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Chandelas of Jejakabhukti (Chandel Empire) (edit)
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| year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE | | year_leader2 = 1165-1203 CE | ||
| leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor) | | leader2 = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor) | ||
| leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler) | | leader3 = [[Kirttivarman II (Chandel dynasty)|Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler) | ||
| year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE | | year_leader3 = 1487-1545 CE | ||
| title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]]) | | title_leader = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]]) | ||
| Line 34: | Line 34: | ||
|capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}} | |capital = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}} | ||
|common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] | |common_languages = [[Sanskrit]] | ||
|religion = | |religion = '''Mainly'''<br>[[Pashupata|Pashupata Shaivism]]<br>'''Some'''<br>[[Vaishnavism]] | ||
|today = [[India]] | |today = [[India]] | ||
|currency = | |currency = | ||
| Line 44: | Line 44: | ||
| symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti | | symbol_type = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''' | |||
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''' ([[Devanagri]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) were an Great Indian dynasty founded by a Haihayavanshi Chandel ruler Chandravarman II. They ruled many parts of [[India]] from their capital in the [[Jejakabhukti]] as a [[Chakravartin]] by subduing neighbour dynasties between the 8th to 15th centuries,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref> and repulsed many [[Muslim]] invasions. Chandels are renowned notably known for their art, architecture and temples. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts. The last ruler was [[Kirttivarman II (Chandel dynasty)|Kirttivarman II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] [[Rajput]] clan.<ref>*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}} | |||
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}} | *{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}} | ||
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}} | *{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}} | ||
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> | *{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref> | ||
The Chandels regained independence under Chandravarman II (Nannuka-Varman) around 835 AD, re-establishing the Chandel dynasty of Mahoba (2nd term). Chandel Emperors like Vakpativarman, Rahilavarman, Yashovarman I, and Dhangavarman subdued the kings as far as Simhala (Sri Lanka) by doing Ashvamedha Yajna or Digvijayas. The Chandels achieved significant victories over various neighbour dynasties like Chakulyas of Gujrat Paramaras of Malwa, Kalachuris of Tripuri, Eastern Gangas and Somvanshi of Kalinga and Koshala etc., subjugating them to their Empire. Although some kingdoms occasionally rebelled and gained independence, the Chandels swiftly defeated and re-subjugated them. The Chalukyas of Gujrat and some southern Indian kingdoms used to pay homage to the Chandels. | |||
In 1203 AD, the Ghurid invasion ended the unprepared Chandel dynasty in a treacherous war, in they and their emperor Paramardivarman displayed indomitable bravery and resistance, but was treacherously killed by Ghurids. However, in 1206 AD, Paramardi Varman's 9-year-old son Trailokya Varman revived the dynasty by defeating the Muslim governor of Kalanjara, and the iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi, thereby restoring the Chandels' power and prestige. He then went on to expand Chandel sovereignty over Central and East Indian kingdoms, ushering in a period of renewed dominance that lasted until 1545 AD. Occasionally, some kings refused to acknowledge Chandel supremacy but were swiftly subdued. Notably, Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji in 1309 AD on the banks of the Yamuna-Betwa river confluence. The Chandels continued to rule central India until 1545 AD, repelling numerous Muslim invasions. The last ruler, Kirttivarman II, was killed in battle against Islam Shah Suri, but in the previous battles he defeated Mughal emperor Humayun and killed Sher Khan Suri. | |||
The Chandels were mainly | The Chandels were mainly Shaivas, but they were liberal towards Vaishnavas and tolerant of Jains. The Chandels were staunchly religious; they were anxious not to violate dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions, there are references to many kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through dharma, which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandel rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==Origin== | ==Origin== | ||
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*[[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE | *[[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE | ||
*[[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE | *[[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE | ||
*[[ | *[[Harshavarman (Chandel emperor)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa), c. 905-925 CE | ||
*[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE | *[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE | ||
*[[ | *[[Dhangavarman (Chandel emperor)|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries --> | ||
*[[ | *[[Gandavarman (Chandel emperor)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries --> | ||
*[[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries --> | *[[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries --> | ||
*[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE | *[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE | ||