Tipu Sultan: Difference between revisions

{{for|the Bangladeshi cricketer|Tipu Sultan (cricketer)}}

| name        = Tipu Sultan

| image        = TipuSultanPic.jpg

| succession  = [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultan of Mysore]]  

| successor    = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (as Wodeyar ruler)

|  

| religion    = [[Sunni Islam]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ncfIAAAAQBAJ&q=sunni+ottoman+tipu+sultan&pg=PA194|title = The Persian Gulf in History|isbn = 9780230618459|last1 = Potter|first1 = L.|date = 5 January 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uX4fEAAAQBAJ&q=sunni+ottoman+tipu+sultan&pg=PA8|title=Noncooperation in India: Nonviolent Strategy and Protest, 1920-22|isbn=978-0-19-758056-1|last1=Hardiman|first1=David|date=March 2021}}</ref>

| birth_date  = {{birth date|df=yes|1751|12|01}}<ref name=N18_20210719/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}

| birth_place  = [[Devanahalli]], present-day [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore]], Karnataka

| death_date  = {{death date and age|df=yes|1799|5|4|1751|12|01}}{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}

| death_place  = [[Srirangapatna]], present-day [[Mandya]], Karnataka

Tipu Sultan and his father used their French-trained army in alliance with the French in their struggle with the British,{{sfn|Roy|2011|p=77}} and in Mysore's struggles with other surrounding powers, against the [[Maratha Empire|Marathas]], [[Sira, India|Sira]], and rulers of [[Malabar (Northern Kerala)|Malabar]], [[Kodagu district|Kodagu]], [[Keladi Nayaka Kingdom|Bednore]], [[Carnatic region|Carnatic]], and [[Travancore]]. Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], had risen to power and Tipu succeeded him as the ruler of Mysore upon his father's death in 1782. He won important victories against the British in the [[Second Anglo-Mysore War]]. He negotiated the 1784 [[Treaty of Mangalore]] with them after his father died from cancer in December 1782 during the Second Anglo-Mysore War.

In the [[Fourth Anglo-Mysore War]], a combined force of British East India Company troops, supported by the [[Maratha]]s and the Nizam of Hyderabad defeated Tipu. He was killed on 4 May 1799 while [[Siege of Seringapatam (1799)|defending his stronghold of Seringapatam]].

[[File:Tippu Birthplace.jpg|thumb|Tippu's birthplace, [[Devanahalli]].]]

[[File:Tipu Sultan, Indian warrior Emperor of Mysore.gif|thumb|right|Tipu Sultan confronts his opponents during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Siege of Srirangapatna]].]]

Tipu Sultan was born on 1 December 1751 at [[Devanahalli]],<ref name=N18_20210719/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}} in present-day [[Bangalore Rural district]], about {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]] city. He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]]. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. From the age of 17 Tipu was given independent charge of important diplomatic and military missions. He was his father's right arm in the wars from which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of southern India.<ref>{{cite news |title=The history of South India is relatively unknown: Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], was a military officer in service to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] who had become the ''de facto'' ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of [[Kadapa]]. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like [[Urdu]], Persian, Arabic, [[Kannada]], [[Quran]], [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Equestrianism|riding]], shooting and fencing.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}<ref name="AnwarH">{{cite book |author=Haroon, Anwar |title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan |date=June 2013 |page=95 |isbn=9781483615349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7y-KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref><ref name="Wenger04">{{cite book |last1=Wenger |first1=Estefania |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |date=March 2017 |isbn=9789386367440 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sultan of Mysore – Tipu Sultan |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/ |publisher=Karnataka.com |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

===Early military service===

{{main|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}

In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis%20medows%20mysore&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902|pages=431–432}}</ref> During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel Baillie who was on his way to join Sir [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]]. In the [[Battle of Pollilur]], Tipu decisively defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he was forced to retreat to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|title=The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India|work=nationalgalleries.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111064154/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|archive-date=11 November 2006}}</ref>

[[File:Battle of pollilur.jpg|thumb|[[Mural]] of the [[Battle of Pollilur]] on the walls of Tipu's summer palace, painted to celebrate his triumph over the British]]

