Fatima Sheikh: Difference between revisions

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{{Short description|Indian educator}}
{{Short description|Fictional character}}
{{Multiple issues|{{more citations needed|date=January 2017}}{{notability|1=Biographies|date=January 2017}}{{Fanpov|date=February 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{Infobox person
| name              = Fatima Sheikh
| image              =
| alt                =
| caption            =
| native_name_lang  =  
| birth_date        = {{circa|1831}}
| birth_place        = [[Poona]], [[Bombay Presidency]], [[Company rule in India|British India]]<br />(present-day [[Pune]], [[Maharashtra]], [[India]])
| death_date        =
| death_place        =
| occupation        = Social reformer, teacher
| era                =
| organisation      =
| known_for          = India's First Muslim Woman teacher
| spouse            =
| parents            =
| relatives          = Mian Usman Sheikh (Brother)
}}
}}
'''Fatima Sheikh''' was an Indian educator, who was a colleague of the social reformers [[Jyotiba Phule]] and [[Savitribai Phule]].<ref name="TharuLalita1991">{{cite book |author1=Susie J. Tharu |author2=K. Lalita |title=Women Writing in India: 600 B.C. to the early twentieth century |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u297RJP9gvwC&pg=PA162 |year=1991 |publisher=Feminist Press at CUNY |isbn=978-1-55861-027-9 |page=162 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Elementary Education in India: Policy Shifts, Issues and Challenges|author=Madhu Prasad|chapter=A strategy for exclusion|year=2019|isbn=9781000586954}}</ref>
'''Fatima Sheikh''' ({{lang|hi|फातिमा शेख}}{{efn|फ़ातिमा शेख़}};born {{circa|1831}}) is a fictional character. It was created by a journalist named Dilip Mandal, who advocates for Ambedkarite ideals. This journalist has admitted on X (formerly Twitter) that he created this character to garner support from Muslims for individuals who raise voices for Dalit interests. By combining Dalits and Muslims into a vote bank, upper-caste Hindus and the OBC category could be kept away from power.<ref>https://megalodon.jp/2025-0126-1538-16/https://x.com:443/Profdilipmandal/status/1877244084684820907</ref>
Fatima Sheikh was the sister of Mian Usman Sheikh, in whose house Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule took up residence. One of the first Muslim women teachers of modern India, she started educating [[Dalit]] children in Phules' school. Jyotiba and Savitribai Phule along with Fatima Sheikh took charge of spreading education among the downtrodden communities.


Sheikh met Savitribai Phule while both were enrolled at a teacher training institution run by [[Cynthia Farrar]], an [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|American missionary]].<ref>{{cite book|url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/A_Cry_for_Dignity/FeVmDAAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=0&bsq=Savitribai%20fatima%20sheikh|title=A Cry for Dignity: Religion, Violence and the Struggle of Dalit Women in India|first=Mary|last=Grey|chapter=Opposition to Untouchability: Gandhi and Ambedkar|page=118|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|year=2016|isbn=9781315478401|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref> She taught at all five schools that the Phules went on to establish and she taught children of all religions and castes. Sheikh took part in the founding of two schools in Bombay in 1851.<ref>{{cite book|chapter-url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Empire_Civil_Society_and_the_Beginnings/03SmDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Savitribai+fatima+sheikh&pg=PA276&printsec=frontcover|title=Empire, Civil Society, and the Beginnings of Colonial Education in India|first=Jana|last=Tschurenev|chapter=Civil Society, Government, and Educational Institution-Building, Bombay Presidency, 1819-1882|page=276|publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]]|year=2019|isbn=9781108656269|access-date=February 17, 2021}}</ref>
==Biography==
Fatima Sheikh was the sister of Mian Usman Sheikh, a resident of Pune in the neighbourhood of Ganjpeth, who was also a friend of [[Jyotiba Phule]].<ref name="O'Hanlon">{{cite news |last1=O'Hanlon |first1=Rosalind |author1-link=Polly O'Hanlon |title=What a photograph tells us about Fatima Sheikh |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/photograph-savitribai-phule-fatima-sheikh-7725362/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=16 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220216124738/https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/photograph-savitribai-phule-fatima-sheikh-7725362/ |archive-date=16 February 2022}}</ref> Usman encouraged Fatima to get modern edcuation from Jyotiba Phule, who was also educating his wife [[Savitribai Phule]].<ref name="Kazmi">{{cite web |last=Kazmi |first=Sahil |url=https://www.thejamiareview.com/fatima-sheikh-the-forgotten-muslim-educationalist-of-the-19th-century/ |title=Fatima Sheikh – The Forgotten Educationalist of the 19th Century |website=The Jamia Review |date=March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240613204507/https://www.thejamiareview.com/fatima-sheikh-the-forgotten-muslim-educationalist-of-the-19th-century/ |archive-date=13 June 2024}}</ref>{{efn|Fatima Sheikh might have had madrasa education earlier.<ref name="Kazmi"/>}}


