no edit summary
(robot: Update article) |
No edit summary Tag: missing file added |
||
(3 intermediate revisions by 2 users not shown) | |||
Line 1: | Line 1: | ||
{{short description|Capital of India}} | {{short description|Capital city of India}} | ||
{{about|the capital of India, within the union territory of [[Delhi]]}} | {{about|the capital of India, within the union territory of [[Delhi]]}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | {{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date= | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name | | name = New Delhi | ||
| native_name | | native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. --> | ||
| settlement_type | | settlement_type = [[Federal capital|Federal capital city]] | ||
| | | image_seal = New Delhi Municipal Council logo.png | ||
| image_skyline | | image_skyline = {{multiple image | ||
| | | border = infobox | ||
| | | total_width = 300 | ||
| | | image_style = | ||
| | | perrow = 1/2/2/1 | ||
| | | caption_align = center | ||
| | | image1 = Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi_(2).jpg | ||
| | | caption1 = [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]] | ||
| | | image2 = LIC_Zonal_Office.jpg | ||
| caption2 = LIC, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] | |||
| image3 = Bharat_Mandapam_Pragati_Maidan.jpg | |||
| caption3 = [[Pragati Maidan]] | |||
| image4 = Select_Citywalk,_Saket,_New_Delhi..jpg | |||
| caption4 = [[Select Citywalk]] | |||
| image5 = RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN.jpg | |||
| caption5 = [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] | |||
| image6 = National War Memorial on the 21st anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, 2020.jpg | |||
| caption6 = [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] | |||
}} | }} | ||
| image_map = | |||
| map_caption = | |||
| image_map | | pushpin_map = India Delhi#India | ||
| map_caption | | pushpin_label_position = right | ||
| pushpin_map | | pushpin_map_alt = | ||
| pushpin_label_position | | pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi##Location in India | ||
| pushpin_map_alt | | pushpin_mapsize = 300 | ||
| pushpin_map_caption | | coordinates = {{Coord|28.6138954|N|77.2090057|E|type:city(250,000)_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}} | ||
| pushpin_mapsize | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| coordinates | | subdivision_name = {{IND}} | ||
| subdivision_type | | subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]] | ||
| subdivision_name | | subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]] | ||
| subdivision_type1 | | established_title = Established | ||
| subdivision_name1 | | established_date = 1911 | ||
| established_title | | established_title1 = Inaugurated | ||
| established_date | | established_date1 = 1931 | ||
| established_title1 | | named_for = | ||
| established_date1 | | government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]] | ||
| named_for | | governing_body = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] | ||
| government_type | | leader_title1 = [[Chairman]] | ||
| governing_body | | leader_name1 = Amit Yadav, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]] | ||
| leader_title1 | | unit_pref = Metric | ||
| leader_name1 | | total_type = [[Capital city]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | ||
| unit_pref | | area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=About Delhi|url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-new-delhi-1435049|title=Geographic Facts About New Delhi, India|author=Amanda Briney|work=ThoughtCo.com Education|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref> | ||
| total_type | | area_total_km2 = 42.7 | ||
| area_footnotes | | area_rank = | ||
| area_total_km2 | | elevation_footnotes = | ||
| area_rank | | elevation_m = 216 | ||
| elevation_footnotes | | population_total = 249,998<!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS--> | ||
| elevation_m | | population_as_of = 2011 | ||
| population_total | | population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional Population Totals. Cities having population 1 lakh and above|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref> | ||
| population_as_of | | population_density_km2 = auto | ||
| population_footnotes | | population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018; includes entire urban Delhi + part of [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]]) | ||
| population_density_km2 | | population_blank1 = 28,514,000 | ||
| population_blank1_title | |||
| population_blank1 | |||
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> | | population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref> | ||
| population_rank | | population_rank = | ||
| population_demonym | | population_demonym = {{hlist|Dilliwale|Delhiite}} | ||
| population_note | | population_note = | ||
| timezone1 | | timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| utc_offset1 | | utc_offset1 = +05:30 | ||
| postal_code_type | | postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]] | ||
| postal_code | | postal_code = 1100xx, 121003, 1220xx, 201313 (New Delhi)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/|title=New Delhi|website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref> | ||
| area_code | | area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]] | ||
| registration_plate | | registration_plate = DL-2X | ||
| blank1_name_sec1 | | blank1_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]] | ||
| blank1_info_sec1 | | blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]] | ||
| website | | website = {{official URL}} | ||
| footnotes | | footnotes = | ||
| leader_title2 | | leader_title2 = | ||
| leader_name2 | | leader_name2 = | ||
| official_name | | official_name = New Delhi | ||
| blank2_info_sec2 = | |||
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]] | |||
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]] | |||
| leader_title = | |||
| leader_name = | |||
}} | }} | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
'''New Delhi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=NewDelhi1.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i}},<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE STRESS - IT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHAT LPD AND CEPD SAY --><ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{IPA-hi|ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː|lang}} ''Naī Dillī'') is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[India]] and a part of the [[ | '''New Delhi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=NewDelhi1.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i}},<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE STRESS - IT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHAT LPD AND CEPD SAY --><ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{IPA-hi|ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː|lang}}, ''Naī Dillī'') is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[India]] and a part of the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the [[Government of India]], hosting the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. New Delhi is a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] within the NCT, administered by the [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]], which covers mostly [[Lutyens' Delhi]] and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger [[List of districts in India|administrative district]], the [[New Delhi district]]. | ||
Although colloquially ''Delhi'' and ''New Delhi'' are used interchangeably to refer to the | Although colloquially ''Delhi'' and ''New Delhi'' are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with both the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part of the [[megacity]] of Delhi. The [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] is a much larger entity comprising the entire [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|NCT]] along with adjoining districts in neighbouring states, including [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Faridabad]]. | ||
The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by [[George V]] during the [[Visit of King George V to India|Delhi Durbar of 1911]].<ref name="History New Delhi">{{cite news|last=Lahiri|first=Tripti|date=13 January 2012|title=New Delhi: One of History's Best-Kept Secrets|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/}}</ref> It was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]]. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931,<ref name="India freedom capital">{{cite news|last=Stancati|first=Margherita|date=8 December 2011|title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> by [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]] [[Lord Irwin|Irwin]]. | The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by [[George V]] during the [[Visit of King George V to India|Delhi Durbar of 1911]].<ref name="History New Delhi">{{cite news|last=Lahiri|first=Tripti|date=13 January 2012|title=New Delhi: One of History's Best-Kept Secrets|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/}}</ref> It was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]]. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931,<ref name="India freedom capital">{{cite news|last=Stancati|first=Margherita|date=8 December 2011|title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> by [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]] [[Lord Irwin|Irwin]]. | ||
Line 92: | Line 103: | ||
| align = left | | align = left | ||
| image1 = DelhiDurbar LordCurzon.jpg | | image1 = DelhiDurbar LordCurzon.jpg | ||
| caption1 = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903 | | caption1 = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903 | ||
| image2 = Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg | | image2 = Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg | ||
| caption2 = The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with George V and Mary seated upon the dais | | caption2 = The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with George V and Mary seated upon the dais | ||
| image3 = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg | | image3 = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg | ||
| caption3 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns. | | caption3 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns. | ||
Line 100: | Line 111: | ||
