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{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Infobox country
{{Infobox country
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
|name = ''Chandel dynasty of Jejakabhukti''
|conventional_long_name = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti  
|common_name            = Chandel Empire
|common_name            = Chandel Empire
|era                    = [[Medieval India]]
|era                    = [[Medieval India]]
|government_type        = Monarchy
|government_type        = Monarchy
| leader1              = [[Nannuka|Chandravarman]] (First sovereign ruler)
| leader1              = [[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]] (First sovereign ruler)
| year_leader1          = 832-845 CE
| year_leader1          = 832-845 CE
| year_leader2          = 1165-1203 CE
| year_leader2          = 1165-1203 CE
| leader2              = [[Paramardideva]] (Last emperor)
| leader2              = [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]] (Last emperor)
| leader3              = [[Kirtti-Varman II]] (Last ruler)
| leader3              = [[Kirttivarman II (Chandel dynasty)|Kirttivarman II]] (Last ruler)
| year_leader3          = 1487-1545 CE
| year_leader3          = 1487-1545 CE
| title_leader          = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| title_leader          = [[Emperor]] ([[Emperor|Kalanjaradhipati]])
| event1                = Rise of Empire
| event1                = Rise of Empire
| date_event1          = 1028 CE
| date_event1          = 9th CE
| event2                = Empire at its peak
| event2                =  
| date_event2          = 1203 CE
| date_event2          =  
|event3                = Fall of Empire
|event3                = Fall of Empire
| date_event3          = 1203 CE
|event4                = Fall of dynasty
|year_start            = 832 CE
|year_start            = 832 CE
|year_end              = 1545 CE
|year_end              = 1545 CE
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| s3 = Suri Empire
| s3 = Suri Empire
|image_map              = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map              = Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg
|image_map_caption      = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel Empire]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|image_map_caption      = [[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti|Chandel dynasty map]] during 1203 AD{{sfn|Singh|1984|p=69}}{{sfn|Gvāliyara darśana - Volume 1 - |1980| sfn}}
|map_width =         
|map_width =         
|capital                = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]]|[[Kalanjara]]|[[Mahoba]]}}
|capital                = {{ubl|[[Khajuraho]] (Architecture capital)|[[Kalanjara]] (Administrative capital)|[[Mahoba]] (Military capital)}}
|common_languages      = [[Sanskrit]]
|common_languages      = [[Sanskrit]]
|religion              = {{ubl|[[Hinduism]]|[[Jainism]]}}
|religion              = '''Mainly'''<br>[[Pashupata|Pashupata Shaivism]]<br>'''Some'''<br>[[Vaishnavism]]
|today = [[India]]
|today = [[India]]
|currency              =
[[Hanumana]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Roy |first=Prafulla Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=f2Et2zZGJPUC&pg=PA69&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q&f=false |title=The Coinage of Northern India: The Early Rajaputa Dynasties from the 11th to the 13th Centuries A.D. |date=1980 |publisher=Abhinav Publications |isbn=978-81-7017-122-5 |language=en}}</ref><br>[[Laxmi|Goddess Laxmi]]<ref>{{Cite book |last=Husaini (Saiyid.) |first=Abdul Qadir |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=h0QuAAAAMAAJ&q=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&dq=Chandelas+of+Jejakabhukti+Coin&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjOkICSk9b-AhVYV2wGHcRoD7oQ6AF6BAgCEAM#Chandela |title=The Economic History of India |date=1962 |publisher=Eastern Publishers |language=en}}</ref>
|image_flag            = 
|image_flagtype      =
| image_coat        = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| image_coat        = Chandelas of Jejakabhukti. Sallakshana Varman. Circa 1120-1135 CE.jpg
| coa_size          =  
| coa_size          =  
| symbol_type      = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
| symbol_type      = Coinage of [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (1120–1135 CE), Chandelas of Jejakabhukti
}}
}}
[[Chandelas of Jejakabhukti]] ([[Hindi]]: ''''जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल'''' ) colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba''', was the famous Indian dynasty that independently ruled in [[Central India]] from the 8th to 15th century.{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)|p=78}} The Chandel dynasty of Mahoba was founded by [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chedi-Chandel]] king [[Nannuka|Chandra-Varman]].{{sfn| Edwin Thomas Atkinson|1971|p=504}} They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] Rajput clan. The territory ruled by them known as Jujhoti or [[Jejakabhukti]].{{sfn| Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition)}} The dynasty was fully declined on 27 May 1545 after the death of [[Kirtti-Varman II]] against Suri Empire.{{sfn|Hindustānī - Volume 36|1975|p=54}}{{sfn|Mug̲h̲ala darabāra, kavi-saṅgītajña: san Ī| 1531-1707 -|Śāligrāma Gupta|1999|p=210}}


