3
edits
→Entrepreneurs
WikiDwarfBOT (talk | contribs) (robot: Trimming article to decrease server load) |
|||
| (4 intermediate revisions by 4 users not shown) | |||
| Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
[[ | {{Short description|City in Lesser Poland}} | ||
[[ | {{redirect|Cracow|other uses|Krakow (disambiguation)|and|Cracow (disambiguation)}} | ||
[[ | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | |||
| name = Kraków | |||
| official_name = Royal Capital City of Kraków | |||
| settlement_type = [[List of cities and towns in Poland|City]] | |||
| image_skyline = {{Photomontage | |||
|color=#ffffff | |||
| photo1a = Krakow Rynek Glowny panorama 2.jpg | |||
| photo2a = XII, XIV, XIX, Kraków.jpg | |||
| photo2b = Kościół p.w. św. Piotra i Pawła, Kraków.jpg | |||
| photo3a = Wawel Krakow June 2006 003.jpg | |||
| photo3b = Kamienica, Floriańska 55, Kraków 1.JPG | |||
| photo4a = Rynek Główny 3, Kraków.JPG | |||
| spacing = 2 | |||
| border = 0 | |||
| size = 276 | |||
}} | |||
| image_caption = {{hlist|Left to right: [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]]|[[Wawel Cathedral]]|[[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]]|[[The Renaissance|Renaissance]] [[courtyard]] within [[Wawel Castle]]|[[Floriańska Street]]||[[Kraków Cloth Hall|Cloth Hall]]}} | |||
| image_flag = Flag of Krakow.svg | |||
| image_shield = [[File:POL Kraków COA.svg|70px]] | |||
| image_blank_emblem = Logo_of_Kraków.svg | |||
| blank_emblem_type = [[Brandmark]] | |||
| map_caption = Location of Krakow in Poland | |||
| pushpin_map = Poland#Poland Lesser Poland Voivodeship | |||
| pushpin_relief = 1 | |||
| pushpin_label_position = bottom | |||
| subdivision_type = Country | |||
| subdivision_name = Poland | |||
| subdivision_type1 = [[Voivodeships of Poland|Voivodeship]] | |||
| subdivision_name1 = [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship|Lesser Poland]] | |||
| leader_title = City mayor | |||
| leader_name = [[Jacek Majchrowski]] ([[Independent politician|I]]) | |||
| leader_title2 = | |||
| leader_name2 = | |||
| area_total_km2 = 326.8 | |||
| area_metro_km2 = 1023.21 | |||
| population_as_of = 30 June 2021 | |||
| population_total = {{increaseNeutral}} 780,796 ([[List of cities and towns in Poland|2nd]])<ref>{{cite web|url=https://bdl.stat.gov.pl/BDL/dane/teryt/jednostka|title=Local Data Bank|access-date=16 October 2021|publisher=Statistics Poland}} Data for territorial unit 1261000.</ref> | |||
| population_metro = 1,725,894 | |||
| population_density_km2 = 2359 | |||
| population_demonym = Cracovian | |||
| established_title = City rights | |||
| established_date = 5 June 1257<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://historykon.pl/5-czerwca-1257-roku-krakow-otrzymal-prawa-miejskie/|title=5 czerwca 1257 roku Kraków otrzymał prawa miejskie » Historykon.pl|first=Jakub|last=Sikora|date=4 June 2018}}</ref> | |||
| timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | |||
| utc_offset = +1 | |||
| timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | |||
| utc_offset_DST = +2 | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|50|03|41|N|19|56|14|E|region:PL|display=inline,title}} | |||
| postal_code_type = Postal code | |||
| postal_code = 30-024 to 31–963 | |||
| area_code = +48 12 | |||
| website = [http://www.krakow.pl/ www.krakow.pl] | |||
| footnotes = {{designation list | embed = yes | |||
| designation1 = WHS | |||
| designation1_offname = [[Kraków Old Town|Historic Centre of Kraków]] | |||
| designation1_date = 1978 <small>(2nd [[World Heritage Committee|session]])</small> | |||
| designation1_number = 29 | |||
| designation1_criteria = IV | |||
| designation1_type = Cultural | |||
| designation1_free1name = UNESCO region | |||
| designation1_free1value = [[List of World Heritage Sites in Europe|Europe]] | |||
}} | |||
| motto = Cracovia urbs celeberrima | |||
| elevation_min_m = 187 | |||
| elevation_max_m = 383 | |||
}} | |||
<!-- Do not add any foreign names to the opening paragraph! See section International Relations (bottom) for names in all equally important languages --> | |||
'''Kraków'''{{Efn| | |||
*Pronunciation: | |||
*<small>English </small>{{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|aʊ|,_|-|k|oʊ}}<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/cracow|title=Cracow|work=[[Collins English Dictionary]]|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> | |||
**{{IPAc-en|US|ˈ|k|r|eɪ|k|-|,_|ˈ|k|r|ɑː|k|aʊ}}<ref>[https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/us/Cracow "Cracow"]</ref> | |||
**{{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|r|æ|k|ɒ|f}}<ref>{{Cite Oxford Dictionaries|Cracow|access-date=3 June 2019}}</ref> | |||
**{{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|lang|Pl-Kraków.ogg}} | |||
*[[Latin]]: ''Cracovia''}} ({{IPA-pl|ˈkrakuf|lang|Pl-Kraków.ogg}}), rarely '''Cracow''', is the second-largest and one of the oldest cities in [[Poland]]. Situated on the [[Vistula|Vistula River]] in [[Lesser Poland Voivodeship]], the city dates back to the seventh century.<ref name="History"/> Kraków was the official capital of Poland until 1596<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the City |url=http://warsawtour.pl/en/about-warsaw/history-of-the-city-2076.html |access-date=22 March 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180322210302/http://warsawtour.pl/en/about-warsaw/history-of-the-city-2076.html |archive-date=22 March 2018 |publisher=Oficjalny portal turystyczny m.st. Warszawy |df=dmy-all }}</ref> and has traditionally been one of the leading centres of Polish academic, economic, cultural and artistic life. Cited as one of Europe's most beautiful cities,<ref>[http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll Kraków makes top ten in Conde Nast Traveler poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310074729/http://www.thenews.pl/1/12/Artykul/118486,Krakow-makes-top-ten-in-Conde-Nast-Traveler-poll |date=10 March 2014 }} TheNews.pl.</ref> its [[Kraków Old Town|Old Town]] with [[Wawel Castle|Wawel Royal Castle]] was declared the first [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage Site]] in the world. | |||
[[ | The city has grown from a [[Stone Age]] settlement to Poland's second-most-important city. It began as a hamlet on [[Wawel Castle|Wawel Hill]] and was reported as a busy trading centre of [[Central Europe]] in 965.<ref name="History"/> With the establishment of new universities and cultural venues at the emergence of the [[Second Polish Republic]] in 1918 and throughout the 20th century, Kraków reaffirmed its role as a major national academic and artistic centre. The city has a population of about 780,000, with approximately 8 million additional people living within a {{convert|100|km|0|abbr=on}} radius of its [[Main Market Square, Kraków|main square]].<ref name="welcome"/> | ||
The | After the [[invasion of Poland]] by [[Nazi Germany]] at the start of [[World War II]], the newly defined [[Distrikt Krakau]] (Kraków District) became the capital of Germany's [[General Government]]. The Jewish population of the city was forced into a walled zone known as the [[Kraków Ghetto]], from where they were sent to Nazi [[extermination camp]]s such as the nearby [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], and [[Nazi concentration camps]] like [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp|Płaszów]].<ref name=ARC>{{cite web |title=Plaszow Forced Labour Camp |url=http://www.deathcamps.org/occupation/plaszow.html |year=2005 |website=ARC |access-date=14 November 2014}}</ref> However, the city was spared from destruction and major bombing. | ||
In 1978, Karol Wojtyła, [[archbishop of Kraków]], was elevated to the [[papacy]] as [[Pope John Paul II]]—the first non-Italian pope in 455 years.<ref name="Clark"/> Also that year, [[UNESCO]] approved [[Kraków Old Town|Kraków's entire Old Town and historic centre]] as its first [[World Heritage Site]] alongside [[Quito]].<ref name="Centre">{{cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/29|title=Historic Centre of Kraków|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=whc.unesco.org}}</ref><ref name="unesco-02com"/> Kraków is classified as a [[global city]] with the ranking of "high sufficiency" by the [[Globalization and World Cities Research Network]].<ref>{{cite web |title=The World According to GaWC 2020 |url=https://www.lboro.ac.uk/gawc/world2020t.html |website=GaWC – Research Network |publisher=Globalization and World Cities |access-date=31 August 2020}}</ref> Its extensive cultural heritage across the epochs of [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance architecture|Renaissance]] and [[Baroque architecture]] includes [[Wawel Cathedral]] and [[Wawel castle|Wawel Royal Castle]] on the banks of the [[Vistula]], [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]], [[Saints Peter and Paul Church, Kraków|Saints Peter and Paul Church]] and the largest [[medieval]] market square in Europe, [[Main Square, Kraków|Rynek Główny]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220111/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/destinations/europe/poland/articles/poland-fascinating-facts/ |archive-date=11 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=10 amazing things you probably didn't know about Poland|newspaper=The Telegraph|access-date=13 November 2016}}{{cbignore}}</ref> Kraków is home to [[Jagiellonian University]], one of the [[List of oldest universities in continuous operation|oldest universities in the world]] and traditionally Poland's most reputable institution of higher learning. | |||
Kraków | |||
In 2000, Kraków was named [[European Capital of Culture]]. In 2013, Kraków was officially approved as a [[UNESCO City of Literature]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2013/nov/14/krakow-unesco-city-of-literatre |title=Kraków's story: a Unesco City of Literature built out of books |date=14 November 2013 |access-date=26 November 2016}}</ref> The city hosted [[World Youth Day]] in July 2016.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.catholicnewsagency.com/news/krakow-to-host-next-world-youth-day/ |title=Krakow to host next World Youth Day |newspaper=Catholic News Agency (CNA) |date=28 July 2013 |access-date=4 January 2015}}</ref> | |||
==Etymology== | |||
The name of Kraków is traditionally derived from [[Krakus]] (Krak, Grakch), the legendary founder of Kraków and a ruler of the tribe of [[Lechites|Lechitians]]. In Polish, {{lang|pl|Kraków}} is an archaic [[possessive case|possessive]] form of ''Krak'' and essentially means "Krak's (town)". The true origin of the name is highly disputed among historians, with many theories in existence and no unanimous consensus. The first recorded mention of Prince Krakus (then written as ''Grakch'') dates back to 1190, although the town existed as early as the seventh century, when it was inhabited by the tribe of [[Vistulans]].<ref name="History"/> It is possible that the name of the city is derived from the word "[[wikt:kruk#Polish|kruk]]", meaning crow or raven.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html#:~:text=Istnieje+kilka+koncepcji+wyja%C5%9Bniaj%C4%85cych+pochodzenie,od+imienia+legendarnego+ksi%C4%99cia+Kraka|title=Krakowskie ABC - Magiczny Kraków|website=www.krakow.pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.krakow.pl/kultura/73601,artykul,krakowskie_abc.html|title=Krakowskie ABC – Magiczny Kraków|website=www.krakow.pl}}</ref> | |||
The city's full official name is {{lang|pl|Stołeczne Królewskie Miasto Kraków}},<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA"/> which can be translated as "[[royal city|Royal Capital City]] of Kraków". In English, a person born or living in Kraków is a Cracovian ({{lang-pl|krakowianin}} or ''krakus''). Up through the 1990s the English version of the name was often written as Cracow, but now the most widespread modern English version is Krakow.<ref>[http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/1,44425,4824554.html?disableRedirects=true Cracow czy Krakow? Urzędnicy bliscy decyzji]. Rafał Romanowski. Gazeta Wyborcza, 9 January 2008</ref> | |||
==History== | |||
{{Main|History of Kraków}} | |||
{{For timeline}} | |||
[[File:Krakow nagrobek Kazimierza W.jpg|thumb|upright|left|Tomb of [[Casimir III the Great]] at [[Wawel Cathedral]]. Kraków was the capital of Poland from 1038 to 1596.]] | |||
Kraków's [[prehistory|early history]] begins with evidence of a Stone Age settlement on the present site of the Wawel Hill.<ref name="Wawel Kraków"/>{{Unreliable source?|reason=travel guide site-not a reliable scholarly source!|date=June 2021}} A legend attributes Kraków's founding to the mythical ruler [[Krakus]], who built it above a cave occupied by a [[dragon]], [[Smok Wawelski]]. The first written record of the city's name dates back to 965, when Kraków was described as a notable commercial centre controlled first by Moravia (876–879), but captured by a Bohemian duke [[Boleslaus I of Bohemia|Boleslaus I]] in 955.<ref name="krakow.pl-2"/> The first acclaimed ruler of Poland, [[Mieszko I of Poland|Mieszko I]], took Kraków from the Bohemians and incorporated it into the holdings of the [[Piast dynasty]] towards the end of his reign. | |||
In 1038, Kraków became the seat of the Polish government.<ref name="History"/> By the end of the tenth century, the city was a leading centre of trade.<ref name="Van Dongen"/> Brick buildings were constructed, including the Royal [[Wawel Castle]] with St. Felix and Adaukt Rotunda, [[Romanesque architecture|Romanesque]] churches such as [[Church of St. Adalbert, Kraków|St. Adalbert's]], [[Wawel Cathedral|a cathedral]], and [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|a basilica]].<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk"/> [[Sack of Kraków (1241)|The city was sacked and burned]] during the [[First Mongol invasion of Poland|Mongol invasion]] of 1241.<ref>J.J. Saunders, ''The History of the Mongol Conquests'', (University of Pennsylvania Press, 1971), 85.</ref> It was rebuilt practically identical,<ref name="Akt lokacyjny">Polska Agencja Prasowa. Nauka w Polsce (June 2007), [https://archive.today/20130416085558/http://test-naukawpolsce.pap.pl/aktualnosci/news,29672,rocznica-lokacji-krakowa-w-koperni-kolo-pinczowa.html Rocznica lokacji Krakowa (750-year anniversary of the Kraków Location Act).] See also: [http://www.konflikty.pl/a,1707,Sredniowiecze,Akt_lokacji_Krakowa.html full text of Kraków Location Act in Polish], translated from Latin by Bożena Wyrozumska [http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1,34309,4193098.html (article by Janusz Kędracki).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508131151/http://wiadomosci.gazeta.pl/kraj/1%2C34309%2C4193098.html |date=8 May 2013 }} Retrieved 21 December 2012.</ref> based on new location act and [[Municipal corporation|incorporated]] in 1257 by the high duke [[Bolesław V the Chaste]] who following the example of [[Wrocław]], introduced city rights modelled on the [[Magdeburg rights|Magdeburg law]] allowing for tax benefits and new trade privileges for the citizens.<ref name="Strzala2"/> In 1259, the city was [[Second Mongol invasion of Poland|again ravaged]] by the Mongols. A [[Third Mongol invasion of Poland|third attack]] in 1287 was repelled thanks in part to the [[St. Florian's Gate|newly built fortifications]].<ref name="Kolodziejczyk"/> | |||
In 1335, King [[Casimir III the Great]] (Kazimierz in Polish) declared the two western suburbs to be a new city named after him, [[Kazimierz]] (''Casimiria'' in Latin). The defensive walls were erected around the central section of Kazimierz in 1362, and a plot was set aside for the [[Augustinians|Augustinian]] order next to [[Skałka]].<ref name="Świszczowski" /> The city rose to prominence in 1364, when Casimir founded the [[Jagiellonian University|University of Kraków]],<ref name="The establishment of a university" /> the second oldest university in central Europe after the Charles University in Prague. Casimir also began work on a campus for the academy in Kazimierz, but he died in 1370 and the campus was never completed. | |||
[[File:Kościół św. Wojciecha.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Church of St. Adalbert, Kraków|Church of St. Adalbert]] is one of the oldest churches in the city, dating from the 11th century.]] | |||
The city continued to grow under the joint [[Grand Duchy of Lithuania|Lithuanian]]-Polish [[Jagiellon dynasty]]. As the capital of the [[Kingdom of Poland (1385–1569)|Kingdom of Poland]] and a member of the [[Hanseatic League]], the city attracted many craftsmen from abroad,<ref>{{cite book|title=God's Playground A History of Poland Volume 1: The Origins to 1795|author=Norman Davies|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2005|pages=65}}</ref> businesses, and [[guild]]s as science and the arts began to flourish.<ref name="poloniahans"/> The royal chancery and the university ensured a first flourishing of Polish literary culture in the city.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Sobecki|first1=Sebastian|title=Cracow|journal=Europe: A Literary History, 1348–1418, ed. David Wallace|date=2016|pages=551–65|url=https://global.oup.com/academic/product/europe-9780198735359?cc=nl&lang=en&|isbn=9780198735359|publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref> | |||
===Kraków's "Golden Age"=== | |||
[[File:Nuremberg chronicles - CRACOVIA.png|thumb|right|Woodcut of Kraków from the [[Nuremberg Chronicle]], 1493]] | |||
The 15th and 16th centuries were known as Poland's ''Złoty Wiek'' or [[Golden Age]].<ref name="NormanDavies"/> Many works of [[Renaissance in Poland|Polish Renaissance]] art and architecture were created,<ref name="Mikos"/><ref name="unescoancient"/> including ancient synagogues in Kraków's Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz, such as the [[Old Synagogue (Kraków)|Old Synagogue]].<ref name="infosyn"/> During the reign of [[Casimir IV Jagiellon|Casimir IV]], various artists came to work and live in Kraków, and [[Johann Haller]] established a [[printing press]] in the city<ref name="Haller"/> after [[Kasper Straube]] had printed the [[Almanach cracoviense ad annum 1474|Calendarium Cracoviense]], the first work printed in Poland, in 1473.<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5"/><ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88"/> | |||
|| | |||
[[File:View of Kraków near the end of the 16th century.jpg|thumb|upright=1.65|left|View of Kraków (''Cracovia'') near the end of the 16th-century]] | |||
In 1520, the most famous [[church bell]] in Poland, named ''[[Zygmunt (bell)|Zygmunt]]'' after [[Sigismund I the Old|Sigismund I of Poland]], was cast by Hans Behem.<ref name="dzwon"/> At that time, [[Hans Dürer]], a younger brother of artist and thinker [[Albrecht Dürer]], was Sigismund's [[court painter]].<ref name="HansDur"/> [[Hans von Kulmbach]] made [[altarpiece]]s for several churches.<ref name="Kulmbach"/> In 1553, the Kazimierz district council gave the Jewish [[Kehilla (modern)|Qahal]] a licence for the right to build their own interior walls across the western section of the already existing defensive walls. The walls were expanded again in 1608 due to the growth of the community and influx of Jews from Bohemia.<ref name="Kazimierz.com"/> In 1572, King [[Sigismund II Augustus|Sigismund II]], the last of the Jagiellons, died childless. The Polish throne passed to [[Henry III of France]] and then to other foreign-based rulers in rapid succession, causing a decline in the city's importance that was worsened by pillaging during the [[Polish–Swedish wars|Swedish invasion]] and by an outbreak of [[bubonic plague]] that left 20,000 of the city's residents dead. In 1596, [[Sigismund III Vasa|Sigismund III]] of the [[House of Vasa]] moved the administrative capital of the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] from Kraków to [[Warsaw]].<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596"/> | |||
===19th century=== | |||
[[File:Smuglewicz Kosciuszko 2.jpg|thumb|[[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] takes the [[Kościuszko's proclamation|oath of loyalty to the Polish nation]] in Kraków's market square (''Rynek''), 1794]] | |||
Already weakened during the 18th century, by the mid-1790s the [[Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth]] had twice been [[partitions of Poland|partitioned]] by its neighbors: [[Russian Empire|Russia]], the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg empire]] and [[Kingdom of Prussia|Prussia]].<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom"/> In 1791, the Austrian and Holy Roman Emperor [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]] changed the status of Kazimierz as a separate city and made it into a district of Kraków. The richer Jewish families began to move out. However, because of the injunction against travel on the [[Shabbat|Sabbath]], most Jewish families stayed relatively close to the historic synagogues. In 1794, [[Tadeusz Kościuszko]] initiated an unsuccessful [[Kościuszko Uprising|insurrection]] in [[Main Square, Kraków|the town's Main Square]] which, in spite of his victorious [[Battle of Racławice]] against a numerically superior [[Imperial Russian Army|Russian army]], resulted in the [[third Partition of Poland|third and final partition of Poland]].<ref name="GR"/> In 1809, [[Napoleon|Napoleon Bonaparte]] captured former Polish territories from Austria and made the town part of the [[Duchy of Warsaw]]. Following Napoleon's defeat, the 1815 [[Congress of Vienna]] restored the pre-war boundaries but also created the partially independent [[Free City of Kraków]]. An [[Kraków Uprising|insurrection in 1846]] failed,<ref name="Frommer"/> resulting in the city being annexed by Austria under the name the [[Grand Duchy of Kraków]] ({{lang-pl|Wielkie Księstwo Krakowskie}}, {{lang-de|Großherzogtum Krakau}}).<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books"/> | |||
In 1866, Austria granted a degree of autonomy to [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] after its own defeat in the [[Austro-Prussian War]].<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')"/> Politically freer Kraków became a Polish national symbol and a centre of culture and art, known frequently as the "Polish Athens" (''{{lang|pl|Polskie Ateny}}''). Many leading Polish artists of the period resided in Kraków,<ref name="google"/> among them the seminal painter [[Jan Matejko]],<ref name="Matejko"/> laid to rest at [[Rakowicki Cemetery]], and the founder of modern Polish drama, [[Stanisław Wyspiański]].<ref name="culture"/> [[Fin de siècle]] Kraków evolved into a modern metropolis; [[tap water|running water]] and electric [[tram|streetcars]] were introduced in 1901, and between 1910 and 1915, Kraków and its surrounding suburban communities were gradually combined into a single administrative unit called Greater Kraków (''{{lang|pl|Wielki Kraków}}'').<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow"/><ref name="Kalendarium"/> | |||
[[File:Józef Brodowski 001.JPG|thumb|Act of granting the constitution to the [[Free City of Krakow]]. After the [[Partitions of Poland]], Kraków was independent city republic and the only piece of sovereign Polish territory between 1815 and 1846.]] | |||
