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The '''Nepali language''' is the official [[language]] of [[Nepal]]. Besides Nepal it is spoken in [[India]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[Burma]]. In the Indian states of [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]] also it is an official language. This language is also known as Gorkhali Language or Khaskura. It is believed to have originated from the ancient [[Sanskrit]] language from which it takes many words. It is written in [[Devanagari]] | |||
The '''Nepali language''' is the official [[language]] of [[Nepal]]. Besides Nepal it is spoken in [[India]], [[Bhutan]] and parts of [[Burma]]. In the Indian states of [[Sikkim]] and [[West Bengal]] also it is an official language. This language is also known as Gorkhali Language or Khaskura. It is believed to have originated from the ancient [[Sanskrit]] language from which it takes many words. It is written in [[Devanagari]] script which is similar to [[Hindi]]. It is spoken throughout Nepal and is the mother tongue of more than half of the population. It is also used by the Government of Nepal for all official purposes. In Nepal it is compulsory to study Nepali language as a subject until Grade 10 (High School). | |||
Nepali is commonly classified within the Eastern Pahari group of the Northern zone of Indo-Aryan languages. Its origins trace back to the Sinja Valley in Karnali Province, which was the capital of the Khasa Kingdom during the 10th to 14th centuries. The language developed in close proximity to several Indo-Aryan languages, with significant influence from other Pahari languages. Originally, Nepali was spoken by the Khas people, an Indo-Aryan ethno-linguistic group native to the Himalayan region of the Indian subcontinent. | |||
The earliest known inscription in the Nepali language is believed to be from Dullu in the Dailekh District, dating back to around the reign of King Bhupal Damupal in approximately 981 C.E. The formal institutionalisation of the Nepali language began during the rule of the [[Kingdom of Gorkha]], which later became known as the [[Kingdom of Nepal]], in the 16th century. Over the centuries, various dialects of Nepali emerged across different regions of present-day Nepal and [[Uttarakhand]], influenced by languages such as [[Sanskrit]], [[Maithili]], [[Hindi]], and [[Bengali]], establishing Nepali as the ''lingua franca'' in these areas. | |||
Nepali is a highly fusional language characterised by a relatively free word order, although the predominant structure follows a subject–object–verb (SOV) arrangement. The language features three major levels of honorifics: low, medium, and high. Low honorifics are used in contexts where no respect is warranted, medium honorifics indicate equal status or neutrality, and high honorifics are employed to convey respect. | |||
Like other modern Indo-Aryan languages, Nepali grammar has undergone significant syncretism, resulting in the loss of much of the complex declensional system found in older languages. In the 19th century, Nepali literature flourished remarkably within a span of just one hundred years. Around 1830, several Nepali poets began exploring themes from the Sanskrit epics, such as the [[Ramayana|Rāmāyaṇa]] and the [[Bhagavata Purana]]. This literary movement culminated in [[Bhanubhakta Acharya]]'s translation of the Ramayana into Nepali, which gained immense popularity due to its colloquial flavor, religious sincerity, and realistic natural descriptions. | |||
== Etymology== | |||
[[File:"Languages & Nations of India" and "Political Divisions of India"in 1858, 10 of 'From New York to Delhi, by way of Rio de Janeiro, Australia, and China' (11053770654) (cropped).jpg|thumb|left|A map showing '''languages of India''' {{c.}} 1858; It refers to the language as "Nepalee".]] | |||
