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'''Muthuraja''' or '''Mutharaiyar''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Venkatesh B. |editor1-last=Athreya |editor2-first=Göran |editor2-last=Djurfeldt |editor3-first=Staffan |editor3-last= Lindberg |title=Barriers broken: production relations and agrarian change in Tamil Nadu |publisher= Sage Publications|year=1990 |page=25 |isbn=9780803996397 |quote=The Muthurajas are descendants of the soldiers which the poligars recruited in their homeland, the Telugu-speaking areas of contemporary Andhra Pradesh, north of Tamil Nadu. Like other castes originating from Andhra, they are bilingual, often speaking Telugu in family circles and Tamil outside the house |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Eveline Masilamani-Meyer |title=Kattavarayan Katai |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2004|page=19|isbn=9783447047128 |quote=Among the Telugu castes that came to Tamilnadu were the Mutturajas or Mutrāchas. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw7SL2QrgcQC&pg=PA19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=K. M. Venkataramaiah |title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=1996|page=425|isbn=9788185692203 |quote=Muthuracha: A Telugu caste found in some districts of Tamil Nadu, the Muthuracha (muthurācha) is also called Muttaraiyan. Some are talaiyāris or watchmen of villages. They seem to be a major sect in the coastal villages of Andhra Pradesh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Muthuracha}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=L. D. Sanghvi |editor2=V. Balakrishnan |editor3=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |title=Biology of the People of Tamil Nadu |year=1981|page=21|quote=Mutracha (MT) Mutracha is primarily a Telugu caste found in the southern districts of Andhra Pradesh. They were employed by the Vijayanagar kings to defend their frontiers when they entered Tamil Nadu and were honoured with the title of Paligar. They speak Telugu. In Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxiAAAAAMAAJ&q=%2C+++++andhra+Pradesh+frontiers++honoured++paligar++vijayanagar++more+numerous+++Tiruchirappalli}}</ref> speaking [[Landlord|Landowning]] community prevalent in southern India.They are originated from [[Mutharaiyar dynasty]]. | '''Muthuraja''' or '''Mutharaiyar''' is a [[Tamil language|Tamil]] and [[Telugu language|Telugu]]<ref>{{cite book|editor1-first=Venkatesh B. |editor1-last=Athreya |editor2-first=Göran |editor2-last=Djurfeldt |editor3-first=Staffan |editor3-last= Lindberg |title=Barriers broken: production relations and agrarian change in Tamil Nadu |publisher= Sage Publications|year=1990 |page=25 |isbn=9780803996397 |quote=The Muthurajas are descendants of the soldiers which the poligars recruited in their homeland, the Telugu-speaking areas of contemporary Andhra Pradesh, north of Tamil Nadu. Like other castes originating from Andhra, they are bilingual, often speaking Telugu in family circles and Tamil outside the house |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VwbtAAAAMAAJ}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=Eveline Masilamani-Meyer |title=Kattavarayan Katai |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag|year=2004|page=19|isbn=9783447047128 |quote=Among the Telugu castes that came to Tamilnadu were the Mutturajas or Mutrāchas. | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iw7SL2QrgcQC&pg=PA19}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=K. M. Venkataramaiah |title=A handbook of Tamil Nadu|publisher=International School of Dravidian Linguistics |year=1996|page=425|isbn=9788185692203 |quote=Muthuracha: A Telugu caste found in some districts of Tamil Nadu, the Muthuracha (muthurācha) is also called Muttaraiyan. Some are talaiyāris or watchmen of villages. They seem to be a major sect in the coastal villages of Andhra Pradesh| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2pAMAQAAMAAJ&q=Muthuracha}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|editor1=L. D. Sanghvi |editor2=V. Balakrishnan |editor3=Irawati Karmarkar Karve |title=Biology of the People of Tamil Nadu |year=1981|page=21|quote=Mutracha (MT) Mutracha is primarily a Telugu caste found in the southern districts of Andhra Pradesh. They were employed by the Vijayanagar kings to defend their frontiers when they entered Tamil Nadu and were honoured with the title of Paligar. They speak Telugu. In Tamil Nadu|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bxiAAAAAMAAJ&q=%2C+++++andhra+Pradesh+frontiers++honoured++paligar++vijayanagar++more+numerous+++Tiruchirappalli}}</ref> speaking [[Landlord|Landowning]] community prevalent in southern India.They are originated from [[Mutharaiyar dynasty]]. In mutharaiyar castes palaekari dhoravar | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