{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}
Sheikh and Savitribai subsequently received teacher training from [[Cynthia Farrar]], an [[American Board of Commissioners for Foreign Missions|American missionary]] in [[Ahmednagar]].<ref>{{cite book |last=Grey |first=Mary |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FeVmDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA118 |title=A Cry for Dignity: Religion, Violence and the Struggle of Dalit Women in India |publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]] |year=2016 |isbn=978-1315478401 |pages=117–118 |chapter=Opposition to Untouchability: Gandhi and Ambedkar}}</ref> They established their first girls' school in a portion of Usman Sheikh's house in 1848, under the name "Indigenous Library".<ref name="Khan">{{cite web |last=Khan |first=Aqsa Khan |url=https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/22/fatima-sheikh-essay |title=Remembering Fatima Sheikh: A Woman Lost In History - #IndianWomenInHistory |website=Feminism in India |date=22 January 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207214026/https://feminisminindia.com/2017/06/22/fatima-sheikh-essay/ |archive-date=7 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Apurva">{{cite web |last=Apurva |first=Ankita |url=https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/fatima-sheikh-india-history-feminism-caste-savitribhai-phule/ |title=Why Do Caste Gatekeepers Not Tell Us About Fatima Sheikh? |website=LiveWire, The Wire |date=26 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225061546/https://livewire.thewire.in/livewire/fatima-sheikh-india-history-feminism-caste-savitribhai-phule/ |archive-date=25 February 2024}}</ref><ref name="Sengupta" /> It was a revolutionary project since in the social milieu of those times, girls were not allowed to receive public education.<ref name="Apurva" /> The two teachers had to go house to house to promote their school and to persuade parents to send their children there.<ref name="O'Hanlon" />
 
The Phules faced resistance from Jyotiba's parents for their social work, and had to leave the ancestral home. They went to live with Usman Sheikh, and stayed there till 1856.<ref name="O'Hanlon" />
 
Fatima Sheikh taught at all five schools that the Phules went on to establish and she taught children of all religions and castes. Sheikh took part in the founding of two schools in Mumbai (then Bombay) in 1851.<ref>{{cite book |last=Tschurenev |first=Jana |title=Empire, Civil Society, and the Beginnings of Colonial Education in India |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |year=2019 |isbn=978-1108656269 |page=276 |chapter=Civil Society, Government, and Educational Institution-Building, Bombay Presidency, 1819–1882 |access-date=17 February 2021 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=03SmDwAAQBAJ&dq=Savitribai+fatima+sheikh&pg=PA276}}</ref>
 
