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| {{About|the Mahabharata epic kingdom of Panchala|the historical kingdom|Panchala}}
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| {{Multiple issues|
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| {{One source|date=December 2012}}
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| {{citation style|date=December 2012}}
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| The [[Panchala]] (पञ्चाल ''Pañcāla'') kingdom was one of the historical [[Mahajanapada]]s of ancient India (c. 30th to 4th centuries BC).<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 85</ref> It was annexed into the [[Nanda Empire]] during the reign of [[Mahapadma Nanda]].<ref>Raychaudhuri, H.C. (1972). ''Political History of Ancient India'', Calcutta: University of Calcutta, p. 206</ref> [[Ahichchhatra]] was capital of northern Panchala and [[Kampilya]] was capital of southern Panchala.<ref name=Malik>{{Cite book |last=Malik |first=Dr Malti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bMg-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA12 |title=History of India |date=2016 |publisher=New Saraswati House India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-81-7335-498-4 |page=51-54 |language=en}}</ref>
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| == Panchala in the Mahabharata ==
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| === Geography ===
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| The Panchala kingdom (Mahabharata) extends from the [[Himalayas]] in the north; to the [[Charmanwati]] river; with the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kuru]], [[Surasena Kingdom|Surasena]] and [[Matsya Kingdom|Matsya]] kingdoms to the west; and the [[Naimisha Forest]] to the east. Later, Panchala was divided into ''Southern Panchala'' ("Panchala proper", centered at Kampilya, ruled by King [[Drupada]], the father-in-law of [[Pandavas]]); and ''Northern Panchala'' (centered at [[Ahichatra]], ruled by [[Ashwathama]], the son of [[Drona]]. Drona was Drupada's friend who later became his enemy). The [[Ganges River]] separated the two Panchalas.
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| ===People from Panchala===
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| In Mahabharata many figures were said to be natives of Panchala.
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| * [[Draupadi]] or Panchali : Wife of the Pandavas
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| * [[Dhrishtadyumna]] : Commander-in-Chief of the Pandavas in [[Kurukshetra War]] and brother of Panchali
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| * [[Drupada]] : Father of Panchali and [[Dhristadyumna]]
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| * [[Shikhandi]] or Sikhandin : Another daughter of Drupada (He married from Dasarna (See [[Dasarna Kingdom]])
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| * [[Prishata]] : Father of Drupada.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Book 1, Chapter 131.</ref>
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| * Satyajit : Commander-in-chief of Panchala army under king Drupada and second oldest son, alternately called Chitraratha in Mahabharata.
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| * Sage Dhaumya : Priest of the Pandavas.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 185.</ref>
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| * Aruni : A Brahmin boy from Panchala and disciple of sage [[Dhaumya]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 3.</ref><ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Book , Chapter .</ref>
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| Many other sons of Drupada (a total of 10) and other Panchala princes (like Yudhamanyu, Uttamaujas, Janamejaya<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 82.</ref> etc.) were allied with the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War.
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| === Origin of Panchala Kingdom ===
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| The lineage extending from [[King Puru]], son of [[Yayati|King Yayati]] to [[Santanu]]. The following passage from Mahabharata, that describes the Puru lineage of kings, shows the kinship of the Kurus and the '''Panchalas''', both branched from the same line: "When [[Janamejaya II|Janamejaya]] wished to hear the history of kings who were descended from Puru. [[Vaisampayana]] narrated the lineage of kings in Puru’s line.".<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 94.</ref>
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| === Lineage of the Puru Kings up to the Panchala Kingdom ===
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| Puru had by his wife, Paushti, three sons: Pravira, Iswara, and Raudraswa.
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| Pravira (perpetuator of the dynasty) had by his wife, Suraseni, a son Manasyu. Manasyu had by his wife, Sauviri, three sons: Sakta, Sahana, and Vagmi.
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| Raudraswa had by his wife, Apsara Misrakesi, ten sons (all who had sons): Richeyu, Kaksreyu, Vrikeyu, Sthandileyu, Vaneyu, Jaleyu, Tejeyu, Satyeyu, Dharmeyu and Sannateyu.
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| Richeyu, as [[Anadhrishti]], succeeded them all. Anadhristi had a son, Matinara, the latter who was well-regarded and virtuous as king and performed the [[Rajasuya]] and the [[Ashwamedha]]. Matinara had four sons: [[Tansu]], Mahan, Atiratha, and Druhyu.
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| Tansu (perpetuator of the Puru line) had a son, Ilina.
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| Ilina had by his wife, Rathantara, five sons: [[Dushyanta]], Sura, Bhima, Pravasu, and Vasu; Dushyanta succeeded as king.
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| Dushyanta had by his wife, [[Sakuntala]], an intelligent son who succeeded as [[Emperor Bharata]]. It is the name of the latter that is applied to the ''race'' of which he was the founder.
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| Bharata had with his three wives nine sons but he was not pleased with any of them. Bharata performed a great sacrifice and through the grace of [[Bharadwaja]] obtained a son, [[Bhumanyu]], who was made his heir-apparent.