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According to Tamil historians, the Muttarayar are said to have invaded kingdoms in Tamil Nadu around the 2nd century CE from [[Erumainadu]], which is identified with the area in and around modern [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=erumainad>{{cite book|title=Bulletin, Volume 3, Issue 2|author=Anthropological Survey of India|publisher=India. Dept. of Anthropology|page=8}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2020}} | According to Tamil historians, the Muttarayar are said to have invaded kingdoms in Tamil Nadu around the 2nd century CE from [[Erumainadu]], which is identified with the area in and around modern [[Mysore]] in [[Karnataka]].<ref name=erumainad>{{cite book|title=Bulletin, Volume 3, Issue 2|author=Anthropological Survey of India|publisher=India. Dept. of Anthropology|page=8}}</ref>{{full|date=July 2020}} | ||
They seem to have established themselves as lords of the [[Thanjavur]] district in | They seem to have established themselves as lords of the [[Thanjavur]] district in Tamilnadu around this time. The most famous of this [[Mutharaiyar dynasty]] were [[Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar]], also called Kuvavan Maaran, his son Maaran Parameswaran, alias Ilangovadiaraiyan, and [[Perumbidugu Mutharaiyar II]], alias Suvaran Maaran.<ref>{{cite book|title=Feudatories of South India, 800-1070 A.D.|author=Ve Pālāmpāḷ|publisher=Chugh Publications |year=1978|page=135}}</ref>{{qn|date=July 2020}}<ref>{{cite book|title=Hero-stones in Tamilnadu|author=Naṭan̲a Kācinātan̲|publisher=Arun Publications |year=1978|page=20}}</ref>{{qn|date=July 2020}} | ||
During the 7th to 8th centuries, they served as feudatories of the [[Pallava]]s and controlled the fertile plains of the Kaveri region. An inscription in the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntha Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram mentions a Muttaraiyar chief receiving [[Nandivarman II]] Pallavamalla at the latter's coronation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|first=Parmanand |last=Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1977|page=55}}</ref> According to historian T. A. Gopinatha Rao, this chief was Perumbidigu Muthurayar II,<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes |year=1993|page=66}}</ref> who is styled as Kalvara Kalvan in this epigraph.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|author=Parmanand Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1977|page=55}}</ref> According to historian Mahalingam, he fought along with Udayachandra, the Pallava general of Nandivarman II, in at least twelve battles against the [[Chera]]s and [[Pandya]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|author=D Dennis Hudson|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008|page=541}}</ref> When the Cholas came to power in 850, [[Vijayalaya Chola]] wrested control of Tanjore from the Urayur and turned them into vassals.<ref>{{cite book|title=The political structure of early medieval South India|author=Kesavan Veluthat|publisher=Orient Longman, 1993|page=112}}</ref> | During the 7th to 8th centuries, they served as feudatories of the [[Pallava]]s and controlled the fertile plains of the Kaveri region. An inscription in the [[Tiru Parameswara Vinnagaram|Vaikuntha Perumal temple]] in Kanchipuram mentions a Muttaraiyar chief receiving [[Nandivarman II]] Pallavamalla at the latter's coronation.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|first=Parmanand |last=Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1977|page=55}}</ref> According to historian T. A. Gopinatha Rao, this chief was Perumbidigu Muthurayar II,<ref>{{cite book|title=Social and cultural history of Tamilnad, Volume 1|author=N. Subrahmanian|publisher=Ennes |year=1993|page=66}}</ref> who is styled as Kalvara Kalvan in this epigraph.<ref>{{cite book|title=Geographical Names in Ancient Indian Inscriptions|author=Parmanand Gupta|publisher=Concept Publishing Company |year=1977|page=55}}</ref> According to historian Mahalingam, he fought along with Udayachandra, the Pallava general of Nandivarman II, in at least twelve battles against the [[Chera]]s and [[Pandya]]s.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Body of God: An Emperor's Palace for Krishna in Eighth-Century Kanchipuram|author=D Dennis Hudson|publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2008|page=541}}</ref> When the Cholas came to power in 850, [[Vijayalaya Chola]] wrested control of Tanjore from the Urayur and turned them into vassals.<ref>{{cite book|title=The political structure of early medieval South India|author=Kesavan Veluthat|publisher=Orient Longman, 1993|page=112}}</ref> | ||