== Origin ==
The '''Chandelas of Jejakabhukti''' ([[Devanagri]]: जेजाकभुक्ति के चन्देल, colloquially known as the '''Chandel of Mahoba'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Raychaudhuri |first=Tapan |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=L-s8AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA93&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgOEAM |title=The Cambridge Economic History of India: Volume 1, C.1200-c.1750 |last2=Habib |first2=Irfan |last3=Kumar |first3=Dharma |date=1982 |publisher=CUP Archive |isbn=978-0-521-22692-9 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Cunningham |first=Sir Alexander |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=4V4CAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP19&dq=Chandelas+of+Mahoba&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjf2YSlqsWCAxVHQ2cHHWz4CwQQ6AF6BAgLEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20of%20Mahoba&f=false |title=Coins of Ancient India from the Earliest Times Down to the Seventh Century A.D. |date=1891 |publisher=Quaritch |language=en}}</ref> or '''Chandel Empire'''<ref>{{Cite book |last=Gangoly |first=Ordhendra Coomar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=leBOAAAAYAAJ&q=Chandela+Empire&dq=Chandela+Empire&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiGkrORpsWCAxXkSWwGHVbZCo0Q6AF6BAgKEAM#Chandela%20Empire |title=The Art of the Chandelas |date=1957 |publisher=Rupa |language=en}}</ref>) were an Great Indian dynasty founded by a Haihayavanshi Chandel ruler Chandravarman II. They ruled many parts of [[India]] from their capital in the [[Jejakabhukti]] as a [[Chakravartin]] by subduing neighbour dynasties between the 8th to 15th centuries,<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=TKvEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA321&dq=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6+%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A5%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%B9%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%80+%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8+%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi5woqH9ceDAxWwklYBHUfNA58Q6AF6BAgGEAM#v=onepage&q=%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%20&f=false|title=Raja Bhoj Parmaron Ki Gorvanshiya Virasat|last=sakalle|first=Jairam Sitaram Pawar & Vinayak|date=2023-06-13|publisher=Blue Rose Publishers|language=hi}}</ref> and repulsed many [[Muslim]] invasions. Chandels are renowned notably known for their art, architecture and temples. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts. The last ruler was [[Kirttivarman II (Chandel dynasty)|Kirttivarman II]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kusuman |first=K. K. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=z4JqgSUSXDsC&pg=PA155&dq=The+last+chandella+ruler++was&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiNmYvch6iEAxVezzgGHZLFAYsQ6AF6BAgMEAM |title=A Panorama of Indian Culture: Professor A. Sreedhara Menon Felicitation Volume |date=1990 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-214-1 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=77bXjlFSBKMC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=Kirat%20Singh&f=false |title=Archaeological Survey of India: Reports 1862-1884 |date=1885 |publisher=Governement Press |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=India |first=Archaeological Survey of |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=UMNQTl1EBAwC&pg=PA52&dq=Chandelas+genealogy+records&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ_Zv4iaiEAxWxla8BHcwyCVEQ6AF6BAgNEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandelas%20genealogy%20records&f=false |title=Reports |date=1885 |publisher=Office of the Superintendent of Government Printing |language=en}}</ref> They were the most prominent ruling family of the [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] [[Rajput]] clan.<ref>*{{Cite book |author=Upinder Singh|author-link=Upinder Singh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7DRuAAAAMAAJ |title=The Discovery of Ancient India: Early Archaeologists and the Beginnings of Archaeology |date=2004 |publisher=Permanent Black |isbn=978-81-7824-088-6|page=73|quote=Discussion of the histories of various Rajput clans, such as the Chauhans, Kachhvahas, Chandelas, Pratiharas and Tomaras on the basis of a wide range of sources-literary, epigraphic, numismatic, bardic accounts and local traditions|language=en}}
*{{Cite book|last1=Kulke|first1=Hermann|author-link1=Hermann Kulke|last2=Rothermund|first2=Dietmar |author-link2=Dietmar Rothermund|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TPVq3ykHyH4C|title=A History of India|date=2004|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-0-415-32919-4|language=en|page=117|quote="When Gurjara Pratiharas power declined after the sacking of Kannauj by the Rashtrakutas in the early tenth century many Rajput princes declared their independence and founded their own kingdoms, some of which grew to importance in the subsequent two centuries. The better known among those dynasties were the Chaulukyas or Solankis of Gujarat and Kathiawar, the Chahamanas (i.e. Chauhans) of eastern Rajasthan (Ajmer and Jodhpur) and the Tomaras who had founded Delhi (Dhillika) in 736 but had been displaced by the Chauhans in the twelfth century. Rajput descent was also claimed by the Chandelas of Khujuraho and the Kalachuris of Tripuri"}}
*{{Cite book |author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6cwDwAAQBAJ |title=Early India: From the Origins to AD 1300 |date=2004|publisher=University of California Press |isbn=978-0-520-24225-8 |page=420|quote=Other claiming to be Rajputs and descended from the solar and lunar lines, established themselves as local kings in various parts of western and central India. Among them were the Chandellas, prominent in the tenth century in Bundelkhand with their centre at Khajuraho and their territory known as Jejakabhukti|language=en}}
*{{harvnb|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=8}}: "The Candellas are undoubtedly a Rajput clan and the epigraphic evidences does not show that any inferiority was applied to them in the past. It reveals their matrimonial relationship with important Rajput families from the very beginning of their history"</ref>
 