 

Tipu Sultan defeated Colonel Braithwaite at Annagudi near Tanjore on 18 February 1782. Braithwaite's forces, consisting of 100 Europeans, 300 cavalry, 1400 [[sepoy]]s and 10 field pieces, was the standard size of the colonial armies. Tipu Sultan seized all the guns and took the entire detachment prisoner. In December 1781 Tipu Sultan successfully seized Chittur from the British. Tipu Sultan had thus gained sufficient military experience by the time Hyder Ali died on Friday, 6 December 1782&nbsp;– some historians put it at 2 or 3 days later or before, (Hijri date being 1 [[Muharram]], 1197 as per some records in Persian&nbsp;– there may be a difference of 1 to 3 days due to the Lunar Calendar). Tipu Sultan realised that the British were a new kind of threat in India. He became the ruler of Mysore on Sunday, 22 December 1782 (The inscriptions in some of Tipu's [[regalia]] showing it as 20 [[Muharram]], 1197 [[Islamic calendar|Hijri]]&nbsp;– Sunday), in a simple coronation ceremony.

[[File:Daria-daulat-bagh.jpg|thumb|Tipu Sultan's summer palace at [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka]]

* [[Siege of Nargund]] during February 1785 won by Mysore

===The Invasion of Travancore by Sultanate of Mysore (1766–1790)===

[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Srirangapatna]] 1799]]

[[File:Tipu Sultan%27s cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Very small Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces now in Government Museum (Egmore), Chennai]]

{{Main|Franco-Indian alliances}}

 

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Upendrakishore|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101|date=April 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|page=101}}</ref> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797|journal=Les Indes Savantes|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc|last=Boutier|first=Jean|date=2005}}</ref>

{{Main|Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}

 

[[Horatio Nelson]] defeated [[François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from [[Bombay]] and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=P. Sempa |title=Wellington in India: A Great Commander in Embryo |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/wellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> They besieged the capital [[Srirangapatna]] in the [[Fourth Mysore War]].<ref>The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the [House of Lords and House of Commons]-J. Almon, 1793</ref> There were more than 60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book | last=Sunderlal | first=Pandit | title=How India Lost Her Freedom | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 | access-date=20 January 2022 | page=364}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan lead British General Harris to exclaim "now india is ours".<ref name="Moienuddin2000">{{cite book | author =Mohammad Moienuddin | title =Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan | year =2000 | publisher =Sangam Books | isbn =978-0-86311-850-0 | oclc =48995204 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located {{convert|300|yd|m}} from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000138u00000000.html|title= View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore)|access-date=14 June 2009|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref> He was buried the next afternoon at the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumaz]], next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that [[Nawab of Carnatic]] [[Umdat Ul-Umra]] secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter |title=Seven things you may not have known about Tipu Sultan, India's first freedom fighter |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184846/https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in britain.<ref name="te Deum">{{cite book |author= Anjali Sengupta |date= 1984 |title= Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757-1857 |publisher= Ṛddhi-India |pages= 11 |oclc= 13531696 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hHwtAAAAMAAJ&q=tipu+public+holiday}}</ref>

