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{{ | {{Short description|Battle in 301 BC that ended the Fourth War of the Diadochi}} | ||
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{{Campaignbox Diadochi}} | {{Campaignbox Diadochi}} | ||
The '''Battle of Ipsus''' | The '''Battle of Ipsus''' was fought between some of the [[Diadochi]] (the successors of [[Alexander the Great]]) in 301 BC near the town of [[Ipsus]] in [[Phrygia]]. [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]], the Macedonian ruler of large parts of Asia, and his son [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]] were pitted against the coalition of three other successors of Alexander: [[Cassander]], ruler of [[Macedon]]; [[Lysimachus]], ruler of [[Thrace]]; and [[Seleucus I Nicator]], ruler of [[Babylonia]] and [[Achaemenid Empire|Persia]]. | ||
==Sources== | ==Sources== | ||
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{{Main|Diadochi|Wars of the Diadochi}} | {{Main|Diadochi|Wars of the Diadochi}} | ||
In the aftermath of the [[Second War of the Diadochi]] (315 BC), the aging [[satrap]] [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] had been left in undisputed control of the Asian territories of the Macedonian empire (Asia Minor, Syria and the vast [[Upper Satrapies|eastern satrapies]]). This left Antigonus in prime position to claim overall rule over the Macedonian empire. Antigonus's growing power alarmed the other major Successors, resulting in the eruption of the [[Wars of the Diadochi#Third War of the Diadochi, 314–311 BC|Third War of the Diadochi]] in 314 BC, in which Antigonus faced a coalition of [[Cassander]] (ruler of Macedonia), [[Lysimachus]] (ruler of Thrace) and [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] (ruler of Egypt). This war ended in a compromise peace in 311 BC, after which Antigonus attacked [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], who was attempting to re-establish himself in the eastern Satrapies of the empire. The resulting [[Babylonian War]] lasted from 311 to 309 BC, and resulted in defeat for Antigonus, allowing Seleucus to re-claim the satrapy of Babylonia and [[Suzerainty|overlordship]] of the territories to the east. | In the aftermath of the [[Second War of the Diadochi]] (315 BC), the aging [[satrap]] [[Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] had been left in undisputed control of the Asian territories of the Macedonian empire (Asia Minor, Syria and the vast [[Upper Satrapies|eastern satrapies]]). This left Antigonus in prime position to claim overall rule over the Macedonian empire. Antigonus's growing power alarmed the other major Successors, resulting in the eruption of the [[Wars of the Diadochi#Third War of the Diadochi, 314–311 BC|Third War of the Diadochi]] in 314 BC, in which Antigonus faced a coalition of [[Cassander]] (ruler of Macedonia), [[Lysimachus]] (ruler of Thrace) and [[Ptolemy I Soter|Ptolemy]] (ruler of Egypt). Only one of these leaders, Lysimachus, had actually been one of Alexander's [[somatophylakes]]. This war ended in a compromise peace in 311 BC, after which Antigonus attacked [[Seleucus I Nicator|Seleucus]], who was attempting to re-establish himself in the eastern Satrapies of the empire. The resulting [[Babylonian War]] lasted from 311 to 309 BC, and resulted in defeat for Antigonus, allowing Seleucus to re-claim the satrapy of Babylonia and [[Suzerainty|overlordship]] of the territories to the east. | ||
While Antigonus was distracted elsewhere, Ptolemy had been expanding his power into the [[Aegean Sea]] and to [[Cyprus]]. Antigonus thus resumed the war with Ptolemy in 308 BC, beginning the [[Wars of the Diadochi#Fourth War of the Diadochi, 308–301 BC|Fourth War of the Diadochi]]. Antigonus sent his son [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]] to regain control of Greece, and in 307 BC he took [[Athens]], expelling [[Demetrius of Phaleron]], Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius then turned his attention to Ptolemy, invading Cyprus and defeating Ptolemy's fleet at the [[Battle of Salamis (306 BC)|Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus]]. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus and Demetrius both assumed the crown of Macedon, in which they were shortly followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and eventually Cassander. | While Antigonus was distracted elsewhere, Ptolemy had been expanding his power into the [[Aegean Sea]] and to [[Cyprus]]. Antigonus thus resumed the war with Ptolemy in 308 BC, beginning the [[Wars of the Diadochi#Fourth War of the Diadochi, 308–301 BC|Fourth War of the Diadochi]]. Antigonus sent his son [[Demetrius I of Macedon|Demetrius]] to regain control of Greece, and in 307 BC he took [[Athens]], expelling [[Demetrius of Phaleron]], Cassander's governor, and proclaiming the city free again. Demetrius then turned his attention to Ptolemy, invading Cyprus and defeating Ptolemy's fleet at the [[Battle of Salamis (306 BC)|Battle of Salamis-in-Cyprus]]. In the aftermath of this victory, Antigonus and Demetrius both assumed the crown of Macedon, in which they were shortly followed by Ptolemy, Seleucus, Lysimachus, and eventually Cassander. | ||
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{{legend|#AF3662|[[Epirus]]}}]] | {{legend|#AF3662|[[Epirus]]}}]] | ||
