [[Cadmus]]. The dragon's teeth were sown into the ground as if a crop and sprang up as the fully armored [[indigenous peoples|autochthon]]ic [[Spartoi]]. Cadmus placed himself in the god's service for eight years to atone for killing the dragon.<ref name=":2">Roman, L., & Roman, M. (2010). {{Google books|tOgWfjNIxoMC|Encyclopedia of Greek and Roman mythology.|page=80}}</ref> To further propitiate Ares, Cadmus married [[Harmonia]], a daughter of Ares's union with Aphrodite. In this way, Cadmus harmonized all strife and founded the city of Thebes.<ref name="Burkert, p. 169"/> In reality, Thebes came to dominate [[Boeotia]]'s great and fertile plain, which in both history and myth was a battleground for competing polities.<ref>Marchand, Fabienne, and Beck, Hans,''The Dancing Floor of Ares: Local Conflict and Regional Violence in Central Greece,'' Ancient History Bulletin, Supplemental Volume 1 (2020)
{{ISSN|0835-3638}}</ref> According to Plutarch, the plain was anciently described as "The dancing-floor of Ares".<ref>Plutarch, ''Marcellus'', 21.2</ref>
===Aphrodite===
In Homer's ''[[Odyssey]]'', in the tale sung by the bard in the hall of [[Alcinous]],<ref>''Odyssey'' 8.300</ref> the Sun-god [[Helios]] once spied Ares and Aphrodite having sex secretly in the hall of [[Hephaestus]], her husband.<ref>In the ''Iliad'', the wife of Hephaestus is Charis, "Grace," as noted by Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/168/mode/2up?view=theater p. 168].</ref> Helios reported the incident to Hephaestus. Contriving to catch the illicit couple in the act, Hephaestus fashioned a finely-knitted and nearly invisible net with which to snare them. At the appropriate time, this net was sprung, and trapped Ares and Aphrodite locked in very private embrace.{{refn|group=n|name="Odyssey, 8.295"|{{cite web | title = Odyssey, 8.295 | url = http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Hom.+Od.+8.&fromdoc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0218 | quote = [In [[Robert Fagles]]'s translation]: ... and the two lovers, free of the bonds that overwhelmed them so, sprang up and away at once, and the Wargod sped Thrace, while Love with her telltale laughter sped to Paphos ...}}}}
But Hephaestus was not satisfied with his revenge, so he invited the Olympian gods and goddesses to view the unfortunate pair. For the sake of modesty, the goddesses demurred, but the male gods went to witness the sight. Some commented on the beauty of Aphrodite, others remarked that they would eagerly trade places with Ares, but all who were present mocked the two. Once the couple was released, the embarrassed Ares returned to his homeland, Thrace, and Aphrodite went to Paphos.{{refn|group=n|name="Odyssey, 8.295"}}<ref name="Hansen, pp. 113"/>
In a much later interpolated detail, Ares put the young soldier [[Alectryon (mythology)|Alectryon]], who was Ares companion in drinking and even love-making, by his door to warn them of Helios's arrival as Helios would tell Hephaestus of Aphrodite's infidelity if the two were discovered, but Alectryon fell asleep on guard duty.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Gallagher|first=David|url=https://brill.com/view/book/9789042027091/B9789042027091-s006.xml|title=Avian and Serpentine|date=2009-01-01|publisher=Brill Rodopi|isbn=978-90-420-2709-1|language=en}}</ref> Helios discovered the two and alerted Hephaestus. The furious Ares turned the sleepy Alectryon into a [[rooster]] which now always announces the arrival of the sun in the morning, as a way of apologizing to Ares.<ref>[[Lucian]], ''Gallus'' [http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=home:texts_and_library:dialogues:the-rooster 3], see also scholiast on [[Aristophanes]], ''[[The Birds (play)|Birds]]'' 835; [[Eustathius of Thessalonica|Eustathius]], ''Ad Odysseam'' 1.300; Ausonius, 26.2.27; Libanius, ''Progymnasmata'' 2.26.</ref>
The Chorus of [[Aeschylus]]' ''[[The Suppliants (Aeschylus)|Suppliants]]'' (written 463 BC) refers to Ares as Aphrodite's "mortal-destroying bedfellow". In the ''Illiad'', Ares helps the Trojans because of his affection for their divine protector, Aphrodite; she thus redirects his innate destructive savagery to her own purposes.<ref name="Millington, Alexander T. 2013, pp.555-557"/><ref name="discovery.ucl.ac.uk"/>
===Giants===
In one archaic myth, related only in the ''Iliad'' by the goddess [[Dione (mythology)|Dione]] to her daughter Aphrodite, two chthonic giants, the [[Aloadae]], named Otus and Ephialtes, bound Ares in chains and imprisoned him in a bronze urn, where he remained for thirteen months, a [[lunar year]]. "And that would have been the end of Ares and his appetite for war, if the beautiful Eriboea, the young giants' stepmother, had not told [[Hermes]] what they had done," she related.<ref>''Iliad'' 5.385–391.</ref> In this, [Burkert] suspects "a festival of licence which is unleashed in the thirteenth month".<ref name = "rjblqd">Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/169/mode/2up?view=theater p. 169]</ref><ref>Faraone, "Binding and Burying", 1991, pp. 166&ndash;220</ref> Ares was held screaming and howling in the urn until Hermes rescued him, and [[Artemis]] tricked the Aloadae into slaying each other.