The term ''Nepali'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाली}}), derived from ''Nepal'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाल}}, was officially adopted by the [[Government of Nepal]] in 1933. This occurred when the ''Gorkha Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' ({{lang-ne|गोरखा भासा प्रकाशिनी समिति}}; Gorkha Language Publishing Committee), established in 1913 (B.S. 1970) to promote ''Gorkha Bhasa'', rebranded itself as the ''Nepali Bhasa Prakashini Samiti'' ({{lang-ne|नेपाली भाषा प्रकाशिनी समिति}} ; Nepali Language Publishing Committee) in 1933 (B.S. 1990), which is now known as ''Sajha Prakashan'' (साझा प्रकाशन).<ref name="sajhaprakashan">{{cite web |title=साझा प्रकाशन एक झलक |url=https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115002/https://sajha.org.np/chinari/28/ |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=Sajha Prakashan}}</ref> Additionally, the term ''Gorkhali'' in the earlier national anthem titled "Shriman Gambhir" was replaced with Nepali in 1951.<ref>{{cite news |date=June 2003 |title=The kings song |newspaper=Himal Southasian |url=http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |url-status=dead |access-date=15 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025182216/http://www.himalmag.com/component/content/article/4214-.html |archive-date=25 October 2012}}</ref> Notably, the term ''Nepali'' had been used prior to its official adoption, particularly by [[Jaya Prithvi Bahadur Singh]], regarded as one of Nepal's national heroes, who championed the use of the term.<ref name=":1">{{cite web |last1=Vasistha |first1=Kedar |title='गोर्खा पत्रिकाहरू'को पदचाप |url=https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |access-date=9 November 2021 |website=Gorakhapatra Online |archive-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/https://gorkhapatraonline.com/arts/2021-05-07-36969 |url-status=live}} जङ्गबहादुरलाई पनि घिसार्ने गरिएको पाइन्छ तर उनको पालामा गोर्खा भाषा वा नेपाली भाषा नभनी पाष्या बोली वा पर्वते भाषाको प्रचलन रहेको देखिन्छ। तर उक्त सनद जारी भएको एक वर्षपछिको जङ्गबहादुरको एक पत्रमा उनले गोर्खा वा गोर्खाली वा नेपाली भाषाका नमुना भनी नभनी पाष्या (पाखे) बोली भनेका छन्।</ref> | |||
Initially, the Nepali language was referred to as "Khas Kura" ({{lang-ne|खस कुरा}}), meaning the ''language or speech of the Khas people'', who trace their lineage back to the ancient Khasas mentioned in the [[Mahabharata]]. The language evolved during the period of the Khasa Kingdom in western Nepal.<ref name="onlinekhabar1">{{cite news |date=3 October 2020 |title=5 features of Nepali, Nepal's lingua franca, that you are unaware of |publisher=Online Khabar |agency=Online Khabar |url=https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |url-status=live |access-date=30 October 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030103855/https://english.onlinekhabar.com/features-of-nepali-nepals-lingua-franca-that-you-are-unaware-of.html |archive-date=30 October 2021}}</ref>{{sfn|Jain|Cardona|2007|p=543}} After the unification of Nepal led by [[Prithvi Narayan Shah]] of the Shah dynasty, the language became known as ''Gōrakhā Bhāṣā ({{lang-ne|गोरखा भाषा}}), meaning the language of the Gorkhas, as it was predominantly spoken by them.<ref name="rajendramaharjan2">{{cite web |last1=Maharjan |first1=Rajendra |title=एकल राष्ट्र–राज्यको धङधङी |url=https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211030115001/https://ekantipur.com/opinion/2021/06/15/162372365631162234.html |archive-date=30 October 2021 |access-date=30 October 2021 |website=EKantipur |publisher=Kantipur Publication Limited}}आजभन्दा करिब नौ दशकअघि मात्रै देशको नाम 'नेपाल' का रूपमा स्विकारिएको हो भने, पहिले खस–पर्वते–गोर्खाली भनिने भाषालाई 'नेपाली' नामकरण गरिएको हो ।</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Baniya |first1=Karnabahadur |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |title=सेनकालीन पाल्पाको संस्कृति : एक ऐतिहासिक विवेचना |publisher=Tribhuvan Multiple Campus |location=Palpa |pages=3–4 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109072853/https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/nutaj/article/download/23470/19875/72601 |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> In the hilly regions, where snow is not typically present, the language was also referred to as ''{{lang|ne-Latn|Parvatē Kurā}}'' ({{lang-ne|पर्वते कुरा}}), meaning ''"the speech of the hills"'', reflecting the geographical identity of its speakers.<ref name="Lienhard, Siegfried 1992 Page 3">Lienhard, Siegfried (1992). ''Songs of Nepal: An Anthology of Nevar Folksongs and Hymns.'' New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas. {{ISBN|81-208-0963-7}}. Page 3.</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Shrestha |first1=Shiva Raj |url=http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |title=Khaptad Region in Mythology |page=10 |access-date=9 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211109071349/http://himalaya.socanth.cam.ac.uk/collections/journals/ancientnepal/pdf/ancient_nepal_143_03.pdf |archive-date=9 November 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
== Official status== | |||