Until December 1911 [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon]]. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments amongst the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms|title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> | Until December 1911 [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon]]. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments amongst the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms|title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref> | ||
[[Old Delhi]] had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of [[History of India|ancient India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 November 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India.<ref name="Delhi Move"/> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Land Acquisition Act 1894]]. | [[Old Delhi]] had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of [[History of India|ancient India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 November 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India.<ref name="Delhi Move"/> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Land Acquisition Act 1894]]. | ||
During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, [[George V]], [[Emperor of India]], while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of the Raj would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/|title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/|title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta?|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|date=28 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite book|last=Hall|first=P|author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)|title=Cities of Tomorrow|year=2002|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-23252-0|pages=198–206}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103092055/www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=3 January 2013 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/|title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |last=Patwant |first=Singh |publisher=wmf.org |year=2002–2003 |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowe|first=Patrick|date=2009|title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671|journal=Garden History|volume=37|issue=1|pages=68–79|jstor=40649671|issn=0307-1243}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy [[Lord Irwin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=11 February 1931|issue=45744|page=12}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |title=Yadgaar |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]] |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Architecture New Delhi">{{cite web|title=Architecture of New Delhi|url=https://www.silhouette.co.in/|work=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> | During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, [[George V]], [[Emperor of India]], while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of the Raj would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/|title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/|title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta?|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|date=28 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite book|last=Hall|first=P|author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)|title=Cities of Tomorrow|year=2002|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-23252-0|pages=198–206}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103092055/www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=3 January 2013 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/|title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |last=Patwant |first=Singh |publisher=wmf.org |year=2002–2003 |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowe|first=Patrick|date=2009|title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671|journal=Garden History|volume=37|issue=1|pages=68–79|jstor=40649671|issn=0307-1243}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy [[Lord Irwin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=11 February 1931|issue=45744|page=12}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |title=Yadgaar |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]] |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Architecture New Delhi">{{cite web|title=Architecture of New Delhi|url=https://www.silhouette.co.in/|work=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref> | ||
Line 108: | Line 119: | ||
In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name=htlux>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes652023>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> | In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name=htlux>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes652023>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref> | ||
After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]] (the building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around [[Gole Market]] area in the 1920s.<ref | After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]] (the building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around [[Gole Market]] area in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, [[Lodhi colony]] near historic [[Lodhi Gardens]], was the last residential areas built by the [[British Raj]].<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref> | ||
===Post-independence=== | ===Post-independence=== | ||
Line 128: | Line 139: | ||
==Geography== | ==Geography== | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
With a total area of {{convert|42.7|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name='Delhi Info'/> the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |title=NDMC Act |publisher=Ndmc.gov.in |access-date=4 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |archive-date= 2 March 2008 }}</ref> Since the city is located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]]; all that is left of those mountains is the [[Delhi Ridge]], which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the [[Yamuna River]], it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of [[Shahdara]]. | With a total area of {{convert|42.7|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name='Delhi Info'/> the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |title=NDMC Act |publisher=Ndmc.gov.in |access-date=4 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |archive-date= 2 March 2008 }}</ref> Since the city is located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]]; all that is left of those mountains is the [[Delhi Ridge]], which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the [[Yamuna River]], it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]]. | ||
===Seismology=== | ===Seismology=== | ||
Line 136: | Line 147: | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
{{See also|Climate of Delhi}} | {{See also|Climate of Delhi}} | ||
The climate of New Delhi is a [[ | The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') bordering on a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from {{convert|46|°C}} in summers to around {{convert|0|°C}} in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers with [[dust storm]]s, relatively dry and mild winters with [[wildfire]] [[haze]], and a [[monsoon]]al period. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around {{convert|25|°C}}; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately {{convert|13|to|34|°C|°F|0}}. New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|49.2|°C}} on 15 May 2022 at [[India Meteorological Department|Met]] Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|-2.2|°C}} on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as [[Palam Airport]]).<ref name=IMD2>{{cite web | ||
|url = http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf | |url = http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf | ||
|title = Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 | |title = Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010 | ||
Line 144: | Line 155: | ||
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf | |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf | ||
|archive-date = 16 March 2014 | |archive-date = 16 March 2014 | ||
}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is {{convert| | }}</ref> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|774.4|mm}} & monsoon rainfall from June to September is about {{convert|640.4|mm}}, most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.<ref name=ecosurv1>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf|title=Chapter 1: Introduction|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=1–7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174155/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref> | ||
{{Clear}} | {{Clear}} | ||
<center> | <div class="center">{{Delhi weatherbox}} | ||
{| class="wikitable "style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto" | |||
{{Delhi | ! colspan="14" |Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi | ||
{{ | |- | ||
| | !Month | ||
| metric first = | !January | ||
| single line = | !February | ||
| | !March | ||
| Jan record high C = | !April | ||
| Feb record high C = | !May | ||
| Mar record high C = | !June | ||
| Apr record high C = 45. | !July | ||
| May record high C = | !August | ||
| Jun record high C = 47. | !September | ||
| Jul record high C = 44. | !October | ||
| Aug record high C = | !November | ||
| Sep record high C = | !December | ||
| Oct record high C = | !Year | ||
|- | |||
|Average [[Atmospheric pressure]] milibars (inHg)<ref name="Barometric Pressure">{{cite web |title=Average pressure New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#pressure |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> | |||
|{{Convert|1017.0|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1014.5|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1010.6|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1005.4|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1000.5|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|996.7|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|996.9|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|999.4|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1003.4|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1009.6|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1013.6|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1016.1|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|{{Convert|1007.0|mbar|inHg}} | |||