Due to their perpetual battle engagements, Haidar and Tipu required a disciplined standing army. Thus, [[Rajputs]], Muslims and [[Boya (caste)|Bedars]] were enrolled for full time service replacing the local militia called the ''Kandachar''<ref>{{cite book |author1=Mysore Hatti Gopal|date=1960|title=The Finances Of The Mysore State 1799 - 1831 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9UJKAAAAMAAJ&q=Kandachar+militia|location=|publisher=Orient Longmans|page=255|isbn=|quote=These were armed militia who served as police officers , helped in the collection of revenue and often garrisoned small forts . They resembled the sibundi in the Company ' s territories . In Mysore they were divided into the huzur kandachar or those who were in the capital and about the Maharaja , and the taluq kandachar or those in the taluqs , the latter being far more numerous than the former.}}</ref> force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier. The removal of the [[Vokkaliga]]s from the local militia which had taken part in wars for centuries and the imposition of higher taxes on them in place of their quit rent led indirectly to the implementation of [[Ryotwari]] system. Now the [[Ryot#Ryotwari system|Ryots]] could not rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities since their slaves were enrolled in the army in some places. Besides paying higher taxes they had to endure the additional responsibility of feeding the slaves and financing their marriages. This led to the weakening of the system of slavery in [[Mysore]].<ref>{{cite book |editor=R. Gopal|date=2010|title=Tipu Sultan: The Tiger of Mysore |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDT0UsWn7mUC&q=vokkaliga+kandachar|location=Mysore|publisher=Directorate of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Karnataka|page=279|oclc=813417527|quote=Since Haidar and Tipu were perpetually engaged in battles , they formed a disciplined standing army . Thus , instead of the local militia called the Kandachar force of agricultural origin which existed in the Mysore army earlier, Haidar and Tipu enrolled to their army forces the able tribal men , Muslims and Rajputs on full time service. In this way, Haidar and Tipu removed the Vokkaligas of the agricultural base from the local militia which took part in wars for centuries and in place of their quit rent , they imposed higher taxes and thus became indirectly responsible for implementation of Ryotwari system. The Ryots were not liberated from the shackles of Kandachar service; the slaves who were with them were enrolled in the army in some places. As a result, the Ryots removed from the military service could not even rely upon slaves for their agricultural activities. Hence these ryots had to endure the greater responsibility of feeding the slaves and of financing their marriages besides paying the higher taxes. So in the plains of Mysore the system of slavery was loosened.}}</ref>

{{See|Mysore silk|Economic history of India}}

; Mughal Empire

After [[Ghulam Kadir|Ghulam Qadir]] had Shah Alam II blinded on 10 August 1788, Tipu Sultan is believed to have broken into tears.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://archive.org/details/dli.bengal.10689.12717 | quote = plight. | title = Secret correspondence of Tipu Sultan | publisher = Light and Life Publishers | last1 = Kausar | first1 = Kabir | year = 1980}}</ref>

On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4397149|title = Tipu Sultan: Giving 'The Devil' His Due|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 25|issue = 52|pages = 2835–2837|last1 = Yadav|first1 = Bhupendra|year = 1990}}</ref> As a Muslim ruler of a predominantly Hindu country, some of his policies have evoked controversy. Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples,<ref name="chetty2">A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions" in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref> including the famed [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Ranganathaswami Temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=Pande, B. N. |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> Many sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}} and his land grants and endowments to Hindu temples,<ref name="padiga3">[[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']], p. 118</ref><ref name="A. Subbaraya Chetty 2002">A. Subbaraya Chetty, "Tipu's endowments to Hindus", pp. 111–115 in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']].</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}} which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance.

  }}</ref> and forced conversion<ref name=cariappa>{{citation |last1=Cariappa |first1=M. P. |last2=Cariappa |first2=Ponnamma |title=The Coorgs and their Origins |publisher=Aakar Books |year=1981 |oclc=641505186|page=48}}</ref> of Hindus ([[Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam|Kodavas of Coorg]], [[Captivity of Nairs at Seringapatam|Nairs of Malabar]]) and Christians ([[Captivity of Mangalorean Catholics at Seringapatam|Catholics of Mangalore]]), the destruction of churches<ref name="Lobo2">[https://archive.today/20140829175532/http://portal.kinnigoli.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=28:sarasvatis-chi. Sarasvati's Children], Joe Lobo</ref> and temples, and the clamping down on Muslims ([[Mappila|Mappila of Kerala]], the [[Mahdavia]] Muslims, the [[Savanur State|rulers of Savanur]] and the people of [[Hyderabad State]]), which are sometimes cited as evidence for his intolerance.