At the outbreak of [[World War I]] on 3 August 1914, [[Józef Piłsudski]] formed a small [[cadre (military)|cadre]] [[military organization|military unit]], the [[First Cadre Company]]—the predecessor of the [[Polish Legions in World War I|Polish Legions]]—which set out from Kraków to fight for the liberation of Poland.<ref name="Urb 171-172"/> The city was briefly besieged by Russian troops in November 1914.<ref name="twierdza"/> Austrian rule in Kraków ended in 1918 when the [[Polish Liquidation Committee]] assumed power.<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books"/><ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books"/> | |||
===20th century to the present=== | |||
[[File:Rząca Tadeusz, Rynek Główny w Krakowie.jpg|thumb|left|Flower vendors in Rynek. First autochrome in Poland, dated 1912]] | |||
With the emergence of the [[Second Polish Republic]], Kraków resumed its role as a major academic and cultural centre, with the establishment of new universities such as the [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] and the [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts]], including a number of new and essential vocational schools. It became an important cultural centre for the [[History of the Jews in Poland|Polish Jews]], including both [[Zionism|Zionist]] and [[General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland|Bundist]] groups.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kraków after 1795 |url=http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795 |publisher=YIVO |access-date=13 November 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181113161327/http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/Krakow/Krakow_after_1795|archive-date=13 November 2018}}</ref><ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs"/><ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-02-17|title=Kazimierz na przedwojennych zdjęciach. "Ruch na ulicach panował niebywały"|url=https://krowoderska.pl/kazimierz-na-przedwojennych-zdjeciach-ruch-na-ulicach-panowal-niebywaly/|access-date=2021-08-06|website=Krowoderska.pl|language=pl-PL}}</ref> Kraków was also an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life, with all its manifestations of religious observance from [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]], to [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] and [[Reform Judaism]] flourishing side by side. | |||
Following the invasion of Poland by Nazi Germany in September 1939, the city of Kraków became part of the [[General Government]], a separate administrative region of the [[Nazi Germany|Third Reich]]. On 26 October 1939, the Nazi Regime constructed [[Distrikt Krakau]], one of four total districts within the General Government. On the same day, the city of Kraków also became the capital of the administration.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2021-02-11 |title=Niemiecka okupacja w Krakowie na zdjęciach |url=https://krowoderska.pl/niemiecka-okupacja-w-krakowie-na-zdjeciach/ |access-date=2022-04-24 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> The General Government was ruled by [[Hans Frank]] who was based in the city's [[Wawel Castle]]. The Nazis envisioned turning Kraków into a completely Germanised city; after removal of all the Jews and Poles, renaming of locations and streets into the German language, and sponsorship of propaganda trying to portray it as a historically German city.<ref>[http://www.tygodnik.com.pl/dodatek-ks/04/sabor.html Cztery miasta w jednym – nowa historia wojennego Krakowa Niechciana "stolica" ] Agnieszka Sabor Tygodnik Powszechny Nr 4 (2794), 26 stycznia 2003</ref> On 28 November 1939 Hans Frank created ''[[Judenrat|Judenräte]]'' (Jewish Councils) which were to be run by Jewish citizens for the purpose of carrying out orders for the Nazis. These orders included registration of all Jewish people living in the area, the collection of taxes, and forced labour groups. | |||
On the eve of the war some 56,000 Jews resided in Krakow, almost one-quarter of a total population of about 250,000. By November 1939, the Jewish population of Krakow had grown to approximately 70,000.<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow/><ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> According to German statistics from 1940, over 200,000 Jews lived within the entire [[Kraków District]], exceeding 5 percent of the total population in the district. These statistics, however, are likely an underestimate.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> | |||
During an operation called "{{lang|de|[[Sonderaktion Krakau]]}}", more than 180 university professors and academics were arrested and sent to [[Sachsenhausen concentration camp|Sachsenhausen]] and [[Dachau concentration camp|Dachau]] [[nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]], though the survivors were later released on the request of prominent Italians.<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945."/><ref name="sonderaktion"/> | |||
[[File:Krakow-Ghetto-checkpoint.jpg|thumb|left|[[Kraków Ghetto]], 1942—a German checkpoint during operation ''{{lang|de|[[Operation Reinhard in Kraków|Aktion Krakau]]}}'']] | |||
Before the formation of ghettos, which began in the District in December 1939, Jews were encouraged to flee the city. For those who remained the German authorities decided in March 1941 to allocate a then suburban neighborhood, [[Podgórze|Podgórze District]], to become Kraków's ghetto where so many Jews were destined to die of illness or starvation. Initially, most ghettos were open and Jews were allowed to enter and exit freely. However, with time ghettos were generally closed and security became tighter. From autumn 1941, the [[Schutzstaffel|SS]] developed the policy of [[Extermination through labour]],{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=171}} which further worsened the already bleak Jewish condition. The ghetto inhabitants were later murdered or sent to German [[Extermination camp]]s, including [[Belzec extermination camp|Bełżec]] and [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]], and to [[Kraków-Płaszów concentration camp]].<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943"/> The largest deportations within the District occurred from June to September 1942. More specifically, the Kraków ghetto deportation occurred in the first week of June 1942,<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> and in March 1943 the ghetto was definitely liquidated.{{sfn|Longerich|2010| p=376}} | |||
[[Roman Polanski]], the film director, is a survivor of the Kraków Ghetto, while [[Oskar Schindler]] selected employees from the ghetto to work in his [[Oskar Schindler's Enamel Factory|enamelware factory]], ''{{lang|de|Deutsche Emailwaren Fabrik}}'' (''{{lang|de|Emalia}}'' for short) saving them from the camps.<ref name="All for Love - Google Books"/><ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books"/> Similarly, many men capable of physical labor were saved from the deportations to extermination camps and instead set to labor camps across the General Government.<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII/> | |||
By September 1943, the last of the Jews from the Kraków ghetto were deported. Although [[World War II looting of Poland|looted by occupational authorities]], Kraków remained relatively undamaged at the end of World War II,<ref name="LukZaw"/> sparing most of the city's historical and architectural legacy. Soviet forces entered the city on 18 January 1945, and began arresting Poles loyal to the [[Polish government-in-exile]] or those who had served in the [[Home Army]].<ref>Gilbert, M (1989) Second World War, Weidenfeld & Nicolson P646</ref> | |||
[[File:Rozwój terytorialny Krakowa - EN.svg|thumb|upright=1.35|right|Kraków's territorial growth from the late 18th to the 20th century]] | |||
After the war, under the [[Polish People's Republic]], the intellectual and academic community of Kraków was put under complete political control. The universities were soon deprived of printing rights and autonomy.<ref name="autonomy"/> The [[Stalinism|Stalinist]] government ordered the construction of the country's largest [[steel mill]] in the newly created suburb of [[Nowa Huta]].<ref name="krakow_history"/> The creation of the giant Lenin Steelworks (now [[Tadeusz Sendzimir Steelworks|Sendzimir]] Steelworks owned by [[Mittal Steel Company|Mittal]]) sealed Kraków's transformation from a university city, into an industrial centre.<ref name="communist era"/> The new working-class, drawn by the industrialization of Kraków, contributed to rapid population growth. | |||
In an effort that spanned two decades, [[Pope John Paul II|Karol Wojtyła]], cardinal archbishop of Kraków, successfully lobbied for permission to build the first churches in the newly industrial suburbs.<ref name="communist era"/><ref name="NH-anthology"/> In 1978, Wojtyła was elevated to the [[pope|papacy]] as [[Pope John Paul II|John Paul II]], the first non-Italian pope in 455 years. In the same year, [[UNESCO]] following the application of local authorities, placed Kraków Old Town on the first-ever list of [[World Heritage Site]]s. | |||
==Geography== | |||
[[File:Camaldolese Monastery and Church in Bielany, Kraków.JPG|thumb|left|[[Camaldolese Hermit Monastery, Kraków|Camaldolese Hermit Monastery]] in [[Bielany, Kraków|Bielany]]]] | |||
Kraków lies in the southern part of Poland, on the [[Vistula River]], in a valley at the foot of the [[Carpathian Mountains]], {{convert|219|m|ft|abbr=on}} [[above mean sea level|above sea level]]; halfway between the [[Polish Jura Chain|Jurassic Rock Upland]] ({{lang-pl|Jura Krakowsko-Częstochowska}}) to the north, and the [[Tatra Mountains]] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, constituting the natural border with [[Slovakia]] and the [[Czech Republic]]; {{convert|230|km|0|abbr=on}} west from the border with Ukraine. | |||
There are five [[nature reserve]]s in Kraków, with a combined area of ca. {{convert|48.6|ha|acre|abbr=off}}. Due to their ecological value, these areas are legally protected. The western part of the city, along its northern and north-western side, borders an area of international significance known as the Jurassic [[Bielany, Kraków|Bielany]]-[[Tyniec]] refuge. The main motives for the protection of this area include plant and animal wildlife and the area's [[geomorphology|geomorphological]] features and landscape.<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)"/> Another part of the city is located within the ecological 'corridor' of the Vistula River valley. This corridor is also assessed as being of international significance as part of the Pan-European ecological network.<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits"/> The city centre is situated on the left (northern) bank of the river. | |||
===Climate=== | |||
[[File:20180506 Kościół św. Augustyna i św. Jana Chrzciciela w Krakowie 2989 DxO.jpg|thumb|right|Convent of Norbertine Sisters in Kraków-Zwierzyniec and the [[Vistula River]] during the summer season]] | |||
Officially, Kraków has a [[oceanic climate|temperate oceanic climate]], denoted by [[Köppen climate classification|Köppen classification]] as ''Cfb'',<ref>{{Citation|url=https://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=66521&cityname=Krakow%2C+Lesser+Poland+Voivodeship%2C+Poland&units=metric|title=Krakow, Poland|website=weatherbase.com|access-date=2020-07-20}}</ref> best defined as a semicontinental climate.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|title=Warsaw vs Krakow Climate & Distance Between|website=www.warsaw.climatemps.com|access-date=2019-03-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200524071827/http://www.warsaw.climatemps.com/vs/krakow.php|archive-date=24 May 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.introducingkrakow.com/climate|title=Kraków Weather Averages – Climate and temperatures|website=www.introducingkrakow.com|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> In older reference periods it was classified as a [[warm summer continental climate]] (''Dfb'').<ref>{{Citation|last=A|first=Peel, M. C. , Finlayson, B. L. , and McMahon, T.|title=Climate map of Europe (from the "Updated world map of the Köppen-Geiger climate classification").|date=2007-10-12|url=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Europe_K%C3%B6ppen_Map.png|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=az3qCAAAQBAJ&q=KR%C3%81KOW+K%C3%96PPEN+CFB&pg=PA28|title=Selected climatic data for a global set of standard stations for vegetation science|last=Muller|first=M. J.|date=2012-12-06|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=9789400980402|language=en}}</ref> By classification of [[Wincenty Okołowicz]], it has a [[Temperate climate|warm temperate climate]] in the centre of [[continental Europe]] with the "fusion" of different features.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vividmaps.com/2015/05/climates-classification-by-wincenty.html|title=Climates classification by Wincenty Okołowicz|last=Alex|date=2015-05-10|website=Vivid Maps|language=en-US|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> | |||
Due to its geographic location, the city may be under marine influence, sometimes [[Arctic]] influence, but without direct influence, giving the city variable meteorological conditions over short spaces of time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Twardosz|first1=Robert|last2=Niedźwiedź|first2=Tadeusz|last3=Łupikasza|first3=Ewa|date=2011-05-01|title=The influence of atmospheric circulation on the type of precipitation (Kraków, southern Poland)|journal=Theoretical and Applied Climatology|language=en|volume=104|issue=1|pages=233–250|doi=10.1007/s00704-010-0340-5|issn=1434-4483|bibcode=2011ThApC.104..233T|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Poland|title=Poland - Climate|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> | |||
Being towards [[Eastern Europe]] and a relatively considerable distance from the sea, Krakow has significant temperature differences according to the progress of different [[air mass]]es, having four defined seasons of the year. Average temperatures in summer range from {{convert|18.6|to|20.4|C|F|0}} and in winter from {{convert|-0.6|to|0.8|C|F|0}}. The average annual temperature is {{convert|10.0|C|F|0}}. In summer temperatures often exceed {{convert|25|C|F|0}}, even reaching {{convert|30|C|F|0}}, while in winter temperatures drop to {{convert|-5|C|F|0}} at night and about {{convert|0|C|F|0}} during the day. During very cold nights the temperature can drop to {{convert|-15|C|F|0}}. The city lies near the [[Tatra Mountains]], there are often occurrences of [[halny]] blowing (a [[foehn wind]]), causing temperatures to rise rapidly, and even in winter reach up to {{convert|20|C|F|0}}.{{Citation needed|date=January 2019}} | |||
In relation to [[Warsaw]], temperatures are very similar for most of the year, except that in the colder months [[Regions of Poland|southern Poland]] has a larger daily temperature range, more moderate winds, generally more rainy days and with greater chances of clear skies on average, especially in winter. The higher sun angle also allows for a longer [[growing season]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://weatherspark.com/compare/y/85104~87583/Comparison-of-the-Average-Weather-in-Krak%C3%B3w-and-Warsaw|title=The Typical Weather Anywhere on Earth – Weather Spark|website=weatherspark.com|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref> In addition, for older data there was less sun than the capital of the country, about 30 minutes daily per year, but both have small differences in relative humidity and the direction of the winds is northeast.<ref name=":0" /> | |||
The climate table below presents weather data from 2000 to 2012, although the official Köppen reference period was from 1981 to 2010 (therefore not being technically a [[climatological normal]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://library.wmo.int/index.php?lvl=notice_display&id=20130#.XIWVbyhKiM8|title=WMO Guidelines on the Calculation of Climate Normals|last=Group|first=PMB|website=library.wmo.int|access-date=2019-03-10}}</ref>). According to ongoing measurements, the temperature has increased during these years as compared with the last series. This increase averages about {{Convert|0.6|C-change|F-change}} over all months. Warming is most pronounced during the winter months, with an increase of more than {{Convert|1.0|C-change|F-change}} in January. | |||
{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Airport ([[Kraków John Paul II International Airport|KRK]]), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||
| collapsed = | |||
| metric first = y | |||
| single line = y | |||
| Jan record high C = 16.6 | |||
| Feb record high C = 19.8 | |||
| Mar record high C = 24.1 | |||
| Apr record high C = 30.0 | |||
| May record high C = 32.6 | |||
| Jun record high C = 34.2 | |||
| Jul record high C = 35.7 | |||
| Aug record high C = 37.3 | |||
| Sep record high C = 34.8 | |||
| Oct record high C = 27.1 | |||
| Nov record high C = 22.5 | |||
| Dec record high C = 19.3 | |||
| year record high C = 37.3 | |||
| Jan avg record high C = 10.0 | |||
| Feb avg record high C = 12.3 | |||
| Mar avg record high C = 18.0 | |||
| Apr avg record high C = 24.3 | |||
| May avg record high C = 27.9 | |||
| Jun avg record high C = 31.1 | |||
| Jul avg record high C = 32.5 | |||
| Aug avg record high C = 32.2 | |||
| Sep avg record high C = 27.6 | |||
| Oct avg record high C = 23.4 | |||
| Nov avg record high C = 17.3 | |||
| Dec avg record high C = 10.9 | |||
| year avg record high C = 33.8 | |||
| Jan high C = 1.6 | |||
| Feb high C = 3.7 | |||
| Mar high C = 8.4 | |||
| Apr high C = 15.1 | |||
| May high C = 19.8 | |||
| Jun high C = 23.2 | |||
| Jul high C = 25.3 | |||
| Aug high C = 25.0 | |||
| Sep high C = 19.5 | |||
| Oct high C = 14.0 | |||
| Nov high C = 7.6 | |||
| Dec high C = 2.7 | |||
| year high C = 13.8 | |||
| Jan mean C = -1.6 | |||
| Feb mean C = -0.2 | |||
| Mar mean C = 3.5 | |||
| Apr mean C = 9.3 | |||
| May mean C = 14.0 | |||
| Jun mean C = 17.6 | |||
| Jul mean C = 19.3 | |||
| Aug mean C = 18.9 | |||
| Sep mean C = 13.9 | |||
| Oct mean C = 8.8 | |||
| Nov mean C = 3.8 | |||
| Dec mean C = -0.5 | |||
| year mean C = 8.9 | |||
| Jan low C = -4.7 | |||
| Feb low C = -3.7 | |||
| Mar low C = -0.8 | |||
| Apr low C = 3.7 | |||
| May low C = 8.5 | |||
| Jun low C = 12.2 | |||
| Jul low C = 13.8 | |||
| Aug low C = 13.4 | |||
| Sep low C = 9.2 | |||
| Oct low C = 4.7 | |||
| Nov low C = 0.6 | |||
| Dec low C = -3.4 | |||
| year low C = 4.5 | |||
| Jan avg record low C = -15.7 | |||
| Feb avg record low C = -13.0 | |||
| Mar avg record low C = -8.0 | |||
| Apr avg record low C = -3.0 | |||
| May avg record low C = 1.9 | |||
| Jun avg record low C = 6.6 | |||
| Jul avg record low C = 8.3 | |||
| Aug avg record low C = 7.7 | |||
| Sep avg record low C = 2.8 | |||
| Oct avg record low C = -3.2 | |||
| Nov avg record low C = -7.3 | |||
| Dec avg record low C = -13.5 | |||
| year avg record low C = -18.0 | |||
| Jan record low C = -29.9 | |||
| Feb record low C = -29.5 | |||
| Mar record low C = -26.7 | |||
| Apr record low C = -7.5 | |||
| May record low C = -3.2 | |||
| Jun record low C = -0.1 | |||
| Jul record low C = 5.4 | |||
| Aug record low C = 2.7 | |||
| Sep record low C = -3.1 | |||
| Oct record low C = -7.4 | |||
| Nov record low C = -17.2 | |||
| Dec record low C = -29.5 | |||
| year record low C = -29.9 | |||
| precipitation colour = green | |||
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9 | |||
| Feb precipitation mm = 32.3 | |||
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.1 | |||
| Apr precipitation mm = 46.4 | |||
| May precipitation mm = 79.0 | |||
| Jun precipitation mm = 77.0 | |||
| Jul precipitation mm = 98.2 | |||
| Aug precipitation mm = 72.5 | |||
| Sep precipitation mm = 65.8 | |||
| Oct precipitation mm = 51.2 | |||
| Nov precipitation mm = 41.4 | |||
| Dec precipitation mm = 33.4 | |||
| year precipitation mm = 673.0 | |||
| Jan snow depth cm = 7.6 | |||
| Feb snow depth cm = 6.5 | |||
| Mar snow depth cm = 2.7 | |||
| Apr snow depth cm = 0.9 | |||
| May snow depth cm = 0.0 | |||
| Jun snow depth cm = 0.0 | |||
| Jul snow depth cm = 0.0 | |||
| Aug snow depth cm = 0.0 | |||
| Sep snow depth cm = 0.0 | |||
| Oct snow depth cm = 0.3 | |||
| Nov snow depth cm = 2.7 | |||
| Dec snow depth cm = 4.1 | |||
| year snow depth cm = | |||
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | |||
| Jan precipitation days = 16.93 | |||
| Feb precipitation days = 15.71 | |||
| Mar precipitation days = 15.00 | |||
| Apr precipitation days = 12.87 | |||
| May precipitation days = 14.97 | |||
| Jun precipitation days = 13.37 | |||
| Jul precipitation days = 15.00 | |||
| Aug precipitation days = 12.00 | |||
| Sep precipitation days = 12.07 | |||
| Oct precipitation days = 13.40 | |||
| Nov precipitation days = 14.67 | |||
| Dec precipitation days = 15.77 | |||
| year precipitation days = 171.74 | |||
| unit snow days = 0 cm | |||
| Jan snow days = 17.9 | |||
| Feb snow days = 14.1 | |||
| Mar snow days = 5.5 | |||
| Apr snow days = 0.8 | |||
| May snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Jun snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Jul snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Aug snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Sep snow days = 0.0 | |||
| Oct snow days = 0.3 | |||
| Nov snow days = 4.3 | |||
| Dec snow days = 11.9 | |||
| year snow days = 54.8 | |||
| Jan humidity = 85.8 | |||
| Feb humidity = 82.5 | |||
| Mar humidity = 76.3 | |||
| Apr humidity = 69.9 | |||
| May humidity = 72.0 | |||
| Jun humidity = 72.7 | |||
| Jul humidity = 73.2 | |||
| Aug humidity = 74.5 | |||
| Sep humidity = 80.2 | |||
| Oct humidity = 83.8 | |||
| Nov humidity = 87.7 | |||
| Dec humidity = 87.5 | |||
| year humidity = 78.8 | |||
| Jan sun = 43.3 | |||
| Feb sun = 63.2 | |||
| Mar sun = 100.5 | |||
| Apr sun = 136.9 | |||
| May sun = 200.8 | |||
| Jun sun = 193.5 | |||
| Jul sun = 210.5 | |||
| Aug sun = 200.7 | |||
| Sep sun = 125.4 | |||
| Oct sun = 97.7 | |||
| Nov sun = 48.8 | |||
| Dec sun = 32.1 | |||
| year sun = | |||
| source 1 = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management<ref name=IMGWtavg>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20211203115527/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 3 December 2021 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TSR_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia dobowa temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmin>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115043924/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMIN_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia minimalna temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWtmax>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115044916/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/TMAX_AVE | |||
| title = Średnia maksymalna temperatura powietrza | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecip>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220109045820/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | |||