 
The Chandels regained independence under Chandravarman II (Nannuka-Varman) around 835 AD, re-establishing the Chandel dynasty of Mahoba (2nd term). Chandel Emperors like Vakpativarman, Rahilavarman, Yashovarman I, and Dhangavarman subdued the kings as far as Simhala (Sri Lanka) by doing Ashvamedha Yajna or Digvijayas. The Chandels achieved significant victories over various neighbour dynasties like Chakulyas of Gujrat Paramaras of Malwa, Kalachuris of Tripuri, Eastern Gangas and Somvanshi of Kalinga and Koshala etc., subjugating them to their Empire. Although some kingdoms occasionally rebelled and gained independence, the Chandels swiftly defeated and re-subjugated them. The Chalukyas of Gujrat and some southern Indian kingdoms used to pay homage to the Chandels.
 
In 1203 AD, the Ghurid invasion ended the unprepared Chandel dynasty in a treacherous war, in they and their emperor Paramardivarman displayed indomitable bravery and resistance, but was treacherously killed by Ghurids. However, in 1206 AD, Paramardi Varman's 9-year-old son Trailokya Varman revived the dynasty by defeating the Muslim governor of Kalanjara, and the iltutmish, Sultan of Delhi, thereby restoring the Chandels' power and prestige. He then went on to expand Chandel sovereignty over Central and East Indian kingdoms, ushering in a period of renewed dominance that lasted until 1545 AD. Occasionally, some kings refused to acknowledge Chandel supremacy but were swiftly subdued. Notably, Hammiravarman, son of Viravarman I, defeated Alauddin Khilji in 1309 AD on the banks of the Yamuna-Betwa river confluence. The Chandels continued to rule central India until 1545 AD, repelling numerous Muslim invasions. The last ruler, Kirttivarman II, was killed in battle against Islam Shah Suri, but in the previous battles he defeated Mughal emperor Humayun and killed Sher Khan Suri.
 
The Chandels were mainly Shaivas, but they were liberal towards Vaishnavas and tolerant of Jains. The Chandels were staunchly religious; they were anxious not to violate dharma and sacred law in any way. In several Chandel inscriptions, there are references to many kings who were afraid to offend against the religious law. The Chandels often emphasized the positive duty of following the state through dharma, which was the duty of a Kshatriya ruler.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=FV49AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwi2pMDiw8WCAxWKamwGHccMB4E4ChDoAXoECAgQAw |title=Lectures on Rajput History |date=1962 |publisher=Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Banerjee |first=Anil Chandra |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=oaE9AAAAMAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgMEAM |title=Aspects of Rajput State and Society |date=1983 |publisher=Rajesh Publications |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=gwcwAQAAIAAJ&q=Chandellas+dharma&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgIEAM#Chandellas%20dharma |title=Encyclopaedia Indica: India, Pakistan, Bangladesh |date=1996 |publisher=Anmol Publications |isbn=978-81-7041-859-7 |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Bakshi |first=S. R. |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Ldo1QtQigosC&pg=PA345&dq=Chandellas+dharma&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiszeinw8WCAxUhS2wGHdy0Dm8Q6AF6BAgHEAM#v=onepage&q=Chandellas%20dharma&f=false |title=Early Aryans to Swaraj |last2=S.G |date=2005 |publisher=Sarup & Sons |isbn=978-81-7625-537-0 |language=en}}</ref> The Chandel rulers were very often guided and very supported by Brahmin ministers, big scholars and counsellors.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mitra |first=Sisir Kumar |url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA169&dq=Candella+rulers+were+very+often+guided+by+Brahmin+ministers+and+counsellors&hl=en&newbks=1&newbks_redir=0&source=gb_mobile_search&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwju3peUx8WCAxUpTGwGHf5dAAYQ6AF6BAgOEAM#v=onepage&q=Candella%20rulers%20were%20very%20often%20guided%20by%20Brahmin%20ministers%20and%20counsellors&f=false |title=The Early Rulers of Khajur (Second Revised Edition) |date=1977 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass Publ. |isbn=978-81-208-1997-9 |language=en}}</ref>
 