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| Bhumanyu had by his wife: Pushkarini, six sons: Suhotra, Suhotri, Suhavih, Sujeya, Diviratha and Kichika.
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| Suhotra, described as having a virtuous reign, had by his wife, Aikshaki, three sons: [[Puru (Vedic Kingdom)|Ajamidha]], Sumidha, and Purumidha. [[Ajamidha]] succeeded them all.
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| Ajamidha's son was Nila. The dynasty of Ajamidha stands as:
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| {{multi-column numbered list|1|Nila<li>Susanti<li>Purujanu<li>Rksa<li>Bhrmyasva<li>[[Mudgala]]|6|<li>Vadhryasva<li>Divodasa<li>Mitrayu<li>Maitreya Soma<li>Srnjaya<li>Cyavana Pancajana|6|<li>Sudasa Somadatta<li>Sahadeva<li>Somaka<li>Jantu<li>Prsata<li>[[Drupada]]}}
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| <ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pargiter|first=F. E.|date=1918|title=The North Pancala Dynasty|journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland|pages=229–248|doi=10.1017/S0035869X00051479|issn=0035-869X|jstor=25209379}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.wisdomlib.org/hinduism/book/the-garuda-purana-dutt/d/doc122620.html|title=Description of the race of puru [Chapter CXL]|last=www.wisdomlib.org|date=2015-04-15|website=www.wisdomlib.org|access-date=2020-04-23}}</ref>
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| === War between Panchalas and the forefathers of Kurus ===
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| The outcome of warring between the Kurus and Panchalas led the Kurus being exiled to the banks of the [[Sindhu]].
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| Riksha became king being the elder of Jala and Rupina. Riksha had a son, [[Samvarana]], the latter the perpetrator of the royal line.
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| During the reign of Samvarana, there was a great loss of people by famine, pestilence, drought, and disease.
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| The king of the Panchalas invaded during this time with four kinds of troops and ten [[Akshauhini]]s. Samvarana was exiled with his family and government in the forest along the Sindhu or Tapati river, the latter which extended to the foot of the western mountains. There the Bharatas lived for a thousand years.
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| Samvarana had with his [[Samvarana|wife]], [[Tapati]] (?) (the daughter of Surya, a king of the [[Solar Dynasty]]), a son [[King Kuru|Kuru]].
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| Then one day the sage [[Vasishtha]], having become the priest, approached the exiled Bharata and made him the sovereign of the Kshatriyas. The king retook his old capital made all the monarchs pay tribute to him.
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| Kuru was exceedingly virtuous, and was made king by his people, the founding of the Kuru dynasty and the Kuru Kingdom. The field called [[Kurujangala (eastern Hariyana)|Kurujangala]] is named after him and is where after becoming devoted to asceticism, he there practiced asceticism.
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| The sages in the line of [[Vasistha]], were the priests of the Solar Dynasty of kings for many generations, especially the Ikshwakus. It is speculated that is why Samvarana took Vasistha as his priest, married from the Solar Dynasty. The history of Samvarana falling in love with Tapati while he lived near the Tapati river) was with the help of Maharashtra and Vasistha in getting the consent to marry from her father king Surya<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 173, 174, 175, 176.</ref>
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| === Drupada becomes the king of Panchala ===
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| The King Prishata of Northern Panchala, a great friend of [[Bharadwaja]], had a son, named [[Drupada]]. [[Drupada]] would come every day to the hermitage of [[Bharadwaja]] to play and study with [[Drona]]. [[Prishata]] died, [[Drupada]] succeeded him as the king and then repudiated his friendship with [[Drona]]. [[Drupada]] insulted [[Drona]] by saying that [[Drona]] was not a king, but a poor [[Brahmin|Brahmana]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1: Adi Parva, Ch. 131: The History of Drona</ref>
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| === Partition of the Panchala Kingdom ===
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| Drona defeated Drupada, by means of his disciple [[Arjuna]] and the other Kuru princes, to settle his old scores. Drona spoke as follows to the captive Drupada:-
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| <blockquote>''Thou toldest me before that none who was not a king could be a king’s friend. Therefore is it, O Yajnasena (Drupada), that I retain half thy kingdom. Thou art the king of all the territory lying on the southern side of the Bhagirathi (Ganga), while I become king of all the territory on the north of that river. And, O Panchala, if it pleaseth thee, know me hence for thy friend.''
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| ''On hearing these words, Drupada answered: Thou art of noble soul and great prowess. Therefore, O Brahmana, I am not surprised at what thou doest. I am very much gratified with thee, and I desire thy eternal friendship.''