| archive-date = 9 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_SUMA | |||
| title = Miesięczna suma opadu | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWprecipdays>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115051112/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/OPAD_01 | |||
| title = Liczba dni z opadem >= 0,1 mm | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdepth>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115054936/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_SR_GRUB | |||
| title = Średnia grubość pokrywy śnieżnej | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsnowdays>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220121044246/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | |||
| archive-date = 21 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/SNIEG_0 | |||
| title = Liczba dni z pokrywą śnieżna > 0 cm | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref><ref name=IMGWsun>{{cite web | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20220115055331/https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | |||
| archive-date = 15 January 2022 | |||
| url = https://klimat.imgw.pl/pl/climate-normals/USL | |||
| title = Średnia suma usłonecznienia (h) | |||
| work = Normy klimatyczne 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = Institute of Meteorology and Water Management | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022 | |||
| url-status = live | |||
}}</ref> | |||
|source 2 = Meteomodel.pl (records, relative humidity 1991–2020, sunshine 1971–2000)<ref name=recordhigh1> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190560&par=tmax&max_empty=3 | |||
| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura maksymalna | |||
| date = 6 April 2018 | |||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=recordlow1> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=tmax&max_empty=3 | |||
| title = Kraków-Balice Absolutna temperatura minimalna | |||
| date = 6 April 2018 | |||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=relativehumidity1> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=rh&max_empty=3 | |||
| title = Kraków-Balice Średnia wilgotność | |||
| date = 6 April 2018 | |||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref><ref name=sunshine1> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne/?imgwid=350190566&par=sunshine&max_empty=3 | |||
| title = Kraków-Balice Usłonecznienie (suma) | |||
| date = 6 April 2018 | |||
| publisher = Meteomodel.pl | |||
| language = pl | |||
| access-date = 20 January 2022}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
{{Weather box|location = Kraków-Observatory, 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present | |||
| collapsed = y | |||
| metric first = y | |||
| single line = y | |||
| Jan record high C = 17.3 | |||
| Feb record high C = 21.0 | |||
| Mar record high C = 24.7 | |||
| Apr record high C = 31.2 | |||
| May record high C = 33.7 | |||
| Jun record high C = 35.3 | |||
| Jul record high C = 36.3 | |||
| Aug record high C = 38.3 | |||
| Sep record high C = 35.8 | |||
| Oct record high C = 27.9 | |||
| Nov record high C = 24.0 | |||
| Dec record high C = 19.9 | |||
| year record high C = 38.3 | |||
| Jan avg record high C = 10.9 | |||
| Feb avg record high C = 13.3 | |||
| Mar avg record high C = 18.9 | |||
| Apr avg record high C = 25.3 | |||
| May avg record high C = 28.9 | |||
| Jun avg record high C = 32.1 | |||
| Jul avg record high C = 33.4 | |||
| Aug avg record high C = 33.2 | |||
| Sep avg record high C = 28.4 | |||
| Oct avg record high C = 24.4 | |||
| Nov avg record high C = 17.8 | |||
| Dec avg record high C = 11.6 | |||
| year avg record high C = 34.7 | |||
| Jan high C = 2.3 | |||
| Feb high C = 4.4 | |||
| Mar high C = 9.1 | |||
| Apr high C = 15.8 | |||
| May high C = 20.6 | |||
| Jun high C = 24.0 | |||
| Jul high C = 26.0 | |||
| Aug high C = 25.8 | |||
| Sep high C = 20.2 | |||
| Oct high C = 14.6 | |||
| Nov high C = 8.2 | |||
| Dec high C = 3.3 | |||
| year high C = 14.5 | |||
| Jan mean C = -1.0 | |||
| Feb mean C = 0.4 | |||
| Mar mean C = 4.1 | |||
| Apr mean C = 9.8 | |||
| May mean C = 14.6 | |||
| Jun mean C = 18.3 | |||
| Jul mean C = 20.0 | |||
| Aug mean C = 19.3 | |||
| Sep mean C = 14.2 | |||
| Oct mean C = 9.2 | |||
| Nov mean C = 4.4 | |||
| Dec mean C = 0.2 | |||
| year mean C = 9.5 | |||
| Jan low C = -3.5 | |||
| Feb low C = -2.6 | |||
| Mar low C = 0.3 | |||
| Apr low C = 4.8 | |||
| May low C = 9.5 | |||
| Jun low C = 13.2 | |||
| Jul low C = 14.9 | |||
| Aug low C = 14.4 | |||
| Sep low C = 10.1 | |||
| Oct low C = 5.7 | |||
| Nov low C = 1.7 | |||
| Dec low C = -2.2 | |||
| year low C = 5.5 | |||
| Jan avg record low C = -14.0 | |||
| Feb avg record low C = -11.4 | |||
| Mar avg record low C = -6.4 | |||
| Apr avg record low C = -1.6 | |||
| May avg record low C = 3.0 | |||
| Jun avg record low C = 8.1 | |||
| Jul avg record low C = 9.9 | |||
| Aug avg record low C = 9.2 | |||
| Sep avg record low C = 3.8 | |||
| Oct avg record low C = -1.8 | |||
| Nov avg record low C = -5.8 | |||
| Dec avg record low C = -11.6 | |||
| year avg record low C = -16.4 | |||
| Jan record low C = -26.1 | |||
| Feb record low C = -26.8 | |||
| Mar record low C = -23.2 | |||
| Apr record low C = -4.6 | |||
| May record low C = -1.8 | |||
| Jun record low C = 2.3 | |||
| Jul record low C = 6.6 | |||
| Aug record low C = 4.5 | |||
| Sep record low C = -2.6 | |||
| Oct record low C = -5.7 | |||
| Nov record low C = -16.1 | |||
| Dec record low C = -25.7 | |||
| year record low C = -26.8 | |||
| precipitation colour = green | |||
| Jan precipitation mm = 37.9 | |||
| Feb precipitation mm = 33.3 | |||
| Mar precipitation mm = 38.3 | |||
| Apr precipitation mm = 48.4 | |||
| May precipitation mm = 82.6 | |||
| Jun precipitation mm = 81.1 | |||
| Jul precipitation mm = 98.6 | |||
| Aug precipitation mm = 75.1 | |||
| Sep precipitation mm = 70.3 | |||
| Oct precipitation mm = 53.1 | |||
| Nov precipitation mm = 41.8 | |||
| Dec precipitation mm = 32.4 | |||
| year precipitation mm = 693.0 | |||
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm | |||
| Jan precipitation days = 16.9 | |||
| Feb precipitation days = 15.2 | |||
| Mar precipitation days = 14.9 | |||
| Apr precipitation days = 12.9 | |||
| May precipitation days = 14.6 | |||
| Jun precipitation days = 13.8 | |||
| Jul precipitation days = 14.7 | |||
| Aug precipitation days = 12.4 | |||
| Sep precipitation days = 12.0 | |||
| Oct precipitation days = 13.6 | |||
| Nov precipitation days = 14.7 | |||
| Dec precipitation days = 16.3 | |||
| year precipitation days = 172.0 | |||
| Jan humidity = 82.2 | |||
| Feb humidity = 78.9 | |||
| Mar humidity = 73.0 | |||
| Apr humidity = 66.1 | |||
| May humidity = 68.4 | |||
| Jun humidity = 68.9 | |||
| Jul humidity = 70.0 | |||
| Aug humidity = 72.4 | |||
| Sep humidity = 79.3 | |||
| Oct humidity = 82.7 | |||
| Nov humidity = 84.8 | |||
| Dec humidity = 83.9 | |||
| year humidity = 75.9 | |||
| source 1 = https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne<ref name="Meteomodel2">{{cite web |url=https://meteomodel.pl/dane/srednie-miesieczne|title= Meteomodel. Dane. Średnie i sumy miesięczne|date= 6 April 2018|access-date=21 January 2022|publisher=meteomodel.pl}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
{{notelist | |||
}} | |||
==Cityscape== | |||
[[File:A-10 Sukiennice w Krakowie Kraków, Rynek Główny MM.jpg|thumb|The [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] Cloth Hall (''[[Sukiennice]]'') in [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]]]] | |||
[[File:Barbakan Krakow z ulicy Basztowej.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Kraków Barbican]] dating from around 1498 was once a fortified outpost of the inner medieval city.]] | |||
Developed over many centuries, Kraków provides a showcase setting for many historic styles of architecture. As the city expanded, so too did the architectural achievements of its builders. It is for this reason that the variations in style and urban planning are so easily recognisable.{{according to whom|date=June 2020}} | |||
Built from its earliest nucleus outward, and having escaped much of the destruction endured by Poland during the 20th-century wars, Kraków's many architectural monuments can typically be seen in historical order by walking from the city centre out, towards its later districts. Kraków is one of the few medieval towns in Poland that does not have a historic [[Ratusz]] [[town hall]] in its [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Square]], because it has not survived the [[Partitions of Poland]].{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} | |||
Kraków's historic centre, which includes [[Kraków Old Town|the Old Town]], [[Kazimierz]] and the [[Wawel Castle]], was included as the first of its kind on the list of UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s in 1978.<ref name="Centre"/> The ''Stare Miasto'' is the most prominent example of an old town in the country.<ref name="Gustafson"/> For many centuries Kraków was [[List of Polish monarchs|the royal]] capital of Poland, until [[Sigismund III Vasa]] relocated the court to [[Warsaw]] in 1596. The whole district is bisected by [[Royal Road, Kraków|the Royal Road]], the coronation route traversed by the [[List of Polish monarchs|Kings of Poland]]. The Route begins at [[St. Florian's Church]] outside the northern flank of the old city-walls in the [[Middle Ages|medieval]] suburb of Kleparz; passes the [[Kraków barbican|Barbican of Kraków]] (''Barbakan'') built in 1499, and enters ''Stare Miasto'' through the [[Florian Gate]]. It leads down Floriańska Street through the Main Square, and up Grodzka to [[Wawel]], the former seat of Polish royalty, overlooking the [[Vistula River|Vistula river]]. Old Town attracts visitors from all over the World. Kraków historic centre is one of the 13 places in Poland that are included in the UNESCO [[World Heritage Site]]s. The architectural design of the district had survived all cataclysms of the past and retained its original form coming from the medieval times. | |||
[[File:Krakow Kanonicza 20070804 1000.jpg|left|thumb|Kanonicza Street, at the foot of the [[Wawel Castle]]]] | |||
In addition to the old town, the city's district of [[Kazimierz]] is particularly notable for its many renaissance buildings and picturesque streets, as well as the historic Jewish quarter located in the north-eastern part of Kazimierz. Kazimierz was founded in the 14th century to the south-east of the city centre and soon became a wealthy, well-populated area where construction of imposing properties became commonplace. Perhaps the most important feature of medieval Kazimierz was the only major, permanent bridge (''Pons Regalis'') across the northern arm of the Vistula. This natural barrier used to separate Kazimierz from the Old Town for several centuries, while the bridge connected Kraków to the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine]] and the lucrative Hungarian trade route. The last structure at this location (at the end of modern Stradom Street) was dismantled in 1880 when the northern arm of the river was filled in with earth and rock, and subsequently built over.<ref name="Świszczowski"/><ref name="wandaluzja-1"/> | |||
[[File:Kraków 239a.jpg|thumb|upright=2|View of Kraków from St. Mary's Basilica in the Market Square]] | |||
By the 1930s, Kraków had 120 officially [[Synagogues of Kraków|registered synagogues]] and prayer houses that spanned across the old city. Much of Jewish intellectual life had moved to new centres like [[Podgórze]].<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf"/> This in turn, led to the redevelopment and renovation of much of Kazimierz and the development of new districts in Kraków. Most historic buildings in central Kazimierz today are preserved in their original form. Some old buildings, however, were not repaired after the devastation brought by the Second World War, and have remained empty. Most recent efforts at restoring the historic neighborhoods gained new impetus around 1993. Kazimierz is now a well-visited area, seeing a booming growth in Jewish-themed restaurants, bars, bookstores and souvenir shops. | |||
[[File:DZolopa 033 2013.jpg|left|thumb|[[Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts|Palace of Art]] at Szczepański Square is an example of [[Art Nouveau]] architecture in central Kraków.<ref name="Palace of Art"/>]] | |||
As the city of Kraków began to expand further under the rule of the [[Austro-Hungarian Empire]], the new architectural styles also developed. Key buildings from the 19th and early 20th centuries in Kraków include the Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts, the directorate of the Polish State Railways as well as the original complex of [[Kraków Główny railway station]] and the city's [[Kraków University of Economics|Academy of Economics]]. It was also at around that time that Kraków's first radial boulevards began to appear, with the city undergoing a large-scale program aimed at transforming the ancient Polish capital into a sophisticated regional centre of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. New representative government buildings and multi-story tenement houses were built at around that time. Much of the urban-planning beyond the walls of the Old Town was done by Polish architects and engineers trained in [[Vienna]]. Some major projects of the era include the development of the [[Jagiellonian University]]'s new premises and the building of the [[Collegium Novum]] just west of the Old Town. The imperial style planning of the city's further development continued until the return of Poland's independence, following the First World War. Early modernist style in Kraków is represented by such masterpieces as [[Kraków Society of Friends of Fine Arts|the Palace of Art]] by [[Franciszek Mączyński]] and the 'House under the Globe'. [[Vienna Secession#Architecture|Secession style]] architecture, which had arrived in Kraków from [[Vienna]], became popular towards the end of [[Partitions of Poland|the Partitions]].<ref name="Strasz"/> | |||
[[File:Basztowa Ur.Woj i NBP, Krakow.jpg|upright|thumb|Basztowa Street, filled with some of the most unique historical buildings in all architectural styles; part of the [[Royal Road, Kraków|Royal Route of Kraków]]]] | |||
With Poland's regained independence came the major change in the fortunes of Kraków—now the second most important city of a sovereign nation. The state began to make new plans for the city development and commissioned a number of representative buildings. The predominant style for new projects was modernism with various interpretations of the art-deco style.<ref name="Vogt-Nassery"/> Important buildings constructed in the style of [[Polish modernism]] include the Feniks 'LOT' building on Basztowa Street, the Feniks department store on the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Square]] and the Municipal Savings Bank on Szczepański Square. The Józef Piłsudski house is also of note as a particularly good example of interwar architecture in the city.<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego"/> | |||
After the Second World War, new government turned toward Soviet influence and the [[Stalinist architecture|Stalinist monumentalism]]. The doctrine of [[Socialist realism in Poland]], as in other countries of the [[People's Republic]]s, was enforced from 1949 to 1956. It involved all domains of art, but its most spectacular achievements were made in the field of urban design. The guidelines for this new trend were spelled-out in a 1949 resolution of the National Council of Party Architects. Architecture was to become a weapon in establishing the new social order by the communists.<ref name="inyourpocket/sightseeing">{{cite web|url=http://www.inyourpocket.com/poland/krakow/sightseeing/Nowa-Huta|title=Nowa Huta – Sightseeing in Kraków – In Your Pocket city guide – essential travel guides to cities in Poland|publisher=Inyourpocket.com|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> The ideological impact of urban design was valued more than aesthetics. It aimed at expressing persistence and power. This form of architecture was implemented in the new industrial district of Nowa Huta with apartment blocks constructed according to a Stalinist blueprint, with repetitious courtyards and wide, tree-lined avenues.<ref name="Nh.pl-1"/> | |||
[[File:Pawilon Wyspiański 2000, Kraków.JPG|left|thumb|Pawilon Wyspiański 2000 is a rare example of [[Postmodern architecture]] present in Kraków's Old Town.<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/>]] | |||
Since the style of the [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]] was generally regarded as the most revered in old Polish architecture, it was also used for augmenting Poland's [[Socialist realism in Poland|Socialist national]] format. However, in the course of incorporating the principles of Socialist realism, there were quite a few deviations introduced by the communists. One of these was to more closely reflect Soviet architecture, which resulted in the majority of works blending into one another. From 1953, critical opinions in the Party were increasingly frequent, and the doctrine was given up in 1956 marking the end of [[Stalinism in Poland|Stalinism]].<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)"/> The [[socrealism|soc-realist]] centre of Nowa Huta is considered to be a meritorious monument of the times. This period in postwar architecture was followed by the mass-construction of large [[Plattenbau|Panel System]] apartment blocks, most of which were built outside the city centre and thus do not encroach upon the beauty of the old or new towns. Some examples of the new style (e.g., Hotel Cracovia) recently listed as heritage monuments were built during the latter half of the 20th century in Kraków.<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia"/> | |||
After the [[Revolutions of 1989]] and the birth of the [[Third Polish Republic|Third Republic]] in the latter half of the 20th century,<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-06-01 |title=Kraków z lotu ptaka. Fascynujące zdjęcia z lat 90. XX wieku! |url=https://krowoderska.pl/krakow-z-lotu-ptaka-dawniej/ |access-date=2022-06-01 |website=Krowoderska.pl |language=pl-PL}}</ref> a number of new architectural projects were completed, including the construction of large business parks and commercial facilities such as the [[Galeria Krakowska]], or infrastructure investments like the [[Tramways in Kraków#Kraków Fast Tram|Kraków Fast Tram]]. A good example of this would be the [[Manggha|Manggha Museum of Japanese Art and Technology]] designed by [[Arata Isozaki]], the 2007-built ''Pawilon Wyspiański 2000'',<ref name="sztuka-architektury1"/> which is used as a multi-purpose information and exhibition space, or the Małopolski Garden of Arts (''[[:pl:Małopolski Ogród Sztuki w Krakowie|Małopolski Ogród Sztuki]]''), a multi-purpose exhibition and theatre complex located in the historic Old Town.<ref>Małopolski Regionalny Program Operacyjny, [http://www.slowacki.krakow.pl/pl/aktualnosci/malopolski_ogrod_sztuki/ Budowa Małopolskiego Ogrodu Sztuki w Krakowie.] Teatr im. Juliusza Słowackiego.</ref> | |||
===Parks and gardens=== | |||
[[File:Planty Park, autumn, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.jpg|thumb|right|[[Planty Park]], which surrounds Kraków's Old Town]] | |||
[[File:Planty Garden, pavilion, Old Town, Krakow, Poland.JPG|thumb|right|A pavilion within the Planty Park during winter]] | |||
There are about 40 parks in Kraków including dozens of gardens and forests.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Several, like the [[Planty Park]], [[Botanical Garden in Kraków|Botanical Garden]], [[Kraków Zoo|Zoological Garden]], [[Park Krakowski]], [[Jordan Park]] and [[Błonia Park]] are located in the centre of the city; with Zakrzówek, Lasek Wolski forest, Strzelecki Park and Park Lotników (among others) in the surrounding districts.<ref name="wse.krakow"/> Parks cover about 318.5 hectares (787 acres, 1.2 sq mi) of the city. | |||
The [[Planty Park]] is the best-known park in Kraków. It was established between 1822 and 1830 in place of the old city walls, forming a [[green belt]] around the Old Town. It consists of a chain of smaller gardens designed in various styles and adorned with monuments. The park has an area of {{convert|21|ha|acre}} and a length of {{convert|4|km|mi}}, forming a scenic walkway popular with Cracovians.<ref name="Strzala1"/> | |||
The [[Jordan Park]] founded in 1889 by Dr [[Henryk Jordan]], was the first public park of its kind in Europe.<ref name="grodzka.net">[http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php Henryk Jordan's Park.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |date=30 September 2007 }} ''Grodzka.net''. "The park, which was initiated by Jordan, was the first of this type in Poland and in Europe. The initiator himself got so engaged in realising his idea that he largely financed its construction and personally brought the most modern sport facilities from Sweden, Germany and Switzerland." — Krakow4you.com, 2008.</ref> The park built on the banks of the [[Rudawa River|Rudawa river]] was equipped with running and exercise tracks, playgrounds, the swimming pool, [[amphitheatre]], pavilions, and a pond for [[Watercraft rowing|boat rowing]] and water bicycles. It is located on the grounds of a larger Kraków's [[Błonia Park]].<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs"/> The less prominent [[Park Krakowski]] was founded in 1885 by [[Stanisław Rehman]] but has since been greatly reduced in size because of rapid [[real estate development]]. It was a popular destination point with many Cracovians at the end of the 19th century.<ref name="encyklopedia3"/> | |||
===Environment=== | |||
There are five [[Protected areas of Poland|nature reserves]] in Kraków with a total area of 48.6 ha (120 acres).<ref name="gdos">[http://crfop.gdos.gov.pl/?wo=4548&po=1950&gm=&nazwa=&typ=2&rok=&wody=0&ko=0&szukaj=true&x=47&y=8 Dane przestrzenne z Centralnego Rejestru Form Ochrony Przyrody.] ''Generalna Dyrekcja Ochrony Srodowiska'', Poland. Retrieved {{nobreak|4 October 2012.}}</ref> Smaller green zones constitute parts of the [[Kraków-Częstochowa Upland]] Jurassic Landscape Parks' Board, which deals with the protection areas of the Polish Jura. Under its jurisdiction are: the [[Bielany-Tyniec Landscape Park]] (Park Bielańsko-Tyniecki), [[Tenczynek Landscape Park]] (Park Tencziński) and [[Kraków Valleys Landscape Park]] (Park Krajobrazowy Dolinki Krakowskie), with their watersheds. All natural reserves of the Polish Jura Chain are part of the [[CORINE]] biotopes programme due to their unique flora, fauna, geomorphology and landscape. The western part of Kraków constitutes the so-called Obszar Krakowski ecological network, including the ecological corridor of the Vistula river. The southern slopes of limestone hills provide conditions for the development of [[Thermophile|thermophilous]] vegetation, grasslands and [[Shrubland|scrubs]]. | |||