|- | |||
|Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)<ref name="Wind Speed2">{{cite web |title=Average wind speed New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#wind |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref> | |||
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|9.4|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|10.0|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|10.2|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|10.6|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|8.8|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|6.7|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|7.6|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|7.7|km/h|mph}} | |||
|{{Convert|8.9|km/h|mph}} | |||
|} | |||
{{New Delhi Airport weatherbox}}{{Weather box | |||
| metric first = Y | |||
| single line = Y | |||
| temperature colour = | |||
| location = New Delhi (Ayanagar) 1971–2020, extremes 1969–present | |||
| Jan record high C = 29.7 | |||
| Feb record high C = 33.2 | |||
| Mar record high C = 40.6 | |||
| Apr record high C = 45.0 | |||
| May record high C = 47.4 | |||
| Jun record high C = 47.0 | |||
| Jul record high C = 44.8 | |||
| Aug record high C = 42.7 | |||
| Sep record high C = 41.0 | |||
| Oct record high C = 39.4 | |||
| Nov record high C = 36.4 | | Nov record high C = 36.4 | ||
| Dec record high C = 30. | | Dec record high C = 30.2 | ||
|year record high C = | | year record high C = 47.4 | ||
| Jan high C = | | Jan avg record high C = 25.2 | ||
| Feb high C = 24. | | Feb avg record high C = 29.4 | ||
| Mar high C = | | Mar avg record high C = 36.2 | ||
| Apr high C = | | Apr avg record high C = 42.8 | ||
| May high C = | | May avg record high C = 45.9 | ||
| Jun high C = | | Jun avg record high C = 45.6 | ||
| Jul high C = 35. | | Jul avg record high C = 41.5 | ||
| Aug high C = 34. | | Aug avg record high C = 38.3 | ||
| Sep high C = 34. | | Sep avg record high C = 37.2 | ||
| Oct avg record high C = 36.2 | |||
| Nov avg record high C = 32.2 | |||
| Dec avg record high C = 27.7 | |||
| year avg record high C = 46.2 | |||
| Jan high C = 19.2 | |||
| Feb high C = 24.3 | |||
| Mar high C = 30.7 | |||
| Apr high C = 36.8 | |||
| May high C = 41.2 | |||
| Jun high C = 40.5 | |||
| Jul high C = 35.7 | |||
| Aug high C = 34.3 | |||
| Sep high C = 34.2 | |||
| Oct high C = 33.4 | | Oct high C = 33.4 | ||
| Nov high C = 28. | | Nov high C = 28.3 | ||
| Dec high C = 22. | | Dec high C = 22.2 | ||
|year high C = 31. | | year high C = 31.7 | ||
| Jan low C = 7. | | Jan low C = 7.7 | ||
| Feb low C = | | Feb low C = 11.0 | ||
| Mar low C = 15. | | Mar low C = 15.4 | ||
| Apr low C = 21. | | Apr low C = 21.0 | ||
| May low C = | | May low C = 25.5 | ||
| Jun low C = 27. | | Jun low C = 27.1 | ||
| Jul low C = | | Jul low C = 26.5 | ||
| Aug low C = | | Aug low C = 25.8 | ||
| Sep low C = 24. | | Sep low C = 24.2 | ||
| Oct low C = 19.5 | | Oct low C = 19.5 | ||
| Nov low C = | | Nov low C = 14.2 | ||
| Dec low C = 8.8 | | Dec low C = 8.3 | ||
|year low C = | | year low C = 18.9 | ||
| Jan record low C = - | | Jan avg record low C = 3.6 | ||
| Feb record low C = | | Feb avg record low C = 6.8 | ||
| Mar record low C = 3. | | Mar avg record low C = 10.5 | ||
| Apr record low C = 8. | | Apr avg record low C = 16.3 | ||
| May record low C = | | May avg record low C = 19.7 | ||
| Jun record low C = | | Jun avg record low C = 20.6 | ||
| Jul record low C = | | Jul avg record low C = 22.8 | ||
| Aug record low C = | | Aug avg record low C = 23.1 | ||
| Sep record low C = | | Sep avg record low C = 21.5 | ||
| Oct record low C = 9. | | Oct avg record low C = 14.5 | ||
| Nov record low C = 2 | | Nov avg record low C = 9.8 | ||
| Dec record low C = - | | Dec avg record low C = 3.2 | ||
| year record low C = - | | year avg record low C = 2.9 | ||
| Jan record low C = -1.3 | |||
| Feb record low C = 0.0 | |||
| Mar record low C = 3.8 | |||
| Apr record low C = 8.4 | |||
| May record low C = 13.8 | |||
| Jun record low C = 18.0 | |||
| Jul record low C = 19.8 | |||
| Aug record low C = 21.3 | |||
| Sep record low C = 14.0 | |||
| Oct record low C = 9.4 | |||
| Nov record low C = 3.2 | |||
| Dec record low C = -0.5 | |||
| year record low C = -1.3 | |||
| rain colour = green | | rain colour = green | ||
| Jan rain mm = 18. | | Jan rain mm = 18.0 | ||
| Feb rain mm = | | Feb rain mm = 19.8 | ||
| Mar rain mm = | | Mar rain mm = 21.6 | ||
| Apr rain mm = | | Apr rain mm = 10.7 | ||
| May rain mm = | | May rain mm = 31.1 | ||
| Jun rain mm = | | Jun rain mm = 71.8 | ||
| Jul rain mm = | | Jul rain mm = 182.2 | ||
| Aug rain mm = 188. | | Aug rain mm = 188.4 | ||
| Sep rain mm = | | Sep rain mm = 106.1 | ||
| Oct rain mm = 13. | | Oct rain mm = 13.8 | ||
| Nov rain mm = | | Nov rain mm = 2.1 | ||
| Dec rain mm = | | Dec rain mm = 5.4 | ||
|year rain mm = | | year rain mm = 671.0 | ||
| Jan rain days = 1. | | Jan rain days = 1.6 | ||
| Feb rain days = 1. | | Feb rain days = 1.6 | ||
| Mar rain days = 1 | | Mar rain days = 2.1 | ||
| Apr rain days = 1.0 | | Apr rain days = 1.0 | ||
| May rain days = 2. | | May rain days = 2.8 | ||
| Jun rain days = 4. | | Jun rain days = 4.5 | ||
| Jul rain days = 8. | | Jul rain days = 8.5 | ||
| Aug rain days = 8. | | Aug rain days = 8.6 | ||
| Sep rain days = 4. | | Sep rain days = 4.7 | ||
| Oct rain days = 0. | | Oct rain days = 0.6 | ||
| Nov rain days = 0. | | Nov rain days = 0.3 | ||
| Dec rain days = 0. | | Dec rain days = 0.4 | ||
|year rain days = | | year rain days = 36.7 | ||
|time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | | time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | ||
| Jan humidity = | | Jan humidity = 64 | ||
| Feb humidity = | | Feb humidity = 52 | ||
| Mar humidity = | | Mar humidity = 40 | ||
| Apr humidity = | | Apr humidity = 26 | ||
| May humidity = | | May humidity = 24 | ||
| Jun humidity = | | Jun humidity = 37 | ||
| Jul humidity = | | Jul humidity = 64 | ||
| Aug humidity = | | Aug humidity = 68 | ||
| Sep humidity = | | Sep humidity = 63 | ||
| Oct humidity = | | Oct humidity = 50 | ||
| Nov humidity = | | Nov humidity = 52 | ||
| Dec humidity = | | Dec humidity = 58 | ||
|year humidity = | | year humidity = 51 | ||
|date= | | date = October 2022 | ||
|source | | source = India Meteorological Department<ref name=IMDcityrainfall3> | ||
| | {{cite web | ||
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180 | |||
| | | title = Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ayanagar) (42180) | ||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | | publisher = India Meteorological Department | ||
| | | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144852/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180 | ||
| archive-date = 13 October 2022 | |||
| | | access-date = 13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes4> | ||
| | |||
}}</ref><ref name= | |||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| | | url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | ||
| archive- | | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | ||
| archive-date = 1 January 2023 | |||
| title = | | title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020 | ||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | | publisher = India Meteorological Department | ||
| date = | | access-date = 1 January 2023 | ||
| page = | | page = 279}}</ref> February record high<ref> | ||
{{cite web | {{cite web | ||
| url = | | url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php | ||
| title = | | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170400/https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php | ||
| archive-date = 20 February 2023 | |||
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023 | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | | publisher = India Meteorological Department | ||
| access-date = 5 | | access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref> | ||
}} | }}{{Weather box | ||
| metric first = Y | |||
</ | | single line = Y | ||
| temperature colour = | |||
| location = New Delhi ([[Delhi Ridge]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present | |||
| Jan record high C = 27.5 | |||
| Feb record high C = 34.2 | |||
| Mar record high C = 40.0 | |||
| Apr record high C = 45.7 | |||
| May record high C = 47.2 | |||
| Jun record high C = 47.9 | |||
| Jul record high C = 42.5 | |||
| Aug record high C = 40.4 | |||
| Sep record high C = 38.4 | |||
| Oct record high C = 38.4 | |||
| Nov record high C = 34.2 | |||
| Dec record high C = 29.8 | |||
| year record high C = 47.9 | |||
| Jan avg record high C = 24.4 | |||
| Feb avg record high C = 29.6 | |||
| Mar avg record high C = 36.4 | |||
| Apr avg record high C = 42.8 | |||
| May avg record high C = 45.7 | |||
| Jun avg record high C = 44.8 | |||
| Jul avg record high C = 40.4 | |||
| Aug avg record high C = 37.7 | |||
| Sep avg record high C = 36.8 | |||
| Oct avg record high C = 36.4 | |||
| Nov avg record high C = 32.5 | |||
| Dec avg record high C = 27.2 | |||
| year avg record high C = 45.9 | |||
| Jan high C = 19.0 | |||
| Feb high C = 24.4 | |||
| Mar high C = 31.0 | |||
| Apr high C = 37.0 | |||
| May high C = 40.7 | |||
| Jun high C = 39.8 | |||
| Jul high C = 35.1 | |||
| Aug high C = 33.9 | |||
| Sep high C = 34.0 | |||
| Oct high C = 33.4 | |||
| Nov high C = 28.0 | |||
| Dec high C = 22.5 | |||
| year high C = 31.4 | |||
| Jan low C = 8.7 | |||
| Feb low C = 12.1 | |||
| Mar low C = 16.8 | |||
| Apr low C = 22.0 | |||
| May low C = 25.9 | |||
| Jun low C = 27.0 | |||
| Jul low C = 26.1 | |||
| Aug low C = 25.5 | |||
| Sep low C = 24.1 | |||
| Oct low C = 20.3 | |||
| Nov low C = 15.1 | |||
| Dec low C = 9.9 | |||
| year low C = 19.2 | |||
| Jan avg record low C = 5.4 | |||
| Feb avg record low C = 9.0 | |||
| Mar avg record low C = 12.0 | |||
| Apr avg record low C = 17.4 | |||
| May avg record low C = 20.7 | |||
| Jun avg record low C = 21.3 | |||
| Jul avg record low C = 22.7 | |||
| Aug avg record low C = 23.2 | |||
| Sep avg record low C = 21.5 | |||
| Oct avg record low C = 17.0 | |||
| Nov avg record low C = 11.5 | |||
| Dec avg record low C = 5.3 | |||
| year avg record low C = 4.7 | |||
| Jan record low C = 1.5 | |||
| Feb record low C = 7.0 | |||
| Mar record low C = 10.2 | |||
| Apr record low C = 11.6 | |||
| May record low C = 14.2 | |||
| Jun record low C = 16.7 | |||
| Jul record low C = 21.0 | |||
| Aug record low C = 21.6 | |||
| Sep record low C = 19.0 | |||
| Oct record low C = 12.4 | |||
| Nov record low C = 9.7 | |||
| Dec record low C = 3.5 | |||
| year record low C = 1.5 | |||