In [[Nonnus]]'s ''[[Dionysiaca]]'', in the war between [[Cronus]] and Zeus, Ares killed an unnamed giant son of [[Echidna (mythology)|Echidna]] who was allied with Cronus, and described as spitting "horrible poison" and having "snaky" feet.<ref>[[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]]'' [https://archive.org/details/dionysiaca02nonnuoft/page/82/mode/2up?view=theater 18.274&ndash;288 (II pp. 82, 83)].</ref> <!--is this in Dionysiaca?:Zeus helped him heal afterwards.-->
In some versions of the [[Gigantomachy]], Ares was the god who killed the giant [[Mimas (Giant)|Mimas]].<ref>[[Apollonius of Rhodes]], ''[[Argonautica]]'' [https://archive.org/stream/argonautica00apoluoft#page/276/mode/2up 3.1225–7 (pp. 276–277)]; [[Claudian]], ''Gigantomachia'' [https://archive.org/stream/claudia02clau#page/286/mode/2up 85–91 (pp. 286–287)].</ref>
In the 2nd century AD ''Metamorphoses'' of [[Antoninus Liberalis]], when the monstrous [[Typhon]] attacked Olympus the gods transformed into animals and fled to Egypt; Ares changed into a fish, the Lepidotus (sacred to the Egyptian war-god [[Anhur]]). Liberalis's [[koine]] Greek text is a "completely inartistic" epitome of [[Nicander]]'s now lost ''Heteroeumena'' (2nd century BC).<ref>Myers, Sarah, University of Michigan, reviewing Celoria's translation in ''Bryn Mawr Classical Review'', 1994 ([http://ccat.sas.upenn.edu/bmcr/1994/94.01.03.html on-line text]).</ref><ref>Francis Celoria points out that in Ovid's ''Metamorphoses'', Venus [Aphrodite's Roman equivalent], hides herself as a fish. See Celoria, Francis, Antoninus Liberalis, ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis'', A Translation with a Commentary, 1992, pp. 87, 186, eBook Published 24 October 2018, London, Routledge, [https://books.google.com/books?id=9_Eolzuv0eQC&dq=Antoninus+Liberalis+Typhon&pg=PA71] DOI https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315812755</ref>
===''Iliad''===
In [[Homer]]'s ''[[Iliad]]'', Ares has no fixed allegiance. He promises Athena and Hera that he will fight for the [[Achaeans (Homer)|Achaeans]] but [[Aphrodite]] persuades him to side with the [[Troy|Trojans]]. During the war, [[Diomedes]] fights [[Hector]] and sees Ares fighting on the Trojans' side. Diomedes calls for his soldiers to withdraw.<ref>''Iliad'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.792-5.834 5.830–834], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.576-5.626 5.590–605], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.400-21.433 21.410–414].</ref> Zeus grants Athena permission to drive Ares from the battlefield. Encouraged by Hera and Athena, Diomedes thrusts with his spear at Ares. Athena drives the spear home, and all sides tremble at Ares's cries. Ares flees to [[Mount Olympus]], forcing the Trojans to fall back.<ref>''Iliad'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.711-5.763 5.711–769], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.764-5.791 5.780–834], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.835-5.863 5.855–864].</ref> Ares overhears that his son Ascalaphus has been killed and wants to change sides again, rejoining the Achaeans for vengeance, disregarding Zeus's order that no Olympian should join the battle. Athena stops him. Later, when Zeus allows the gods to fight in the war again, Ares attacks Athena to avenge his previous injury. Athena overpowers him by striking him with a boulder.<ref>''Iliad'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:15.78-15.112 15.110–128], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:20.1-20.29 20.20–29], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:21.361-21.399 21.391–408].</ref>
===Attendants===
[[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]] ("Terror" or "Dread") and [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] ("Fear") are Ares' companions in war,<ref>''Iliad'' 4.436f, and 13.299f [[Hesiod|Hesiod's]] ''[[Shield of Heracles]]'' 191, 460; [[Quintus Smyrnaeus]], 10.51, etc.</ref> and according to [[Hesiod]], are also his children by [[Aphrodite]].<ref>Hesiod, ''[[Theogony]]'' 934f.</ref> [[Eris (mythology)|Eris]], the goddess of discord, or [[Enyo]], the goddess of war, bloodshed, and violence, was considered the sister and companion of the violent Ares.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Wolfe|first=Jessica|date=2005|title=Spenser, Homer, and the mythography of strife|url=http://link.galegroup.com/apps/doc/A141260392/GPS?u=nm_p_losalamos&xid=ab4996a1|journal=Renaissance Quarterly|volume=58|issue=4|pages=1220–1288|doi=10.1353/ren.2008.0987|s2cid=161655379|via=Gale General Reference Center |issn=0034-4338|url-access=subscription}}</ref> In at least one tradition, Enyalius, rather than another name for Ares, was his son by Enyo.<ref>Eustathius on Homer, 944</ref>
Ares may also be accompanied by [[Kydoimos]], the daemon of the din of battle; the [[Makhai]] ("Battles"); the "Hysminai" ("Acts of manslaughter"); [[Polemos]], a minor spirit of war, or only an epithet of Ares, since it has no specific dominion; and Polemos's daughter, [[Alala]], the [[goddess]] or [[personification]] of the Greek war-cry, whose name Ares uses as his own war-cry. Ares's sister [[Hebe (mythology)|Hebe]] ("Youth") also draws baths for him.