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| ''After this, Drona released the king of Panchala, and cheerfully performing the usual offices of regard, bestowed upon him half the kingdom. Thenceforth Drupada began to reside sorrowfully in the city of Kampilya within the province of Makandi on the banks of the Ganges filled with many towns and cities. And after his defeat by Drona, Drupada ruled the Southern Panchalas up to the bank of the Charmanwati river. Meanwhile Drona continued to reside in Ahichatra. Thus was the territory of Ahicchatra full of towns and cities, obtained by [[Arjuna]], and bestowed upon Drona.''<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Book 1: Adi Parva, Chapter 140: [[Arjuna]] takes Drupada captive.</ref></blockquote>
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| === Higher status of Panchalas and Kurus in ancient India ===
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| The Kurus and Panchalas were considered as foremost among the ruling tribes in ancient India, because they followed the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]] in its dogmatic and purest form. Other tribes imitated the practices of these tribes and thus got accepted into the Vedic religions:
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| <blockquote>''Commencing with the Panchalas, the Kauravas, the Naimishas (a forest-country to the east of Panchala), the Matsyas, all these, know what religion is. The old men among the Northerners, the [[Anga Kingdom|Angas]], the [[Magadha Kingdom|Magadhas]], without themselves knowing what virtue is follow the practices of the Kuru-Panchalas.''<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 8, Ch. 45.</ref>
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| ''The Kurus and the Panchalas comprehend from a half-uttered speech; the [[Salwa Kingdom|Salwas]] cannot comprehend until the whole speech is uttered. The Magadhas are comprehenders of signs; the [[Kosala Kingdom|Koshalas]] comprehend from what they see. The Mountaineers, like the [[Sivi Kingdom|Sivis]], are very stupid.''
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| ''The [[Yavana Kingdom|Yavanas]] are omniscient; the Suras are particularly so. The mlecchas are wedded to the creations of their own fancy that other peoples cannot understand.''<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 8, Ch. 45.</ref>
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| ''The Panchalas observe the duties enjoined in the Vedas; the Kauravas observe truth; the Matsyas and the Surasenas perform sacrifices. Beginning with the Matsyas, the residents of the Kuru and the Panchala countries, the Naimishas as well and the other respectable peoples, the pious among all races are conversant with the eternal truths of religion. The Kauravas with the Panchalas, the Salwas, the Matsyas, the Naimishas, the Koshalas, the Kasapaundras, the [[Kalinga (Mahabharata)|Kalinga]]s, the Magadhas, and the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] who are all highly blessed, know what the eternal religion is.''<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 8, Ch. 45.</ref></blockquote>
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| === Territories and locations within the Panchala Kingdom ===
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| ==== Kichaka Kingdom ====
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| Capital: Vetrakiya
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| ===== Kichaka the commander-in-chief of Matsya army =====
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| Kichaka Kingdom was a territory lying to the south of (southern) Panchala. It was ruled by Kichaka clan of kings. They belonged to the Suta caste (offspring of [[Kshatriyas]] upon [[Brahmana]] ladies). One among the Kichakas was the commander-in-chief of the Matsya army under king [[Virata]]. [[Pandava]] [[Bhima]] slew Kichaka because of the latter's abuse towards the wife of Pandavas, viz Draupadi. Kichaka kingdom also lied to the east of the Matsya Kingdom under the rule of king Virata. It seems that this territory was allied to both the Matsyas and Panchalas, with its own independent rulers. Its capital was Vetrakiya, on the banks of river [[Vetravati]] ([[Betwa]]), also known as Suktimati.
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| ===== The town named Ekachakra =====
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| It is believed that the Pandavas lived in a small town named '''Ekachakra''', belonging to this territory, during their wanderings after [[Duryodhana]] attempted to murder them at Varanavata (a Kuru city).
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| In the course of their wanderings the Pandavas saw the countries of the Matsyas, the [[Trigarta Kingdom|Trigartas]], the Panchalas and the Kichakas, and also many beautiful woods and lakes therein. They all had matted locks on their heads and were attired in barks of trees and the skins of animals. They attired in the garbs of ascetics. They used to study the [[Rig Veda|Rik]] and the other [[Vedas]] and also all the [[Vedangas]] as well as the sciences of morals and politics. Finally they met [[Krishna Dwaipayana Vyasa|Vyasa]]. He told them:- ''Not far off before you is a delightful town.'' Saying this he led them into the town of Ekachakra. on arriving at Ekachakra, the Pandavas lived for a short time in the abode of a Brahmana, leading an eleemosynary life.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 159.</ref>
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| During this period, Bhima slew a [[Rakshasa Kingdom|Rakhsasa]] named Baka (Vaka), at Vetrakiya controlled the affairs of the Kichaka Kingdom and freed that kingdom from Baka's reign of terror.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 165-166.</ref>
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| ==== Pandavas journey from Ekachakra to Kampilya ====
