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== Late Kushan Phase (c. 200-250 CE) == | == Late Kushan Phase (c. 200-250 CE) == | ||
This period is classified as Macrophase 5a (circa 200-250 CE). Under the Kushan Empire, Bazira developed into a significant town; however, it faced devastation from a series of earthquakes in the 3rd century CE. The combination of earthquake damage and the subsequent decline of the Kushan Empire led to the abandonment of Bazira by the end of the 3rd century. | |||
Excavations at the site have uncovered a variety of artifacts that illuminate the daily life of its inhabitants, including coins, pottery, and weapons. Among the notable finds are a large green-schist statue of Siddhartha Buddha riding his horse Kanthaka and a carving of a stupa flanked by two lions, both of which underscore the Buddhist heritage of Bazira. Additionally, another statue depicts an unknown deity seated on a throne, characterized by long, curled hair and holding a wine goblet alongside a severed goat head. This figure may represent Dionysus, the Greek god of wine, or potentially another local deity, reflecting the cultural syncretism present in the region during this period. | |||
== Late Kushan, sub-Kushan, and Kushano-Sasanian Phase (c. 250-400 CE) == | |||
This timeframe is classified as Macrophase 5b (approximately 250-300 CE) and extends into Macrophase 6 (around 300-400 CE), which pertains to the late Kushan, sub-Kushan, and Kushano-Sasanian phases. | |||
==Abandonment Phase (c. 400-550 CE)== | |||
The Macrophase 7, (c. 400-550 CE) is considered as an abandonment phase, although a sacred building was constructed. | |||
== Shahi Phase (c. 680-1000 CE) == | |||
The Shahi phase is categorized under Macrophase 8 (circa 680-1000 CE). | |||
The Turk Shahi was a Turkic dynasty based in Kabul that also governed the Swat Valley from the 7th to the 9th centuries CE. During this time, members of the Italian Archaeological Mission in Pakistan discovered a remarkable temple built in Barikot, located atop the Ghwandai mound. This find is significant, as there are very few cultic centers in this region associated with the Shahi periods overall. Dr. Luca Maria Olivieri noted that the temple was constructed around 700 CE, during which the Uddiyana (Swat Valley) was under the rule of a king referred to as "From Kesar." He was the son of Khurasan Tegin Shah, a prominent Turk Shahi ruler from Kabul. Furthermore, the temple was re-established and maintained until the Hindu Shahi period (approximately 1000 CE). This temple is also referenced in a Hindu Shahi inscription discovered in Barikot during the late 19th century, which is now preserved in the Lahore Museum. | |||
==Ghaznavid Phase (c. 1000-1100 CE)== | |||
Ghaznavid phase belongs to Macrophase 9a, (c. 1000-1100 CE). | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||