According to [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], local inhabitants of [[Therapne]], [[Sparta]], recognized [[Thero (Greek mythology)|Thero]], "feral, savage", as a nurse of Ares.<ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.19.7 3.19.7&ndash;8].</ref>
===Offspring and affairs===
{{Primary sources section|Talk=Kids' table|find=Ares|find2=offspring mythology|date=April 2022}}
[[File:Areopagus from the Acropolis.jpg|thumb|185x185px|The [[Areopagus]] as viewed from the [[Acropolis]].]]
Though Ares plays a relatively limited role in [[Greek mythology]] as represented in literary narratives, his numerous love affairs and abundant offspring are often [[allusion|alluded]] to.<ref>Hansen, ''Classical Mythology'', pp. 113–114; Burkert, [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/169/mode/2up?view=theater p. 169].</ref>
The union of Ares and Aphrodite created the gods [[Eros]], [[Anteros]], [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]], [[Deimos (mythology)|Deimos]], and [[Harmonia]]. Other versions include [[Alcippe (mythology)|Alcippe]] as one of their daughters.
Ares had a romantic liaison with [[Eos]], the [[Dawn deities|goddess of the dawn]]. Aphrodite discovered them, and in anger she cursed Eos with insatiable lust for men.<ref>Pseudo-Apollodorus, ''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Bibliotheca]]'' [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D1%3Achapter%3D4%3Asection%3D4 1.4.4]</ref>
[[Cycnus (son of Ares)|Cycnus]] (Κύκνος) of [[Macedonia (region)|Macedonia]] was a mortal son of Ares who tried to build a temple to his father with the skulls and bones of guests and travellers. [[Heracles]] fought him and, in one account, killed him. In another account, Ares fought his son's killer but Zeus parted the combatants with a thunderbolt.<ref>''[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]]'', [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D5%3Asection%3D11 2.5.11], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.01.0022%3Atext%3DLibrary%3Abook%3D2%3Achapter%3D7%3Asection%3D7 2.7.7].</ref>
By a woman named Teirene he had a daughter named [[Thrassa]], who in turn had a daughter named [[Polyphonte]]. Polyphonte was cursed by Aphrodite to love and mate with a bear, producing two sons, [[Agrius and Oreius (mythology)|Agrius and Oreius]], who were hubristic toward the gods and had a habit of eating their guests. Zeus sent [[Hermes]] to punish them, and he chose to chop off their hands and feet. Since Polyphonte was descended from him, Ares stopped Hermes, and the two brothers came into an agreement to turn Polyphonte's family into birds instead. Oreius became an eagle owl, Agrius a vulture, and Polyphonte a [[strix (mythology)|strix]], possibly a small owl, certainly a portent of war; Polyphonte's servant prayed not to become a bird of evil omen and Ares and Hermes fulfilled her wish by choosing the woodpecker for her, a good omen for hunters.<ref name=":anl21">[[Antoninus Liberalis]], [https://topostext.org/work/216#21 21].</ref><ref>Liberalis credits the Greek writer [[Boios]]' ''Ornithogonia'' (now lost) as his source; {{cite journal| last=Oliphant |first=Samuel Grant |year=1913 |title=The Story of the Strix: Ancient |journal=Transactions and Proceedings of the American Philological Association |volume=44 |jstor=28254 |pages=133–149 |doi= 10.2307/282549 |publisher=The Johns Hopkins University Press}}</ref>
====List of offspring and their mothers====
{{more citations needed section|Talk=Kids' table|date=September 2021}}
{{Primary sources section|Talk=Kids' table|find=Ares|find2=mythology consorts|date=September 2021}}
Sometimes poets and dramatists recounted ancient traditions, which varied, and sometimes they invented new details; later [[scholia]]sts might draw on either or simply guess.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Bremmer|first1=Jan N.|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=019866172X|editor1-last=Hornblower & Spawforth|edition=Third|location=Oxford|pages=1018–1020|chapter=mythology}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Reeve|first1=Michael D.|title=The Oxford Classical Dictionary|date=1996|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=019866172X|editor1-last=Hornblower & Spawforth|edition=Third|location=Oxford|pages=1368|chapter=scholia}}</ref> Thus while [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]] and [[Deimos (deity)|Deimos]] were regularly described as offspring of Ares, others listed here such as [[Meleager]], [[Sinope (mythology)|Sinope]] and [[Solymus]] were sometimes said to be children of Ares and sometimes given other fathers.
The following is a list of Ares' offspring, by various mothers. Beside each offspring, the earliest source to record the parentage is given, along with the century to which the source dates.
<div style=display:inline-table>
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"
! scope="col" style="width: 100pt;" | Offspring
! scope="col" style="width: 90pt;" | Mother
! scope="col" style="width: 70pt;" | Source
! scope="col" style="width: 70pt;" | Date
! class="unsortable" scope="col" style="width: 10pt;" |
|-
| [[Phobos (mythology)|Phobos]]
| rowspan="5" | [[Aphrodite]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref name="p. 169">[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 934]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA169 p. 169].</ref>
|-
| [[Deimos (deity)|Deimos]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref name="p. 169"/>
|-
| [[Harmonia]]
| [[Hesiod|Hes.]] ''[[Theogony|Theog.]]''
| data-sort-value=1 | 8th cent. BC
| <ref>[[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'' [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:901-937 934&ndash;7]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA169 p. 169]; Grimal, s.v. Ares, pp. 52&ndash;53; [[Scholia]] on [[Homer]], ''[[Iliad]]'' 2.494, [= [[Hellanicus of Lesbos|Hellanicus]] [https://books.google.com/books?id=j0nRE4C2WBgC&pg=PA179 fr. 51a Fowler, pp. 179&ndash;181]]; Gantz, p. 468.</ref>
|-
| [[Eros]]
| [[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]]
|
| <ref>[[Simonides of Ceos|Simonides]], fr. 24 Diehls [= fr. ''[[Poetae Melici Graeci|PMG]]'' 575]; Gantz, p. 3; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA196 p. 196]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/eros-e401810 s.v. Eros]; ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', s.v. Ares, pp. 103&ndash;104.</ref>
|-
| [[Anteros]]
| [[Cicero|Cic.]] ''[[De Natura Deorum|DND]]''
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Cicero]], ''[[De Natura Deorum]]'' [https://archive.org/details/denaturadeorumac00ciceuoft/page/342/mode/2up?view=theater 3.59]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/anteros-e123320 s.v. Anteros].</ref>
|-
| [[Odomantus]]
| rowspan="3" | [[Calliope]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Mygdon of Thrace|Mygdon]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Edonus]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Biston]]
| [[Terpsichore]]
| ''[[Etymologicum Magnum|Etym. Mag.]]''
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref name="179.59 p. 179">''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'', [https://archive.org/details/etymologikontome00etymuoft/page/n109/mode/2up?view=theater 179.59 (p. 179)].</ref>
|-
| [[Callirhoe (mythology)|Callirrhoe]]
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref name="s.v. Bistonia pp. 352, 353">[[Stephanus of Byzantium]], [https://books.google.com/books?id=e2WGsl7oeEUC&pg=PA352 s.v. Bistonia (pp. 352, 353)].</ref>
|-
| [[Enyalius]]
| [[Enyo]]
|
|
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/enyalius-e330900 s.v. Enyalius].</ref>
|-
| Dragon of [[Ancient Thebes (Boeotia)|Thebes]]
| [[Erinys]] of [[Telphusa]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Nike (mythology)|Nike]]
| ''No mother mentioned''
| ''[[Homeric Hymns|HH]]'' 8
|
| <ref>''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]] to Ares'' (8), [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg008.perseus-eng1:1 4].</ref>
|-
| [[Sinope (mythology)|Sinope]] (possibly)
| [[Aegina (mythology)|Aegina]]
| Schol. [[Apollonius of Rhodes|Ap. Rhod.]]
|
| <ref name=":0">[[Scholia]] on [[Apollonius Rhodius]], ''Argonautica'' 2.946</ref>
|-
| Edonus
| rowspan="2" | [[Callirhoe (mythology)|Callirrhoe]]
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref name="s.v. Bistonia pp. 352, 353"/>
|-
| Odomantus
| [[Stephanus of Byzantium|Steph. Byz.]]