| rain colour = green | |||
| Jan rain mm = 20.1 | |||
| Feb rain mm = 19.5 | |||
| Mar rain mm = 17.8 | |||
| Apr rain mm = 7.6 | |||
| May rain mm = 34.0 | |||
| Jun rain mm = 62.9 | |||
| Jul rain mm = 193.6 | |||
| Aug rain mm = 197.4 | |||
| Sep rain mm = 119.3 | |||
| Oct rain mm = 26.5 | |||
| Nov rain mm = 2.1 | |||
| Dec rain mm = 6.1 | |||
| year rain mm = | |||
| Jan rain days = 1.9 | |||
| Feb rain days = 1.5 | |||
| Mar rain days = 1.3 | |||
| Apr rain days = 1.1 | |||
| May rain days = 2.4 | |||
| Jun rain days = 3.9 | |||
| Jul rain days = 8.3 | |||
| Aug rain days = 9.4 | |||
| Sep rain days = 5.2 | |||
| Oct rain days = 0.5 | |||
| Nov rain days = 0.3 | |||
| Dec rain days = 0.5 | |||
| year rain days = 36.3 | |||
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]] | |||
| Jan humidity = 66 | |||
| Feb humidity = 54 | |||
| Mar humidity = 41 | |||
| Apr humidity = 29 | |||
| May humidity = 31 | |||
| Jun humidity = 44 | |||
| Jul humidity = 71 | |||
| Aug humidity = 76 | |||
| Sep humidity = 68 | |||
| Oct humidity = 55 | |||
| Nov humidity = 54 | |||
| Dec humidity = 62 | |||
| year humidity = 55 | |||
| date = October 2022 | |||
| source = India Meteorological Department<ref name=IMDcityrainfall4> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184 | |||
| title = Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ridge) (42184) | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013182315/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184 | |||
| archive-date = 13 October 2022 | |||
| access-date = 13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes5> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf | |||
| archive-date = 1 January 2023 | |||
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020 | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| access-date = 1 January 2023 | |||
| page = 281}}</ref> February record high<ref> | |||
{{cite web | |||
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php | |||
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170400/https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php | |||
| archive-date = 20 February 2023 | |||
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023 | |||
| publisher = India Meteorological Department | |||
| access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref> | |||
}}</div> | |||
===Air quality=== | ===Air quality=== | ||
{{See also|Environmental issues in Delhi|Air pollution in Delhi}} | {{See also|Environmental issues in Delhi|Air pollution in Delhi}} | ||
In [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad [[air quality]] and pollution.<ref name="Mercer Quality Air">{{cite news|title=2015 Quality of Living Survey|url=https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html|work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="WSJ New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Bad Air Chokes New Delhi's Livability Ranking|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.<ref name="Time New Delhi">{{cite news|title=New Delhi, the World's Most Polluted City, Is Even More Polluted Than We Realized|url=https://time.com/3608534/india-new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-city/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="AP New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Rickshaw research reveals extreme Delhi pollution |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |agency=Associated Press |date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202043300/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="India Pollution New Delhi">{{cite news|title=India's air pollution is so bad it's reducing life expectancy by 3.2 years|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/24/8094597/india-air-pollution-deaths|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Delhi122015/> In 2016, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on [[Earth]]<ref name="New Delhi Earth">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth right now|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth: US Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/new-delhi-is-the-most-polluted-city-on-earth-us-environmental-protection-agency/440141/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and [[IQAir]] listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.<ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution2">{{cite news |title=New Delhi world's most polluted capital again: Study |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=26 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | In [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad [[air quality]] and pollution.<ref name="Mercer Quality Air">{{cite news|title=2015 Quality of Living Survey|url=https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html|work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]|date=8 March 2015|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128201250/https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WSJ New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Bad Air Chokes New Delhi's Livability Ranking|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.<ref name="Time New Delhi">{{cite news|title=New Delhi, the World's Most Polluted City, Is Even More Polluted Than We Realized|url=https://time.com/3608534/india-new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-city/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="AP New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Rickshaw research reveals extreme Delhi pollution |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |agency=Associated Press |date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202043300/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="India Pollution New Delhi">{{cite news|title=India's air pollution is so bad it's reducing life expectancy by 3.2 years|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/24/8094597/india-air-pollution-deaths|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Delhi122015/> In 2016, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on [[Earth]]<ref name="New Delhi Earth">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth right now|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth: US Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/new-delhi-is-the-most-polluted-city-on-earth-us-environmental-protection-agency/440141/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and [[IQAir]] listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.<ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution2">{{cite news |title=New Delhi world's most polluted capital again: Study |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=26 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]] | [[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]]] | ||
In an attempt to lessen [[air pollution]] in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary [[alternate-day travel]] scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name=Delhi122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html|title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2015|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.<ref name=dnaindia2153471>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=8 December 2015|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015/> | In an attempt to lessen [[air pollution]] in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary [[alternate-day travel]] scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11 pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name=Delhi122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html|title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2015|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8 am and 8 pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.<ref name=dnaindia2153471>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=8 December 2015|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015/> | ||
Line 287: | Line 513: | ||
On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref name=20151217nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html|title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 2015|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> | On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref name=20151217nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html|title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 2015|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref> | ||
Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/|title=Yes, Delhi, it worked|date=19 January 2016}}</ref> | Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/|title=Yes, Delhi, it worked|date=19 January 2016}}</ref> In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms|title=Odd-even scheme likely to return in Delhi after March; schools, 2nd car among concerns {{pipe}} Delhi News |website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2016 }}</ref> However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}} | ||
On 7 November 2017, the [[Indian Medical Association]] declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city|title=Delhi doctors declare pollution emergency as smog chokes city|first=Michael|last=Safi|date=7 November 2017|website= | On 7 November 2017, the [[Indian Medical Association]] declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city|title=Delhi doctors declare pollution emergency as smog chokes city|first=Michael|last=Safi|date=7 November 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The highest being in the [[Punjabi Bagh]] district with an [[air quality index]] of 999 and in the [[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]] district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the [[Anand Vihar]] district with an index of 319.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html|title=Delhi air pollution: Public health emergency declared; people advised not to venture outside|date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710 μg/m<sup>3</sup>, more than 11 times the [[World Health Organization]]'s safe limit.<ref name="auto"/> | ||
In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=06_03_2019_012_004|title=New Delhi is world's most polluted capital |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> | In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=06_03_2019_012_004|title=New Delhi is world's most polluted capital |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref> | ||
Line 299: | Line 525: | ||
On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's capital New Delhi suffers most toxic air in a year|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/5/indias-capital-new-delhi-suffers-most-toxic-air-in-a-year|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> | On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's capital New Delhi suffers most toxic air in a year|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/5/indias-capital-new-delhi-suffers-most-toxic-air-in-a-year|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref> | ||
[[File:2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (AQI).svg|thumb|upright=4.1|center|2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI) | [[File:2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (AQI).svg|thumb|upright=4.1|center|2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI) | ||
{{Columns-start}} | {{Columns-start}} | ||
{{legend|#7e0023| Hazardous }} | {{legend|#7e0023| Hazardous }} | ||
Line 310: | Line 536: | ||
{{Columns-end}} | {{Columns-end}} | ||
]] | ]] | ||
{| class="wikitable" | |||
!Month | |||
!January | |||
!February | |||
!March | |||
!April | |||
!May | |||
!June | |||
!July | |||
!August | |||
!September | |||
!October | |||
!November | |||
!December | |||
|- | |||
|Average [[Air quality index]] | |||
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201-300 | |||
(Poor) | |||
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201-300 | |||
(Poor) | |||
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200 | |||
(Moderate) | |||
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200 | |||
(Moderate) | |||
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200 | |||
(Moderate) | |||
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200 | |||
(Moderate) | |||
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100 | |||
(Satisfactory) | |||
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100 | |||
(Satisfactory) | |||
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100 | |||
(Satisfactory) | |||
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401-500 | |||
(Severe) | |||
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401-500 | |||
(Severe) | |||
| style="background:red; colour: black" |301-400 | |||
(Very Poor) | |||
|} | |||
==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
Line 326: | Line 593: | ||
|bars= | |bars= | ||
<!--THESE FIGURES ARE FOR THE CITY LIMITS GOVERNED BY '''NDMC'''. DON'T CONFUSE THESE WITH FIGURES OF '''NEW DELHI DISTRICT''' OR THOSE OF '''NCT OF DELHI'''--> | <!--THESE FIGURES ARE FOR THE CITY LIMITS GOVERNED BY '''NDMC'''. DON'T CONFUSE THESE WITH FIGURES OF '''NEW DELHI DISTRICT''' OR THOSE OF '''NCT OF DELHI'''--> | ||
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]| | {{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.82}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--> | ||
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.50}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--> | {{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.50}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--> | ||
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|2.93}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--> | {{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|2.93}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.--> | ||
Line 334: | Line 601: | ||
}} | }} | ||
According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the religion of 89.8%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI. AS PER 2011 CENSUS, THE PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IS 89.8% FOR NDMC AND 81.68% FOR ENTIRE NCT.--> of New Delhi's population.<ref name="Religion PCA 2011"/> There are also communities of [[Muslim]]s (4.5%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THE PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN NEW DELHI (AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC) IS 4.5%. HOWEVER, THIS PROPORTION IS 12.9% FOR WHOLE NCT OF DELHI.-->), [[Christians]] (2.9%), [[Sikh]]s (2.0%), [[Jain]]s (0.4%).<ref name="Religion PCA 2011">{{cite web|title=Religion PCA|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher= | According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the religion of 89.8%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI. AS PER 2011 CENSUS, THE PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IS 89.8% FOR NDMC AND 81.68% FOR ENTIRE NCT.--> of New Delhi's population.<ref name="Religion PCA 2011"/> There are also communities of [[Muslim]]s (4.5%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THE PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN NEW DELHI (AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC) IS 4.5%. HOWEVER, THIS PROPORTION IS 12.9% FOR WHOLE NCT OF DELHI.-->), [[Christians]] (2.9%), [[Sikh]]s (2.0%), [[Jain]]s (0.4%).<ref name="Religion PCA 2011">{{cite web|title=Religion PCA|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707231710/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx|archive-date=7 July 2016}} '''In the downloaded Excel file, scroll down to ''row number 56'' which mentions religious data for NDMC'''.</ref> Other religious groups include [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jew]]s.<ref name=Lonelyplanet>{{cite web|publisher=Census of India 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Data on Religion |page=1 |date=2001 |access-date=16 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007 }}</ref> | ||
<gallery mode="packed" heights=" | {{clear}} | ||
<gallery caption="Religious buildings in New Delhi" mode="packed" heights="140"> | |||
Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi) sky adj.jpg| | Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi) sky adj.jpg|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], designed by [[Henry Medd]] based on Italian architecture | ||
Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in New Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]] a | Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in New Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]],<br>a Sikh Gurdwara | ||
Laxminarayan Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|[[Laxminarayan Temple]],<br>a Hindu Mandir | |||
</gallery> | </gallery> | ||
Line 345: | Line 613: | ||
{{Main|New Delhi Municipal Council|Government of Delhi|Department of Police, Delhi}} | {{Main|New Delhi Municipal Council|Government of Delhi|Department of Police, Delhi}} | ||
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central [[Government of India]] and the local [[Government of Delhi]], it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. | The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central [[Government of India]] and the local [[Government of Delhi]], it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi. | ||
[[File:Delhi | [[File:Three Municipalities of Delhi as of 2022.png|thumb|Municipalities of Delhi]] | ||
[[File:Dehli districts.png|thumb|The district of New Delhi within the NCT]] | [[File:Dehli districts.png|thumb|The district of New Delhi within the NCT]] | ||
New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). | New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] and [[Delhi Cantonment Board]]. {{As of|2015}}, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi]] and five members nominated by the central government. | ||
The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The [[New Delhi district]] includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name, but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and | The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The [[New Delhi district]] includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name, but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area. | ||
==Economy== | ==Economy== | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
{{See also|Category:Companies based in New Delhi|label 1=Companies in New Delhi}} | {{See also|Category:Companies based in New Delhi|label 1=Companies in New Delhi}} | ||
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net [[State Domestic Product]] (FY 2010) of {{INRConvert|1595|b}} in nominal terms and ~{{INRConvert|6800|b}} in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] terms.<ref name=indgovdotin>{{cite web|title=Government of NCT of Delhi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |publisher=Indian Government |access-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144310/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs. 230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) against Rs 3.11 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in 2011–12.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205427/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> | New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net [[State Domestic Product]] (FY 2010) of {{INRConvert|1595|b}} in nominal terms and ~{{INRConvert|6800|b}} in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] terms.<ref name=indgovdotin>{{cite web|title=Government of NCT of Delhi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |publisher=Indian Government |access-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144310/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs.230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) against Rs 3.11 trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in 2011–12.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205427/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref> | ||
[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], one of [[North India]]'s largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as [[Barakhamba Road]], ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism. | [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], one of [[North India]]'s largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as [[Barakhamba Road]], ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism. | ||
[[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb| | [[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb|700px|center|{{center|[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in Delhi is an important economic hub of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].}}|alt=A view of a road at Connaught Place showing busy traffic]] | ||