==Origin==
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}
The origin of the Chandelas is obscured by mythical legends. The epigraphic records of the dynasty, as well as contemporary texts such as ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' and ''Prabodha-chandrodaya'', suggest that the Chandelas belonged to the legendary [[Lunar dynasty]] (''Chandravansha'').{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}} A 954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription states that the dynasty's first king [[Nannuka]] was a descendant of sage Chandratreya, who was a son of [[Atri]]. A 1002 CE Khajuraho inscription gives a slightly different account, in which Chandratreya is mentioned as a son of Indu (the Moon) and a grandson of Atri.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=4}} The 1195 CE Baghari inscription and the 1260 CE Ajaygadh inscription contain similar accounts.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=5}} The ''Balabhadra-vilasa'' also names [[Atri]] among the ancestors of the Chandelas. Another Khajuraho inscription describes the Chandela king [[Dhanga]] as a member of the [[Vrishni]] clan of the [[Yadavas]] (who also claimed to be part of the Lunar dynasty).{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=3}}


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==History==
==History==


=== Early rulers ===
===Early rulers===


The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>
The early Chandelas were originally vassals of the [[Gurjara-Pratiharas]].<ref>Radhey Shyam Chaurasia, History of Ancient India: Earliest Times to 1000 A. D.</ref> [[Nannuka]] (r. c. 831-845 CE), the founder of the dynasty, was the ruler of a small kingdom centered around [[Khajuraho Group of Monuments|Khajuraho]].<ref>{{cite book |author=Sailendra Sen |title=A Textbook of Medieval Indian History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UdW6lAEACAAJ |year=2013 |publisher=Primus |isbn=978-93-80607-34-4 |page=22}}</ref>
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According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}
According to the Chandela inscriptions, Nannuka's successor [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] defeated several enemies.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=27-28}} Vakpati's sons [[Jayashakti]] (Jeja) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vija) consolidated the Chandela power.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=30}} According to a [[Mahoba]] inscription, the Chandela territory was named "Jejakabhukti" after the Jayashakti.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=28}} Vijayashakti's successor [[Rahila]] is credited with several military victories in eulogistic inscriptions.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=30-31}} Rahila's son [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Harsha]] played an important role in restoring the rule of the Pratihara king [[Mahipala I|Mahipala]], possibly after a [[Rashtrakuta]] invasion or after Mahiapala's conflict with his step-brother [[Bhoja II (Gurjara-Pratihara dynasty)|Bhoja II]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=32-35}}


=== Rise as a sovereign power ===
===Rise as a sovereign power===
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
[[File:Kirtivarman Chandela visits the temple of Khajurahu.jpg|thumb|A 20th century artist's imagination of Kirtivarman Chandela visiting a [[Khajuraho]] temple]]
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}
Harsha's son [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (r. c. 925-950 CE) continued to acknowledge the Pratihara suzerainty, but became practically independent.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=36-37}} He conquered the important fortress of [[Kalanjara]].{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}} A 953-954 CE [[Khajuraho]] inscription credits him with several other military successes, including against [[Gauḍa (region)|Gaudas]] (identified with the [[Pala Empire|Palas]]), the [[Khasas]], the [[Chedi Kingdom|Chedis]] (the [[Kalachuris of Tripuri]]), the [[Dakshina Kosala|Kosalas]] (possibly the [[Somavaṃśī dynasty|Somavamshis]]), the [[Mithila (ancient)|Mithila]] (possibly a small tributary ruler), [[Malwa|Malavas]] (identified with the [[Paramara dynasty|Paramaras]]), the [[Kuru Kingdom|Kurus]], the [[Kasmira Kingdom|Kashmiris]] and the [[Gurjara]]s.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=42-51}} These claims appear to be exaggerated, as similar claims of extensive conquests in northern India are also found in the records of the other contemporary kings such as the Kalachuri king Yuva-Raja and the Rashtrakuta king [[Krishna III]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=42}} Yashovarman's reign marked the beginning of the famous Chandela-era art and architecture. He commissioned the [[Lakshmana Temple, Khajuraho|Lakshmana Temple]] at Khajuraho.{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=24}}
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</gallery>
</gallery>