| data-sort-value=27 | 6th cent. AD
| <ref name="s.v. Bistonia pp. 352, 353"/>
|-
| rowspan="3" | Cycnus
| [[Cleobule|Cleobula]]
|
|
| <ref name=":1">{{Cite book|last=Murray|first=John|title=A Classical Manual, being a Mythological, Historical and Geographical Commentary on Pope's Homer, and Dryden's Aeneid of Virgil with a Copious Index|year=1833|location=Albemarle Street, London|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_u0gQAAAAIAAJ/page/70/mode/2up?view=theater 70]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Pelopia]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.7.7 2.7.7].</ref>
|-
| [[Pyrene (mythology)|Pyrene]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.5.11 2.5.11].</ref>
|-
| [[Diomedes of Thrace]]
| rowspan=2 | Cyrene
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:2.5.8 2.5.8].</ref>
|-
| Crestone
| [[Tzetzes]]
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' 499: Thrace was said to have been called Crestone after her.</ref>
|-
| The [[Amazons]]
| [[Harmonia]]
|
|
|
|-
| rowspan="3" | [[Oenomaus]]
| [[Sterope (Pleiad)|Sterope]]
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#84 84]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'', [https://topostext.org/work/207#2.21.5 2.21.5]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/oenomaus-e829310 s.v. Oenomaus].</ref>
|-
| [[Harpina]]
| [[Diodorus Siculus|Diod. Sic.]]
| data-sort-value=15 | 1st cent. BC
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:5.22.6 5.22.6]; [[Diodorus Siculus]], [https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Diodorus_Siculus/4D*.html#73.1 4.73.1]; Gantz, p. 232.</ref>
|-
| [[Eurythoe]] the [[Danaïdes|Danaid]]
| [[Tzetzes]]
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref>[[Tzetzes]] on [[Lycophron]], ''Alexandra'' 157.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Evenus of Aetolia|Evenus]]
| [[Sterope (Pleiad)|Sterope]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''Parallela minora'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg085.perseus-eng2:40 40].</ref>
|-
| [[Demonice]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.7 1.7.7].</ref>
|-
| [[Thrassa]]
| [[Tereine]]
| [[Antoninus Liberalis|Ant. Lib.]]
| data-sort-value=20 | 2nd/3rd cent. AD
| <ref name=":anl21"/>
|-
| [[Melanippus]]
| [[Triteia]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7.22.8 7.22.8]; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=melanippus-bio-4 s.v. Melanippus (4)].</ref>
|-
| [[Aeropus (mythology)|Aeropus]]
| [[Aerope (daughter of Cepheus)|Aerope]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:8.44.8 8.44.8]; Tripp, s.v. Ares; Smith, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0104:entry=aphneius-bio-1 s.v. Aphneius].</ref>
|-
| [[Alcippe (Greek mythology)|Alcippe]]
| [[Aglaulus, daughter of Cecrops|Aglauros]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.14.2 3.14.2]; Peck, [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus:text:1999.04.0062:entry=ares-harpers s.v. Ares].</ref>
|-
| [[Meleager]]
| [[Althaea (mythology)|Althaea]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>Gantz, p. 328; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.8.2 1.8.2]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#14.3 14.3].</ref>
|-
| [[Calydon (son of Ares)|Calydon]]
| [[Astynome]]
|
|
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/calydon-e607430 s.v. Calydon (2)].</ref>
|-
| [[Ascalaphus]]
| rowspan=2 | [[Astyoche]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', s.vv. [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/ascalaphus-e203530 Ascalaphus (2)], [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.37.7 9.37.7].</ref>
|-
| [[Ialmenus]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/ialmenus-e520830 Ialmenus]; Grimal, s.v. Ialmenus, p. 224; [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.37.7 9.37.7].</ref>
|-
| [[Parthenopaeus]]
| [[Atalanta]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>Gantz, p. 336; [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.9.2 3.9.2].</ref>
|-
| [[Solymus]]
| [[Caldene]]
| ''[[Etymologicum Magnum|Etym. Mag.]]''
| data-sort-value=39 | 12th cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'', [https://archive.org/details/etymologikontome00etymuoft/page/n345/mode/2up?view=theater 721.43&ndash;44 (p. 654)]; Grimal, s.v. Solymus, p. 424.</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" | [[Phlegyas]]
| [[Chryse (mythology)|Chryse]]
| [[Pausanias (geographer)|Paus.]]