From the wreck of the Antigonid army, Demetrius managed to recover 5,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and escaped with them to Ephesos. Despite the expectation that he would raid the Ephesian treasury, Demetrius instead immediately set sail for Greece "putting his chief remaining hopes in Athens". However, he was to be disappointed; the Athenians had voted not to allow any of the kings into Athens. Concealing his wrath, he asked the Athenians for the return of his ships that were moored there, and then sailed on to the [[Isthmus of Corinth]]. He found that everywhere his garrisons were being expelled, and his erstwhile allies defecting to the other kings. He left [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] (at that time part of the Antigonid faction) in charge of the Antigonid cause in Greece, and himself sailed to the [[Thracian Chersonesos]]. | From the wreck of the Antigonid army and the death of his father, Demetrius managed to recover 5,000 infantry and 4,000 cavalry, and escaped with them to Ephesos. Despite the expectation that he would raid the Ephesian treasury, Demetrius instead immediately set sail for Greece "putting his chief remaining hopes in Athens". However, he was to be disappointed; the Athenians had voted not to allow any of the kings into Athens. Concealing his wrath, he asked the Athenians for the return of his ships that were moored there, and then sailed on to the [[Isthmus of Corinth]]. He found that everywhere his garrisons were being expelled, and his erstwhile allies defecting to the other kings. He left [[Pyrrhus of Epirus]] (at that time part of the Antigonid faction) in charge of the Antigonid cause in Greece, and himself sailed to the [[Thracian Chersonesos]]. | ||
The last chance to reunite the Alexandrine Empire had already been passed when Antigonus lost the [[Babylonian War]] and two thirds of his empire. Ipsus confirmed this failure. As Paul K. Davis writes, "Ipsus was the high point of the struggle among Alexander the Great’s successors to create an international Hellenistic empire, which Antigonus failed to do."<ref>Davis, p. 39.</ref> Instead, the empire was carved up between the victors, with Ptolemy retaining Egypt, Seleucus expanding his power to eastern Asia Minor, and Lysimachus receiving the remainder of Asia Minor. Eventually Seleucus would defeat Lysimachus at the [[Battle of Corupedium]] in 281 BC, but he was assassinated shortly afterward. Ipsus finalized the breakup of an empire, which may account for its obscurity; despite that, it was still a critical battle in classical history and decided the character of the Hellenistic age. | The last chance to reunite the Alexandrine Empire had already been passed when Antigonus lost the [[Babylonian War]] and two thirds of his empire. Ipsus confirmed this failure. As Paul K. Davis writes, "Ipsus was the high point of the struggle among Alexander the Great’s successors to create an international Hellenistic empire, which Antigonus failed to do."<ref>Davis, p. 39.</ref> Instead, the empire was carved up between the victors, with Ptolemy retaining Egypt, Seleucus expanding his power to eastern Asia Minor, and Lysimachus receiving the remainder of Asia Minor. Eventually Seleucus would defeat Lysimachus at the [[Battle of Corupedium]] in 281 BC, but he was assassinated shortly afterward. Ipsus finalized the breakup of an empire, which may account for its obscurity; despite that, it was still a critical battle in classical history and decided the character of the Hellenistic age. | ||
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===Modern Sources=== | ===Modern Sources=== | ||
*{{Cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Bennett|first2=Mike|last2=Roberts|title=The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume I: Commanders & Campaigns |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2008|isbn=978-1-84415-761-7}} | *{{Cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Bennett|first2=Mike|last2=Roberts|title=The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume I: Commanders & Campaigns |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2008|isbn=978-1-84415-761-7}} | ||
*{{Cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Bennett|first2=Mike|last2=Roberts|title=The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume II: Battles and Tactics |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2009|isbn=1-84415-924- | *{{Cite book|first1=Bob|last1=Bennett|first2=Mike|last2=Roberts|title=The Wars of Alexander's Successors 323–281 BC; Volume II: Battles and Tactics |publisher=Pen and Sword Books |year=2009|isbn=978-1-84415-924-6}} | ||
*{{Cite book|first=John |last=Buckler |title=Philip II and the Sacred War |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1989 |isbn=90-04-09095-9}} | *{{Cite book|first=John |last=Buckler |title=Philip II and the Sacred War |publisher=Brill Archive |year=1989 |isbn=90-04-09095-9}} | ||
*{{Cite book|first=George |last=Cawkwell |title=Philip II of Macedon |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=1978 |isbn=0-571-10958-6}} | *{{Cite book|first=George |last=Cawkwell |title=Philip II of Macedon |publisher=Faber & Faber |year=1978 |isbn=0-571-10958-6}} | ||
*{{Cite book|first=Paul K.|last=Davis |title=100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The | *{{Cite book|first=Paul K.|last=Davis |title=100 Decisive Battles from Ancient Times to the Present: The World's Major Battles and How They Shaped History |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1999 |isbn=0-19-514366-3}} | ||
*{{Cite book| last=Green | first=Peter | title= Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age | publisher= Phoenix | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9}} | *{{Cite book| last=Green | first=Peter | title= Alexander the Great and the Hellenistic Age | publisher= Phoenix | year=2008 | isbn=978-0-7538-2413-9}} | ||
* {{Cite book| last= Green | first=Peter | title=Diodorus Siculus – Greek history 480–431 BC: the alternative version (translated by Peter Green) | publisher= University of Texas Press | year=2006 | isbn= 0-292-71277-4}} | * {{Cite book| last= Green | first=Peter | title=Diodorus Siculus – Greek history 480–431 BC: the alternative version (translated by Peter Green) | publisher= University of Texas Press | year=2006 | isbn= 0-292-71277-4}} | ||
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ipsus, battle}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Ipsus, battle}} | ||
[[Category:301 BC]] | |||
[[Category:300s BC conflicts]] | |||
[[Category:Battles of the Diadochi]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving Antipatrid Macedon]] | |||
[[Category:Battles involving the Seleucid Empire]] | |||
[[Category:History of Afyonkarahisar Province]] | |||
[[Category:Antigonus I Monophthalmus]] | |||
[[Category:Seleucus I Nicator]] | |||
[[Category:Demetrius I Poliorcetes]] | |||