=== Decline ===
===Decline===
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Mahadeva Temple, Khajuraho.jpg|thumb|[[Surasundari]] and [[vyala]], [[Khajuraho]].]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
[[File:Le Temple Kandariya Mahadeva (Khajurâho) (8503001895).jpg|thumb|[[Kandariya Mahadeva Temple|Kandariya Mahadeva temple]] carvings.]]
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Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}
Jayavarman appears to have died heirless, as he was succeeded by his uncle [[Prithvivarman]], the younger son of Kirttivarman.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|pp=110-111}} The Chandela inscriptions do not ascribe any military achievements to him; it appears that he was focused on maintaining the existing Chandela territories without adopting an aggressive expansionist policy.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=111}}


=== Revival ===
===Revival===
 
By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and possibly annexed the northern part of the [[Baghelkhand]] region.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandelas lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha). This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}} Once again, the Chandelas could not retain the newly annexed territory for long, and the region was recaptured by Yashovarman's son Lakshmivarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}}
 
[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandela and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman. The result of this conflict appears to have been inconclusive, as records of both the kingdoms claim victory.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. On the other hand, the various chronicles of Gujarat claim that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman maintained friendly relations with his northern neighbours, the [[Gahadavala]]s.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}
 
Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] either did not rule, or ruled for a very short time. Madanavarman's grandson [[Paramardi|Paramardi-deva]] was the last powerful Chandela king.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}


===Final decline ===
By the time Prithvivarman's son [[Madanavarman]] (r. c. 1128–1165 CE) ascended the throne, the neighbouring [[Kalachuris of Tripuri|Kalachuri]] and [[Paramara]] kingdoms had been weakened by enemy invasions. Taking advantage of this situation, Madanavarman defeated the Kalachuri king [[Gayakarna|Gaya-Karna]], and subjected him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132}} However, the Chandel's governor lost this territory to Gaya-Karna's successor [[Narasimha (Kalachuri dynasty)|Narasimha]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=135}} Madanavarman also captured the territory on the western periphery of the Paramara kingdom, around [[Bhilsa]] (Vidisha) and later subjected whole paramara kingdom. This probably happened during the reign of the Paramara king [[Yashovarman (Paramara dynasty)|Yashovarman]] or his son [[Jayavarman I (Paramara dynasty)|Jayavarman]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=130-132}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=112-113}}
[[File:Map of Candellas around 1200 CE.jpg|thumb|Later Chandel Empire during 1203 AD]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Schwartzberg |first1=Joseph E. |title=A Historical atlas of South Asia |date=1978 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |location=Chicago |page=37, 147|isbn=0226742210 |url=https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/schwartzberg/pager.html?object=074}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Eaton |first1=Richard M. |title=India in the Persianate Age: 1000-1765 |date=25 July 2019 |publisher=Penguin UK |isbn=978-0-14-196655-7 |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aIF6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PP31 |language=en}}</ref>


[[Paramardi-Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandela throne at a young age.
[[Jayasimha Siddharaja]], the [[Chaulukya]] king of Gujarat, also invaded the Paramara territory, which was located between the Chandel and the Chaulukya kingdoms. This brought him in conflict with Madanavarman.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=133}} A [[Kalanjara]] inscription suggests that Madanavarman defeated Jayasimha. The self pro-claimed various chronicles of Chaulukyas claimed that Jayasimha either defeated Madanavarman or extracted a tribute from him.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|pp=133-134}} Madanavarman defeated a [[Gahadavala]] ruler Govindchandra, in which Govindchandra fled from his capital to save his life. Later on the request of Govindchandra, Madanavarman returned his kingdom to him and both became friendly state.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=132-133}}


According to the medieval ballads, Prithviraj was returning to [[Delhi]] after marrying the daughter of Padamsen. During this journey, he was attacked by Turkic forces ([[Ghurid dynasty|Ghurids]]). The Chauhan army managed to repulse the attacks, but suffered serious casualties in the process. They lost their way, and arrived in the Chandela capital [[Mahoba]]. The Chauhan force, which had a number of wounded soldiers among them, unknowingly set up a camp in the Chandela royal garden. They killed the keeper of the garden for objecting to their presence. When Paramardi learned about this, he sent some soldiers to counter the Chauhan force. The Chandelas suffered heavy losses in the ensuing conflict. Paramardi then decided to send another force led by his general [[Udal of Mahoba|Udal]] against Prithviraj. Udal advised against this proposal, arguing that it would not be appropriate to attack wounded soldiers or to antagonize a powerful king like Prithviraj. However, Paramardi was under the influence of his brother-in-law Mahil Parihar (Pratihara), who secretly harboured ill-will against the Chandelas. Mahil instigated Paramardi to go ahead with the attack plan. The Chandela force led by Udal then launched a second attack against the Chauhan army, but was defeated. The situation subsided when Prithviraj left for Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}}  
Madanavarman's son [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] ruled for a very short time and died in a war. Aftter Yashovarman II, his son [[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman deva]] become chandel emperor.{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=130}}