| data-sort-value=19 | 2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0525.tlg001.perseus-eng1:9.36.1 9.36.1]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA560 p. 560]; Grimal, s.v. Phlegyas, pp. 367&ndash;368.</ref>
|-
| [[Dotis]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3.5.5 3.5.5]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA560 p. 560]; Grimal, s.v. Phlegyas, pp. 367&ndash;368.</ref>
|-
| [[Pangaeus (mythology)|Pangaeus]]
| [[Critobule]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:3 3.2].</ref>
|-
| [[Molus of Aetolia|Molus]], [[Pylus (mythology)|Pylus]]
| [[Demonice]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.7 1.7.7]; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/thestius-e1211110 s.v. Thestius].</ref>
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Thestius]]
| [[Pisidice]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:22 22.1].</ref>
|-
| [[Demonice]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.7 1.7.7]; Hard, [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC&pg=PA413 p. 413]; Grimal, s.v. Thestius, p. 452; ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/thestius-e1211110 s.v. Thestius].</ref>
|-
| [[Stymphalus|Stymphelus]]
| [[Dormothea]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:19 19.1].</ref>
|-
| [[Antiope (Amazon)|Antiope]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Otrera]]
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/antiope-e124830 s.v. Antiope (2)]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#30 30].</ref>
|-
| [[Hippolyta]]
| [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyg.]] ''[[Fabulae|Fab.]]''
| data-sort-value=17 | 1st cent. AD
| <ref>[[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#30 30].</ref>
|-
| [[Melanippe]]
|
|
|
|-
| [[Penthesilea]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg002.perseus-eng1:e.5.1 E.5.1]; [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus]], ''[[Fabulae]]'' [https://topostext.org/work/206#112 112].</ref>
|-
| [[Sinope (mythology)|Sinope]]
| [[Parnassa]]
| [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]]
|
| <ref>[[Scholia]] on [[Apollonius of Rhodes]], 2.946&ndash;54c [= [[Eumelus of Corinth|Eumelus]], [https://archive.org/details/L497GreekEpicFragmentsVIIVcBC/page/n257/mode/2up?view=theater fr. 29 West, pp. 246, 247]].</ref>
|-
| [[Lycaon (Greek myth)|Lycaon]]
| [[Pyrene (mythology)|Pyrene]]
|
|
| <ref>Grimal, s.v. Lycaon (3), p. 263.</ref>
|-
| [[Lycastus]]
| rowspan="2" | [[Philonome (mythology)|Phylonome]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref name="data.perseus.org">[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''Parallela minora'' [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0007.tlg085.perseus-eng2:36 36]; Grimal, s.vv. Lycastus (2), Parrhasius.</ref>
|-
| [[Parrhasius (Greek myth)|Parrhasius]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref name="data.perseus.org"/>
|-
| [[Oxylus]]
| [[Protogeneia]]
| [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollod.]]
| data-sort-value=18 | 1st/2nd cent. AD
| <ref>[[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.7.7 1.7.7]; Grimal, s.v. Oxylus (1); ''[[Brill's New Pauly]]'', [https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/brill-s-new-pauly/oxylus-e903020 s.v. Oxylus (1)].</ref>
|-
| [[Bithys]]
| [[Sete (mythology)|Sete]]
|
|
| <ref>eponym of the Thracian tribe of Bithyae in [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Ethnica'' s.v. ''Bithyai''</ref>
|-
| [[Tmolus (son of Ares)|Tmolus]]
| [[Theogone]]
| [[Pseudo-Plutarch|Ps.-Plutarch]]
|
| <ref>[[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''On Rivers'', [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:7 7.5].</ref>
|-
| [[Ismarus (Thrace)|Ismarus]]
| Thracia
|
|
| <ref name=":1" />
|}
==Mars==
[[File:Wall painting - Ares and Aphrodite - Pompeii (VII 2 23) - Napoli MAN 9249 - 03.jpg|thumb|Wall-painting in [[Pompeii]], c. 20 BC – 50s AD, showing Mars and Venus. The Roman god of war is depicted as youthful and beardless, reflecting the influence of the Greek Ares.]]