The city is spaced along an extended latitudinal transect of the [[Vistula]] River Valley with a network of tributaries including its right tributary Wilga, and left: [[Rudawa (river)|Rudawa]], Białucha, [[Dłubnia]] and Sanka. The rivers and their valleys along with bodies of water are some of the most interesting natural wonders of Kraków. | |||
Kraków and its environment, surrounded by mountains, suffer from Europe's dirtiest air pollution because of [[smog]], caused by burning coal for heating, especially in winter.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220103/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/22/world/europe/poland-pollution.html |archive-date=2022-01-03 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live|title=Smothered by Smog, Polish Cities Rank Among Europe's Dirtiest (Published 2018)|first1=Maciek|last1=Nabrdalik|first2=Marc|last2=Santora|newspaper=The New York Times|date=22 April 2018}}{{cbignore}}</ref> | |||
==Governance== | |||
{{further|Local government in Kraków}} | |||
[[File:Podgorze City Hall (new), Podgorze,Krakow,Poland.JPG|thumb|left|The New Town Hall of [[Podgórze]], which used to be a self-governing independent town until its incorporation into Kraków in 1915]] | |||
The [[Kraków City Council]] has 43 elected members,<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')"/> one of whom is the mayor, or President of Kraków, elected every four years. The election of the City Council and of the local [[head of government]],<ref name="BPI 113"/> which takes place at the same time, is based on legislation introduced on 20 June 2002. The President of Kraków, re-elected for his fourth term in 2014, is [[Jacek Majchrowski]].<ref name="Municipality, Mayor"/> Several members of the Polish national Parliament ([[Sejm]]) are elected from the [[Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency|Kraków constituency]].<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki"/> The [[Symbols of Kraków|city's official symbols]] include a [[coat of arms]], a flag, a seal, and a banner.<ref name="ordinance"/> | |||
[[File:Krakow WielopolskiPalace 6876.JPG|right|thumb|175px|Entrance to the [[Wielopolski Palace]] from 1560, the seat of Kraków's mayor, administration and city council]] | |||
The responsibilities of Kraków's president include drafting and implementing resolutions, enacting city bylaws, managing the city budget, employing city administrators, and preparing against floods and [[natural disaster]]s.<ref name="BPI 113"/> The president fulfills his duties with the help of the City Council, city managers and city inspectors. In the 1990s, the [[Local government|city government]] was reorganised to better differentiate between its [[political agenda]] and administrative functions. As a result, the Office of Public Information was created to handle inquiries and foster communication between city departments and citizens at large.<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance"/> | |||
In 2000, the city government introduced a new long-term program called "Safer City" in cooperation with the Police, Traffic, Social Services, Fire, [[Public Safety]], and the Youth Departments. Subsequently, the number of criminal offences dropped by 3 percent between 2000 and 2001, and the rate of detection increased by 1.4 percent to a total of 30.2 percent in the same period.<ref name="krakow"/> The city is receiving help in carrying out the program from all educational institutions and the local media, including TV, radio and the press. | |||
===Districts=== | |||
{{Main|Districts of Kraków}} | |||
Kraków is divided into 18 administrative districts (''[[dzielnica]]'') or boroughs, each with a degree of autonomy within its own municipal government.<ref name="districts"/> Prior to March 1991, the city had been divided into four quarters which still give a sense of identity to Kraków – the towns of [[Podgórze]], Nowa Huta, and [[Krowodrza]] which were amalgamated into the city of Kraków as it expanded, and the ancient town centre of Kraków itself.<ref name="districts"/> | |||
[[File:PomnikGrunwaldzki-PlacMatejki-POL, Kraków.jpg|left|thumb|upright|Matejko Square, featuring the [[Grunwald Monument]] at [[Kleparz]], is one of the city's most important public spaces.]] | |||
The oldest neighborhoods of Kraków were incorporated into the city before the late-18th century. They include the Old Town (''[[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]]''), once contained within the [[Florian Gate|city defensive walls]] and now encircled by the Planty park; the [[Wawel]] District, which is the site of the Royal Castle and the cathedral; Stradom and [[Kazimierz]] with its historic Jewish quarter, the latter originally divided into Christian and Jewish quarters;<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw"/> as well as the ancient town of [[Kleparz]]. | |||
Major districts added in the 19th and 20th centuries include [[Podgórze]], which until 1915, was a separate town on the southern bank of the Vistula, and Nowa Huta, east of the city centre, built after World War II. | |||
[[File:Nowa Huta jako idealne socjalistyczne miasto.jpg|thumb|[[Socialist realism in Poland|Socialist-realist]] district of [[Nowa Huta]]]] | |||
Among the most notable historic districts of the city are: [[Wawel Hill]], home to [[Wawel Castle]] and [[Wawel Cathedral]], where many historic Polish kings are buried; the medieval Old Town, with its [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] ({{convert|200|m|ft}} square); dozens of old churches and museums; the 14th-century buildings of the Jagiellonian University; and Kazimierz, the historical centre of Kraków's Jewish social and religious life.<ref name="Krakow"/> | |||
The Old Town district of Kraków is home to about 6,000 historic sites and more than 2,000,000 works of art.<ref name="architecture72"/> Its rich variety of heritage architecture includes Romanesque (e.g., [[St. Andrew's Church, Kraków]]), [[Renaissance in Poland|Renaissance]], [[Baroque in Poland|Baroque]] and [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] buildings. Kraków's palaces, churches, theatres and mansions display a great variety of color, architectural details, [[stained glass]], paintings, sculptures, and furnishings.{{citation needed|date=June 2020}} | |||
In the Market Square stands the Gothic [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] (''Kościół Mariacki''). It was rebuilt in the 14th-century and features the famous wooden altar ([[Altarpiece of Veit Stoss]]), the largest Gothic altarpiece in the world,<ref name="Kurtz"/> carved by [[Veit Stoss]]. From the church's main tower a trumpet call (''[[hejnał mariacki]]''), is sounded every hour. The melody, which used to announce the opening and closing of city gates, ends unexpectedly in midstream. According to legend, the tune was played during the 13th-century [[Tatars|Tatar]] invasion by a guard warning citizens against the attack. He was shot by an archer of the invading Tatar forces whilst playing, the bugle call breaking off at the moment he died.<ref name="hejnal"/> The story was recounted in a book published in 1928 called ''[[The Trumpeter of Krakow]]'', by [[Eric P. Kelly]], which won a [[Newbery Award]].<ref name="JPKelly"/> | |||
{| class="wikitable" style="float:right; margin:0 0.5em 0 2em; font-size:88%;" | |||
|- | |||
!District ||Population ||Area (2009)<ref name="StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy"/> | |||
|- | |||
|[[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]] (I) ||align=center|41,121 ||{{convert|559.29|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Grzegórzki, Kraków|Grzegórzki]] (II) ||align=center|30,441 ||{{convert|586.18|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Prądnik Czerwony]] (III) ||align=center|46,621 ||{{convert|638.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Prądnik Biały]] (IV) ||align=center|66,649 ||{{convert|2370.55|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Krowodrza]] (V) ||align=center|34,467 ||{{convert|538.32|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Bronowice, Kraków|Bronowice]] (VI) ||align=center|22,467 ||{{convert|957.98|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Kraków-Zwierzyniec|Zwierzyniec]] (VII) ||align=center|20,243 ||{{convert|2866.9|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Dębniki, Kraków|Dębniki]] (VIII) ||align=center|56,258 ||{{convert|4671.11|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki]] (IX) ||align=center|15,014 ||{{convert|573.9|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Swoszowice, Kraków|Swoszowice]] (X) ||align=center|20,641 ||{{convert|2416.73|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Podgórze Duchackie]] (XI) ||align=center|52,522 ||{{convert|1065.24|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Bieżanów-Prokocim]] (XII) ||align=center|63,270 ||{{convert|1846.93|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Podgórze]] (XIII) ||align=center|32,050 ||{{convert|2516.07|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Czyżyny]] (XIV) ||align=center|26,169 ||{{convert|1229.44|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Mistrzejowice]] (XV) ||align=center|54,276 ||{{convert|547.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Bieńczyce, Kraków|Bieńczyce]] (XVI) ||align=center|44,237 ||{{convert|369.43|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Wzgórza Krzesławickie]] (XVII) ||align=center|20,234 ||{{convert|2375.82|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|[[Nowa Huta]] (XVIII) ||align=center|58,320 ||{{convert|6552.52|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|- | |||
|'''Total''' ||align=center|'''760,700'''||{{convert|32680.00|ha|km2|abbr=on}} | |||
|} | |} | ||
The current divisions were introduced by the Kraków City Hall on 19 April 1995. Districts were assigned [[Roman numerals]] as well as the name:<ref name="krakow1"/> [[Kraków Old Town|Stare Miasto]] (I), [[Grzegórzki, Kraków|Grzegórzki]] (II), [[Prądnik Czerwony]] (III), [[Prądnik Biały]] (IV), [[Krowodrza|Łobzów]] (V), [[Bronowice, Kraków|Bronowice]] (VI), [[Kraków-Zwierzyniec|Zwierzyniec]] (VII), [[Dębniki, Kraków|Dębniki]] (VIII), [[Łagiewniki-Borek Fałęcki]] (IX), [[Swoszowice, Kraków|Swoszowice]] (X), [[Podgórze Duchackie]] (XI), [[Bieżanów-Prokocim]] (XII), [[Podgórze]] (XIII), [[Czyżyny]] (XIV), [[Mistrzejowice]] (XV), [[Bieńczyce, Kraków|Bieńczyce]] (XVI), [[Wzgórza Krzesławickie]] (XVII), and [[Nowa Huta]] (XVIII). | |||
{{Kraków districts}} | |||
==Economy== | |||
[[File:Biurowiec Newton.JPG|thumb|left|The Center for Business Innovation office complex in Kraków]] | |||
Kraków is one of Poland's most important economic centres and the economic hub of the [[Lesser Poland]] (Małopolska) region.<ref name="gosp"/><ref name="krakplgosp"/> Since the fall of communism, the private sector has been growing steadily. There are about 50 large [[multinational corporation|multinational companies]] in the city, including [[Google]], [[IBM]], [[Shell plc|Shell]], [[UBS]], [[HSBC]], [[Motorola]], [[Aptiv]], [[MAN SE|MAN]], [[General Electric]], [[ABB]], [[Aon (company)|Aon]], [[Akamai]], [[Cisco]], [[Hitachi]], [[Altria]], [[Capgemini]],<ref name="capgemini"/> and [[Sabre Holdings]],<ref name="About Sabre Holdings"/> along with other British, German and Scandinavian-based firms.<ref name=gosp/><ref name="pbs"/> The city is also the global headquarters for [[Comarch]], an enterprise software house. Kraków is the second most-visited city in Poland (after [[Warsaw]]).<ref name=gosp/><ref name=krakplgosp/> According to the World Investment Report 2011 by the UN Conference for Trade and Development (UNCTAD), Kraków is also the most emergent city location for investment in global BPO projects (Business Process Outsourcing) in the world.<ref name="PAIiIZ"/> | |||
[[File:Unity Tower, front, 2 Lubomirskiego street, Krakow, Poland.jpg|thumb|200px|[[Unity Tower]], one of the tallest buildings in the city]] | |||
In 2011, the [[Budget of Kraków|city budget]], which is presented by the [[Mayor of Kraków]] on 15 November annually, has a projected revenue of 3,500,000,000 [[Polish złoty|złoty]].<ref name="krakow2"/> The primary sources of revenue were as follows: 14% from the municipal taxation on real estate properties and the use of [[amenity|amenities]], 30% in transfers from the national [[budget]], and 34% in state subsidies. Projected expenditures, totaling 3,520,000,000 złoty, included 21% in city development costs and 79% in city maintenance costs. Of the maintenance costs, as much as 39% were spent on education and childcare. The City of Kraków's development costs included; 41% toward construction of roads, transport, and communication (combined), and 25% for the city's infrastructure and environment.<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa"/> The city has a high [[bond credit rating]], and some 60% of the population is under the age of 45.<ref name=krakplgosp/> | |||
[[Unity Tower]] was completed in 2020 after almost 30 years, creating a new business and residential centre. It is the tallest building in the city. | |||
===Entrepreneurship=== | |||
Krakow has a long history of entrepreneurship, perhaps best reflected in the fact the most important square in the city is called the Main Market Square (Rynek Główny). | |||
===Startup community=== | |||
Since the early 2000s a startup community has emerged in Krakow, In the early days the [http://krakowit.pbworks.com/w/page/5507981/FrontPage Krakow: Europe's Silicon Valley] web page was the on line hub of the community. Most important now is [http://www.omgkrk.com the OMGKRK foundation] and its [https://www.facebook.com/omgkrk Facebook group] which has over 5000 members and acts as a community notice board for the startup community. | |||
===Entrepreneurs=== | |||
[[János Thurzó|Jan Thurzo]], a Hungarian entrepreneur and mining engineer who was from 1477 an Alderman and later Mayor of Kraków. He established the Fugger–Thurzo company with [[Jakob Fugger]]. Fugger monopolised copper mining and trade in the Holy Roman Empire around 1500 and has been described as the richest man who has ever lived.<ref>{{cite book|title=The richest man who ever lived. – |isbn = 978-1451688566|last1 = Steinmetz|first1 = Greg|date = 2016-08-09}}</ref> | |||
[[Michal Hornstein]], born in Krakow, and graduate of a Krakow Business School, escaped from a Nazi death camp transport. He moved to Montreal in 1951 where he founded Federal Construction Ltd., a real estate company focussing on apartments and shopping centres. He was recognised as a [https://web.archive.org/web/20180914193723/http://grandsmontrealais.ccmm.qc.ca/en/39/ major philanthropist] in Montreal and supported the arts, education and medicine, for example with this [https://www.codart.nl/museums/the-michal-and-renata-hornstein-collection-an-exceptional-gift-of-old-masters-to-the-montreal-museum-of-fine-arts/ Gift of Old Masters to the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts] | |||
[[Helena Rubinstein]], born in Kraków, established the Helena Rubenstein inc. cosmetics company which was sold to Colgate Palmolive in 1973 for $142.3 million in stock and cash, and was said to be one of the world's richest women. | |||
Janusz Filipiak established the successful IT company ''[[Comarch]]'' in 1993 which in 2018 employed 5500 people, and sponsors the Cracovia football team. | |||
Piotr Wilam established the Pascal Publishing House, the internet portal Onet.pl and seed capital fund Innovation Nest. | |||
Rafal Brzoska [https://www.forbes.com/profile/rafal-brzoska] is the founder and CEO of InPost, which went public in January 2021 raising $3 billion. In 2022, the company employed over 8,000 people<ref>[https://www.gowork.pl/poradnik/17/pracodawcy/najwieksi-pracodawcy-w-krakowie/ The largest employers in Krakow. Analysis of the local labor market.] - GoWork.pl Labor Service</ref>. | |||
===Knowledge and innovation community=== | |||
Kraków is one of the co-location centres of Knowledge and Innovation Community (Sustainable Energy) of The [[European Institute of Innovation and Technology]] (EIT).<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at"/> | |||
InnoEnergy is an integrated alliance of reputable organisations from the education, research and industry sectors. It was created based on long standing links of cooperation as well as the principles of excellence. The partners have jointly developed a strategy to tackle the weaknesses of the European innovation landscape in the field of sustainable energy.<ref name="europa"/> | |||
==Transport== | |||
{{Main|Transport in Kraków}} | |||
[[File:Krakow, tram NGT6-2 n°2039.JPG|thumb|right|[[Bombardier Transportation|Bombardier city tram]] on Piłsudski Bridge]] | |||
Public transport is based on a fairly dense network of tram and bus routes operated by a municipal company, supplemented by a number of private minibus operators. Local trains connect some of the suburbs. The bulk of the city's historic area has been turned into a [[pedestrian zone]] with rickshaws and horse-drawn carriages; however, the trams run within a three-block radius.<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation"/> The historic means of transportation in the city can be examined at the [[Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej w Krakowie|Museum of Municipal Engineering]] in the Kazimierz district, with many old trams, cars and buses.<ref>Muzeum Inżynierii Miejskiej, [http://www.mimk.com.pl/ Działalność.]</ref> | |||
[[File:20150207 Pendolino ED250 PKP Intercity Krakow 5031.jpg|thumb|left|[[PKP Intercity]] train at the [[Kraków Główny|Main Railway Station]]]] | |||
Railway connections are available to most [[List of cities and towns in Poland|Polish cities]], e.g. [[Katowice]], [[Częstochowa]], [[Szczecin]], [[Gdynia]] and [[Warsaw]]. International destinations include [[Bratislava]], [[Budapest]], [[Vienna]], [[Prague]], [[Berlin]], [[Hamburg]], [[Lviv]], [[Kyiv]], and [[Odessa]] (June–September).<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków"/> The [[Kraków Główny railway station|main railway station]] is located just outside the Old Town District and is well-served by public transport. | |||
Kraków's airport, officially named [[Kraków John Paul II International Airport]] {{airport codes|KRK}}, is located {{convert|11|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} west of the city. Direct trains cover the route between [[Kraków Główny|Kraków Główny train station]] and the airport in 20 minutes. Kraków Airport served around 5,800,000 passengers in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.krakowairport.pl/en/airport,c94/news,c120/101-travel-ideas-more-than-5-8-million-passengers-in-2017,a2790.html | title=101 travel ideas & more than 5.8 million passengers in 2017}}</ref> Also, the [[Katowice International Airport]] is located {{convert|80|km|abbr=off}} or about 75 minutes from Kraków.<ref name="e-krakow"/> | |||
In Autumn 2016 Poland's oldest [[Bicycle-sharing system]] was modernized and now offers 1,500 bikes at 150 stations under the name of Wavelo ''[[:pl:Wavelo|(pl)]]'', which is owned by BikeU of the French multinational company Egis.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|title=BikeU|website=bikeu.pl|access-date=5 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731203715/http://bikeu.pl/o-nas|archive-date=31 July 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
==Demographics== | |||
{{See also|Demographics of Poland#Largest metropolitan and urban areas|l1=Urban demographics of Poland}} | |||
Kraków had a recorded population of 774,839 in 2019. Selected demographic indicators are presented in a table (below), compiled on the basis of only the population living in Kraków permanently. The larger metropolitan area of the city encompasses a territory in which (in 2010) 1,393,893 inhabitants live.<ref name="stat"/> | |||
Already in the Middle Ages, the population of Kraków consisting of numerous ethnic groups, began to grow rapidly.<ref name="Kras">{{cite web|url=http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-9780195396584/obo-9780195396584-0026.xml;jsessionid=E4F54BF88758F44FBE48BA6F4FC42D56|title=Kraków. Introduction|publisher=Oxford Bibliographies|year=2012|access-date=2 December 2012|author=Pawel Kras}}</ref> It doubled between 1100 and 1300 from 5,000 to 10,000, and in 1400 counted 14,000 inhabitants. By 1550, the population of metropolitan Kraków was 18,000; although it decreased to 15,000 in the next fifty years due to calamity.<ref name="Keene">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VB51DPui-TsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA154|title=England and Poland: Medieval Metropolises Compared|publisher=BRILL|work=Britain and Poland-Lithuania: Contact and Comparison from the Middle Ages to 1795 by Richard Unger and Jakub Basista|year=2008|access-date=2 December 2012|author=Derek Keene|page=154|isbn=978-9004166233}}</ref><ref name="Sedlar">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3o5lrvuwOVwC&q=Cracow&pg=PA110|title=Towns and Townspeople|publisher=University of Washington Press|work=East Central Europe in the Middle Ages: 1000–1500|year=1994|access-date=2 December 2012|author=Jean W. Sedlar|page=110, Volume 3|isbn=978-0295972916}}</ref> By the early 17th century the Kraków population had reached 28,000 inhabitants.<ref name="Labno">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rW7QEmWtFSsC&q=krakow+population++10%2C000&pg=PA19|title=Commemorating the Polish Renaissance|publisher=Ashgate Publishing|work=Shifting Boundaries and Conceptual Identities|access-date=2 December 2012|author=Door Jeannie Labno|page=19|format=Google books|isbn=9780754668251|year=2011}}</ref> | |||
In the historical 1931 census preceding World War II, 78.1% of Cracovians declared Polish as their primary language, with Yiddish or Hebrew at 20.9%, Ukrainian 0.4%, German 0.3%, and Russian 0.1%.<ref name="encyklopedia"/> The ravages of history have greatly reduced the percentage of [[minority group|ethnic minorities]] living in Kraków. | |||
In the last two decades, Kraków has seen a large growth of immigrant population. In the 2002 census, only 0.25% of respondents living in the city declared a non-Polish nationality (primarily [[Romani people|Romani]], [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] and [[Russians|Russian]]).<ref>{{cite web |title=Deklaracje narodowościowe w gminach w 2002 roku |url=http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |website=old.stat.gov.pl |access-date=10 June 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140701232900/http://old.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/gus/nsp2002_tabl4.xls |archive-date=1 July 2014}}</ref> As of 2019, it was estimated that foreigners accounted for as much as 10% of the city's population, with Ukrainians being the most numerous group (between 11,000 and 50,000).<ref>{{cite web |title=Już 10 procent krakowian to cudzoziemcy. Wśród nich: Ukraińcy, Białorusini, Włosi i inni |url=http://krakow.wyborcza.pl/krakow/7,44425,24626716,juz-10-procent-krakowian-to-cudzoziemcy-wsrod-nich-ukraincy.html |website=krakow.wyborcza.pl |access-date=29 August 2019}}</ref> | |||
;'''Population growth in Kraków since 1791''' | |||