Unable to bear Mahil Parihar's political scheming, Udal and his brother [[Alha]] left the Chandela court. They took shelter with [[Jaichand]], the [[Gahadavala]] ruler of [[Kannauj]].{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=121}} Mahil then sent a secret message to Prithviraj Chauhan, informing him that the best generals of Paramardi had left Mahoba. Instigated by him, Prithviraj set out from Delhi in 1182 CE and marched to the Chandela empire via [[Gwalior]] and [[Bateshwar, Uttar Pradesh|Bateshwar]]. First, he besieged Sirsagarh, which was held by Malkhan, a cousin of Alha and Udal. Prithviraj tried to win over Malkhan, but Malkhan remained loyal to Paramardi and fought against the invaders. After Malkhan killed eight generals of the invading army, Prithviraj himself took charge of the battle. The Chandelas ultimately lost the battle, and Malkhan was killed , Paramardideva's son Bramhjit married daughter of Prithviraja's bela chauhan {{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=122}}
===Final decline===
{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. Main battle between Chandelas Chahamanas War who fought in 1182 [[Paramardideva]] His son Brahmajit, along with Nephew Alha and Udal, led the [[Chandelas]] army against [[Chahamanas]]. In the battle Brahmajit, Udal and the two sons of [[Jaichand]] were killed but [[Paramardideva]] defeated [[Prithviraj Chauhan]] .{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman Deva]] (reigned c. 1165-1203 CE) ascended the Chandel throne at the age of 5. QllIn 1182 CE, [[Paramardivarman]] defeated Chauhan king [[Prithviraj Chauhan|Prithviraj III]] in battle and repulsed his raid.{{sfn|Mohinder Singh Randhawa
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the Chauhans claimed in Madanpur that Chandelas were defeated and Parmardideva committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.
|Indian Council of Agricultural Research|1980 | pp= 472}}{{sfn|M.S. Randhawa| Indian Sculpture: The Scene, Themes, and Legends |1985 | pp= 532}}{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}}. But to avoid the humiliation of their king, the 16th c Chauhans claimed in ballads, that the Chandels were defeated and Parmardivarman committed suicide around 1185-86 A.D.


This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardideva ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardi, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardi ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandela kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}
This is corroborated by his stone inscriptions at [[Madanpur, Lalitpur, India|Madanpur]]{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=123}} However, the occupation of Mahoba or Kalanjara by Chauhans is not supported by historical evidence. Not even by madanpur inscription of Prithviraj Chauhan, that was mere a small raid which was successfully repulsed by Paramardivarman Deva.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}} He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign Emperor.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled the empire until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel empire.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}. He is known to have issued several inscriptions after this event: the Kalanjara rock inscription, the 1184 CE Mahoba stone inscription, the 1187 CE [[Ajaygarh]] stone inscription, the 1195 CE Baghari (Bateshvar) stone inscription, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara stone inscription.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=124}} These records give imperial titles for Paramardivarman, indicating that he remained a sovereign ruler.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}} The Muslim chronicles also provide evidence that Paramardivarman ruled until the beginning of the next century, when the Delhi Sultanate invaded the Chandel kingdom.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=125}}


The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country. These evidences suggest that Paramardi managed to recover the Chandela power after Prithviraj Chauhan returned to Delhi.{{sfn|Sisirkumar Mitra|1977|p=126}}
The 1195 CE Bateshvar inscription states that other feudatory kings bowed before him, and the 1201 CE Kalanjara inscription describes him as the lord of [[Dasharna]] country.


The Chandela power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardi was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. The next ruler [[Hammiravarman]] (r. c. 1288-1311 CE) did not use the imperial title [[Maharajadhiraja]], which indicates that the Chandela king had a lower status by his time. The Chandela power continued to decline because of the rising Muslim influence, as well as the rise of other local dynasties, such as the [[Bundela]]s, the Baghelas and the [[Khangar (community)|Khangars]].{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=179}}
The Chandel power did not fully recover from their defeat against the Delhi forces. Paramardivarman  was succeeded by [[Trailokyavarman]], [[Viravarman]] and [[Bhojavarman]]. Hammiravarman defeated Allauddin khalji.


Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} [[Chandelas of Kalanjara (minor Chandela branch)|One minor branch of the family continued ruling Kalanjara]]: its ruler was killed by [[Sher Shah Suri]]'s army in 1545 CE.In 1542, Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
Hammiravarman was succeeded by Viravarman II, whose titles do not indicate a high political status.{{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}{{sfn|Om Prakash Misra|2003|p=11}} Durgavati was married to [[Dalpat Shah]], the adopted son of the king [[Sangram Shah]] of the [[Garha Kingdom]]. According to Abul Fazl, Dalpat Shah was the son of a [[Kachwaha|Kachhwaha]] Rajput adopted by Raja of Gadha mandla.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Dikshit|first=R. K.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|date=1976|publisher=Abhinav Publications|isbn=978-81-7017-046-4|pages=8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Abul Fazl|first=Henry Beveridge|title=Akbarnama Vol-2|year=1907|pages=326}}</ref> The [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]] of [[mahoba]] and [[Garha Kingdom|Garha Kingdom dynasty]] (Garha Mandla) dynasties were allied because of this marriage.<ref name="women of India">{{cite book |author1=Archana Garodia Gupta |title=The Women Who Ruled India- Leaders. Warriors. Icons. |date=20 April 2019 |publisher=Hachette India |isbn=9789351951537 |url=https://www.google.co.in/books/edition/The_Women_Who_Ruled_India/4XuLDwAAQBAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Dalpat+Shah&pg=PT67&printsec=frontcover |language=English |format=Ebook}}</ref> {{sfn|Romila Thapar|2013|p=572}}
<ref name="women of India"/> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).
<ref name="women of India" /> Some other ruling families also claimed Chandela descent (see [[Chandel (Rajput clan)|Chandel]]).


== Art and architecture ==
==Art and architecture==


The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}
The Chandelas are well known for their art and architecture. They commissioned a number of temples, water bodies, palaces and forts at various places. The most famous example of their cultural achievements are the Hindu and Jain temples at [[Khajuraho]]. Three other important Chandela strongholds were Jayapura-Durga (modern [[Ajaigarh]]), Kalanjara (modern [[Kalinjar]]) and Mahotsava-Nagara (modern [[Mahoba]]).{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=17}}
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</gallery>
</gallery>


== List of rulers ==
==List of rulers ==
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Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
Based on epigraphic records, the historians have come up with the following list of Chandela rulers of Jejākabhukti ([[IAST]] names in brackets):{{sfn|R. K. Dikshit|1976|p=25}}{{sfn|Sushil Kumar Sullerey|2004|p=25}}
* [[Nannuka]], c. 831-845 CE
*[[Chandravarman II (Chandel ruler)|Chandravarman II]], c. 831-845 CE
* [[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpati]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
*[[Vakpati (Chandela dynasty)|Vakpativarman]] (Vākpati), c. 845-865 CE
* [[Jayashakti]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
*[[Jayashakti|Jayashaktivarman]] (Jayaśakti) and [[Vijayashakti|Vijayashaktivarman]] (Vijayaśakti), c. 865-885 CE
* [[Rahila]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
*[[Rahila|Rahilavarman]] (Rāhila), c. 885-905 CE
* [[Harsha (Chandela dynasty)|Shri Harsha]] (Śri Harśa),  c. 905-925 CE
*[[Harshavarman (Chandel emperor)|Shri Harshavarman]] (Śri Harśa),  c. 905-925 CE
* [[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
*[[Yashovarman (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman]] (Yaśovarman), c. 925-950 CE
* [[Dhanga|Dhanga-Deva]] (Dhaṅgadeva), c. 950-999 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
*[[Dhangavarman (Chandel emperor)|Dhangavarman]] (Dhaṅgavarman), c. 950-999 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
* [[Ganda (Chandela dynasty)|Ganda-Deva]] (Gaṇḍadeva), c. 999-1002 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
*[[Gandavarman (Chandel emperor)|Gandavarmam]] (Gaṇḍavarman), c. 999-1002 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
* [[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadhara]] (Vidyādhara), c. 1003-1035 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
*[[Vidyadhara (Chandela king)|Vidyadharavarman]] (Vidyādharavarman), c. 1003-1035 CE<!-- Sullerey is based on latest inscription discoveries -->
* [[Vijayapala|Vijaya-Pala]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
*[[Vijayapala|Vijayapalavarman]] (Vijayapāla), c. 1035-1050 CE
* [[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Deva-Varman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
*[[Devavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Devavarman]], c. 1050-1060 CE
* [[Kirttivarman (Chandela dynasty)|Kirtti-Varman]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
*[[Kirttivarman I (Chandel emperor)|Kirttivarman I]] (Kīrtivarman), c. 1060-1100 CE
* [[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshana-Varman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
*[[Sallakshanavarman|Sallakshanavarman]] (Sallakṣaṇavarman), c. 1100-1110 CE
* [[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jaya-Varman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
*[[Jayavarman (Chandela dynasty)|Jayavarman]], c. 1110-1120 CE
* [[Prithvivarman|Prithvi-Varman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
*[[Prithvivarman|Prithvivarman]] (Pṛthvīvarman), c. 1120-1128 CE
* [[Madanavarman|Madana-Varman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
*[[Madanavarman|Madanavarman]], c. 1128-1165 CE
* [[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yasho-Varman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
*[[Yashovarman II (Chandela dynasty)|Yashovarman II]] (c. 1164-65 CE); did not rule or ruled for a very short time
* [[Paramardideva|Paramardi-Deva]], c. 1165-1203 CE
*[[Paramardivarman|Paramardivarman I]], c. 1165-1203 CE
* [[Trailokyavarman|Trailokya-Varman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
*[[Trailokyavarman|Trailokyavarman]], c. 1203-1245 CE
* [[Viravarman|Vira-Varman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
*[[Viravarman|Viravarman]] (Vīravarman), c. 1245-1285 CE
* [[Bhojavarman|Bhoja-Varman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
*[[Bhojavarman|Bhojavarman]], c. 1285-1288 CE
* [[Hammiravarman|Hammira-Varman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
*[[Hammiravarman|Hammiravarman]] (Hammīravarman), c. 1288-1311 CE
* Vira-Varman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}
*Viravarman II (an obscure ruler with low titles, attested by only one 1315 CE inscription){{sfn|Peter Jackson|2003|p=199}}