Many people regard 9 January as the date of her birth, using it for remembrance.<ref name="O'Hanlon" /><ref name="Menon 2018">{{cite news |first=Vandana |last=Menon |title=Fatima Sheikh: The woman who reshaped Indian education with Savitribai Phule |newspaper=ThePrint |date=9 January 2018 |url=https://theprint.in/report/fatima-sheikh-reshaped-indian-education-savitribai-phule/27603/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241208001444/https://theprint.in/report/fatima-sheikh-reshaped-indian-education-savitribai-phule/27603/ |archive-date=8 December 2024}}</ref><ref name="Nasiruddin">{{cite news |last=Nasiruddin |date=10 January 2025 |orig-date=13 September 2020 |title=faatima shekh, saavitree baee phule kee saathee theen ya nahin, upalabdh dastaavez kya bataate hain? |script-title=hi:फ़ातिमा शेख़, सावित्री बाई फुले की साथी थीं या नहीं, उपलब्ध दस्तावेज़ क्या बताते हैं? |trans-title=Was Fatima Sheikh a companion of Savitribai Phule or not, what do the available documents tell us? |url=https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cy0pndg47k5o |work=[[BBC News]] |language=hi |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114182019/https://www.bbc.com/hindi/articles/cy0pndg47k5o |archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> The year of her birth is estimated to be 1831.<ref name="HT" /><ref name="Google Doodle" />
 
==Recognition==
In 2014, the state of [[Maharashtra]] included a brief profile of Fatima Sheikh in Urdu language textbooks.<ref name="Khan" /><ref name="Sengupta">{{cite news |last=Sengupta |first=Arjun |title=Who was Fatima Sheikh: India's oft-forgotten feminist icon |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=10 January 2023 |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-fatima-sheikh-indias-forgotten-feminist-icon-8371155/ |access-date=12 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241207052102/https://indianexpress.com/article/explained/who-was-fatima-sheikh-indias-forgotten-feminist-icon-8371155/ |archive-date=7 December 2024}}</ref>
 
On 9 January 2022, [[Google]] honoured Sheikh with a [[Google Doodle|doodle]] on her 191st birth anniversary,<ref name="HT">{{cite news |last1=Joshi |first1=Yogesh |date=10 January 2025 |title=Activist claims he invented story of 'first Muslim teacher Fatima Sheikh' |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/activist-claims-he-invented-story-of-first-muslim-teacher-fatima-sheikh-101736450611563.html |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250114213946/https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/pune-news/activist-claims-he-invented-story-of-first-muslim-teacher-fatima-sheikh-101736450611563.html |archive-date=14 January 2025}}</ref> describing her as being widely considered to be India’s first Muslim woman teacher.<ref name="Google Doodle">{{cite web |title=Fatima Sheikh's 191st Birthday |url=https://doodles.google/doodle/fatima-sheikhs-191st-birthday/ |access-date=9 January 2022 |website=[[Google Doodles]] |language=en}}</ref>
 
The [[Andhra Pradesh]] government introduced Sheikh into its textbooks. Reading circles were set up in her name and a library at [[Shahen Bagh protest]] site was named after her and Savitribai.<ref name="Menon">{{cite news |last1=Menon |first1=Vandana |title=Finding Fatima Sheikh: Scholars point to Phule’s letter, photo negative & British-era document |url=https://theprint.in/india/finding-fatima-sheikh-scholars-point-to-phules-letter-photo-negative-british-era-document/2440053/ |access-date=11 January 2025 |work=[[ThePrint]] |date=10 January 2025 |archive-url= |archive-date=}}</ref>
 
==Notes==
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==References==
==References==
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==External links==
<!-- {{cite web |author=Newslaundry Team |date=10 January 2025 |title=Dilip Mandal triggers row with claims about Fatima Sheikh's legacy |url=https://www.newslaundry.com/2025/01/10/dilip-mandal-triggers-row-with-claims-about-fatima-sheikhs-legacy |access-date=11 January 2025 |website=Newslaundry |language=en |archive-url= |archive-date=}} -->
:[https://theprint.in/opinion/why-indian-history-has-forgotten-fatima-sheikh-but-remembers-savitribai-phule/175208/  ''Why Indian history has forgotten Fatima Sheikh but remembers Savitribai Phule''] - article from [[ThePrint]]


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{{DEFAULTSORT:Sheikh, Fatima}}
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[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian educators]]
[[Category:Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian women educators]]
[[Category:19th-century Indian Muslims]]
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]
[[Category:Jyotirao Phule]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category:People from Maharashtra]]
[[Category: Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
[[Category:Founders of Indian schools and colleges]]
 
[[Category:1831 births]]
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[[Category:Year of death missing]]
[[Category:1900 deaths]]
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