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| Pandavas proceeded towards Panchala with their mother, to attend the self-choice event of princess Draupadi. In order to reach their destination, they proceeded in a due northerly direction, walking day and night till they reached a sacred shrine of [[Shiva|Siva]] with the crescent mark on his brow. Then those tigers among men, the sons of [[Pandu]], arrived at the banks of the Ganges. It was a forest called '''Angaraparna'''. Here, they encountered a [[Gandharva Kingdom|Gandharva]] named Angaraparna.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 172.</ref> After that encounter they went to a place called '''Utkochaka''', where they met sage Dhaumya. They appointed Dhaumya, the younger brother of Devala, as their priest.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 185.</ref> Then they proceeded towards the country of the southern Panchalas ruled over by the king Drupada They proceeded by slow stages staying for some time within those beautiful woods and by fine lakes that they beheld along their way and entered the capital of the Panchalas. Beholding the capital ('''Kampilya'''), as also the fort, they took up their quarters in the house of a potter. Desirous of beholding the Swayamvara (self-choice ceremony of the princess), the citizens, roaring like the sea, all took their seats on the platforms that were erected around the amphitheatre. The kings from diverse countries entered the grand amphitheatre by the north-eastern gate. And the amphitheatre which itself had been erected on an auspicious and level plain to the north-east of Drupada's capital, was surrounded by beautiful mansions. And it was enclosed on all sides with high walls and a moat with arched doorways here and there. The Pandavas, too, entering that amphitheatre, sat with the Brahmanas and beheld the unequalled affluence of the king of the Panchalas.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 187.</ref>
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| "[[Arjuna]] won the competition set for winning Draupadi in the self-choice ceremony".<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose", 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 192.</ref>
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| ==== Kanyakubja Kingdom ====
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| ''This kingdom is identified to be the modern day [[Kannauj]] district of [[Uttar Pradesh]]. During the reign of King Drupada of southern Panchala, this territory formed a part of the southern Panchala''
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| Gadhi, born in the race of king Kusika and Gadhi's son [[Viswamitra]], were earlier rulers of this kingdom.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 176.</ref> Gadhi's daughter was married to Richika (could be related to the [[Rishikas]] in the north), belonging to the Bhargava clan. Richika's son was Jamadagni and Jamadagni's son was the celebrated [[Bhargava Rama]]. Gadhi mentions to Richika about a custom followed by their race, that during marriage, that the bridegroom should give to the bride side a dower of 3000 fleet steeds with brown color. (This custom is similar to that of [[Madra Kingdom|Madra Culture]].) Richika get the horses from [[Varuna]] (Varuna is indicative of western cultures. Note that [[Arjuna]] also got his excellent chariot, horses and bow from Varuna). The horses reached Kanyakubja capital, crossing the river Ganges. The spot where they crossed the river was known by the name '''horse's landing place'''.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 3, Ch. 115.</ref>
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| Not far from Kanyakubja, a spot in the sacred bank of the Ganges is still famous among men as '''Aswatirtha''' in consequence of the appearance of those horses at that place.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 13, Ch. 4.</ref>
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| Both the Kusikas and the Bhargava-Richikas seems to have links with the ancient western-cultures (See Also: [[Bahlika Culture]], [[Madra Kingdom|Madra Culture]], [[Rishika Kingdom]] and [[Rishikas]]). Viswamitra (Kusika's race) was born as a [[Kshatriya]] and later became a Brahmana, much like what was common in Madra Cultures. Bhargava Rama (Richika's race) was an expert in the use of the battle-axe, which he got from Kailasa region ([[Mount Kailash|Kailas]] range [[Tibet]]). The location of the [[Rishikas|Rishika]] tribe, who were experts in the use of battle-axes was not too distant from this region. The custom of donating or accepting horses as dowry also indicate north-western culture. It seems that neither the Bhargavas (and Richikas or Rishikas) nor the Kusikas, maintained any distinctions such as Brahmana and [[Kshatriya]] upon themselves. However, during the later periods, when the Vedic religion became rigid in its four-order caste-system, the Bhargavas were accepted as Brahmanas and the Kusikas as Kshatriyas.
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| Gadhi was sovereign whose military force was exceedingly great.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 3, Ch. 115.</ref> Viswamitra also possessed a large army and many animals and vehicles. Using those animals and vehicles he used to roam around in forests in search of deer.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 176.</ref> During his wanderings he met the sage Vasistha. He engaged in a dispute with this sage, on the matter of the wealth of cattle possessed by the sage. (Cattle wealth always caused dispute among ancient Indian kingdoms (See the dispute between Matsyas and Trigartas for the sake of cattle wealth; in Matsya Kingdom). Viswamitra had to encounter many local-armies to seize the cattle wealth. (See [[Dravida Kingdom]], [[Kerala Kingdom]], [[Pundra Kingdom]] and [[Kirata Kingdom]], [[Himalaya Kingdom]]). He was vanquished by the local-armies.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 177.</ref> After the defeat from Vasistha, Viswamitra adopted the life of an ascetic. [[Bhargava Rama]] defeated many tribes like [[Heheya Kingdom|Heheyas]] and later adopting the life of an ascetic. Thus both the Kusikas and Bhargava-Richikas were warrior-tribes, who also were a priest-like class of people.