== References ==
==References==
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{HistoryOfSouthAsia}}
{{reflist|2}}
{{reflist|2}}


=== Bibliography ===
===Bibliography===
{{ref begin}}
{{ref begin}}
* {{cite book |author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi |title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2) |series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ |year=1991 |publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]] }}
* {{cite book|author=Harihar Vitthal Trivedi|title=Inscriptions of the Paramāras (Part 2)|series=Corpus Inscriptionum Indicarum Volume VII: Inscriptions of the Paramāras, Chandēllas, Kachchapaghātas, and two minor dynasties|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8B4LAQAAMAAJ|year=1991|publisher=[[Archaeological Survey of India]]}}
* {{cite book |author=Om Prakash Misra |title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11 |year=2003 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-7099-874-7 }}
* {{cite book|author=Om Prakash Misra|title=Archaeological Excavations in Central India: Madhya Pradesh and Chhattisgarh|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=o0ISjDDWJwQC&pg=PA11|year=2003|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-874-7}}
* {{cite book |author=Peter Jackson |author-link=Peter Jackson (historian) |title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199 |year=2003 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-54329-3 }}
* {{cite book|author=Peter Jackson|author-link=Peter Jackson (historian)|title=The Delhi Sultanate: A Political and Military History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lt2tqOpVRKgC&pg=PA199|year=2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-54329-3}}
* {{cite book |author=R. K. Dikshit |title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130 |publisher=Abhinav |year=1976 |isbn=9788170170464 }}
* {{cite book|author=R. K. Dikshit|title=The Candellas of Jejākabhukti|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a9j9ZJGJOV0C&pg=PA130|publisher=Abhinav|year=1976|isbn=9788170170464}}
* {{cite book |author=Romila Thapar |author-link=Romila Thapar |title=The Past Before Us |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571 |year=2013 |publisher=Harvard University Press |isbn=978-0-674-72651-2 }}
* {{cite book|author=Romila Thapar|author-link=Romila Thapar|title=The Past Before Us|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aei9AAAAQBAJ&pg=PA571|year=2013|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72651-2}}
* {{cite book |author=Sisirkumar Mitra |title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113 |publisher=Motilal Banarsidass |year=1977 |isbn=9788120819979 }}
* {{cite book|author=Sisirkumar Mitra|title=The Early Rulers of Khajurāho|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=irHN2UA_Z7gC&pg=PA113|publisher=Motilal Banarsidass|year=1977|isbn=9788120819979}}
* {{cite book |author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey |title=Chandella Art |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25 |year=2004 |publisher=Aakar Books |isbn=978-81-87879-32-9 }}
* {{cite book|author=Sushil Kumar Sullerey|title=Chandella Art|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rj8RusFpYHIC&pg=PA25|year=2004|publisher=Aakar Books|isbn=978-81-87879-32-9}}
{{ref end}}
{{ref end}}


== External links ==
== External links ==  
* {{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}
*{{commons category inline|Chandelas of Jejakabhukti}}


[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
[[Category:Chandelas of Jejakabhukti| ]]
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