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===Crete=== | ===Crete=== | ||
A sanctuary of Aphrodite was established at [[Sta Lenika]], on [[Crete]], between the cities of [[Lato]] and [[Olus]], possibly during the [[Geometric period]]. It was rebuilt in the late 2nd century BC as a double-sanctuary to Ares and Aphrodite.<ref>Martha W. Baldwin Bowsky. "Portrait of a Polis: Lato Pros Kamara (Crete) in the Late Second Century B. C." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 58, no. 3, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1989, pp. 331–47, https://doi.org/10.2307/148222</ref> Inscriptions record disputes over the ownership of the sanctuary. The names of Ares and Aphrodite appear as witness to sworn oaths, and there is a Victory thanks-offering to Aphrodite, whom Millington believes had capacity as a "warrior-protector acting in the realm of Ares". There were cultic links between the Sta Lenika sanctuary, Knossos and other Cretan states, and perhaps with [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] on the mainland.<ref>This refers to a double-temple to Aphrodite and Ares reported by Pausanias. Its cult practises are unknown. See Fusco, U. (2017). The Sanctuary of Aphrodite and Ares (Paus. 2.25.1) in the Periurban Area of Argos and Temples with a Double Cella in Greece. Tekmeria, 13, 97-124. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.1073.</ref> While the Greek literary and artistic record from both the Archaic and Classical eras connects Ares and Aphrodite as complementary companions and ideal though adulterous lovers, their cult pairing and Aphrodite as warrior-protector is localised to Crete.<ref name="Millington, Alexander T. 2013, pp.555-557">Millington, Alexander T., "Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares" in A. Mouton, I. Rutherford, & I. Yakubovich (eds.) ''Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean'' (Leiden) 2013, pp.555-557</ref><ref name="discovery.ucl.ac.uk">Millington, Alexander T., ''War and the Warrior: Functions of Ares in Literature and Cult'', University College, London, 2013, pp. 101-105 [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1427880/1/Alexander_Thomas_Millington_Ares_-_Full_PhD_Thesis_(corrected).pdf]</ref> | A sanctuary of Aphrodite was established at [[Sta Lenika]], on [[Crete]], between the cities of [[Lato]] and [[Olus]], possibly during the [[Geometric period]]. It was rebuilt in the late 2nd century BC as a double-sanctuary to Ares and Aphrodite.<ref>Martha W. Baldwin Bowsky. "Portrait of a Polis: Lato Pros Kamara (Crete) in the Late Second Century B. C." Hesperia: The Journal of the American School of Classical Studies at Athens, vol. 58, no. 3, The American School of Classical Studies at Athens, 1989, pp. 331–47, https://doi.org/10.2307/148222</ref> Inscriptions record disputes over the ownership of the sanctuary. The names of Ares and Aphrodite appear as witness to sworn oaths, and there is a Victory thanks-offering to Aphrodite, whom Millington believes had capacity as a "warrior-protector acting in the realm of Ares". There were cultic links between the Sta Lenika sanctuary, Knossos and other Cretan states, and perhaps with [[Argos, Peloponnese|Argos]] on the mainland.<ref>This refers to a double-temple to Aphrodite and Ares reported by Pausanias. Its cult practises are unknown. See Fusco, U. (2017). The Sanctuary of Aphrodite and Ares (Paus. 2.25.1) in the Periurban Area of Argos and Temples with a Double Cella in Greece. Tekmeria, 13, 97-124. doi:https://doi.org/10.12681/tekmeria.1073.</ref> While the Greek literary and artistic record from both the Archaic and Classical eras connects Ares and Aphrodite as complementary companions and ideal though adulterous lovers, their cult pairing and Aphrodite as warrior-protector is localised to Crete.<ref name="Millington, Alexander T. 2013, pp.555-557">Millington, Alexander T., "Iyarri at the Interface: The Origins of Ares" in A. Mouton, I. Rutherford, & I. Yakubovich (eds.) ''Luwian Identities: Culture, Language and Religion Between Anatolia and the Aegean'' (Leiden) 2013, pp.555-557</ref><ref name="discovery.ucl.ac.uk">Millington, Alexander T., ''War and the Warrior: Functions of Ares in Literature and Cult'', University College, London, 2013, pp. 101-105 [https://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/id/eprint/1427880/1/Alexander_Thomas_Millington_Ares_-_Full_PhD_Thesis_(corrected).pdf]</ref> | ||
===Aksum=== | |||
In Africa, [[Maḥrem]], the principal god of the [[kings of Aksum]] prior to the 4th century AD, was invoked as Ares in Greek inscriptions. The anonymous king who commissioned the [[Monumentum Adulitanum]] in the late 2nd or early 3rd century refers to "my greatest god, Ares, who also begat me, through whom I brought under my sway [various peoples]". The monumental throne celebrating the king's conquests was itself dedicated to Ares.<ref>[[Glen Bowersock]], ''The Throne of Adulis: Red Sea Wars on the Eve of Islam'' (Oxford University Press, 2013), pp. 45, 47–48.</ref> In the early 4th century, the last pagan king of Aksum, [[Ezana]], referred to "the one who brought me forth, the invincible Ares".<ref>Bowersock, ''Throne of Adulis'', p. 69.</ref> | |||