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.<ref name="Wealth Report New Delhi Economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm|title=New Delhi: Overall rank 37; Economic activity rank 39 by 2011 Wealth Report|publisher=Rediff Business|date=21 April 2011|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.<ref name="New Delhi global retail">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |title=New Delhi is now among global retail hotspots |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511135751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref> | The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.<ref name="Wealth Report New Delhi Economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm|title=New Delhi: Overall rank 37; Economic activity rank 39 by 2011 Wealth Report|publisher=Rediff Business|date=21 April 2011|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.<ref name="New Delhi global retail">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |title=New Delhi is now among global retail hotspots |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511135751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref> | ||
Line 367: | Line 635: | ||
==Culture== | ==Culture== | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast [[Indian bureaucracy]] and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'' (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the [[Red Fort]]. Most [[wiktionary:Delhiite#Noun|Delhiites]] celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.<ref name=freedom>{{cite web|publisher=123independenceday.com|url=http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|title=Independence Day|access-date=4 January 2007|archive-url=https:// | New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast [[Indian bureaucracy]] and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'' (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the [[Red Fort]]. Most [[wiktionary:Delhiite#Noun|Delhiites]] celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.<ref name=freedom>{{cite web|publisher=123independenceday.com|url=http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|title=Independence Day|access-date=4 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516222909/http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Republic Day Parade]] is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.<ref name=repmil>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article28952306.ece | ||
|title= R-Day parade, an anachronism?|access-date=13 January 2007|last=Ray Choudhury|first=Ray Choudhury|date=28 January 2002|work=Business Line}}</ref><ref name=repcul>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|title=Fairs & Festivals of Delhi|access-date=13 January 2007|work=Delhi Travel|publisher=India Tourism.org|archive-date=16 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122306/http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | |title= R-Day parade, an anachronism?|access-date=13 January 2007|last=Ray Choudhury|first=Ray Choudhury|date=28 January 2002|work=Business Line}}</ref><ref name=repcul>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|title=Fairs & Festivals of Delhi|access-date=13 January 2007|work=Delhi Travel|publisher=India Tourism.org|archive-date=16 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122306/http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
Line 380: | Line 648: | ||
New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the [[Royal Academy]] in London in the winter of 1947–48,<ref name=NMH>{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |title=History of the National Museum |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328061518/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> was later at the end was shown at the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.<ref name=hindu2011020150>{{cite news|title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2011|date=1 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the [[Royal Academy]] in London in the winter of 1947–48,<ref name=NMH>{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |title=History of the National Museum |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328061518/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> was later at the end was shown at the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.<ref name=hindu2011020150>{{cite news|title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2011|date=1 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> | ||
The [[India Gate]], which was built in 1931, was inspired by the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris.<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who | The [[India Gate]], which was built in 1931, was inspired by the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris.<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who died while fighting for the [[British Raj]] in [[World War I]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted. | ||
The [[Rajpath]], which was built similar to the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the [[Republic of India]], located in New Delhi. The annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later. | The [[Rajpath]], which was built similar to the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the [[Republic of India]], located in New Delhi. The annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later. | ||
[[File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], the final resting place of [[Mahatma Gandhi]] | [[File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], the final resting place of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]] | ||
[[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi is the location where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta. | [[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi is the location where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta. | ||
Line 396: | Line 664: | ||
The [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-delhi-cleanest-in-north-swachh-survey/articleshow/58527079.cms|title=New Delhi cleanest in north: Swachh survey|first=Alok K. N.|last=Mishra|date=5 May 2017|access-date=8 February 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> | The [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-delhi-cleanest-in-north-swachh-survey/articleshow/58527079.cms|title=New Delhi cleanest in north: Swachh survey|first=Alok K. N.|last=Mishra|date=5 May 2017|access-date=8 February 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref> | ||
==Cityscape== | |||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | |||
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] is the official residence of the [[President of India]].]] | |||
Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect [[Edwin Lutyens]], was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central [[promenade]]s called the [[Rajpath]] and the [[Janpath]]. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to the [[India Gate]]. The [[Janpath]] (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at [[Connaught Circus]] and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/embassies-in-delhi/ |title=Embassies in Delhi, Embassies Address, Contacts, E-Mail, Delhi Embassies |publisher=Delhionline.in |access-date=4 November 2008}}</ref> | |||
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop [[Raisina Hill]]. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the [[Royal Crescent]] in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath. | |||
===Architecture=== | |||
The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.<ref name="Architecture New Delhi"/><ref name="Millennium New Delhi">{{cite book|title=The Millennium Book on New Delhi| publisher=Oxford University Press, US| isbn=978-0-19-565445-5| year=2001}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi birth controversy">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998|title=New Delhi's controversial birth|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital">{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1005|title=New Delhi: A New Capital|publisher=Boloji.com|date=30 January 2012|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032427/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1005|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Millennium New Delhi"/> | |||
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.<ref name="Construction New Delhi">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/|title=The Building of New Delhi|work=The Wall Street Journal |date=30 January 2012 }}</ref> Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/[[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] and historians like [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E.B. Havell]].<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> | |||
In the year 2019, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and [[Government of India]] introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over 440 Hectares,<ref name="Central Vista ND">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/|title=Diversity, efficiency, flexibility: The brief for redeveloping New Delhi's Central Vista|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> costing {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=on|year=2020}}<ref name="Central Vista ND2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it|title=Centre to SC: Rs 20,000 Crore Central Vista project saves money, not wastes it|work=[[National Herald]] |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> | |||
==Transport== | ==Transport== | ||
Line 406: | Line 688: | ||
| alt1 = Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 2 of the airport. | | alt1 = Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 2 of the airport. | ||
| caption1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s new terminal. It is the busiest and the largest airport in South Asia.<ref name=19860502airport-delhi>{{cite web|url=http://airport-delhi.com/ |title=Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) |publisher=Airport-delhi.com |date=2 May 1986 |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 3 of the airport. | | caption1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s new terminal. It is the busiest and the largest airport in South Asia.<ref name=19860502airport-delhi>{{cite web|url=http://airport-delhi.com/ |title=Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) |publisher=Airport-delhi.com |date=2 May 1986 |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 3 of the airport. | ||
| image2 = | | image2 = New Delhi Outer Ring Road Picture.jpg | ||
| alt2 = A green coloured Delhi Transport Corporation CNG bus in the middle of the road | | alt2 = A green coloured Delhi Transport Corporation CNG bus in the middle of the road | ||