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| In the country of Panchala, there is a forest called '''Utpala''', where Viswamitra of Kusika's race had performed sacrifices with his son.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 3, Ch. 87.</ref>
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| === Pandavas's route from Dwiata lake to Matsya kingdom ===
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| Panchala was one among the countries considered by the Pandavas to spend their 13th year of anonymity along with the kingdoms Chedi, Matsya, Surasena, Pattachchara, Dasarna, Navarashtra, [[Malla Kingdom|Malla]], Salwa, Yugandhara, [[Saurashtra Kingdom|Saurashtra]], [[Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata)|Avanti]], and the spacious [[Kunti Kingdom|Kuntirashtra]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 4, Ch. 1.</ref>
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| Pandavas selected the Matsya Kingdom for their 13th year of anonymous life. Pandavas ordered their chief servant Indrasena and the others to take with then the empty chariots and to speedily proceeded to [[Dwaraka Kingdom|Dwaravati]]. All the maid-servants of Draupadi were ordered to go to the Panchala kingdom. After that the Pandavas left '''Dwaita lake''' in the ''Dwaita forest'' and proceeded to Matsya kingdom. Dhaumya, their priest, taking their sacred fires, set out for the Panchala Kingdom.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 4, Ch. 4.</ref> Pandavas travelling eastwards, reached river [[Yamuna]]. Travelling along the southern banks of Yamuna, they passed through '''Yakrilloma''', Surasena. Then they turned westwards (possibly to deceive the spies of Duryodhana, who might have following them), leaving behind, on their right (north side), the country of the Panchalas, and on their left (south side), that of the Dasarnas entered the Matsya Kingdom.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 4, Ch. 5.</ref>
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| === Impact of Magadha Kings on Panchala ===
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| Due to the power of Magadha king [[Jarasandha]], many ancient tribes had to shift their domains. Prominent among them were the [[Yadu|Yadava]]s, who fled from Surasena Kingdom to south-west to [[Anarta Kingdom]]. The king of the Salwayana tribe with their brethren and followers, and the '''southern Panchalas''' and the eastern Kosalas also had to flee to the country of the Kuntis (which was south to these kingdoms).<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 2, Ch. 14.</ref>
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| ''Even though only king Jarasandha is mentioned, this situation could have arose due to many generations of powerful Magadha kings who were forefathers of Jarasandha. During the reign of Drupada, no shift in the location of southern Panchala is mentioned explicitly. If the situation was created by Jarasandha alone, and no other Magadha kings later or earlier to him, then this shift of southern-Panchala could be temporary.''
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| === Dispute of Panchalas with Dasarnas ===
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| ''There arose a dispute between the Dasarna Kingdom lying to the south, and the southern-Panchala king Drupada, upon the matter of the gender of prince Shikhandi, who was married to the princess of Dasarna.''
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| === Panchala's alliance with Pandava King Yudhishthira ===
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| Bhima collected tribute for [[Yudhishthira]]'s Rajasuya sacrifice during his military campaign to the east and first visited the Panchala Kingdom after leaving his home city [[Indraprastha]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 2, Ch. 28.</ref> only two tribes do not pay tribute unto [[Yudhishthira]], viz., the Panchalas in consequence of their relationship by marriage, and the Andhakas and Vrishnis ([[Anarta Kingdom|Anarta]] [[Yadu|Yadavas]]) in consequence of their friendship.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 2, Ch. 51.</ref>
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| When the Pandavas were exiled by Duryodhana, both the Panchalas and [[Yadu|Yadavas]] visited them along with other cousins like the Chedis and [[Kekeya Kingdom|Kekeyas]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 3, Ch. 12.</ref> Pandavas five son's by Draupadi, spent some of their life in Panchala and some in [[Dwaraka Kingdom|Dwaraka]] during the 13-year-long exile of the Pandavas.
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| During their pilgrimage all around India, Yudhishthira asked the weak men among his followers to go to king [[Dhritarashtra]] of Kuru Kingdom and if he didn't take care of them, then to king Drupada of southern Panchala.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 3, Ch. 92.</ref>
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| [[Yudhishthira]] and his followers, with Matsya king Virata, began to make preparations for war (Kurukshetra War). Virata and his relatives sent word to all the monarchs, and Panchala king Drupada also did the same. And at the request of Pandavas, as also of the two kings of the Matsyas and the Panchalas, many kings gathered for their cause.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 5.</ref> Druupada sent his priest to [[Hastinapura]] for the initial peace talks.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 19-20.</ref>
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| Drupada, the king of the Panchalas, surrounded by his ten heroic sons, Satyajit and other headed by Dhrishtadyumna, and well-protected by Shikhandi, and having furnished his soldiers with necessary things, joined the Pandavas with a full Akshauhini.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 57.</ref>
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| === Panchalas in Kurukshetra War ===
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| Panchalas were the closest among all the allies of the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra War. Panchala prince Dhristadyumna was the commander-in-chief for the whole of the Pandava army. Many heroes from Panchala battled in the war. Most of them were alive till the end of the war. However all of them were slain by Ashwathama in an ambush, when they were asleep in their tents, on the last day of the war. Ashwathama was the ruler of half of the Panchala Kingdom viz the northern Panchala, under Kuru king Duryodhana. Northern Panchala was then reduced to the status of a province of the Kuru Kingdom. This could be the political factor that caused the Panchalas (southern Panchalas) to become kinsmen of the Pandavas, who were a rebel force in the Kuru Kingdom. By supporting the Pandavas in Kurukshetra War they might have sought to regain their lost Panchala territories.
