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[[File:India Gate in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|thumb|225px|right|India Gate at New Delhi]]
{{short description|Capital city of India}}
{{about|the capital of India, within the union territory of [[Delhi]]}}


'''New Delhi''' ({{lang-hi|नई दिल्ली}}) is the [[capital]] of [[India]] and a union territory of the megacity of [[Delhi]]. It has a very old history and is home to several monuments where the city is expensive to live in. In traditional Indian geography it falls under the [[North India]]n zone. The city has an area of about 42.7&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>. New Delhi has a [[population]] of about 9.4 [[Million]] people.<ref>{{Cite web | url = http://www.newdelhihub.com/travel-to-new-delhi/facts-and-figures-of-new-delhi.html | title = Facts about New Delhi | accessdate = 17-10-2009 | publisher = New Delhi Hub | archive-date = 2018-08-15 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20180815030124/http://www.newdelhihub.com/travel-to-new-delhi/facts-and-figures-of-new-delhi.html/ | url-status = dead }}</ref>
 
{{Use Indian English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name = New Delhi
| native_name = <!-- Please do not add any Indic script in this infobox, per WP:INDICSCRIPT policy. -->
| settlement_type = [[Federal capital|Federal capital city]]
| image_seal = New Delhi Municipal Council logo.png
| image_skyline = {{multiple image
| border      = infobox
| total_width = 300
| image_style =
| perrow      = 1/2/2/1
| caption_align = center
| image1      = Glimpses_of_the_new_Parliament_Building,_in_New_Delhi_(2).jpg
| caption1    = [[New Parliament House, New Delhi|New Parliament House]] 
| image2      = LIC_Zonal_Office.jpg
| caption2    = LIC, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]]
| image3      = Bharat_Mandapam_Pragati_Maidan.jpg
| caption3    = [[Pragati Maidan]]
| image4      = Select_Citywalk,_Saket,_New_Delhi..jpg
| caption4    = [[Select Citywalk]]
| image5      = RASHTRAPATI BHAVAN.jpg
| caption5    = [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]]
| image6 = National War Memorial on the 21st anniversary of Kargil Vijay Diwas, 2020.jpg
| caption6 =  [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]]
}}
| image_map =
| map_caption =
| pushpin_map = India Delhi#India
| pushpin_label_position = right
| pushpin_map_alt =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Delhi##Location in India
| pushpin_mapsize = 300
| coordinates = {{Coord|28.6138954|N|77.2090057|E|type:city(250,000)_region:IN-DL|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{IND}}
| subdivision_type1 = [[States and union territories of India|Union territory]]
| subdivision_name1 = [[Delhi]]
| established_title = Established
| established_date = 1911
| established_title1 = Inaugurated
| established_date1 = 1931
| named_for =
| government_type = [[Municipal council (India)|Municipal Council]]
| governing_body = [[New Delhi Municipal Council]]
| leader_title1 = [[Chairman]]
| leader_name1 = Amit Yadav, [[Indian Administrative Service|IAS]]
| unit_pref = Metric
| total_type = [[Capital city]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows -->
| area_footnotes = <ref name='Delhi Info'>{{cite web|title=About Delhi|url=https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx|access-date=26 November 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/geography-of-new-delhi-1435049|title=Geographic Facts About New Delhi, India|author=Amanda Briney|work=ThoughtCo.com Education|access-date=28 April 2021}}</ref>
| area_total_km2 = 42.7
| area_rank =
| elevation_footnotes =
| elevation_m = 216
| population_total = 249,998<!--DO NOT CHANGE IT WITH DATA ABOUT WHOLE DELHI METROPOLIS-->
| population_as_of = 2011
| population_footnotes = <ref name=2011city>{{cite web|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf |title=Provisional Population Totals. Cities having population 1 lakh and above|publisher=Census of India 2011|access-date=12 December 2021}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = [[Metropolitan area|Metro]] (2018; includes entire urban Delhi + part of [[National Capital Region (India)|NCR]])
| population_blank1 = 28,514,000
| population_blank1_footnotes = <ref name="UNcities2018">{{cite web|title=The World's Cities in 2018|url=https://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/urbanization/the_worlds_cities_in_2018_data_booklet.pdf|publisher=[[United Nations]]}}</ref>
| population_rank =
| population_demonym = {{hlist|Dilliwale|Delhiite}}
| population_note =
| timezone1 = [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| utc_offset1 = +05:30
| postal_code_type = [[Postal Index Number|PIN]]
| postal_code = 1100xx, 121003, 1220xx, 201313 (New Delhi)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indiapincodes.net/Delhi/New-delhi/|title=New Delhi|website=indiapincodes.net}}</ref>
| area_code = [[Telephone numbers in India|+91-11]]
| registration_plate = DL-2X
| blank1_name_sec1 = [[International Airport]]
| blank1_info_sec1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]
| website = {{official URL}}
| footnotes =
| leader_title2 =
| leader_name2 =
| official_name = New Delhi
| blank2_info_sec2 =
| blank2_info_sec1 = [[Delhi Metro]]
| blank2_name_sec1 = [[Rapid Transit]]
| leader_title =
| leader_name =
}}
 