{{Historical populations|1950|343638|1960|481296|1970|583444|1980|715707|1990|750540|2000|758715|2010|756183|2020|779966|footnote=source<ref>https://www.polskawliczbach.pl/Krakow {{Bare URL inline|date=June 2022}}</ref>}}<timeline> | |||
ImageSize=width:650 height:240 | |||
PlotArea =left:50 right:25 top:17 bottom:20 | |||
TimeAxis =orientation:vertical | |||
AlignBars=late | |||
Colors= | |||
id:linegrey2 value:gray(0.9) | |||
id:linegrey value:gray(0.7) | |||
id:cobar value:rgb(0.2,0.7,0.8) | |||
id:cobar2 value:rgb(0.6,0.9,0.6) | |||
DateFormat= yyyy | |||
Period =from:0 till:800000 | |||
ScaleMajor= unit:year increment:100000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey | |||
ScaleMinor= unit:year increment:25000 start:0 gridcolor:linegrey2 | |||
PlotData= | |||
color:cobar width:19 align:left | |||
bar:1791 from:0 till:23591 | |||
bar:1835 from:0 till:36000 | |||
bar:1870 from:0 till:49800 | |||
bar:1900 from:0 till:85300 | |||
bar:1910 from:0 till:137592 | |||
bar:1921 from:0 till:184300 | |||
bar:1931 from:0 till:219300 | |||
bar:1939 from:0 till:259000 | |||
bar:1945 from:0 till:298500 | |||
bar:1955 from:0 till:428231 | |||
bar:1965 from:0 till:520145 | |||
bar:1975 from:0 till:684600 | |||
bar:1985 from:0 till:740120 | |||
bar:1995 from:0 till:744987 | |||
bar:2005 from:0 till:756629 | |||
bar:2015 from:0 till:762508 | |||
bar:2019 color:green from:0 till:774839 | |||
PlotData= | |||
textcolor:black fontsize:S | |||
bar:1791 at: 23591 text: 23.591 shift:(-14,5) | |||
bar:1835 at: 36000 text: 36.000 shift:(-14,5) | |||
bar:1870 at: 49800 text: 49.800 shift:(-14,5) | |||
bar:1900 at: 85300 text: 85.300 shift:(-14,5) | |||
bar:1910 at: 137592 text: 137.592 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1921 at: 184300 text: 184.300 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1931 at: 219300 text: 219.300 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1939 at: 259000 text: 259.000 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1945 at: 298500 text: 298.500 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1955 at: 428231 text: 428.231 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1965 at: 520145 text: 520.145 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1975 at: 684600 text: 684.600 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:1985 at: 740120 text: 740.120 shift:(-23,5) | |||
bar:1995 at: 744987 text: 744.987 shift:(-17,5) | |||
bar:2005 at: 756629 text: 756.629 shift:(-12,6) | |||
bar:2015 at: 762508 text: 762.508 shift:(-9,5) | |||
bar:2019 at: 774839 text: 774.839 shift:(-5,6) | |||
</timeline> | |||
===Religion=== | |||
{{Main|Churches of Kraków|Synagogues of Kraków}} | |||
[[File:Krakow - Wawel Cathedral from balloon - 2.jpg|thumb|left|[[Wawel Cathedral]], home to royal coronations and resting place of many national heroes; considered to be Poland's national sanctuary]] | |||
The metropolitan city of Kraków is known as the city of churches. The abundance of landmark, historic temples along with the plenitude of monasteries and convents earned the city a countrywide reputation as the "Northern Rome" in the past. The churches of Kraków comprise over 120 places of worship (2007) of which over 65 were built in the 20th century. More are still being added.<ref name="diecezja"/> In addition to [[Roman Catholicism]], other denominations present include [[Jehovah's Witnesses]],<ref>{{cite web|url=https://apps.jw.org/ui/E/meeting-search.html#/weekly-meetings |title=Meetings :: Jehovah's Witnesses |work=jw.org }}</ref> [[Mariavite Church]], Polish Catholic Church, [[Polish Orthodox Church]], [[Protestantism]] and [[Latter-Day Saints]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://churchofjesuschristtemples.org/statistics/unit/katowice-poland-district/|title=Katowice Poland District of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints|work=ldschurchtemples.com}}</ref> | |||
As of 2017, weekly Mass attendance in the [[Archdiocese of Krakow]] was 49.9 percent, above the national Polish average of 38.3 percent.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://gazetakrakowska.pl/malopolanie-przoduja-w-poboznosci-w-kraju/ar/13802533|title=Małopolanie przodują w pobożności w kraju|author=Paulina Padzik|date=January 12, 2019|work=[[Gazeta Krakowska]]}}</ref> | |||
[[File:Saint Anne church 2019 01.jpg|thumb|[[Church of St. Anne, Kraków|Saint Anne's Church]] is the leading example of [[Baroque architecture]] in Poland.]] | |||
Kraków contains also an outstanding collection of monuments of Jewish [[sacred architecture]] unmatched anywhere in Poland. Kraków was an influential centre of Jewish spiritual life before the outbreak of World War II, with all its manifestations of religious observance from [[Orthodox Judaism|Orthodox]] to [[Hasidic Judaism|Hasidic]] and [[Reform Judaism|Reform]] flourishing side by side. There were at least 90 synagogues in Kraków active before the [[Nazi German]] invasion of Poland, serving its burgeoning Jewish community of 60,000–80,000 (out of the city's total population of 237,000), established since the early 12th century.<ref name="Dylewski"/> | |||
Most synagogues of Kraków were ruined during World War II by the [[Nazis]] who despoiled them of all ceremonial objects, and used them as storehouses for ammunition, firefighting equipment, as general storage facilities and stables. The post-[[The Holocaust|Holocaust]] Jewish population of the city had dwindled to about 5,900 before the end of the 1940s. Poland was the only [[Eastern Bloc]] country to allow free Jewish [[aliyah]] (emigration to Israel) without visas or exit permits upon the conclusion of World War II.<ref name=D-H>Devorah Hakohen, [https://books.google.com/books?id=hCw6v0TFhdMC&pg=PA70&dq=%22Poland+opened+its+gates+to+Jewish+emigration.%22&hl=en&ei=vZPlTILoE8uUnAey5NGjDQ&sa=X&oi=book_result&ct=result&resnum=1&ved=0CCwQ6AEwAA#v=onepage&q=%22Poland%20opened%20its%20gates%20to%20Jewish%20emigration.%22&f=false ''Immigrants in Turmoil: Mass Immigration to Israel and Its Repercussions...''] Syracuse University Press, 2003 – 325 pages. Page 70. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8156-2969-9}}}}</ref> By contrast, Stalin forcibly kept Russian Jews in the [[Soviet Union]], as agreed to in the [[Yalta Conference]].<ref name=Kochavi-15>Arieh J. Kochavi, [https://archive.org/details/postholocaustpol00koch/page/15 <!-- quote="Soviet citizens had been returned irrespective". --> ''Post-Holocaust Politics: Britain, the United States & Jewish Refugees, 1945–1948''. Page 15.] The [[University of North Carolina]] Press. {{nowrap|{{ISBN|0-8078-2620-0}}}} {{nowrap|Accessed 20 June 2011.}}</ref> In recent time, thanks to efforts of the local Jewish and Polish organisations including foreign financial aid from the [[American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee]], many synagogues underwent major restorations and serve religious and tourist purposes.<ref name="jewish-guide"/> | |||
==Education== | |||
{{Main|Education in Kraków}} | |||
[[File:Krakow univesity of economics main building cropped.JPG|left|thumb|[[Kraków University of Economics]]]] | |||
Kraków is a major centre of education. Twenty-four institutions of higher education offer courses in the city, with more than 200,000 students.<ref>{{cite web|title=Study in Krakow, city of colours|url=http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=14 May 2013|archive-date=11 December 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201211231758/http://www.study-krakow.com/about_krakow/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Jagiellonian University, the oldest university in Poland and ranked by the ''[[Times Higher Education|Times Higher Education Supplement]]'' as the second-best university in the country,<ref name="THES"/><ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities"/> was founded in 1364 as ''Studium Generale''<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.en.uj.edu.pl/en_US/about-university/history|title=History – UJ|website=www.en.uj.edu.pl}}</ref> and renamed in 1817 to commemorate the royal [[Jagiellonian dynasty]] of Poland and Lithuania.<ref name="jagiellonian"/> Its principal academic asset is the [[Jagiellonian Library]], with more than 4 million volumes, including a large collection of medieval manuscripts<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library"/> like [[Nicolaus Copernicus|Copernicus]]' ''[[De revolutionibus orbium coelestium|De Revolutionibus]]'' and the [[Balthasar Behem Codex]]. With 42,325 students (2005) and 3,605 academic staff, the Jagiellonian University is also one of the leading research centres in Poland. Famous historical figures connected with the university include [[John Cantius|Saint John Cantius]], [[Jan Długosz]], [[Nicolaus Copernicus]], [[Andrzej Frycz Modrzewski]], [[Jan Kochanowski]], [[John III Sobieski|King John III Sobieski]], [[Pope John Paul II]] and Nobel laureates [[Ivo Andrić]] and [[Wisława Szymborska]].<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996"/> | |||
AGH University of Science and Technology, established in 1919, is the largest [[Institute of technology|technical university]] in Poland, with more than 15 faculties and student enrollment exceeding 30,000.<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction"/> It was ranked by the Polish edition of ''[[Newsweek]]'' as the best technical university in the country in 2004.<ref name="agh"/> During its 80-year history, more than 73,000 students graduated from AGH with master's or bachelor's degrees. Some 3,600 persons were granted the degree of [[Doctor of Science]], and about 900 obtained the qualification of [[Habilitation|Habilitated Doctor]].<ref name="History of AGH-UST"/> | |||
[[File:Collegium Maius 2017.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|right|''[[Collegium Maius]]'', [[Jagiellonian University]]'s oldest building]] | |||
Other institutions of higher learning include [[Academy of Music in Kraków]] first conceived as [[College or university school of music|conservatory]] in 1888, one of the oldest and most prestigious conservatories in Central Europe and a major concert venue;<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna"/> [[Kraków University of Economics]], established in 1925;<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage"/> [[Pedagogical University of Cracow|Pedagogical University]], in operation since 1946;<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage"/> [[Agricultural University of Kraków]], offering courses since 1890 (initially as a part of [[Jagiellonian University]]);<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage"/> [[Jan Matejko Academy of Fine Arts|Academy of Fine Arts]], the oldest [[Fine art|Fine Arts]] Academy in Poland, founded by the [[List of Polish painters|Polish painter]] Jan Matejko; [[Ludwik Solski Academy for the Dramatic Arts]];<ref name="krakow4"/> [[Pontifical Academy of Theology|The Pontifical Academy of Theology]];<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English"/> [[AGH University of Science and Technology]] and [[Tadeusz Kościuszko University of Technology|Krakow University of Technology]], which has more than 37,000 graduates. | |||
Scientific societies and their branches in Kraków conduct scientific and educational work in local and countrywide scale. The [[Academy of Learning]], Krakow Scientific Society, [[Association of Law Students' Library of the Jagiellonian University]], [[Polish Copernicus Society of Naturalists]], Polish Geological Society, Polish Theological Society in Kraków, Polish Section of [[Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers]] and Polish Society for Synchrotron Radiation all have their main seats in Kraków. | |||
==Culture== | |||
{{Main|Culture of Kraków|Events in Kraków|Kraków Old Town}} | |||
[[File:Lady with an Ermine - Leonardo da Vinci - Google Art Project.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Leonardo da Vinci]]'s ''[[Lady with an Ermine]]'', at the [[Czartoryski Museum]]]] | |||
Kraków was named the official [[European Capital of Culture]] for the year 2000 by the [[European Union]].<ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again"/> It is a major attraction for both local and international tourists, attracting nearly 13 million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.portalsamorzadowy.pl/wydarzenia-lokalne/krakow-odwiedzilo-w-2017-roku-prawie-13-mln-turystow,101645.html |title=Kraków odwiedziło w 2017 roku prawie 13 mln turystów |access-date=2018-12-02}}</ref> Major landmarks include the [[Main Market Square, Kraków|Main Market Square]] with [[St. Mary's Basilica, Kraków|St. Mary's Basilica]] and the [[Sukiennice|Sukiennice Cloth Hall]], the [[Wawel Castle]], the [[National Museum, Kraków|National Art Museum]], the [[Zygmunt (bell)|Zygmunt Bell]] at the [[Wawel Cathedral]], and the medieval [[St. Florian's Gate]] with the [[Kraków barbican|Barbican]] along the [[Royal Road, Kraków|Royal Coronation Route]].<ref name="krakow-info"/> Kraków has 28 museums and [[public art]] galleries. Among them is the [[Czartoryski Museum]] featuring works by [[Leonardo da Vinci]] and [[Rembrandt]] as well as the [[EUROPEUM - European Culture Centre]] and the [[Archaeological Museum of Kraków]] whose collection highlights include the [[Zbruch Idol]] and the [[Bronocice pot|Bronocice Pot]]. | |||
===Museums and national art galleries=== | |||
[[File:Kraków, Gmach Główny Muzeum Narodowego - fotopolska.eu (255212).jpg|thumb|left|The [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]] in Kraków is one of Poland's finest galleries of art.]] | |||
Kraków's 28 museums are separated into the national and municipal museums; the city also has a number of art collections and public art galleries. The [[National Museum, Kraków|National Museum]], established in 1879, as well as the National Art Collection on [[Wawel Hill]], are all accessible to the general public. | |||
The National Art Collection is located at the [[Wawel]], the former residence of three dynasties of Polish monarchs. Royal Chambers feature art, period furniture, Polish and European paintings, collectibles, and a major collection of 16th-century monumental [[Flemish people|Flemish]] [[Tapestry|tapestries]]. Wawel Treasury and Armoury features Polish royal memorabilia, jewels, applied art, and 15th- to 18th-century arms. The Wawel Eastern Collection features [[Turkey|Turkish]] tents and military accessories. The National Museum holds the largest body of artworks in the country with collections consisting of several hundred thousand items kept in big part in the Main Building at Ul. 3 Maja, although there are eleven other separate divisions of the museum in the city, one of the most popular being [[Sukiennice Museum|The Gallery of the 19th Century Polish Art in Sukiennice]] with the collection of some of the best known paintings and sculptures of the [[Young Poland]] movement. The latest division called ''[[EUROPEUM – European Culture Centre|Europeum]]'' with [[Pieter Brueghel the Younger|Brueghel]] among a hundred Western European paintings was inaugurated in 2013.<ref name="mkidn.gov.pl">{{cite web |url=http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php |title=Otwarcie Europeum – Ośrodek Kultury Europejskiej nowego oddziału Muzeum Narodowego w Krakowie |publisher=Ministerstwo Kultury i Dziedzictwa Narodowego |date=13 September 2013 |access-date=10 July 2014 |author=Ministry of Culture |trans-title=Centre of European Culture, new branch of National Museum opened |author-link=Ministry of Culture and National Heritage (Poland) |archive-date=10 April 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210410171206/http://www.mkidn.gov.pl/pages/posts/otwarcie-europeum-ndash-osrodek-kultury-europejskiej-nowego-oddzialu-muzeum-narodowego-w-krakowie-4081.php |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
[[File:Centrum kongresowe - Kraków.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.15|Kraków Congress Centre – the business and cultural flagship of the city]] | |||
Other notable museums in Kraków include the [[Manggha]] Museum of Japanese Art and Technology (at M. Konopnickiej 26),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> [[Stanisław Wyspiański]] Museum (at 11 Szczepanska St),<ref name="Wyspiański"/> [[Jan Matejko Manor House]] in Krzesławice,<ref name="Matejko"/> – a museum devoted to the master painter and his life, Emeryk Hutten Czapski Museum,<ref name="Czapski"/> and [[Józef Mehoffer]] Manor.<ref name="Wyspiański"/> | |||
The Rynek Underground museum, under the main square, showcases Kraków's over 1,000-year history though its streets, activities and artifacts. The construction of the museum was preceded by extensive excavations which started in 2005<ref>{{cite web|url=http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|title=Szlak turystyczny po podziemiach Rynku Głównego w Krakowie.|work=podziemiarynku.com|access-date=25 March 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229155832/http://podziemiarynku.com/index.php?dzial=oszlaku&tekst=1|archive-date=29 December 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> and, as more and more was found, continued eventually until 2010. | |||
Krakil - Museum of illusions is a space where illusions meet scientific inventions and the arts: physics and optics are displayed together with artworks and classical riddles. | |||
The [[Polish Aviation Museum]], considered the world's eighth best aviation museum by [[CNN]], features over 200 aircraft including a [[Sopwith Camel]] among other First World War biplanes; a comprehensive display of aero engines; and a complete collection of airplane types developed by Poland after 1945.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130629043631/http://www.muzeumlotnictwa.pl/aktualnosci_archiwum.php?id=102|url-status= dead|title=Announcements on the Museum webpage|archive-date=29 June 2013}}</ref> Activities of smaller museums around Kraków and in the Lesser Poland region are promoted and supported by the [[Małopolska Institute of Culture]]; the Institute organises annual Małopolska Heritage Days.<ref>{{cite web |url= http://www.warsawvoice.pl/WVpage/pages/articlePrint.php/5774/article |title= Małopolska Cultural Heritage Days |last= Gajewska |first= Edyta |publisher= The Warsaw Voice online |access-date=23 December 2014}}</ref> The [[Lenin Museum, Kraków|Lenin Museum]] was open from 1954 to 1989. | |||
===Performing arts=== | |||
[[File:20110514 Krakow Teatr Slowackiego 9264.jpg|thumb|250px|Kraków's renowned [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]]]] | |||
The city has several famous theatres, including the Narodowy Stary Teatr (the [[National Old Theatre]]),<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish"/> the [[Juliusz Słowacki Theatre]], the Bagatela Theatre, the [[Ludowy Theatre]], and the Groteska Theatre of Puppetry, as well as the [[Opera Krakowska]] and Kraków Operetta. The city's principal concert hall and the home of the [[Kraków Philharmonic Orchestra]] is the [[Kraków Philharmonic]] (''Filharmonia Krakowska'') built in 1931.<ref name="KP"/> | |||
Kraków hosts many annual and biannual artistic events,<ref name="krakow.pl-1"/> some of international significance such as the Misteria Paschalia (Baroque music), Sacrum-Profanum (contemporary music), the Krakow Screen Festival ([[popular music]]), the Festival of [[Music of Poland|Polish Music]] (classical music), Dedications (theatre), the [[Kraków Film Festival]] (one of Europe's oldest short films events),<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy"/> [[Etiuda&Anima International Film Festival]] (the oldest international art-film event in Poland), Biennial of [[Graphic arts|Graphic Arts]], and the [[Jewish Culture Festival]]. Kraków was the residence of two Polish [[Nobel Prize|Nobel]] laureates in literature, [[Wisława Szymborska]] and [[Czesław Miłosz]]; a third [[List of Nobel laureates|Nobel laureate]], the Yugoslav writer [[Ivo Andrić|Ivo Andric]], lived and studied in Kraków. Other former longtime residents include internationally renowned [[Cinema of Poland|Polish film]] directors [[Andrzej Wajda]] and [[Roman Polanski]], both of whom are [[Academy Award]] winners. | |||
===Music=== | |||
[[File:Kraków - Filharmonia 01.jpg|thumb|left|Concert hall of the [[Kraków Philharmonic]]]] | |||
[[Opera Krakowska]]<ref name="krakowska"/> one of the leading national opera companies, stages 200 performances each year including ballet, operettas and musicals. It has, in its main repertoire, the greatest world and Polish opera classics. The Opera moved into its first permanent House in the autumn of 2008. It is in charge also of the ''Summer Festival of Opera and Operetta''. | |||
Kraków is home to two major Polish festivals of [[early music]] presenting forgotten Baroque oratorios and operas: ''Opera Rara'',<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011"/> and ''Misteria Paschalia''.<ref name="misteriapaschalia"/> Meanwhile, [[Capella Cracoviensis]] runs the ''Music in Old Krakow International Festival''. | |||
Academy of Music in Kraków, founded in 1888, is known worldwide as the ''alma mater'' of the contemporary Polish composer [[Krzysztof Penderecki]] and it is also the only one in Poland to have two winners of the [[International Chopin Competition]] in Warsaw among its alumni. The academy organises concerts of its students and guests throughout the whole year.<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy"/> | |||
Music organisations and venues include: Kraków Philharmonic,<ref name="krakow fil" /> ''Sinfonietta Cracovia'' (a.k.a. the Orchestra of the Royal City of Kraków), the Polish Radio Choir of Kraków, ''Organum'' Academic Choir, the Mixed [[Mariański Choir]] (''Mieszany Chór Mariański''), Kraków Academic Choir of the [[Jagiellonian University]], the Kraków Chamber Choir, ''Amar Corde'' String Quartet, ''Consortium Iagellonicum'' Baroque Orchestra of the [[Jagiellonian University]], Brass Band of T. Sendzimir Steelworks, and ''Camerata'' Chamber Orchestra of Radio Kraków. | |||
==Tourism== | |||
According to official statistics, in 2019 Kraków was visited by over 14 million tourists including 3.3 million foreign travellers. The visitors spent over 7.5 billion [[złoty]] (ca. €1.7 billion) in the city (without travel costs and pre-booked accommodation). Most foreign tourists came from Germany (14.2%), United Kingdom (13.9%), Italy (11.5%), France (11.2%), Spain (10.4%) and Ukraine (5.4%).<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.krakow.pl/aktualnosci/235436,26,komunikat,ponad_14_milionow_turystow_odwiedzilo_krakow.html |title=Ponad 14 milionów turystów odwiedziło Kraków |access-date=2020-06-02}}</ref> The Kraków tour-guide from the Lesser Poland Visitors Bureau indicated that not all statistics are recorded due to the considerable number of those who come, staying in readily available private rooms paid for by cash, especially from [[Eastern Europe]].<ref name="rp.pl/398262">{{cite web|url=http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |title=Turyści nie oszczędzali na Krakowie |publisher=[[Rzeczpospolita (newspaper)|Rzeczpospolita]] OnLine |work=Kraków " Podróże |date=27 November 2009 |access-date=14 August 2012 |author=Ewa Łosińska |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130206125846/http://www.rp.pl/artykul/398262.html |archive-date=6 February 2013 }}</ref> | |||