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| ==== Panchala heroes ====
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| Satyajit was<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 140.</ref> as the commander-in-chief of the Panchala army under king Drupada who fought against [[Arjuna]] who was then a disciple of Drona, the preceptor in warfare, in the Kuru Kingdom. He came to the Kurukshetra War leading the one Akshouhini of Panchala army. The brave warriors among the Panchalas, viz., Jayanta, Amitaujas and the great car-warrior Satyajit were great car-warriors (Maharathas) by [[Bhishma]].<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 172.</ref> He was slain by Drona on the 12th day of the war.
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| The Panchala princes Yudhamanyu and Uttamaujas.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 57.</ref> were protectors of [[Arjuna]]'s car-wheels<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 88-89.</ref> during the battle. Similarly the Panchala prince Kumara was one of the protectors of [[Yudhishthira]]'s car-wheels, along with another hero Yugadhara (hailing from the city of Yugandhara, located somewhere to the west of Kurujangala (either in Haryana or [[Punjab (India)|Punjab]]). Kumara and Yugandhara were slain by Drona.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 16.</ref> Vyaghradatta was another Panchala prince slain by Drona along with Sinhasena.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 16.</ref>
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| Dhrishtadyumna, Shikhandi, Janamejaya (the son of Durmuksha), Chandrasen, Madrasen, Kritavarman, Dhruva, Dhara, Vasuchandra and Sutejana were Panchala heroes, some of them being the sons of Drupada.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 155.</ref> The 10 sons of Drupada.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 57.</ref> and five sons (something off here)<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 8, Ch. 85.</ref> as in the Kurukshetra War. Suratha and Satrunjaya were sons of Drupada slain by Ashwathama.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 153 and Bk. 7, Ch. 153.</ref> Vrika and Panchalya were sons of Drupada slain by Drona. Drupada's three grandsons also were in the war.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 184.</ref> Shikhandi's son Khsatradeva was in the war.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 23.</ref> Dhristadyumna's sons, tender in year, were slain by Drona in the war.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 11, Ch. 22.</ref> Other Panchala Chiefs who died at the hands of Drona were Ketama and Vasudhana as per C.Rajagopalachari's Mahabharata.
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| Valanika, Jayanika, Jaya, Prishdhra, and Chandrasena—these heroes were also believed to be of Panchala, slain by Ashwathama.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 153.</ref>
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| ==== The Somakas, Srinjayas and the Prabhadrakas ====
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| These three names were frequently in the story of the Kurukshetra War either as related to the Panchalas or as synonymous to the Panchalas. Srinjayas and Somakas were tribes allied to the Panchalas by kinship, born off from the various branches of the same royal lineage that brought forth the Panchala-tribe. They dwelled in the various provinces of the Panchala kingdom. Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite group of Panchala army, employed in Kurukshetra War.
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| ===== The Somakas =====
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| Somaka seems to be a name used to denote all the tribes of Panchalas. The word Somaka, means the one who belonged to the [[Lunar Dynasty]]. This name could have given by rulers of Solar Dynasty. The Kosala Kingdom ruled by Solar Dynasty of kings lied to the east of Panchala. So this name could have coined by the Kosalas to denote the Panchalas. Thus the name could be collective to the whole of the Panchala tribes and specific to the tribes that lie close to Kosala, i.e. the tribes that dwell in the eastern parts of Panchala.