====Persecution of Hindus outside Mysore====

{{Main|Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam}}

 

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{{blockquote|"We proceeded with the utmost speed, and, at once, made prisoners of 40,000 occasion-seeking and sedition-exciting [[Kodava people|Kodavas]], who alarmed at the approach of our victorious army, had slunk into woods, and concealed themselves in lofty mountains, inaccessible even to birds. Then carrying them away from their native country (the native place of sedition) we raised them to the honour of Islam, and incorporated them into our [[Ahmadiyya|Ahmedy]] corps."

The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became [[Mysore]] since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]] were always in the South Indian style until the reign of [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] (1761–1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam II]] plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], mohurs and [[rupee]]s, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large [[paisa]] was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new [[Persian language|Persian]] names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

[[File:Double paisa of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|right|Among his many innovations, Tipu introduced new coin denominations and new coin types, including this handsome copper double paisa weighing over 23&nbsp;gm. The coin on the left also contains the emblem of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]].]]

The 14th and current Indian president [[Ram Nath Kovind]] hailed Tipu Sultan in his address to the Karnataka Assembly on the occasion of the Diamond Jubilee celebrations of the state secretariat [[Vidhana Soudha]] saying “Tipu Sultan died a heroic death fighting the British. He was also a pioneer in the development and use of Mysore rockets in warfare. This technology was later adopted by the Europeans.“<ref>{{Cite news|last=Aji|first=Sowmya|title=President Ram Nath Kovind hails Tipu Sultan, sparks war of words between Congress and BJP|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/president-ram-nath-kovind-hails-tipu-sultan-sparks-war-of-words-between-congress-and-bjp/articleshow/61226875.cms|date=26 October 2017}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in [[Pakistan]]. [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistan Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan PM Imran pays tribute to Tipu Sultan on his death anniversary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-pm-imran-pays-tribute-to-tipu-sultan-on-his-death-anniversary/article27039000.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 May 2019}}</ref>

Tipu had several wives.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Howes |first=Jennifer |date=October 2021 |title=Tipu Sultan's female entourage under East India Company rule |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/journal-of-the-royal-asiatic-society/article/abs/tipu-sultans-female-entourage-under-east-india-company-rule/D60AA908187F73DCDBC3F2EDAA235CE5 |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society |language=en |volume=31 |issue=4 |pages=855–874 |doi=10.1017/S135618632000067X |s2cid=229455847 |issn=1356-1863}}</ref> One of them, ''Sindh Sahiba'', was quite renowned for her beauty and intelligence and whose grandson was ''Sahib Sindh Sultan'' also known as His Highness Shahzada Sayyid walShareef Ahmed Halim-az-Zaman Khan Sultan Sahib. Tipu's family was sent to Calcutta by the British. Many other descendants continue to live in [[Kolkata]].

#[[Shezada Hyder Ali|Shahzada Sayyid Shareef Hyder Ali Khan Sultan]] (1771&nbsp;– 30 July 1815)

#[[His Highness]] Shahzada Sir Sayyid walShareef [[Ghulam Muhammad Sultan Sahib]], [[Order of the Star of India|KCSI]] (March 1795&nbsp;– 11 August 1872)

* {{citation |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |title=Tipu Sultan's Search for Legitimacy |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=978-0-19-563977-3 |oclc=246448596}}

* {{Cite EB1911|editor-last=Chisholm |editor-first=Hugh |date=1911 |wstitle= Tippoo Sahib |volume= 26 | page= 1005}}

*{{cite book|ref=Confronting|editor-last=Habib|editor-first=Irfan |title=Confronting Colonialism: Resistance and Modernization Under Haider Ali and Tipu Sultan (Anthem South Asian Studies)|publisher= Anthem Press|isbn=1-84331-024-4|year=2002}}

*{{Citation

|last= Prabhu

|first= Alan Machado

|title= Sarasvati's Children: A History of the Mangalorean Christians

|publisher= I.J.A. Publications

|isbn= 978-81-86778-25-8

}}

*{{Citation| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=zp0FbTniNaYC&pg=PA72| title = War, Culture and Society in Early Modern South Asia, 1740–1849 | isbn = 978-1-136-79087-4 | last1 = Roy | first1 = Kaushik | year = 2011}}

* {{Commons category-inline}}

[[Category:Indian Muslims]]