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== Water resources == | == Water resources == | ||
{{Main|Water resources management in Pakistan|Water supply and sanitation in Pakistan}} | |||
[[File:Water_Stress,_Top_Countries_(2020).svg|thumb|Pakistan is the fifteenth most water stressed country in the world.]] | |||
Hydrological power serves as a significant renewable resource for Pakistan, contributing substantially to the country's energy needs. Following the Indus Water Treaty of 1960, facilitated by the World Bank, water distribution was established such that India would utilize the waters of the Sutlej, Ravi, and Beas rivers, while Pakistan would have access to the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers. As part of this agreement, Pakistan was tasked with constructing two major dams—Tarbela and Mangla—alongside five barrages, eight link canals, and one gated siphon. The treaty stipulated that India would finance 60% of these projects, while Pakistan was responsible for the remaining 40%. In addition to hydropower, Pakistan is considering the development of wind turbines to meet its electricity demands, and solar power is gradually gaining traction, although it remains limited in scale. | |||
The largest river in Pakistan is the [[Indus Rive], which originates in Tibet/China and enters Pakistan through the illegally occupied region of Gilgit-Baltistan, which is under dispute. The Indus River system is divided into two primary plains. The Upper Indus Plain extends from northern Pakistan to Mithankot. The river has tributaries on both its western and eastern sides. The eastern tributaries include the Jhelum, Chenab, Sutlej, Ravi, and Beas rivers, which flow through Punjab and converge at Panjnad, where they form the Panjnad River. On the western side, the tributaries comprise the Swat, Kabul, Kurram, Tochi, Gomal, and Zhob rivers, which join the Indus in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KPK). At Mithankot, these tributaries meet the Indus River, after which the Indus continues alone through the Lower Indus Plain. This plain stretches from Mithankot to Thatta, where the Indus River empties into the Indian Ocean, forming what is known as the Indus Delta. | |||
== Suffix of regions and towns == | |||
Parts of region and settlement names: | |||
* [[-abad]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـ آباد }}}}; {{lang-hi|आबाद|label=none}}) means settled place. Example: [[Islamabad]], [[Faisalabad]]. | |||
* -dera ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ڈیره ـ }}}}; {{lang-hi|डेरा|label=none}}) means meeting place. Example: [[Dera Ismail Khan]], [[Dera Ghazi Khan|Dera Ghazai Khan]]. | |||
* -garh ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـ گڑھ }}}}; {{lang-hi|गढ़ |label=none}}) means fort or settlement. Example: [[Islamgarh]], [[Muzaffargarh]]. | |||
* [[-goth]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـ گوٹھ }}}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Yousuf Goth]]. | |||
* [[-istan]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـستان }}}}; {{lang-hi|-स्तान|label=none}}) means land. Example: [[Baltistan]], [[Balochistan]]. | |||
* [[Khel (clan)|Khel]] or -khel ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| خیل }}}}; {{lang-hi|खेल|label=none}}) denotes a Pashtun sub-tribe. Example: [[Darra Adam Khel]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| درہ آدم خیل}}}}). | |||
* [[-kot]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـکوٹ }}}}; {{lang-hi|कोट|label=none}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Islamkot]], [[Sialkot]], [[Kot Addu, Pakistan|Kot Aduu]]. | |||
* [[-nagar]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـ نگر }}}}; {{lang-hi|नगर|label=none}}) means house. Example: [[Islamnagar, Karachi|Islamnagar]]. | |||
* [[-pur]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـ پُور }}}}; {{lang-hi|पुर|label=none}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Nasarpur]], [[Khanpur, Rahim Yar Khan|Khanpur]]. | |||
* -wal ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـوال }}}}; {{lang-hi|वाल|label=none}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Khanewal]]. | |||
* -[[Wala town|wala]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ـوالا }}}}; {{lang-hi|वाला|label=none}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Gujranwala]]. | |||
* [[-tando]] ({{lang-ur|{{Nastaliq| ٹنڈو ـ}}}}; {{lang-hi|टाण्डो|label=none}}) means settlement or town. Example: [[Tando Allahyar]]. | |||
==International agreements== | |||
Pakistan is a party to several international agreements related to environment and climate, the most prominent among them are: | |||
{| width="100%" bgcolor="#fff4f4" | |||
!align="center" colspan="2"|Treaties and Agreements | |||
|-align="center" | |||
!align="left" valign="top"| Specific Regions and [[Sea]]s | |||
|align="left" valign="top"|<small> [[United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea|Law of the Sea]], Ship Pollution ([[MARPOL 73/78]])</small> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
!align="left" valign="top"| [[Earth's atmosphere|Atmosphere]] and [[Climate]] | |||
|align="left" valign="top"|<small>[[United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change|Climate Change]], [[Montreal Protocol|Ozone Layer Protection]], [[Partial Test Ban Treaty|Nuclear Test Ban]]</small> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
!align="left" valign="top"| [[Biodiversity]], [[environment (biophysical)|Environment]], and [[Forest]]s | |||
|align="left" valign="top"|<small>[[United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification|Desertification]], [[CITES|Endangered Species]], [[Environmental Modification Convention|Environmental Modification]], [[Ramsar Convention|Wetland]]s, [[Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas|Marine Life Conservation]]</small> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
!align="left" valign="top"| [[Waste]]s | |||
|align="left" valign="top"|<small>[[Basel Convention|Hazardous Wastes]]</small> | |||
|-align="center" | |||
!align="left" valign="top"| [[River]]s | |||
|align="left" valign="top"|<small>[[Indus Waters Treaty]]</small> | |||
|} | |||
== References == | == References == | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
== Read also == | |||
*[[Topography of Pakistan]] | |||