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| Pancalas and Srinjayas were sometimes referred to collectively as Somakas.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 10, Ch. 8.</ref>
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| Somakas and Panchalas were different tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 175; Bk. 6, Ch. 72, 89, 99, 120; Bk. 7, Ch. 83, 123, 124, 148, 156, 157, 162, 167, 171, 184; Bk. 8, Ch. 22, 89; Bk. 9, Ch. 6, 17, 18, 21.</ref>
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| Somakas and Srinjayas were different tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 6, Ch. 15, 119; Bk. 8, Ch. 92; and Bk. 9, Ch. 20.</ref>
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| Somakas and Prabhadrakas were different tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 9, Ch. 11.</ref>
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| The Srinjayas and the Panchalas, the Matsyas and the Somakas were separate tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 158.</ref>
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| Drona during the war said to Duryodhana:
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| <blockquote>I will not put off my armour without slaying all the Panchalas. O king, go and tell my son Ashwathama not let the Somakas alone.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 148.</ref></blockquote>
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| Kshatradharman, a Kurukshetra War hero, belonged to the Somaka tribe; another hero was Uttamaujas belonging to the Panchala tribe.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 83.</ref>
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| King Somaka, (1-2,127,128) is with his son Jantu.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 2, 127 and 128.</ref> King Somaka was the son of Sahadeva, and a most excellent maker of gifts and he performed a sacrifice on the banks of [[Yamuna]]. King Somaka is listed among the great kings of ancient India.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 6, Ch. 9; and Bk. 13, Ch. 76 and 115.</ref>
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| The Somakas and Panchalas were at many of the same places. Drupada was the Somaka king and Dhristadyumna is a Somaka prince.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 123, 133; Bk. 5, Ch. 5, 22, 48, 50, 130, 141, 152, 161; Bk. 6, Ch. 1, 43, 52, 59, 75, 77, 90, 98, 104, 108, 109, 117, 119; Bk. 7, Ch. 7, 23, 92, 107, 115, 122, 143, 152, 161, 166, 170, 188, 191, 198; Bk. 8, Ch. 24, 74, 78, 82, 89, 90, 91; Bk. 9, Ch. 7, 8, 30, 56, 57, 59; and Bk. 10, Ch. 8.</ref>
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| ===== The Srinjayas =====
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| Srinjaya king Hotravahana is the maternal grandfather of the [[Kasi Kingdom|Kasi]] princess Amba (Amva).<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 178-179.</ref> Amva, coming from Salwa stayed in the asylum of sage Saikhavatya (who dwelled on the banks of Saikavati river). Hotravahana met her granddaughter there. He was a friend of [[Bhargava Rama]].
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| The Panchalas and Srinjayas attacked [[Arjuna]] when he tried to make Drupada captive for the sake of Drona.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 140.</ref>
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| Uttamujas was the great Srinjaya car-warrior.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 8, Ch. 75.</ref>
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| The Srinjayas and Panchalas were separate tribes at many places.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 1, Ch. 140; Bk. 5, Ch. 57; Bk. 6, Ch. 14, 89, 96 and 116; Bk. 7, Ch. 21, 22, 38, 105, 108, 111, 119, 127, 153, 154, 157, 163, 171, 175, 181, 188 and 197; Bk. 8, Ch. 3, 5, 10, 25, 32, 37, 47, 60, 96; Bk. 9, Ch. 13, 32, 55, 61; Bk. 10, Ch. 8.</ref>
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| Chedis the Andhakas, the Vrishnis, the Bhojas, the Kukuras and the Srinjayas were separate tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 28.</ref> Here the Andhakas, Vrishinis, Bhojas and the Kukuras were tribes belonging to the [[Yadu|Yadava]] clan.
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| The Kasayas ([[Kasi Kingdom|Kasis]]), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were separate tribes.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 5, Ch. 57.</ref>
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| The Chedis, the Srinjayas, the [[Kasi Kingdom|Kasis]] and the Kosalas were battling together for Pandavas.<ref>Kisari Mohan Ganguli, ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896, Bk. 7, Ch. 122.</ref>
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| *A Srinjaya king is mentioned as great amongst conquerors at (1- 1). He is also mentioned at (2,8). At (7,53) Srinjaya is mentioned as the son of a king named Switya. Sinjaya's son named Suvarnashthivin was slain by some robber-tribes during his childhood. The sages [[Narada]] and [[Parvata Kingdom|Parvata]] (Narada's sister's son (12,30)) were Srinjaya's friends. Chapters (7- 53 to 69) describes a narration of Narada to Srinjaya, to console him in the death of his son. This is also mentioned at (12-29,30,31).
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| *[[Bhishma]] mentions at (5,164) that he could slay the whole armies of Srinjayas and the Salweyas (Salwa lied to the west of Kuru while Panchala lied to its east).
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| Srinjayas were mentioned as synonymous to Panchalas at many places. ''Refer (3- 33,35), (5- 22, 24, 25, 26, 28, 48, 71, 72, 82, 93, 127, 162, 163, 168), (6- 16, 45, 59, 60, 72, 73, 74, 75, 87, 91, 99, 108, 109, 110, 115, 116, 120), (7- 2, 7, 9, 12, 13, 14, 16, 33, 76, 92, 94, 107, 122, 148, 151, 152, 180, 184, 190), (8- 21, 24, 31, 35, 51, 54, 56, 57, 58, 59, 61, 66, 67, 73, 75, 79, 85, 93, 94), (9- 19, 29, 33, 34, 57, 59, 61), (10,8), (11,26).''
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| *King Srinjaya is mentioned as an ally of King [[Jayadratha]] of Sindhu. (3,263).
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| ===== The Prabhadrakas =====
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| ''Prabhadrakas seems to be an elite army obtained by Panchalas from the [[Kamboja Kingdom|Kambojas]]. They could also be a Panchala army-unit or a Panchala tribe, that got trained in cavalry warfare by the Kambojas''.
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| At (7,23.42-43) the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as hailing from [[Kamboja Kingdom]]. In MBH verse 7.23.43, as it can be seen from original Sanskrit text, the term ''Prabhadraka'' has been used as a ''qualifier'' before the Kambojas:
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| :{{Lang|hi|Yuktaih Paramakambojairjavanairhemamalibhih.