| caption2 = The | | caption2 = The New Delhi Outer Ring Road | ||
| | |||
| image3 = Sculpture of hasta mudras at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg | |||
| | | | ||
|caption3=Indira Gandhi International Airport | |caption3=Indira Gandhi International Airport | ||
Line 433: | Line 716: | ||
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], situated to the [[South West Delhi|southwest of Delhi]], is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]</ref><ref name=essentialtravel>{{cite web|publisher=Essential Travel Ltd., UK. |url=http://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |title=New Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) information |access-date=29 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719165130/https://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |archive-date=19 July 2006 }}</ref> making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost {{INRConvert|96.8|b}} to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.<ref name=20070218dailytimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\02\18\story_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |title=India begins $1.94b Delhi airport revamp |work=Daily Times|location=Pakistan |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116121748/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C02%5C18%5Cstory_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> | [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], situated to the [[South West Delhi|southwest of Delhi]], is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35 million passengers,<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]</ref><ref name=essentialtravel>{{cite web|publisher=Essential Travel Ltd., UK. |url=http://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |title=New Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) information |access-date=29 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719165130/https://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |archive-date=19 July 2006 }}</ref> making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost {{INRConvert|96.8|b}} to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37 million passengers annually.<ref name=20070218dailytimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\02\18\story_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |title=India begins $1.94b Delhi airport revamp |work=Daily Times|location=Pakistan |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116121748/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C02%5C18%5Cstory_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref> | ||
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two [[de Havilland Moth]] aircraft named ''Delhi'' and ''Roshanara'', was based at ''[[Safdarjung Airport]]'' which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.<ref name=mecca>{{cite news|title=Mecca for young aviators |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref> The airport functioned until 2001, | The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two [[de Havilland Moth]] aircraft named ''Delhi'' and ''Roshanara'', was based at ''[[Safdarjung Airport]]'' which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.<ref name=mecca>{{cite news|title=Mecca for young aviators |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref> The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following [[9/11|the New York attacks in September 2001]]. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,<ref name="mecca"/> and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.<ref name=indiatimes29413456>{{cite news |title=Ministries in row over Safdarjung Airport land |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/delhi/29413456_1_ud-ministry-safdarjung-airport-aviation-ministry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127185501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/delhi/29413456_1_ud-ministry-safdarjung-airport-aviation-ministry |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 April 2011 }}</ref> | ||
In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and ''Best Improved Airport'' in the Asia-Pacific Region by [[Airports Council International]].<ref name=archive2012051220> | In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25 million category, and ''Best Improved Airport'' in the Asia-Pacific Region by [[Airports Council International]].<ref name=archive2012051220>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2012|title=ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards|url=http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512200746/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__ |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> The airport was rated as the ''Best airport in the world'' in the 25–40 million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.<ref name="bestairport">{{cite web|title=ASQ Testimonials|url=https://aci.aero/news/2016/02/29/airports-council-international-announces-2015-airport-service-quality-award-winners/|website=www.aci.aero|date=29 February 2016 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Delhi Airport also bags two awards for ''The Best Airport in Central Asia/India'' and ''Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India'' at the [[Skytrax]] World Airport Awards 2015.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhis-indira-gandhi-international-airport-bags-two-international-awards-in-paris/articleshow/46587892.cms|title=Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport bags two international awards in Paris|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 March 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref> | ||
===Road=== | ===Road=== | ||
Line 470: | Line 753: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| 16 | | style="text-align:center;"| 16 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Delhi Junction railway station| | | [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]] | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| DLI | | style="text-align:center;"| DLI | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] | | style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] | ||
Line 478: | Line 761: | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| NZM | | style="text-align:center;"| NZM | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] | | style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]] | ||
| style="text-align:center;"| | | style="text-align:center;"| 9 | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] | | [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]] | ||
Line 491: | Line 774: | ||
|} | |} | ||
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]. The five main railway stations are [[New Delhi railway station]], [[Old Delhi Railway Station| | New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]. The five main railway stations are [[New Delhi railway station]], [[Old Delhi Railway Station|Delhi Junction]], [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]], [[Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]] and [[Sarai Rohilla]].<ref name=ecosurv12>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf|title=Chapter 12: Transport|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=130–146|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116044119/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> The [[Delhi Ring Railway|Delhi Ring railway]], a 35-kilometre circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]], is a part of Delhi's suburban railway services.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2011}}</ref> | ||
===Metro=== | ===Metro=== | ||
{{Main|Delhi Metro}} | {{Main|Delhi Metro}} | ||
[[File:DMRC Bombardier.jpg|thumb|Delhi Metro – Phase 2]] | [[File:DMRC Bombardier.jpg|thumb|Delhi Metro – Phase 2]] | ||
The [[Delhi Metro]] is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|255 stations]]{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 286 stations<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|348.12|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|348.12|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|390.14|km}}.<ref name="route map"/><ref name="introduction"/>}} The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Metro helps keep 3.9 lakh vehicles off roads in 2014 | The [[Delhi Metro]] is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|255 stations]]{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 286 stations<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|348.12|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|348.12|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|390.14|km}}.<ref name="route map"/><ref name="introduction"/>}} The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Metro helps keep 3.9 lakh vehicles off roads in 2014 |work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> | ||
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[E. Sreedharan]], the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned<ref>{{Cite web|title=E Sreedharan resigns as Delhi Metro chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775|access-date=17 July 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 July 2009|title=Under-construction Delhi Metro bridge collapses, 5 killed|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the [[Legion of Honour]] by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro. | Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[E. Sreedharan]], the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned<ref>{{Cite web|title=E Sreedharan resigns as Delhi Metro chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775|access-date=17 July 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 July 2009|title=Under-construction Delhi Metro bridge collapses, 5 killed|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the [[Legion of Honour]] by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro. | ||
== | ==Education== | ||
<!-- | <!--- In this section, add Universities, Colleges, High schools, etc. ---> | ||
{{Main|Education in Delhi}} | |||
===Schools=== | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a school to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> | |||
* [[DAV Public School]] (at multiple areas) | |||
* [[Delhi Public School]] (at multiple areas) | |||
* [[Guru Amar Dass Public School]] | |||
* [[St. Mark's Senior Secondary Public School]] | |||
* [[St. Xavier's School]] (at multiple areas) | |||
* [[The British School, New Delhi|The British School]] | |||