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
'''New Delhi''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=NewDelhi1.ogg|ˈ|d|ɛ|l|i}},<!-- DO NOT CHANGE THE STRESS - IT IS IN ACCORDANCE WITH WHAT LPD AND CEPD SAY --><ref>{{citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |year=2008 |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}; {{citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |year=2011 |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{IPA-hi|ˈnəiː ˈdɪlːiː|lang}}, ''Naī Dillī'') is the [[Capital city|capital]] of [[India]] and a part of the [[Delhi|National Capital Territory of Delhi]] (NCT). New Delhi is the seat of all three branches of the [[Government of India]], hosting the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], [[Parliament House (India)|Sansad Bhavan]], and the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]]. New Delhi is a [[Municipal governance in India|municipality]] within the NCT, administered by the [[New Delhi Municipal Council|NDMC]], which covers mostly [[Lutyens' Delhi]] and a few adjacent areas. The municipal area is part of a larger [[List of districts in India|administrative district]], the [[New Delhi district]].
 
Although colloquially ''Delhi'' and ''New Delhi'' are used interchangeably to refer to the National Capital Territory of Delhi, both are distinct entities, with both the municipality and the New Delhi district forming a relatively small part of the [[megacity]] of Delhi. The [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]] is a much larger entity comprising the entire [[National Capital Territory of Delhi|NCT]] along with adjoining districts in neighbouring states, including [[Ghaziabad]], [[Noida]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Faridabad]].
 
The foundation stone of New Delhi was laid by [[George V]] during the [[Visit of King George V to India|Delhi Durbar of 1911]].<ref name="History New Delhi">{{cite news|last=Lahiri|first=Tripti|date=13 January 2012|title=New Delhi: One of History's Best-Kept Secrets|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/08/one-of-historys-best-kept-secrets/}}</ref> It was designed by British architects [[Edwin Lutyens]] and [[Herbert Baker]]. The new capital was inaugurated on 13 February 1931,<ref name="India freedom capital">{{cite news|last=Stancati|first=Margherita|date=8 December 2011|title=New Delhi becomes the capital of Independent India|work=The Wall Street Journal|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/12/08/independence-through-a-womans-lens/|access-date=11 December 2011}}</ref> by [[Viceroy and Governor-General of India|Viceroy and Governor-General]] [[Lord Irwin|Irwin]].
 