The nearest counterpart of Ares among the [[List of Roman deities|Roman gods]] is [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], a son of [[Jupiter (mythology)|Jupiter]] and [[Juno (mythology)|Juno]], pre-eminent among the [[Religion in the Roman military|Roman army's military gods]] but originally an agricultural deity.<ref>[[Mary Beard (classicist)|Beard]], Mary, North, John A., Price, Simon R. F., ''Religions of Rome: A History'' (Cambridge University Press, 1998), pp. 47–48</ref> As a father of [[Romulus]], Rome's legendary founder, Mars was given an important and dignified place in [[Religion in ancient Rome|ancient Roman religion]], as a [[tutelary deity|guardian deity]] of the entire Roman state and its people. Under the [[Hellenization|influence of Greek culture]], Mars was [[interpretatio graeca|identified with]] Ares,<ref name=Lar>''Larousse Desk Reference Encyclopedia'', [[The Book People]], Haydock, 1995, p. 215.</ref> but the character and dignity of the two deities differed fundamentally.<ref>Kurt A. Raaflaub, ''War and Peace in the Ancient World'' (Blackwell, 2007), p. 15.</ref><ref>Paul Rehak and John G. Younger, ''Imperium and Cosmos: Augustus and the Northern Campus Martius'' (University of Wisconsin Press, 2006), pp. 11–12.</ref> Mars was represented as a means [[Pax Romana|to secure peace]], and he was a father ''(pater)'' of the Roman people.<ref>[[Isidore of Seville]] calls Mars ''Romanae gentis auctorem'', the originator or founder of the Roman people as a ''[[gens]]'' (''Etymologiae'' 5.33.5).</ref> In one tradition, he fathered [[Romulus and Remus]] through his rape of [[Rhea Silvia]]. In another, his lover, the goddess [[Venus (mythology)|Venus]], gave birth to [[Aeneas]], the [[Trojan War|Trojan prince and refugee]] who "founded" Rome several generations before Romulus.
In the [[Hellenization]] of [[Latin literature]], the myths of Ares were [[interpretatio graeca|reinterpreted]] by Roman writers under the name of Mars. Greek writers under [[Roman Empire|Roman rule]] also recorded [[cult (religious practice)|cult practices]] and beliefs pertaining to Mars under the name of Ares. Thus in the [[classical mythology|classical tradition]] of later [[Western culture|Western art and literature]], the mythology of the two figures later became virtually indistinguishable.<ref>The scene in which Ares and Aphrodite are entrapped by Hephaestus' net (Homer, ''Odyssey''  VIII: 166-365 is also in Ovid's Latin language ''Metamorphoses'' IV: 171-189  [https://www.sothebys.com/en/auctions/ecatalogue/2013/old-master-paintings-n08952/lot.74.html]</ref>
==Renaissance and later depictions==
In [[Renaissance]] and [[Neoclassicism|Neoclassical]] works of art, Ares's symbols are a spear and helmet, his animal is a dog, and his bird is the [[vulture]]. In literary works<!--examples would be more enlightening than this generality--> of these eras, Ares is replaced by the Roman [[Mars (mythology)|Mars]], a romantic emblem of manly valor rather than the cruel and blood-thirsty god of Greek mythology.
==In popular culture==
{{main|Ares in popular culture}}<!--items that belong at that article should not be added here, as they may be deleted without comment-->
==Genealogy==
{{Family tree of the Olympians|title=Ares's family tree|collapsed=no|cap_ares=y}}
==See also==
* [[Family tree of the Greek gods]]
==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}
==Notes==
{{Reflist|30em}}
==References==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* [[Antoninus Liberalis]], ''The Metamorphoses of Antoninus Liberalis: A Translation with a Commentary'', edited and translated by Francis Celoria, Routledge, 1992. {{ISBN|978-0-415-06896-3}}. [https://topostext.org/work/216 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Bibliotheca (Pseudo-Apollodorus)|Apollodorus]], ''Apollodorus: The Library, with an English Translation by Sir James George Frazer, F.B.A., F.R.S. in 2 Volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts: [[Harvard University Press]]; London: William Heinemann Ltd., 1921. {{ISBN|0-674-99135-4}}. [http://data.perseus.org/texts/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0548.tlg001.perseus-eng1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Walter Burkert|Burkert, Walter]], ''Greek Religion'', [[Harvard University Press]], 1985. {{ISBN|0-674-36281-0}}. [https://archive.org/details/greekreligion0000burk/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* ''[[Etymologicum Magnum]]'', Friderici Sylburgii (ed.), Leipzig: J.A.G. Weigel, 1816. [https://archive.org/details/etymologikontome00etymuoft/page/2/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Timothy Gantz|Gantz, Timothy]], ''Early Greek Myth: A Guide to Literary and Artistic Sources'', Johns Hopkins University Press, 1996, Two volumes: {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5360-9}} (Vol. 1), {{ISBN|978-0-8018-5362-3}} (Vol. 2).
* Grimal, Pierre, ''The Dictionary of Classical Mythology'', Wiley-Blackwell, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0-631-20102-1}}. [https://archive.org/details/dictionaryofclas0000grim/page/n3/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[William Hansen (classicist)|Hansen, William]], ''Handbook of Classical Mythology'', [[ABC-CLIO]], 2004. {{ISBN|978-1-57607-226-4}}. [https://archive.org/details/handbookofclassi0000hans/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* Hard, Robin, ''The Routledge Handbook of Greek Mythology: Based on H.J. Rose's "Handbook of Greek Mythology"'', Psychology Press, 2004. {{ISBN|9780415186360}}. [https://books.google.com/books?id=r1Y3xZWVlnIC Google Books].