Nepali, written in the [[Devanagari]] script, serves as the official language of [[Nepal]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Yadav |first=Raj Narayan |date=2 December 2013 |title=Language Planning and Language Ideology: The Majority and Minority Dichotomy in Nepal |url=https://www.nepjol.info/index.php/TUJ/article/view/26242 |journal=Tribhuvan University Journal |volume=28 |issue=1–2 |pages=197–202 |doi=10.3126/tuj.v28i1-2.26242 |issn=2091-0916|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=20 September 2015 |title=The Constitution of Nepal |url=https://lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=Nepal Law Commission |archive-date=1 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221101160439/https://www.lawcommission.gov.np/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/01/Constitution-of-Nepal.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
On 31 August 1992, it was recognised as one of the scheduled languages of India.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nepali becomes one of the official languages of India |url=https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india |access-date=14 December 2022 |website=nepalilanguage.org |archive-date=19 October 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221019190546/https://nepalilanguage.org/success-stories/nepali-an-official-language-of-india |url-status=live}}</ref> In India, Nepali holds the status of the official language in the state of [[Sikkim]] and in the region of [[Gorkhaland]] in [[West Bengal]]. | |||
In [[Bhutan]], despite being spoken by approximately a quarter of the population, Nepali does not enjoy any official status.<ref name="thehimalayantimes.com2">{{cite news |last=Koirala |first=Keshav P. |date=6 February 2017 |title=Where in US, elsewhere Bhutanese refugees from Nepal resettled to |work=The Himalayan Times |url=https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/ |access-date=14 December 2022 |archive-date=14 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221214133735/https://thehimalayantimes.com/nepal/where-in-earth-have-been-bhutanese-refugees-from-nepal-resettled/ |url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="Far">{{cite book |author=Eur |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e5Az1lGCJwQC |title=Far East and Australasia 2003 – Regional surveys of the world |publisher=[[Psychology Press]] |year=2002 |isbn=1-85743-133-2 |edition=34 |pages=181–183}}</ref> | |||
==Sample text== | |||
The following is a sample text in Nepali, of Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]], with a transliteration (IAST) and transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Nepali language |url=https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf |access-date=3 February 2021 |website=ohchr.org |archive-date=17 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210517005406/https://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/nep.pdf |url-status=live}}</ref> | |||
; Nepali in Devanagari Script | |||
: धारा १. सबै व्यक्तिहरू जन्मजात स्वतन्त्र हुन् ती सबैको समान अधिकार र महत्व छ। निजहरूमा विचार शक्ति र सद्विचार भएकोले निजहरूले आपसमा भातृत्वको भावनाबाट व्यवहार गर्नु पर्छ। | |||
<Br /> | |||
; Transliteration ([[ISO 15919|ISO]]) | |||
: Dhārā 1. Sabai vyaktiharū janmajāt svatantra hun tī sabaiko samān adhikār ra mahatva cha. Nijharūmā vicār śakti ra sadvicār bhaekole nijharūle āpasmā bhatṛtvako bhāvanabāṭa vyavahār garnu parcha. | |||
<Br /> | |||
; Transcription ([[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]) | |||
: [dʱaɾa ek sʌbʌi̯ bektiɦʌɾu d͡zʌnmʌd͡zat sotʌntɾʌ ɦun ti sʌbʌi̯ko sʌman ʌd(ʱ)ikaɾ rʌ mʌːtːo t͡sʰʌ nid͡zɦʌɾuma bit͡saɾ sʌkti ɾʌ sʌdbit͡sar bʱʌekole nid͡zɦʌɾule apʌsma bʱatɾitːoko bʱawʌnabaʈʌ bebaːr ɡʌɾnu pʌɾt͡sʰʌ] | |||
<Br /> | |||
; Gloss (word-to-word) | |||
: Article 1. All human-beings from-birth independent are their all equal right and importance is. In themselves, intellect and conscience {endowed therefore} they {one another} brotherhood's spirit {treatment with} do must. | |||
<Br /> | |||
; Translation (grammatical) | |||
: Article 1. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood. | |||
<Br /> | |||
; translation (Hindi) | |||
: अनुच्छेद १. सभी मनुष्य जन्म से स्वतन्त्र तथा मर्यादा और अधिकारों में समान होते हैं। वे तर्क और विवेक से सम्पन्न हैं तथा उन्हें भ्रातृत्व की भावना से परस्पर के प्रति कार्य करना चाहिए। | |||
==Notes== | |||
{{Notelist}} | |||
<References group="n"/> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||