==History==
===Establishment===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{multiple image
| perrow = 1
| total_width = 250
| caption_align = center
| align = left
| image1 = DelhiDurbar LordCurzon.jpg
| caption1 = [[George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston|Lord Curzon]] and [[Mary Victoria Leiter|Lady Curzon]] arriving at the Delhi Durbar, 1903
| image2 = Delhi Durbar, 1911.jpg
| caption2 = The Delhi Durbar of 1911, with George V and Mary seated upon the dais
| image3 = Inauguration of New Delhi 1931.jpg
| caption3 = The 1931 postage stamp series celebrated the inauguration of New Delhi as the seat of government. The one [[rupee]] stamp shows [[George V]] with the "Secretariat Building" and Dominion Columns.
}}
Until December 1911 [[Kolkata|Calcutta]] was the capital of India during the British Rule. However, it had become the centre of the nationalist movements since the late nineteenth century, which led to the [[Partition of Bengal (1905)|Partition of Bengal]] by Viceroy [[Lord Curzon]]. This created massive political and religious upsurge including political assassinations of British officials in Calcutta. The anti-colonial sentiments amongst the public led to a complete boycott of British goods, which forced the colonial government to reunite Bengal and immediately shift the capital to New Delhi.<ref name="Move From Calcutta">{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/86-years-ago-new-delhi-took-over-as-power-capital-of-india/articleshow/57133366.cms|title=86 years ago New Delhi took over as power capital of India|work=[[The Times of India]]}}</ref>
 
[[Old Delhi]] had served as the political and financial centre of several empires of [[History of India|ancient India]] and the [[Delhi Sultanate]], most notably of the [[Mughal Empire]] from 1649 to 1857. During the early 1900s, a proposal was made to the British administration to shift the capital of the British Indian Empire, as India was officially named, from Calcutta on the east coast, to Delhi.<ref name="Delhi Move">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|title=Why Delhi? The Move From Calcutta|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=16 November 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=11 November 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200727073527/https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/11/why-delhi-the-move-from-calcutta/|archive-date=27 July 2020}}</ref> The [[British Raj|Government of British India]] felt that it would be logistically easier to administer India from Delhi, which is in the centre of northern India.<ref name="Delhi Move"/> The land for building the new city of Delhi was acquired under the [[Land Acquisition Act 1894]].
 