* [[Hesiod]], ''[[Theogony]]'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0020.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1-28 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library]. [https://archive.org/details/hesiodhomerichym00hesiuoft/page/78/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Homer]], ''The Iliad with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1924. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.32 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Homer]], ''The Odyssey with an English Translation by A.T. Murray, Ph.D. in two volumes''. Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann, Ltd. 1919. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0012.tlg002.perseus-eng1:1.1-1.43 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* ''[[Homeric Hymns|Homeric Hymn]]'' 8 ''to Ares'', in ''The Homeric Hymns and Homerica with an English Translation by Hugh G. Evelyn-White'', Cambridge, Massachusetts, [[Harvard University Press]]; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1914. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0013.tlg008.perseus-eng1:8 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[De Astronomica]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/207 Online version at ToposText].
* [[Gaius Julius Hyginus|Hyginus, Gaius Julius]], ''[[Fabulae]]'', in ''The Myths of Hyginus'', edited and translated by Mary A. Grant, Lawrence: University of Kansas Press, 1960. [https://topostext.org/work/206 Online version at ToposText].
* {{cite book | title = Libanius's Progymnasmata: Model Exercises in Greek Prose Composition and Rhetoric | author = [[Libanius]] | translator = Craig A. Gibson | date = 2008 | isbn = 978-1-58983-360-9 | publisher = [[Society of Biblical Literature]] | location = [[Atlanta]] | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=kRi-If9IAOYC}}
* [[Nonnus]], ''[[Dionysiaca]], Volume II: Books 16&ndash;35'', translated by [[W. H. D. Rouse]], [[Loeb Classical Library]] No. 345, Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press, 1940. [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/LCL354/1940/volume.xml Online version at Harvard University Press]. {{ISBN|978-0-674-99391-4}}. [https://archive.org/stream/dionysiaca02nonnuoft#page/n5/mode/2up Internet Archive (1940)].
* ''[[Oxford Classical Dictionary]]'', revised third edition, Simon Hornblower and Antony Spawforth (editors), [[Oxford University Press]], 2003. {{ISBN|0-19-860641-9}}. [https://archive.org/details/oxfordclassicald0000unse_w0u7/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
* [[Pausanias (geographer)|Pausanias]], ''Pausanias Description of Greece with an English Translation by W.H.S. Jones, Litt.D., and H.A. Ormerod, M.A., in 4 Volumes.'' Cambridge, Massachusetts, Harvard University Press; London, William Heinemann Ltd. 1918. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Paus.+1.1.1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Harry Thurston Peck|Peck, Harry Thurston]], ''[[Harpers Dictionary of Classical Antiquities]]'', New York, Harper and Brothers, 1898. [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0062 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Pseudo-Plutarch]], ''De fluviis'', in ''Plutarch's morals, Volume V'', edited and translated by [[William Watson Goodwin]], Boston: Little, Brown & Co., 1874. [http://data.perseus.org/citations/urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0094.tlg001.perseus-eng1:1 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[William Smith (lexicographer)|Smith, William]], ''[[Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biography and Mythology]]'', London (1873). [https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=Perseus%3atext%3a1999.04.0104 Online version at the Perseus Digital Library].
* [[Stephanus of Byzantium]], ''Stephani Byzantii Ethnica: Volumen I Alpha - Gamma'', edited by Margarethe Billerbeck, in collaboration with Jan Felix Gaertner, Beatrice Wyss and Christian Zubler, De Gruyter, 2006. {{ISBN|978-3-110-17449-6}}. [https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110202816 Online version at De Gruyter]. [https://books.google.com/books?id=e2WGsl7oeEUC Google Books].
* Tripp, Edward, ''Crowell's Handbook of Classical Mythology'', Thomas Y. Crowell Co; First edition (June 1970). {{ISBN|0-690-22608-X}}. [https://archive.org/details/crowellshandbook00trip/page/n5/mode/2up?view=theater Internet Archive].
{{refend}}
{{commons category}}
{{Twelve Olympians}}
{{Greek religion}}
{{Greek mythology (deities)}}
{{Subject bar |portal1=Ancient Greece|portal22=Myths|commons=y |wikt=y }}
{{Authority control}}
[[Category:Ares| ]]
[[Category:Characters in the Odyssey]]
[[Category:Children of Hera]]
[[Category:Children of Zeus]]
[[Category:Consorts of Aphrodite]]
[[Category:Consorts of Eos]]
[[Category:Deeds of Poseidon]]
[[Category:Deities in the Iliad]]
[[Category:Dog gods]]
[[Category:Greek mythology of Thrace]]
[[Category:Greek war deities]]
[[Category:Martian deities]]
[[Category:Planetary gods]]
[[Category:Metamorphoses characters]]
[[Category:Twelve Olympians]]
[[Category:War gods]]
[[Category:Greek gods]]
Mr.Sanemi
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