* [[Union Academy Senior Secondary School, New Delhi|Union Academy Senior Secondary School]] | |||
=== | ===Colleges=== | ||
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> | |||
* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS, New Delhi]] | |||
* [[Delhi College of Arts and Commerce]] | |||
* [[Hindu College, Delhi]] | |||
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]] | |||
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]] | |||
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]] | |||
* [[Institute of Information Technology and Management]] (IITM) (at multiple areas) | |||
* [[Management Education & Research Institute]] (MERI) | |||
* [[Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]] (PGDAV College) | |||
* [[Ramanujan College]] | |||
* [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]] | |||
===Universities=== | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦---> | |||
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦---> | |||
* [[Association of Indian Universities]] | |||
* [[Delhi School of Economics]] | |||
* [[Delhi School of Management]] | |||
* [[Delhi School of Music]] | |||
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]] | |||
* [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]] | |||
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi|IIT Delhi]] | |||
* [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]] | |||
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU) | |||
* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]] | |||
* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]] | |||
* [[Jamia Hamdard|Jamia Hamdard University]] | |||
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia Islamia University]] | |||
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]] | |||
* [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]] (NIEPA) | |||
* [[National Institute of Technology, Delhi|NIT Delhi]] | |||
* [[National Law University]] | |||
* [[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University]] | |||
* [[South Asian University]] | |||
* [[TERI School of Advanced Studies]] | |||
* [[University of Delhi]] | |||
==Sports== | ==Sports== | ||
[[File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. In the foreground, there is an [[aerostat]].]] | [[File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. In the foreground, there is an [[aerostat]].]] | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
The city hosted the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and annually hosts [[Delhi Half Marathon]] foot-race. The city has previously hosted the [[1951 Asian Games]] and the [[1982 Asian Games]]. New Delhi was interested<ref name=yahoo20100625>{{cite news|title=India Reportedly Keen To Bid For 2a019 ASIAD|url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20100625/tsp-sports-asian-games-cc21d00.html|access-date=27 June 2010|newspaper=Yahoo! News Malaysia|date=26 June 2010|agency=Bernama| | The city hosted the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and annually hosts [[Delhi Half Marathon]] foot-race. The city has previously hosted the [[1951 Asian Games]] and the [[1982 Asian Games]]. New Delhi was interested<ref name=yahoo20100625>{{cite news|title=India Reportedly Keen To Bid For 2a019 ASIAD|url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20100625/tsp-sports-asian-games-cc21d00.html|access-date=27 June 2010|newspaper=Yahoo! News Malaysia|date=26 June 2010|agency=Bernama}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in bidding for the [[2019 Asian Games]] but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=20100802ndtv>{{cite news|title=Indian government says no to bid for 2019 Asian Games|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508|access-date=2 August 2010|newspaper=NDTV India|date=2 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805000601/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508|archive-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
Line 543: | Line 866: | ||
| 2013–present | | 2013–present | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[ | | [[Delhi FC]] | ||
| [[Association football|Football]] | | [[Association football|Football]] | ||
| [[I-League]] | | [[I-League]] | ||
| [[Ambedkar Stadium]] | | [[Ambedkar Stadium]] | ||
| | | 1994–present | ||
|- | |- | ||
| [[Delhi Dashers]] | | [[Delhi Dashers]] | ||
Line 580: | Line 903: | ||
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. --> | ||
{{multiple image | {{multiple image | ||
| align = right | | align = right | ||
| caption_align = center | | caption_align = center | ||
| image1 = Dmitry Medvedev BRICS summit 2012-25.jpeg | | image1 = Dmitry Medvedev BRICS summit 2012-25.jpeg | ||
| width1 = 275 | | width1 = 275 | ||
| caption1 = 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012 | | caption1 = 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012 | ||
| image2 = Delegates at plenary session of ILO Delhi conference.jpg | | image2 = Delegates at plenary session of ILO Delhi conference.jpg | ||
| width2 = 200 | | width2 = 200 | ||
| caption2 = First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] in New Delhi, October 1947 | | caption2 = First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] in New Delhi, October 1947 | ||
| footer = | | footer = | ||
| footer_align = center | | footer_align = center | ||
}} | }} | ||
The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the [[UNESCAP]] servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |title=The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP |publisher=Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, [[UNESCAP]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813064613/http://apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the [[UNDP]], [[UNODC]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], [[WFP]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UNV]], [[UNCTAD]], [[FAO]], [[UNFPA]], [[WHO]], [[World Bank]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[UNIFEM]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and [[UNAIDS]]. [[UNHCR Representation in India]] is also located in the city. | The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the [[UNESCAP]] servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |title=The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP |publisher=Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, [[UNESCAP]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813064613/http://apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the [[UNDP]], [[UNODC]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], [[WFP]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UNV]], [[UNCTAD]], [[FAO]], [[UNFPA]], [[WHO]], [[World Bank]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[UNIFEM]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and [[UNAIDS]]. [[UNHCR Representation in India]] is also located in the city. | ||
Line 602: | Line 926: | ||
=== Sister cities === | === Sister cities === | ||
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}} | {{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}} | ||
* | *[[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties|title=Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties|date=7 September 2012|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154517/http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties|archive-date=8 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
* | *[[Beijing]], China (2013)<ref name=ipcs>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/india-china-an-assessment-of-october-2013-agreements-mou-on-4152.html |title=India & China: An Assessment of October 2013 Agreements |last=Rajan |first=DS |date=27 October 2013 |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> | ||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] | * [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]] | ||
* [[Urban Health Resource Centre]] | |||
==Notes== | ==Notes== | ||
Line 620: | Line 945: | ||
* Johnson, David A. "A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931," ''Urban History'', Dec 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 462–487 | * Johnson, David A. "A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931," ''Urban History'', Dec 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 462–487 | ||
* {{Cite book | author=Volwahsen, Andreas. | title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire| publisher=Prestel Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=978-3791327884 | pages = 320 pages}} | * {{Cite book | author=Volwahsen, Andreas. | title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire| publisher=Prestel Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=978-3791327884 | pages = 320 pages}} | ||
* {{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Pushpam|title=Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosystems of Delhi, India|journal=[[ | * {{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Pushpam|title=Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosystems of Delhi, India|journal=[[Ambio]]|volume=38|issue=1|pages=35–39|date=February 2009|doi=10.1579/0044-7447-38.1.35|pmid=19260345|s2cid=45773128|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0d3ad6247cc89f5b1b82fb742a1e0c39f6677852}} | ||
* Ridley, Jane. "Edwin Lutyens, New Delhi, and the Architecture of Imperialism," ''Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History,'' May 1998, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 67–83. | * Ridley, Jane. "Edwin Lutyens, New Delhi, and the Architecture of Imperialism," ''Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History,'' May 1998, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 67–83. | ||
* {{Cite book | author=Bardiar, Nilendra. | title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947–65| location= New Delhi | publisher=Ruby Press & Co. | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-82395-49-2 }} | * {{Cite book | author=Bardiar, Nilendra. | title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947–65| location= New Delhi | publisher=Ruby Press & Co. | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-82395-49-2 }} | ||
Line 627: | Line 952: | ||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
* [https://www.delhi.gov.in/ New Delhi Government Portal] | * [https://www.delhi.gov.in/ New Delhi Government Portal] | ||
* [https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ New Delhi Municipal Council] | * [https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ New Delhi Municipal Council] |