The main reasons for visiting the city are: its historical monuments, recreation as well as relatives and friends (placing third in the ranking), religion and business. There are 120 quality hotels in Kraków (usually about half full) offering 15,485 overnight accommodations.<ref name="intur.com"/> The average stay last for about 4 to 7 nights. The survey conducted among the travelers showed that they enjoyed the city's friendliness most, with 90% of Polish tourists and 87% foreigners stating that they would recommend visiting it.<ref name="rp.pl/398262"/> Notable points of interest outside the city include the [[Wieliczka Salt Mine|Wieliczka salt mine]], the [[Tatra Mountains]] {{convert|100|km|mi|abbr=on}} to the south, the historic city of [[Częstochowa]] (north-west), the well-preserved former Nazi concentration camp at [[Auschwitz-Birkenau State Museum|Auschwitz]], and [[Ojców National Park|Ojcowski National Park]],<ref name="Krakow Day Trips"/> which includes [[Renaissance in Poland|the Renaissance]] Castle at [[Pieskowa Skała]].<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków"/> Kraków has been awarded a number of top international rankings such as the 1st place in the ''Top city-break destinations 2014'' survey conducted by the British consumer association ''[[Which?]]''.<ref>[http://www.which.co.uk/news/2014/10/europes-top-city-break-destinations-revealed-384050/ Top city-break destinations 2014] by Which.co.uk.</ref> | |||
<gallery mode="packed" heights="130px"> | |||
File:Zespol Wzgórza Wawelskiego 009.jpg|[[Wawel Castle]] | |||
File:Birkenau gate.JPG|[[Auschwitz-Birkenau|German concentration camp of Auschwitz-Birkenau]] | |||
File:015Wieliczka.JPG|[[Wieliczka Salt Mine]] | |||
File:Pieskowa Skala Castle.jpg|[[Pieskowa Skała]] castle | |||
File:Opactwo Benedyktynów w Tyńcu w zimowej szacie.jpg|[[Benedictine]] [[Tyniec|Tyniec Abbey]] | |||
</gallery> | |||
==Sports== | |||
[[File:Stadion przed meczem z APOELEM.jpg|right|thumb|upright=1.0|[[Wisła Kraków]] Stadium]] | |||
[[File:Kraków Arena z lotu ptaa.JPG|right|thumb|[[Tauron Arena Kraków]]]] | |||
Kraków was the host city of the [[2014 FIVB Men's Volleyball World Championship]] and [[2016 European Men's Handball Championship]]. It has also been selected as the European City of Sport for 2014.<ref name="aktualnosci_2014">[http://www.krakow.pl/sport/aktualnosci/18421,202,komunikat,krakow_europejskim_miastem_sportu_2014.html Kraków as the European City of Sport] at ''Krakow.pl''.</ref> | |||
[[Association football|Football]] is one of the most popular sports in the city.<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide"/> The two teams with the largest following are thirteen-time Polish champion [[Wisła Kraków]],<ref name="Wisła"/> and five-time champion [[Cracovia (football club)|Cracovia]],<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń"/> both founded in 1906 as the oldest still existing in Poland.<ref name=skwk.pl>{{cite web|title=Wiślackie Kalendarium: pierwsze mistrzostwo, pierwszy puchar |url=http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |publisher=Stowarzyszenie Kibiców Wisły Kraków |access-date=11 November 2012 |author=Editorial |date=2 September 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121023123832/http://skwk.pl/wislackie-kalendarium/2420-wislackie-kalendarium-pierwsze-mistrzostwo-pierwszy-puchar-pierwsze-cz-i.html |archive-date=23 October 2012 }}</ref> They have been involved in the most intense rivalry in the country and one of the most intense in all of Europe, known as the [[Holy War (Kraków)|Holy War]] (''{{lang|pl|Święta Wojna}}'').<ref name="footballderbies.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|title=Święta Wojna (The Holy War)|publisher=Footballderbies.com|work=Wisla Kraków – Cracovia Kraków|year=2012|access-date=8 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120914185815/http://www.footballderbies.com/honours/index.php?id=122|archive-date=14 September 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> Other [[football team|football clubs]] include [[Hutnik Kraków]], [[Wawel Kraków]], and one-time Polish champion [[Garbarnia Kraków]]. There is also the first-league rugby club [[Juvenia Kraków]]. Kraków has a number of additional, equally valued sports teams including twelve-time Polish [[ice hockey]] champions [[KS Cracovia (ice hockey)|Cracovia]] and the twenty-time women's basketball champions Wisła Kraków. | |||
[[File:Stade Józef Piłsudski.jpg|left|thumb|[[KS Cracovia (football)|Cracovia]] Stadium]] | |||
The [[Cracovia Marathon]], with over a thousand participants from two dozen countries annually, has been held in the city since 2002.<ref name="Marathon"/> Poland's first F1 racing driver [[Robert Kubica]] was born and brought up in Kraków, as was former WWE tag team champion [[Ivan Putski]], and Top 10 ranked women's tennis player [[Agnieszka Radwańska]]. | |||
The construction of a new [[Tauron Arena Kraków]] began in May 2010; for concerts, indoor athletics, hockey, basketball, [[futsal]] and other events. The facility area has 61,434 m<sup>2</sup>, with maximum area of the arena court of 4 546 m<sup>2</sup>. The average capacity is 18,000 for concerts, and 15,000 for sport events, with maximum number of spectators being 22,000.<ref name="about us">{{cite web |url= http://www.tauronarenakrakow.pl/en/about-us/|title= About Us|author=<!--Not stated--> |website= TAURON Arena Kraków |access-date= 6 March 2018}}</ref> The Arena boasts Poland's largest [[LED]] media façade, with a total surface of 5,200 m<sup>2</sup> of LED strip lighting, wrapping around the stadium, and one of Europe's largest LED screens, measuring over 540 m<sup>2</sup>.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.colosseoeas.com/en/references/krakow-arena.html |title=Kraków Arena {{!}} References |publisher=[[ColosseoEAS]] |access-date=22 November 2014}}</ref> | |||
Kraków was [[Kraków bid for the 2022 Winter Olympics|bidding]] to host the [[2022 Winter Olympics]] with [[Jasná]] but the bid was rejected by a majority (69.72%) of the vote in [[2014 Kraków referendum|a referendum]] on 16 May 2014. The referendum was organised after a wave of criticism from citizens who believed that the Olympics would not promote the city. The organizing committee of "Krakow 2022" spent almost $40,000 to pay for a citizen-approved logo, but many citizens considered this a waste of public money. The committee was rumoured to have fraudulently used several million zlotys for unknown expenses. | |||
In May 2019, the [[Polish Olympic Committee]] announced Kraków as host of the Polish bid for the [[2023 European Games]], On 22 June 2019, The [[European Olympic Committees]] at the General Assembly in [[Minsk]], [[Belarus]] announced that Kraków will host the 2023 edition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Morgan |first1=Liam |title=Kraków replaces Katowice as Polish candidate to host 2023 European Games |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1079082/krakow-replaces-katowice-as-polish-candidate-to-host-2023-european-games |website=Inside the Games |access-date=17 May 2019 |date=11 May 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Rowbottom |first1=Mike |title=EOC President Kocijančič aiming for European Games flag to go "from hand to hand" between Minsk and 2023 hosts |url=https://www.insidethegames.biz/articles/1079346/eoc-president-kocijancic-aiming-for-european-games-flag-to-go-from-hand-to-hand-between-minsk-and-2023-hosts |website=Inside the Games |access-date=19 May 2019 |date=17 May 2019}}</ref> | |||
==Notable people== | |||
{{further|List of people from Kraków}} | |||
==International relations== | |||
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Poland}} | |||
===Contemporary foreign names for the city=== | |||
Kraków is referred to by various names in different languages. An old English name for the city is '''Cracow'''; though it has become less common in recent decades, some sources still use it. The city is known in [[Czech language|Czech]], [[Slovak language|Slovak]] and [[Serbian language|Serbian]] as ''Krakov'', in Hungarian as {{lang|hu|Krakkó}}, in [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] as {{lang|lt|Krokuva}}, in Finnish as {{lang|fi|Krakova}}, in [[German language|German]] and [[Dutch language|Dutch]] as {{lang|de|Krakau}}, in [[Latin]], Spanish and Italian as {{lang|la|Cracovia}}, in French as {{lang|fr|Cracovie}}, in [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] as {{lang|pt|Cracóvia}} and in Russian as Краков. [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] and [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] languages refer to it as {{lang|uk-Latn|Krakiv}} (Краків) and {{lang|yi-Latn|Kroke}} ({{lang|yi|קראָקע|rtl=yes}}) respectively.<ref name="krakow5"/> | |||
{{See also|Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|l1=Names of Kraków in different languages}} | |||
===Twin towns and sister cities=== | |||
Kraków is [[twin towns and sister cities|twinned]], or maintains close relations, with 36 cities around the world:<ref name="Kraków partnerships">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,5,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Partnerskie |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Partnership Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702010825/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C5%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kraków twins">{{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,6,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702022307/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C6%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date=2 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="Kraków honorary twins">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531,kat,0,7,miasta_partnerskie.html |title=Kraków – Honorowe Miasta Bliźniacze |access-date=10 August 2013 |work=Miejska Platforma Internetowa Magiczny Kraków |language=pl |trans-title=Kraków – Honorary Twin Cities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130702003953/http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/2531%2Ckat%2C0%2C7%2Cmiasta_partnerskie.html |archive-date= 2 July 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
{{div col|colwidth=25em}} | |||
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Batu, East Java|Batu]], [[Indonesia]] ''(2000)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Bordeaux]], France ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|SVK}} [[Bratislava]], Slovakia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Bratislawa"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary ''(2005)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Cambridge, Massachusetts]], US ''(1989)''<ref name="dept"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|BRA}} [[Curitiba]], Brazil ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|PER}} [[Cusco]], Peru<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="cuidadhermanas"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|SCO}} [[Edinburgh]], Scotland'' (1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Edinburgh"/><ref name="Edinburgh twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |title=Twin and Partner Cities |publisher=City of Edinburgh Council |access-date=16 January 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120614133841/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/info/695/council_information_performance_and_statistics/685/european_international_and_parliamentary_relations/3 |archive-date=14 June 2012 }}</ref> | |||
* {{flagicon|MAR}} [[Fes]], Morocco ''(2004)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Florence]], Italy ''(1992)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Frankfurt am Main|Frankfurt]], Germany ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Frankfurt"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|SWE}} [[Gothenburg|Göteborg]], Sweden ''(1990)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|MEX}} [[Guadalajara]], Mexico<ref name="Guadalajara sisters">{{cite web|url=http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302011742/http://www.guadalajara.gob.mx/dependencias/relacionespublicas/versioningles/sistercities.html |archive-date=2 March 2012 |title=Sister Cities, Public Relations |publisher=Guadalajara municipal government |access-date=12 March 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
* {{flagicon|AUT}} [[Innsbruck]], Austria ''(1998)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Kyiv]], Ukraine ''(1993)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|CHI}} [[La Serena, Chile|La Serena]], Chile ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Leipzig]], Germany ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Leipzig"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|BEL}} [[Leuven]], Belgium ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|UKR}} [[Lviv]], Ukraine ''(1995)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|INA}} [[Malang]], [[Indonesia]] ''(1997)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Milan]], Italy ''(2003)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/><ref name="Milan"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|GER}} [[Nuremberg]], Germany ''(1991)''<ref name="Kraków twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|FRA}} [[Orléans]], France ''(1992)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|HUN}} [[Pécs]], Hungary ''(1998)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|ECU}} [[Quito]], Ecuador<ref name="Kraków honorary twins"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[Rochester, New York]], US ''(1973)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="ROCSisters">{{cite web|title=Rochester's Sister Cities |work=City of Rochester |url=http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |access-date=6 December 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527230448/http://www.cityofrochester.gov/article.aspx?id=8589938076 |archive-date=27 May 2010 }}</ref> | |||
* {{flagicon|ITA}} [[Rome]], Italy<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|USA}} [[San Francisco]], US ''(2009)''<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/><ref name="Twin"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|ESP}} [[Seville]], Spain ''(2002)'' | |||
* {{flagicon|SUI}} [[Solothurn]], Switzerland ''(1990)'' | |||
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Split, Croatia|Split]], Croatia<ref name="Twin"/><ref name="CloseRelations"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|GEO}} [[Tbilisi]], Georgia<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|BUL}} [[Veliko Tarnovo]], Bulgaria ''(1975)'' | |||
* {{flagicon|LTU}} [[Vilnius]], Lithuania<ref name="Kraków partnerships"/> | |||
* {{flagicon|CRO}} [[Zagreb]], Croatia ''(1975)''<ref name="CloseRelations"/><ref name="Zagreb Twinning"/> | |||
{{div col end}} | |||
==See also== | |||
* [[Cracow Circle Thomism]] | |||
* [[Tourism in Poland]] | |||
{{-}} | |||
== References == | |||
{{Reflist|refs= | |||
<ref name="Czapski">{{Cite web|url=http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20081019023412/http://muzeum.dev.softhis.com/O-muzeum.88.0.html?L=1|url-status= dead|archive-date=19 October 2008|title=Muzeum im. Emeryka Hutten-Czapskiego: About the museum}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wyspiański">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm|title=Krakow – Specialty Museums|work=krakow-info.com}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Matejko">[http://www.krakow-info.com/museums2.htm Jan Matejko Manor in Krzesławice]<br />{{cite web|url=http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |title=Jan Matejko: The Painter and Patriot |access-date=18 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070526035724/http://info-poland.buffalo.edu/classroom/JM/JM.html |archive-date=26 May 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Krakow">{{cite book|last=Wood|first=Nathaniel D.|title=Becoming Metropolitan: Urban Selfhood and the Making of Modern Cracow|year=2010|publisher=Northern Illinois University Press|location=DeKalb|isbn=978-0-87580-422-4|page=272}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="bip.krakow-UCHWAŁA">{{cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=16203&typ=u|title=Uchwala - Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa - BIP MK|first=ACK Cyfronet|last=AGH|website=www.bip.krakow.pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Czarni_Pogoń">{{in lang|pl}} List of oldest Polish [[sports club]]s featured in a newspaper retrospective. {{cite journal|author=Zbigniew Chmielewski|title=Obok Czarnych znak Pogoni|journal=[[Polityka]]|year=2003|volume=2414|issue=33|url=http://www.lwow.home.pl/sport/sport.html|access-date=22 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="History – Krakow Music Academy">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/|title=History – KrakowMusic Academy|publisher=Amuz.krakow.pl|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="intur.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |title=Klasyfikacja obiektów noclegowych |publisher=Instytut Turystyki |year=2010 |access-date=14 August 2012 |author=Witold Bartoszewicz |language=pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820225104/http://www.intur.com.pl/baza.htm |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="jewish-guide">http://www.jewish-guide.pl/sites/casimir – Jewish guide and genealogy in Poland – Casimir / Kazimierz</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kazimierz.com">{{cite web|author=Kazimierz.com|url=http://www.kazimierz.com/index.php?t=historia|title=Kazimierz wczoraj. Introduction|publisher=Stowarzyszenie Twórców Kazimierz.com|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow.jewish.org.pl-pdf">[http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf List of synagogues and Betei Midrash in Kraków between the wars.] PDF 49 KB. Retrieved 17 April 2012. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120209091344/http://www.krakow.jewish.org.pl/pliki/1192127458.pdf |date=9 February 2012 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakowska">{{cite web|url=http://www.opera.krakow.pl/|title=Opera Krakowska|first=evolution|last=www.evl.pl|work=opera.krakow.pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego">{{cite web|url=http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |title=Kraków, Oleandry – Dom im. Józefa Piłsudskiego |publisher=Osen.pl |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111105043156/http://osen.pl/projekty/non-omnis-moriar-pomniki-miejsca-pamici/304-krakoleandry-dom-im-ja-pissudskiego.html |archive-date=5 November 2011 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="misteriapaschalia">[http://www.misteriapaschalia.pl/en Misteria Paschalia festival, trademark of Kraków as the city of early music.] Homepage.</ref> | |||
<ref name="naszemiasto-cracovia">{{cite web|url=http://krakow.naszemiasto.pl/artykul/842560,hotel-cracovia-na-liscie-zabytkow-majchrowski-chce-chronic,id,t.html|title=Hotel Cracovia na liście zabytków. Majchrowski chce chronić krakowski modernizm. Warto? [DYSKUTUJ] – Kraków – Naszemiasto.pl|publisher=Krakow.naszemiasto.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|date=2011-03-31}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Nh.pl-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|title=Architecture of Nowa Huta|publisher=Nh.pl|access-date=11 December 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120211171333/http://nh.pl/english/architecture.htm|archive-date=11 February 2012|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011">{{cite web|url=http://www.operarara.pl/en|title=Opera Rara – Kraków – 8 December 2011|publisher=Operarara.pl|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Palace of Art">{{cite web|author=Marek Strzala|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/ArtPalac.htm|title=Krakow's Arts Palace|publisher=Krakow Info|access-date=16 April 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Rosik - Urbańczyk">{{cite web|url=http://christianization.hist.cam.ac.uk/regions/poland/poland-eccl-org.html|title=Poland – Ecclesiastical organisation|access-date=19 May 2011|author=Stanisław Rosik and Przemysław Urbańczyk}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955)">{{cite web|url=http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |title=SOCREALIZM in Poland (1949–1955) |publisher=Arts.gla.ac.uk |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120525200319/http://www.arts.gla.ac.uk/Slavonic/Socrealizm.htm |archive-date=25 May 2012 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="stat">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |title=GUS – Główny Urząd Statystyczny – Stan i struktura ludności oraz ruch naturalny w przekroju terytorialnym. Stan w dniu 31 XII 2010 r |language=pl |publisher=Stat.gov.pl |date=10 June 2011 |access-date=11 December 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111127094758/http://www.stat.gov.pl/gus/5840_655_PLK_HTML.htm |archive-date=27 November 2011 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy">{{cite web|author=MZBD – Miejski Zarzd Baz Danych – Kraków |url=http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120426043451/http://msip2.um.krakow.pl/statkrak/view/show/view3.asp?tab=e_dzieln_ao_f2&page=1 |url-status=dead |archive-date=26 April 2012 |title=StatKraK :: Kraków.:. Liczby...Miasto...Mieszkańcy |publisher=Msip2.um.krakow.pl |access-date=11 December 2011 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Strasz">{{cite web|author=Piotr Strasz|url=http://muzeumsecesji.pl/podroz_pliki/krakow.html|title=Secesyjny Kraków|publisher=Muzeumsecesji.pl|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="sztuka-architektury1">{{cite web|url=http://www.sztuka-architektury.pl/index.php?ID_PAGE=11917|title=Sztuka Architektury|publisher=Sztuka-architektury.pl|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Świszczowski">Stefan Świszczowski, ''Miasto Kazimierz pod Krakowem'', Kraków 1981, s.52, {{ISBN|83-08-00624-8}}.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Vogt-Nassery">Beata Vogt, Farid Nassery, [https://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow Aspekt geometryczny krakowskich budowli modernistycznych powstałych do II Wojny Światowej.] ''Scribd.com'' document. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508073303/http://www.scribd.com/doc/58803835/modernizm-krakow |date=8 May 2013 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="wandaluzja-1">{{cite web|url=http://www.wandaluzja.com/?p=p_200&sName=uniwersytet-jagiellonski|title=Uniwersytet Jagielloński|publisher=Wandaluzja|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wisła">{{cite web|url=http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |title=General info, history and successes |access-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928164653/http://www.wislaportal.pl/info.php?id=21 |archive-date=28 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="History">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |title=Our City. History of Kraków (archaeological findings) |author=The Municipality Of Kraków, Press Office |year=2008 |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219135248/http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/?id=dzieje.html |archive-date=19 February 2007 }}<br />{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=History of Kraków|publisher=Krakow Info|author=Marek Strzala|access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')">Marek Strzala, "History of Krakow" {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/history.htm|title=(''see: Franz Joseph I granted Kraków the municipal government'')|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="warsaw-capital-1596">[[Jagiellonian University]] Centre for [[European studies|European Studies]], "A Very Short History of Kraków", see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title=1596 administrative capital, the tiny village of Warsaw |access-date=12 May 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.">Anna M. Cienciala, History 557 Lecture Notes, 2002 (Revised Fall. 2003), {{cite web|url=http://web.ku.edu/~eceurope/hist557/lect16.htm|title=16B. Eastern Europe in World War II: October 1939 – May 1945.|access-date=22 November 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="AGH-UST staff and students, introduction">[[AGH University of Science and Technology]] homepage, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161808/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/Staff.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=AGH-UST staff and students, introduction |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="About Sabre Holdings">{{cite web|url=http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |title=About Sabre Holdings |publisher=sabre-holdings.com |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070523201349/http://www.sabre-holdings.com/aboutUs/locations/poland.html |archive-date=23 May 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.wsp.krakow.pl/|title=Akademia Pedagogiczna w Krakowie, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Akademia Rolnicza, homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|title=Akademia Rolnicza, homepage|access-date=12 May 2007|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070508055226/http://www.ar.krakow.pl/index1.htm|archive-date=8 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="All for Love - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iSGb79f1TRcC&q=Roman+Pola%C5%84ski+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA231|title=All for Love|publisher=Murdoch Books|access-date=20 July 2009|first1=Megan|last1=Gressor|first2=Kerry|last2=Cook|isbn=978-1-74045-596-1|year=2005}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="BPI 113">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (''Bulletin of Public Information''), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=96|title=Dziennik Ustaw Nr 113 poz. 984|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej, Kraków (''Office of Public Information, Kraków''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?id=234|title=Biuletyn Statystyczny Miasta Krakowa|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Bratislawa">{{cite web|url=http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |title=''Bratislava City – Twin Towns'' |publisher=2003–2008 Bratislava-City.sk |access-date=26 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130728183628/http://www.bratislava-city.sk/bratislava-twin-towns |archive-date=28 July 2013 }}</ref> | |||
<!-- Not in use | |||
<ref name="Census">{{cite web|url=http://www.stat.gov.pl/cps/rde/xbcr/krak/ASSETS_05m05_01.pdf|title=Microsoft Word - 13_DZIA. 05.doc|language=pl|access-date=9 November 2010}}</ref> | |||
Not in use--> | |||
<ref name="Chambers's encyclopaedia: a... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pgsbAAAAYAAJ&q=%22Grand%20Duchy%20of%20Cracow%22%201846&pg=PA679|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge for the People, Volume 4|publisher=W. and R. Chambers|access-date=14 August 2009|year=1862}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Clark">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3FV3puE5hdQC&q=first+non-Italian+pope+in+455+years&pg=PA171|title=The Judge: William P. Clark, Ronald Reagan's Top Hand|publisher=Ignatius Press|access-date=19 July 2009|first1=Paul|last1=Kengor|author2=Patricia Clark Doerner |isbn=978-1-58617-183-4|date=October 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="CloseRelations">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/miasto/wizytowka/?id=wspolpraca.html|title=Foreign co-operation|access-date=1 November 2007}} from the municipality official website</ref> | |||
<ref name="Dylewski">Adam Dylewski, [http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow Where the Tailor Was a Poet...] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090412162337/http://www.diapozytyw.pl/en/site/slady_i_judaica/krakow/ |date=12 April 2009 }} website created under the aegis of the Adam Mickiewicz Institute, Warsaw; chief editor: Dr. Piotr M. A. Cywinski. Editorial assistance: Dr. Anna Marta Szczepan-Wojnarska, and Kaja Wieczorek from Jewish Historical Institute, Warsaw</ref> | |||
<ref name="Eastern Europe: an introduction to... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lVBB1a0rC70C&q=Polish%20Liquidation%20Committee%20October%201918&pg=PA23|title=Eastern Europe: An Introduction to the People, Lands, and Culture, Volume 1|publisher=ABC-CLIO|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Frucht|first=Richard C.|isbn=978-1-57607-800-6|year=2005}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Edinburgh">{{cite web|url=http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |title=''Edinburgh – Twin and Partner Cities'' |access-date=21 December 2008 |publisher=2008 The City of Edinburgh Council, City Chambers, High Street, Edinburgh, EH1 1YJ Scotland |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080328001653/http://www.edinburgh.gov.uk/internet/city_living/CEC_twin_and_partner_cities |archive-date=28 March 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
== | <ref name="Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/370 370]|title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn history and Culture|publisher=University of Toronto Press|access-date=14 August 2009|first1=Paul R.|last1=Magocsi|first2=Ivan|last2=Pop|isbn=978-0-8020-3566-0|year=2002}}</ref> | ||
== | <ref name="European Capital of Culture in Poland again">{{cite web|url=http://opinia.co.uk/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=323:european-capital-of-culture-in-poland-again&catid=50:newsculture&Itemid=193|title=European Capital of Culture in Poland again|publisher=opinia.co.uk|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> | ||
<ref name="Frankfurt">{{cite web|url=http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |title=''Frankfurt -Partner Cities'' |publisher=Stadt Frankfurt am Main |year=2008 |access-date=5 December 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071107080201/http://www.frankfurt.de/sixcms/detail.php?id=502645 |archive-date= 7 November 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Frommer">{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108|url-access=registration|page=[https://archive.org/details/isbn_9780470697108/page/171 171]|title=Frommer's Kraków Day by Day: 20 Smart Ways to See the City|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|access-date=14 August 2009|last=Cresswell|first=Peterjon|isbn=978-0-470-69710-8|date=12 May 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="GR">{{cite web|url=http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul,idart-139,t-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |title=Insurekcja kościuszkowska 1764–1798 |access-date=26 July 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926220627/http://www.polskiedzieje.pl/artykul%2Cidart-139%2Ct-Insurekcja-kosciuszkowska |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Gustafson">Ingrid Gustafson, [https://books.google.com/books?id=d48cOs21Vk4C&pg=PA444&dq=%22Royal+Road%22+Krakow&sig=ACfU3U0ItMb8jVer6P9no9IkD7XdPGecAw Let's Go: Eastern Europe] Published by Macmillan, page 444. Let's Go Publications, 2008.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Haller">Harold B. Segel, ''Renaissance Culture in Poland: The Rise of Humanism, 1470–1543'', [[Cornell University|Cornell University Press]], 1989, {{ISBN|0-8014-2286-8}}, [https://archive.org/details/renaissancecultu00sege/page/252 <!-- quote="Jan Haller" printing. --> Google Print, p.252]</ref> | |||
<ref name="HansDur">{{cite web|url=http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |title=Painting in Poland – A brief summary |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927005227/http://www.pilsudski.org/English/Gallery/Painting.htm |archive-date=27 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="History of AGH-UST">Professor Antoni S. Kleczkowski, [[AGH University of Science and Technology]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003161914/http://www.agh.edu.pl/english/historia.php |archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=History of AGH-UST |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="History of the Akademia Muzyczna">{{cite web|url=http://www.amuz.krakow.pl/en/?web=historia/|title=History of the Akademia Muzyczna|access-date=23 August 2010}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="History, philosophy and photographs">{{cite web|url=http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |title=History, philosophy and photographs |access-date=15 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930094731/http://www.grodzka.net.pl/travel/jordan_park.php |archive-date=30 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance">Laura Brunell, {{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R1Faumf7JMMC&q=history+of+Krakow+Cracow+after+1945&pg=PA50|title=Institutional Capital: Building Post-communist Government Performance|access-date=5 September 2007|first=Laura|last=Brunell|isbn=978-0-7618-2956-0|year=2005|publisher=University Press of America}} University Press of America, [[Lanham, Maryland]], 2005, {{ISBN|0-7618-2956-3}}.</ref> | |||
<ref name="International railway connections from Kraków">{{in lang|pl}} ''Magiczny Kraków'', city's official website. {{cite web |url=http://www.krakow.pl//turystyka/?id=praktyczne/12.html |title=International railway connections from Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060626153508/http://www.krakow.pl/turystyka/?id=praktyczne%2F12.html |archive-date=26 June 2006 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="JPKelly">The oldest mention of Kraków ''hejnał'' dates back to 1392 (see: {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki/ |title=Legenda o Hejnale Mariackim |author=Katarzyna Górska |access-date=2 June 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110317062351/http://www.krakow.come2europe.eu/o_miescie/legendy/hejnal-mariacki |archive-date=17 March 2011 }}) "... though there is probably no direct link (wrote Chris Hann) between this [[bugle call]] and a historical event in 1241, this does not detract from its meaning for Polish people today" (see: {{cite web|access-date=19 December 2007 |url=http://www.era.anthropology.ac.uk/Teach-yourself/chap3.html |title=Discovering Social Anthropology in Galicia |author=Chris Hann |author-link=Chris Hann }}).</ref> | |||
<ref name="Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities">QS Quacquarelli Symonds. Source: [[The Times]] Higher Education Supplement. QS [[College and university rankings|World University Rankings]]. {{cite web|url=http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070825194905/http://www.topuniversities.com/worlduniversityrankings/results/2006/rankings_1520/?start=201&end=100 |archive-date=25 August 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="KP">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index_en_no.html|title=Krakow Philharmonic|publisher=Filharmonia Krakowska|year=2010|access-date=30 October 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kalendarium">{{in lang|pl}} Artur Turyna, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|title=Kraków – najważniejsze daty – Okres IV – od początku XX wieku do dziś|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050114120007/http://wawel.net/kalendarz4.htm|archive-date=14 January 2005|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at">{{cite web|url=http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |title=Knowledge and Innovation Community EIT, at |work=Europa (web portal) |date=3 June 2010 |access-date=9 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328175502/http://eit.europa.eu/home.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kolodziejczyk">{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YwNjZ_neCKQJ:www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html+Tatar+invasions+in+1241,+1259+and+1287&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=62|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121209183646/http://webcache.googleusercontent.com/search?q=cache:YwNjZ_neCKQJ:www.catholicity.com/encyclopedia/p/poland.html+Tatar+invasions+in+1241,+1259+and+1287&hl=en&ct=clnk&cd=62|url-status=dead|archive-date=9 December 2012|title=Poland. Geography, political history and the position of the church|encyclopedia=[[Catholic Encyclopedia]]|access-date=19 May 2011|author=Edmund Kolodziejczyk|quote=For the Overview of historic events see: ''Tartar raids''}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow.pl-2">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/english/5423,artykul,history.html|title=History of Kraków|author=Magiczny Kraków|date=May 2012|publisher=Official website of the City of Kraków|access-date=23 December 2012}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow Day Trips">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-day-trips|title=Krakow Day Trips|access-date=12 October 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow Sport Information Guide">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/krakow-sport|title=Krakow Sport Information Guide|work=Cracow Life|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs">Eilat Gordin Levitan, {{cite web|url=http://www.eilatgordinlevitan.com/krakow/krkw_pages/krkw_old_scenes.html|title=Krakow old scenes, including historical photographs|access-date=1 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow">Global Portal of Diplomats at eDiplomat.com. Notes on Poland including recreation, entertainment, social and religious life, {{cite web|url=http://www.ediplomat.com/np/post_reports/pr_pl.htm|title=Krakow|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw">Rick Steves, "Poland Rediscovered:." Published in ''[[Rick Steves]]' Eastern Europe'', 2005 edition. {{cite web|url=http://www.ricksteves.com/tvr/polandrse310_details.htm|title=Krakow, Auschwitz and Warsaw|access-date=12 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow fil">{{cite web|url=http://www.filharmonia.krakow.pl/index.php?PID=1&m=1|title=Home – Filharmonia Krakowska im. Karola Szymanowskiego|work=filharmonia.krakow.pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/transpor.htm|title=Krakow. Varied Means of Transportation|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090530054811/http://www.krakowfilmfestival.pl/o_festiwalu |url-status=dead |archive-date=30 May 2009 |title=Krakowski Festiwal Filmowy |publisher=krakowfilmfestival.pl |access-date=20 July 2009 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kraków University of Economics homepage">{{cite web|url=http://www.ae.krakow.pl/|title=Kraków University of Economics homepage|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kulmbach">Emil Kren and Daniel Marx, "Artists' biographies."[http://www.wga.hu/frames-e.html?/bio/k/kulmbach/biograph.html Hans Süss von Kulmbach]; [[J. Paul Getty]] Museum, [http://www.getty.edu/art/gettyguide/artMakerDetails?maker=532 "Artists: Hans von Kulmbach"]; also, Agnieszka Janczyk, Kazimierz Kuczman, Joanna Winiewicz-Wolska, {{cite web|url=http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|title=Wawel Royal Castle, The National Art Collection (homepage)|access-date=11 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927225104/http://www.wawel.krakow.pl/en/index.php?op=19,33|archive-date=27 September 2007|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Kurtz">{{cite book|last=Kurtz|first=Michael J.|title=America and the return of Nazi contraband|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|page=25}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Leipzig">{{cite web|url=http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |title=Leipzig – International Relations |publisher=2009 Leipzig City Council, Office for European and International Affairs |access-date=17 July 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090629111302/http://www.leipzig.de/int/en/int_messen/partnerstaedte/krakow/ |archive-date=29 June 2009 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="LukZaw">Jerzy Lukowski, Hubert Zawadzki, ''A Concise History of Poland'', Cambridge University Press, 2006, {{ISBN|0-521-85332-X}}, [https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA66&dq=Krakow+World+War+damage&as_brr=3&ei=euwGR86wEoiS7gLiyKWBAg&sig=fdYllo4AaUp_anVJiFIy9o2YuUg Google Print, p.66]</ref> | |||
<ref name="Marathon">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=ecb5d9a3a395febb5cee498df1068254 |publisher=Urząd Miasta Krakowa |title=History of "Cracovia Marathon" |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627044611/http://www.cracoviamaraton.pl/subp.php?idp=p2&id=7&tpl=txt&PHPSESSID=3fa449987ac268e46c75ced0763d7a8e |archive-date=27 June 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency - VisWiki">{{cite web|url=http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|title=Members of Polish Sejm elected from Kraków constituency – VisWiki|publisher=viswiki.com|access-date=20 July 2009|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150903234818/http://viswiki.com/en/Members_of_Polish_Sejm_elected_from_Krak%C3%B3w_constituency|archive-date=3 September 2015}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Mikos">[[Michael J. Mikos|Michael J. Mikoś]], ''Polish Renaissance Literature: An Anthology''. Ed. Michael J. Mikoś. Columbus, Ohio/Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers. 1995. {{ISBN|978-0-89357-257-0}} [http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html First chapters online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927020417/http://staropolska.gimnazjum.com.pl/ang/renaissance/Mikos_renaissance/index.html |date=27 September 2007 }}, Retrieved on 25 September 2007</ref> | |||
<ref name="Milan">{{cite web|url=http://www.comune.milano.it/portale/wps/portal/CDM?WCM_GLOBAL_CONTEXT=/wps/wcm/connect/ContentLibrary/In%20Comune/In%20Comune/Citt%20Gemellate|title=''Milano – Città Gemellate''|publisher=2008 Municipality of Milan (Comune di Milano)|access-date=5 December 2008}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Municipality, Mayor">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/samorzad/prezydent/?id=jacek_majchrowski.html|title=Municipality, Mayor, www.krakow.pl|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=20 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="NH-anthology">Jerzy Aleksander Karnasiewicz, ''[[Nowa Huta. Okruchy życia i meandry historii]]'' (''Nowa Huta. Crumbs of Life and the Meanders of History''), photo anthology; Wydawnictwo Towarzystwo Slowaków w Polsce, Kraków, 2003; {{ISBN|83-89186-67-5}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Golden+Age%22+author:%22norman+davies%22&pg=PA118|title=Norman Davies, God's Playground, vol.1, chapter 5|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|year=2005|last1=Davies|first1=Norman}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="NormanDavies">{{cite book|last=Davies|first=Norman|title=God's Playground: A History of Poland|year=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-925339-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b912JnKpYTkC&q=%22Norman+Davies%22+%22God%27s+Playground%22+%22Golden+Age%22&pg=PA118|access-date=21 January 2008}}p.118. {{nowrap|See vol.1, chapter 5.}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account... - Google Books">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EYOu2o3h1OwC&q=Oskar+Schindler+krakow+ghetto&pg=PA193|title=Oskar Schindler: The Untold Account of His Life, Wartime Activities, and the True Story Behind the List|publisher=Basic Books|access-date=20 July 2009|last=Crowe|first=David|isbn=978-0-465-00253-5|date=7 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="PAIiIZ">[http://www.paiz.gov.pl/20110726/unctad_world_investment_report_2011 UNCATD's World Investment Report 2011.] Polish Information and Foreign Investment Agency, 26 July 2011.</ref> | |||
<ref name="Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English">{{cite web|url=http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |title=Papieska Akademia Teologiczna, homepage in English |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070422142838/http://www.pat.krakow.pl/eng/ |archive-date=22 April 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland)">Witold Stefan Alexandrowicz and Zofia Alexandrowicz, Acta Carsologica, Slovenian Academy Of Sciences {{cite web|url=http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |title=Pattern of karst landscape of the Cracow Upland (South Poland) |access-date=12 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070926223856/http://carsologica.zrc-sazu.si/?stran=article&id=185 |archive-date=26 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (Bulletin of Public Information), {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/?mmi=9859|title=Radni Miasta Krakowa V kadencji (''Kraków City Councillors of the 5th term'')|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish">{{cite web|url=http://www.stary-teatr.krakow.pl/|title=Stary Teatr w Krakowie, homepage in Polish|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Strzala1">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/planty.htm|title=The green belt of Kraków Planty|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Strzala2">Marek Strzala, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/750th.htm|title=Krakow's oldest known City Charter dates back to 1257|access-date=12 May 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="THES">Times Higher Education Supplement (THES). {{cite web|url=http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071202104733/http://www.ui.ac.id/indonesia/extra/tabelqs.pdf |archive-date=2 December 2007 |title=Jagiellonian University ranking among world universities |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead }} Rank 287 worldwide as the first Polish university listed among the top 500 in 2006.</ref> | |||