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| :bhishayanto dvishatsainyan yama vaishravanopamah.{{!}}{{!}}42{{!}}{{!}}:'''prabhadrakastu kambojah''' shatsahasranyudayudhah.
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| :nanavarnairhayashreshthairhemachitrarathadhvajah. {{!}}{{!}}43{{!}}{{!}}:sharavratairvidhunvantah shatrunvitatakarmukah.
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| :samanamrityavo bhutva dhrishtadyumnan samanvayuh.{{!}}{{!}}44{{!}}{{!}}:}} (MBH Gorakhpore Rec., 7.23.42-44)
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| Hence in this context, the term ''Prabhadraka'' definitely implies adjective and not noun, and may not, therefore, be confused with the ''Prabhadraka clan''. As an adjective, the term ''Prabhadraka/Prabhadrakastu'' means ''"exceedingly handsome, exceedingly fortunate"''<ref>Robert Shager, Ethnography of Ancient India (1954), p 140, Publisher: O. Harrassowitz, Ethnology; Ancient Kamboja, People and the Country (1981), p 69; Dr J. L. Kamboj; ''The Kambojas Through the Ages'' (2005), p 44, S Kirpal Singh. Also check up "Prabhadraka" in Monier-William Dictionary [http://webapps.uni-koeln.de/tamil/].</ref> Researchers like Dr Robert Shafer, Dr J. L. Kamboj, S Kirpal Singh etc. have, therefore correctly taken the term ''Prabhadraka'' in the sense of an ''adjective'' rather than noun in the present context and qualify Kambojas as ''"very handsome, very fortunate"''. Ganguli's translation is in error here. In fact, according to Sanskrit scholars, Ganguli's translation of Mahabharata has numerous translations errors. ('''See also note 4 & 5 in''': [[Parama Kamboja Kingdom]]). They could be the army bought by Panchals from the Kambojas, since Kambojas were famous for lending their horses or [[cavalry]] to any party on payment basis:- The Prabhadrakas of the Kamvoja country, numbering 6000, with upraised weapons, with excellent steeds on their gold-decked cars, with stretched bows, supported Dhristadyumna (6, 19), (7,23). To distinguish them from the proper Panchala army or from other Prabhadrakas, they were mentioned as Prabhadraka-Panchalas (7,151). They were 6000 in numbers and mentioned as supporting Shikhandi at (7,151). They were an elite group in the Pandava army (5- 48, 199). This army is mentioned as allies of the Pandavas at (6,112), (7- 159, 182), (8- 12, 22, 30, 48, 49, 56, 67), (9- 7, 11, 15, 27). [[Karna]] slew 770 foremost of warriors among the Prabhadrakas initially (8,48). He then slew 1700 of them (8, 67).
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| A group of Prabhadrakas is mentioned as battling ''against'' Dhristadyumna at (7,92):- The chief of the Avanti Kingdom (Mahabharata), with the [[Sauvira Kingdom|Sauviras]] and the '''cruel Prabhadrakas''', resisted wrathful Dhrishtadyumna.
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| The Kasayas ([[Kasi Kingdom|Kasis]]), the Chedis, the Matsyas, the Srinjayas, the Panchalas, and the Prabhadrakas were mentioned as separate armies.<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 5, Ch. 57.</ref> Prabhadrakas and Panchalas were mentioned as separate armies.<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 5, Ch. 152 and 172; Bk. 6, Ch. 19, 49 and 56; Ch. 152; Bk. 7, Ch. 23, 33, 181 and 191; Ch. 152; Bk. 8, Ch. 61; and Ch. 152; Bk. 9, Ch. 1.</ref>
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| When Ashwathama attacked the Panchalas in a night-time ambush, Shikhandi woke up, alarmed the Prabhadrakas and they tried to put up some resistance but all were slain.
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| === Other references ===
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| *Brahmadatta is mentioned as a highly devout king of Panchala<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 13, Ch. 137.</ref> Here he is mentioned as donating a conch-shell.(?) He is mentioned as donating two precious jewels called Nidhi and Sankha<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 12, Ch. 233.</ref> and he is also mentioned<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 12, Ch. 342.</ref>
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| *A sage from Panchala is mentioned as Rishi-Panchala (also known as Galava, born in the Vabhravya race)<ref>Mahabharata, Bk. 12, Ch. 342 and 347.</ref> He compiled the rules in respect of the division of syllables and words for reading the Vedas and those about emphasis and accent in utterance, and shone as the first scholar who became conversant with those two subjects. He is mentioned to have acquired the science of Krama.
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| == See also ==
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| *[[Epic India]]
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| ==References==
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| {{reflist|colwidth=30em}}
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| *[[Kisari Mohan Ganguli]], ''The Mahabharata of Krishna-Dwaipayana Vyasa Translated into English Prose'', 1883-1896.
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| ==External links==
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| {{Tribes and kingdoms of the Mahabharata}}
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| {{Mahabharata}}
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| [[Category:Kingdoms of the Puru clan]]
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