<ref name="The-Kraków_Ghetto_1940-1943">Bieberstein: Zagłada Żydów w Krakowie. Kraków 1985. J. Kast, B. Siegler, P. Zinke: Das Tagebuch der Partisanin Justyna. Jüdischer Widerstand in Krakau. Berlin 1999. Articles from Kraków newspapers (mostly from the local "[[Gazeta Wyborcza]]") published in March 2003 on the 60th anniversary of the liquidation of the Kraków ghetto. Featuring historical maps. {{cite web|url=http://www.historyplace.com/worldwar2/holocaust/h-krak-beg.htm|title=The Kraków Ghetto 1940–1943|access-date=11 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="The Polish struggle for freedom">{{cite web|url=http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |title=The Polish struggle for freedom |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080924202831/http://www.louisiana.edu/Academic/Sciences/CMPS/Conferences/iticse99/Cracow/History.html |archive-date=24 September 2008 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="The establishment of a university">Sharon & Peter Pfeiffer, "Krakow. A brief history." {{cite web|url=http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|title=The establishment of a university|access-date=12 May 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070416092852/http://www.magma.ca/~pfeiffer/poland/kra_history.htm|archive-date=16 April 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="The forms of nature protection within the city limits">Institute of Environmental Sciences of the [[Jagiellonian University]], {{cite web|url=http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|title=The forms of nature protection within the city limits|access-date=12 September 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070824022636/http://www.eko.uj.edu.pl/przyrodakrakowa/formy_e.htm|archive-date=24 August 2007|url-status=dead|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Top 10 things to do in Kraków">Starwood, "Explore Krakow". {{cite web|url=http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061129205545/http://poland.destinations.starwoodhotels.com/krakow_must_do.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=29 November 2006 |title=Top 10 things to do in Kraków |access-date=15 September 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library">Jagiellonian University, {{cite web|url=http://www.bj.uj.edu.pl/o_bib/skarby_BJ_en_.php|title=Treasures of the Jagiellonian Library|access-date=11 September 2007}} {{Dead link|date=September 2010|bot=H3llBot}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Twin">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/otwarty_na_swiat/?LANG=UK&MENU=l&TYPE=ART&ART_ID=16|title=Kraków otwarty na świat|publisher=krakow.pl|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Urb 171-172">{{in lang|pl}} [[Bohdan Urbankowski]], {{cite book|title=Józef Piłsudski: marzyciel i strateg (''Józef Piłsudski: Dreamer and Strategist'')|publisher=Wydawnictwo ALFA, Warsaw, 1997|isbn=978-83-7001-914-3|pages=171–172|author=Bohdan Urbankowski|year=1997}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Van Dongen">{{cite web|url=http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |title=The royal castle in Kraków |access-date=19 May 2011 |author=Krystyna and Frank Van Dongen |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724015940/http://www.pl-info.net/poland/major-cities/cracow/castle.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wawel Kraków">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-life.com/poland/wawel-krakow-castle|title=Wawel Kraków|access-date=12 September 2007}} Wawel Hill past and present</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wieslaw Wydra 88">Wieslaw Wydra, "Die ersten in polnischer Sprache gedruckten Texte, 1475–1520", ''[[Gutenberg-Jahrbuch]]'', Vol. 62 (1987), pp.88–94 (88)</ref> | |||
<ref name="Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996">The [[Nobel Foundation]]. {{cite web|url=http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |title=Wislawa Szymborska, Nobel Prize in Literature 1996 |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130113074410/http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/literature/laureates/1996/szymborska-bio.html |archive-date=13 January 2013 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="Zagreb Twinning">{{cite web|url=http://www1.zagreb.hr/mms/en/index.html|title=Intercity and International Cooperation of the City of Zagreb|publisher=2006–2009 City of Zagreb|access-date=23 June 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="agh">Countrywide ranking of Polish universities, Newsweek (''Polish edition''), 22 March 2004, {{cite web|url=http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627102511/http://www.agh.edu.pl/dokumenty/komunikaty/ranking/ranking.html |archive-date=27 June 2007 |title=Uczelnie w/g typu. Politechniki |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="architecture72">Jeffrey Zuehlke, {{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72|publisher=Twenty-First Century Books|title=Poland in Pictures|page=[https://archive.org/details/polandinpictures0000zueh/page/72 72]|access-date=15 September 2007|first=Jeffrey|last=Zuehlke|isbn=978-0-8225-2676-6|date=2005-12-15}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="autonomy">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,78,195.html |title=Science & Higher Education in Cracow 2007 |access-date=23 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212014550/http://www.cracow-science.welcome.com.pl/Jagiellonian-University%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C78%2C195.html |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="capgemini">{{cite web|url=http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland/ |title=Capgemini offices in Poland |access-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070818045018/http://www.capgemini.com/locations/europe/poland |archive-date=18 August 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="communist era">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |title=Nowa Huta (section of Kraków, Poland) |access-date=23 November 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071212023212/https://www.britannica.com/eb/topic-421313/article-9056415 |archive-date=12 December 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="cuidadhermanas">{{cite web|url=http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |title=Ciudades Hermanas (Sister Cities) |publisher=Municipalidad del Cusco |language=es |access-date=23 September 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111012234407/http://www.municusco.gob.pe/ver.php?id=6 |archive-date=12 October 2011 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="culture">Maria Prussak, [[Adam Mickiewicz]] Institute, April 2006. Profiles. Visual arts, literature, theatre: {{cite web|url= https://culture.pl/en/artist/stanislaw-wyspianski|title=Stanisław Wyspiański.|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930171206/http://www.culture.pl/en/culture/artykuly/os_wyspianski_stanislaw|archive-date=30 September 2007|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="dept">[http://www.cambridgema.gov/deptann.cfm?story_id=1597 "A Message from the Peace Commission: Information on Cambridge's Sister Cities,"] 15 February 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008. Also in: Richard Thompson, [http://www.boston.com/news/local/massachusetts/articles/2008/10/12/looking_to_strengthen_family_ties_with_sister_cities/?page=full "Looking to strengthen family ties with 'sister cities',"] ''Boston Globe'', 12 October 2008. Retrieved 12 October 2008.</ref> | |||
<ref name="diecezja">Józef Szymon Wroński (2007), [https://web.archive.org/web/20071228090310/http://diecezja.pl/index.php?page=jswronski Kościoły Krakowa (The churches of Kraków).] Archidiecezja Krakowska. Retrieved 23 December 2012. {{in lang|pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="districts">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/district.htm|title=Boroughs of Kraków |publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=24 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="dzwon">"The Warsaw Voice", 11 April 1999. {{cite web|url=http://www.warsawvoice.pl/archiwum.phtml/9344/|title=Bell Woman of Wawel Hill|access-date=11 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="e-krakow">[http://www.e-krakow.com/e-krakow/lotnisko-pyrzowice "Lotnisko w Pyrzowicach"] on www.e-krakow.com {{in lang|pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="encyklopedia">See "Ludność" "Population" in ''Encyklopedia Krakowa''. Kraków: PWN, 2000 {{in lang|pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="encyklopedia3">{{in lang|pl}} Ryszard Burek (editor), ''Encyklopedia Krakowa'', 2000, {{ISBN|83-01-13325-2}}.</ref> | |||
<ref name="europa">[http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf KIC InnoEnergy]. Designated Knowledge and Innovation Community, 16 December 2009. Retrieved 26 December 2009. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091222225533/http://eit.europa.eu/fileadmin/Content/Downloads/PDF/news_items/Summary_InnoEnergy.pdf |date=22 December 2009 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="google">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5h2zXFFr2j4C&q=%22painter+Jan+Matejko%22+cracow&pg=PT83|title=Cracow: City of Treasures|author=Beata Moore|publisher=Pgw|date=25 August 2006|access-date=9 November 2010|isbn=978-0-7112-2571-8}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="gosp">[http://www.krakow.pl/en/gospodarka/html/rn_2005.pdf Kraków Real Estate Market, 2005.] {{in lang|pl|en}}</ref> | |||
<!-- Not in use | |||
<ref name="grozny">{{cite web|url=http://grozny-virtual.su|title=Сайт Грозный Виртуальный при перепечатке материалов в онлайн проектах|publisher=Grozny Official Website|access-date=1 November 2008}} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> | |||
Not in use--> | |||
<ref name="hejnal">O.J's Music, Trumpet Page: including music notations and sound samples in MP3 and Midi version. {{cite web|url=http://abel.hive.no/trumpet/articles/hejnal/|title=Hejnal Mariacki – The Kraków Bugle Call|access-date=14 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="infosyn">[http://www.krakow-info.com/synagog.htm Old Synagogue in Kraków], Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref> | |||
<ref name="jagiellonian">[http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet/historia/kalendarium.jsp&lang=en Jagiellonian University (homepage), "Calendar"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071114000129/http://www.uj.edu.pl/dispatch.jsp?item=uniwersytet%2Fhistoria%2Fkalendarium.jsp&lang=en |date=14 November 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow">''[[Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej]]'' (Bulletin of Public Information). Raport o stanie miasta, 2001. {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |title=BEZPIECZEŃSTWO PUBLICZNE |access-date=5 September 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070715204454/http://www.krakow.pl/gospodarka/html/raport-2001/bezpiecz.html |archive-date=15 July 2007 |url-status=dead }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow-info">{{cite web|url=http://www.krakow-info.com/sights.htm|title=Krakow Landmarks | Historical monuments in Krakow|publisher=krakow-info.com|access-date=19 July 2009}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow.pl-1">Municipality Of Kraków Press Office, {{cite web|url=http://www.krakow.pl/en/kalendarium/?MODE=kalim&TYPE=find|title=Calendar of Annual Events, 2007|access-date=15 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow1">Original Kraków City Hall bylaw Nr XXI/143/91 (unpublished) introduced on 27 March 1991; current municipal borders established according to City bylaw Nr XVI/192/95 for 19 April 1995. Source: {{cite web|url=http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|archive-url=https://archive.today/20091205092607/http://www.cyfronet.krakow.pl/mk/bip/rada/uchwaly/show_pdf.php?id=2112|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 December 2009|title=Gazeta Urzędowa Miasta Krakowa Nr 10, poz. 84|access-date=14 September 2007|format=PDF}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow2">{{in lang|pl}} Biuro Informacji Publicznej (''Office of Public Information''). {{cite web|url=http://www.bip.krakow.pl/zalaczniki/dokumenty/n/75694/karta|title=Budżet Miasta Krakowa na rok 2011}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow4">{{cite web|url=http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080210001616/http://www.pwst.krakow.pl/historia.jsp |archive-date=10 February 2008 |title=Państwowa Wyższa Szkoła Teatralna, homepage. Historical outline |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=live }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow5">Andrzej Chwalba. ''Krakow w latach 1939–1945'' (Cracow, 1939–1945). Dzieje Krakowa tom 5. Cracow: Wydawnictwo Literackie, 2002. (In Polish.){{cite web|url=http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |title=Cracow under German Occupation, 1939-1945 |access-date=23 September 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071203151743/http://letters.krakow.pl/books/cracow_german_occupation.html |archive-date= 3 December 2007 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakow_history">[[Jagiellonian University]] centre for European Studies, see: {{cite web|url=http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |title="Worker's paradise" of concrete |access-date=12 May 2007 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090312094359/http://www.ces.uj.edu.pl/european/krakow/krakow_history.htm |archive-date=12 March 2009 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="krakplgosp">[http://www.krakow.pl/english/5666,artykul,krakow_advantages.html Economics], Magiczny Kraków</ref> | |||
<ref name="ordinance">{{Cite web|url=https://www.bip.krakow.pl/?dok_id=167&sub_dok_id=167&sub=uchwala&query=id=15375&typ=u&vReg=1&metka=1|title=Uchwala- Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej Miasta Krakowa – BIP MK|website=www.bip.krakow.pl}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="pbs">[https://www.pbs.org/wnet/wideangle/episodes/1-800-india/map-the-global-future-of-outsourcing/73/ The Global Future of Outsourcing.] PBS ''Wide Angle'', WNET.ORG, 13 September 2005.</ref> | |||
<ref name="poloniahans">[http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm Hanseatic towns: Kraków] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070813232941/http://www.poloniatoday.com/explore10.htm |date=13 August 2007 }}, Polonia Online, Retrieved on 25 September 2007.</ref> | |||
<ref name="sonderaktion">{{in lang|pl}} Edward Burek, (editor). "Sonderaktion Krakau" in Encyklopedia Krakowa. Krakow: PWM, 2000</ref> | |||
<ref name="twierdza">{{in lang|pl}} Paweł Stachnik, [[Dziennik Polski]], 21 September 2004. {{cite web|url=http://www.twierdza.art.pl/a_okrzyk.htm|title=Okrzyk na cześć cesarza.|access-date=1 September 2007}}</ref> | |||
<ref name="unesco-02com">[https://whc.unesco.org/en/sessions/02COM 2nd session of the Committee] UNESCO World Heritage Committee. Washington, D.C. 5–8 September 1978.</ref> | |||
<ref name="unescoancient">[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/periodicreporting/EUR/cycle01/section2/29-summary.pdf Cracow's Historic centre], UNESCO report, retrieved on 4 October 2007</ref> | |||
<ref name="welcome">{{cite web|url=http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-,WidokDzialArtykulyArtykul,72,1259.html |title=Kraków – Office Power – CRACOW & MAŁOPOLSKA |first=Wojciech |last=Małota |work=welcome.com.pl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120306210503/http://www.cracow.welcome.com.pl/Krak%C3%B3w-%E2%80%93-Office-Power-%2CWidokDzialArtykulyArtykul%2C72%2C1259.html |archive-date=6 March 2012 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name="wse.krakow">{{cite web|url=http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |title=Kraków okiem 'tischnerowskim' |publisher=Wyższa Szkoła Europejska im. ks. Józefa Tischnera |work=Informacje ogólne |year=2008 |access-date=4 October 2012 |author=Agnieszka Wiewióra |language=pl, en |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121124082145/http://www.wse.krakow.pl/pl/Krakow_okiem_tischnerowskim_ |archive-date=24 November 2012 }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=USHMM-Ghettos-Encyclopedia-VolII>{{cite web |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 – Vol. II: Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://www.ushmm.org/research/publications/encyclopedia-camps-ghettos }}</ref> | |||
<ref name=USHMM-Holocaust-Encyclopedia-Krakow>{{cite web |title=Holocaust Encyclopedia – Krakow |website=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/krakow-cracow}}</ref> | |||
}} | |||
==Bibliography== | |||
* {{cite book |author1=Martin C. Dean |author2=Mel Hecker |author3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |author-link1=Martin C. Dean |author-link3=Geoffrey P. Megargee |year=2012 |title=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 |volume=II – Ghettos in German-Occupied Eastern Europe |publisher=United States Holocaust Memorial Museum / Indiana University Press |isbn=978-0-253-35599-7 |title-link=Encyclopedia of Camps and Ghettos, 1933–1945 }} | |||
* Jane Hardy, Al Rainnie, ''Restructuring Krakow: Desperately Seeking Capitalism''. Published 1996 by Mansell Publishing, 285 pages. Business, economics, finance. {{ISBN|0-7201-2231-7}}. | |||
* Edward Hartwig, ''Kraków'', with Jerzy Broszkiewicz (contributor). Published 1980, by Sport i Turystyka, 239 pages. {{ISBN|83-217-2321-7}}. | |||
* Bolesław T. Łaszewski, ''Kraków: karta z dziejów dwudziestolecia''. Published 1985, by Bicentennial Pub. Corp. (original from the [[University of Michigan]]), 132 pages. {{ISBN|0-912757-08-6}} | |||
* {{cite book |last=Longerich |first=Peter |year=2010 |title=Holocaust – The Nazi Persecution and Murder of the Jews |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-019280436-5 }} | |||
* Joanna Markin, Bogumiła Gnypowa, ''Kraków: The Guide''. Published 1996 by Pascal Publishing, 342 pages. {{ISBN|83-87037-28-1}}. | |||
* Tim Pepper, Andrew Beattie, ''Krakow''. Published 2007 by Hunter Pub Inc., 160 pages. {{ISBN|1-84306-308-5}}. The book includes description of public art galleries and museums. | |||
* Scott Simpson, ''Krakow''. Published 2003 by [[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]], 192 pages. Transport, geography, sightseeing, history, and culture. Includes weblinks CD. {{ISBN|1-84157-187-3}}. | |||
* {{Cite book |last1=Simpson |first1=Scott |last2=Zukowska |first2=Helena |title=Travellers Kraków, 3rd: Guides to Destinations Worldwide |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dXlPGgAACAAJ |access-date=11 March 2010 |edition=Fourth |date=15 April 2008 |publisher=[[Thomas Cook Group|Thomas Cook Publishing]] |location=Peterborough, United Kingdom |isbn=978-1-84157-901-6 |ref=Simpson69}} | |||
* Dorota Wąsik, Emma Roper-Evans, ''Krakow''. Published 2002 by Somerset. Cultural guidebook series, 160 pages. {{ISBN|963-00-5930-4}}. | |||
* Richard Watkins, ''Best of Kraków'', Published 2006, by [[Lonely Planet]], 64 pages, complemented by fold-out maps. {{ISBN|1-74104-822-2}}. | |||
==External links== | |||
{{Commons category|Kraków}} | |||
{{Wikivoyage|Kraków}} | |||
{{Wiktionary|Kraków}} | |||
{{Collier's Poster|Cracow|year=1921}} | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110715123616/http://www.protectkrakowheritage.com/ Protect Kraków Heritage Campaign] | |||
* [http://www.krakowmiasto.pl/ krakowmiasto.pl] {{in lang|pl}} | |||
* [http://www.sztetl.org.pl/en/city/krakow/ Jewish Community in Kraków] on Virtual Shtetl | |||
* {{JewishGen-LocalityPage|510625|Kraków, Poland}} | |||
* [https://maps.google.com/maps/ms?ie=UTF8&oe=UTF8&msa=0&msid=110492122926717540230.00047c4b8af2b0a68cde9&ll=50.05273,19.937954&spn=0.075281,0.107632&z=13 Map: Kraków Heritage Under Threat] | |||
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20140124074039/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/ Municipal spatial information system] – [[Geographic information system|GIS]] maps of Kraków {{in lang|pl}} | |||
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134725/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422685.943158247,5546699.421707404,7425112.177177381,5548210.195562285&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:0%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:1:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml Cultural heritage of Kraków] (in yellow on city map) | |||
** [https://web.archive.org/web/20140201134722/http://msip.um.krakow.pl/msip/index.html?extent=7422580.273636602,5546787.998030763,7425146.737102862,5548298.7718856465&blv=1,0,0,0,0,0&opl=Plan%20Krakowa%201979:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201947:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201944:0%7CPlan%20Krakowa%201939:0%7CPlan%20wielkiego%20Krakowa%201912:0%7CKrak%C3%B3w%20TMHiZK%201899:0%7CPlan%20z%20atlasu%20Kummerer%201855:0%7CPlan%20Pruski%201794:0%7CPlan%20Ko%C5%82%C5%82%C4%85tajowski%201785:1%7CPlan%20K.B%C4%85kowskiego%20stan%20ok%201730:0%7CZabytki%20miasta%20Krakowa:0:3,4,5,6,7&config=config_historia.xml Kraków old map] from 1785 year | |||
* [http://culture.pl/en/article/beatniks-and-beyond-an-alternative-guide-to-krakow Beatniks and Beyond: An Alternative Guide to Kraków] | |||
* [http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/ Things to do in Kraków] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160914072549/http://www.ourpoland.com/visit-krakow/things-to-do-in-krakow/ |date=14 September 2016 }} | |||
* [https://cityon.pl/krakow Interesting places to visit in Kraków] | |||
* [https://studies.pl/10-must-see-things-in-krakow/ 10 must-see things in Krakow] | |||
* [https://krakow.wiki/ Krakow.wiki] – biggest knowledge base about Krakow in English | |||
* [https://www.rosotravel.com/tours/krakow-tours/ Must See Attractions & Activities in Krakow] | |||
{{Navboxes | |||
|title= Articles related to Kraków | |||
|list= | |||
{{Kraków}} | |||
{{Historical capitals of Poland}} | |||
{{Cities of Poland}} | |||
{{Lesser Poland Voivodeship |state=autocollapse}} | |||
{{World Heritage Sites in Poland}} | |||
{{Kraków County |state=autocollapse}} | |||
{{European Capital of Culture}} | |||
{{Hanseatic League}} | {{Hanseatic League}} | ||
{{ | }} | ||
{{ | {{Good article}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
{{DEFAULTSORT:Krakow}} | {{DEFAULTSORT:Krakow}} | ||
[[Category:Kraków| ]] | [[Category:Kraków| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> | ||
[[Category:City counties of Poland]] | |||
[[Category:Cities and towns in Lesser Poland Voivodeship]] | |||
[[Category:Former capitals of Poland]] | |||
[[Category:Kraków Voivodeship (14th century – 1795)]] | |||
[[Category:Free City of Kraków]] | |||
[[Category:Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] | |||
[[Category:Kraków Voivodeship (1919–1939)]] | |||
[[Category:Historic Jewish communities]] | |||
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Poland]] | |||
[[Category:Members of the Hanseatic League]] | |||
[[Category:Magdeburg rights]] | |||
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Poland]] | |||