During the [[Delhi Durbar]] on 12 December 1911, [[George V]], [[Emperor of India]], while laying the foundation stone for the viceroy's residence in the [[Coronation Park, Delhi|Coronation Park]], [[Kingsway Camp]], declared that the capital of the Raj would be shifted from [[Calcutta]] to [[Delhi]].<ref name="Delhi new capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/22/in-1911-rush-to-name-delhi-as-capital-causes-a-crush/|title=In 1911, Rush to Name Delhi as Capital Causes a Crush|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tom|last=Wright|date=22 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Delhi capital">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/28/was-new-delhi-a-death-knell-for-calcutta/|title=Was New Delhi a Death Knell for Calcutta?|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|date=28 November 2011}}</ref><ref name="Hall">{{cite book|last=Hall|first=P|author-link=Peter Hall (urbanist)|title=Cities of Tomorrow|year=2002|publisher=Blackwell Publishing|isbn=978-0-631-23252-0|pages=198–206}}</ref><ref>[http://www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help Coronation park] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20130103092055/www.hindustantimes.com/StoryPage/FullcoverageStoryPage.aspx?sectionName=IndiaSectionPage&id=5720f679-41cd-4e23-a9eb-c2f6b5d707c8Indiaturns61_Special&Headline=Coronation+park+cries+out+for+help |date=3 January 2013 }} [[Hindustan Times]], 14 August 2008.</ref> Three days later, George V and his consort, [[Mary of Teck|Queen Mary]], laid the foundation stone of New Delhi at Kingsway Camp.<ref name="Delhi formation">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/20/the-new-delhis-that-might-have-been/|title=The New Delhis That Might Have Been|work=The Wall Street Journal|access-date=3 December 2011|first=Tripti|last=Lahiri|date=20 November 2011}}</ref> Large parts of New Delhi were planned by [[Edwin Lutyens]], who first visited Delhi in 1912, and [[Herbert Baker]], both leading 20th-century British architects.<ref>{{cite web|title=Sir Edwin and the building |url=http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |last=Patwant |first=Singh |publisher=wmf.org |year=2002–2003 |access-date=31 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110516181731/http://www.wmf.org/sites/default/files/wmf_article/pg_38-43_new_delhi.pdf |archive-date=16 May 2011 }}</ref> The contract was given to [[Sobha Singh (builder)|Sobha Singh]]. The original plan called for its construction in Tughlaqabad, inside the [[Tughlaqabad Fort]], but this was given up because of the Delhi-Calcutta trunk line that passed through the fort.{{Citation needed|date=April 2021}} Construction really began after [[World War I]] and was completed by 1931. The gardening and planning of plantations was led by [[A.E.P. Griessen]], and later William Mustoe.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Bowe|first=Patrick|date=2009|title=The genius of an artist: William R. Mustoe and the planting of the city of New Delhi and its gardens|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/40649671|journal=Garden History|volume=37|issue=1|pages=68–79|jstor=40649671|issn=0307-1243}}</ref> The city that was later dubbed "[[Lutyens' Delhi]]" was inaugurated in ceremonies beginning on 10 February 1931 by Viceroy [[Lord Irwin]].<ref>{{cite news|title=New Delhi: The Inaugural Ceremony|newspaper=[[The Times]]|location=London|date=11 February 1931|issue=45744|page=12}}</ref> Lutyens designed the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's [[imperialism|imperial aspirations]].<ref name="ya">{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |title=Yadgaar |publisher=[[National Museum, New Delhi]] |access-date=18 May 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091229182030/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/pdf/yadgaar.pdf |archive-date=29 December 2009 }}</ref><ref name="Architecture New Delhi">{{cite web|title=Architecture of New Delhi|url=https://www.silhouette.co.in/|work=[[Apollo (magazine)|Apollo]]|access-date=30 January 2012}}</ref>
[[File:New Delhi government block 03-2016 img6.jpg|thumb|The [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Secretariat Building]] houses Ministries of [[Ministry of Defence (India)|Defence]], [[Ministry of Finance (India)|Finance]], [[Ministry of Home Affairs (India)|Home Affairs]] and [[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|External Affairs]]. It also houses the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's office]].]]
Soon Lutyens started considering other places. Indeed, the Delhi Town Planning Committee, set up to plan the new imperial capital, with [[George Swinton]] as chairman, and John A. Brodie and [[Lutyens]] as members, submitted reports for both north and south sites. However, it was rejected by the Viceroy when the cost of acquiring the necessary properties was found to be too high. The central axis of New Delhi, which today faces east at [[India Gate]], was previously meant to be a north–south axis linking the [[Viceroy's House]] at one end with [[Paharganj]] at the other. Eventually, owing to space constraints and the presence of a large number of heritage sites on the north side, the committee settled on the south site.<ref>Chishti, p. 225.</ref> A site atop the [[Raisina Hill]], formerly Raisina Village, a [[Meo (ethnic group)|Meo]] village, was chosen for the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]], then known as the Viceroy's House. The reason for this choice was that the hill lay directly opposite the [[Purana Qila|Dinapanah]] citadel, which was also considered the site of [[Indraprastha]], the ancient region of Delhi. Subsequently, the foundation stone was shifted from the site of [[Delhi Durbar]] of 1911–1912, where the Coronation Pillar stood, and embedded in the walls of the forecourt of [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|the Secretariat]]. The [[Rajpath]], also known as King's Way, stretched from the [[India Gate]] to the Rashtrapati Bhawan. The Secretariat building, the two blocks of which flank the Rashtrapati Bhawan and houses ministries of the government of India, and the [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]], both designed by Baker, are located at the [[Sansad Marg]] and run parallel to the Rajpath.
 
In the south, land up to [[Safdarjung's Tomb]] was acquired to create what is today known as [[Lutyens' Bungalow Zone]].<ref>Chishti, p. 222.</ref> Before construction could begin on the rocky ridge of Raisina Hill, a circular railway line around the Council House (now [[Parliament of India|Parliament House]]), called the ''Imperial Delhi Railway'', was built to transport construction material and workers for the next twenty years. The last stumbling block was the [[Agra]]-Delhi railway line that cut right through the site earmarked for the hexagonal All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) and Kingsway ([[Rajpath]]), which was a problem because the [[Old Delhi Railway Station]] served the entire city at that time. The line was shifted to run along the [[Yamuna River]], and it began operating in 1924. The [[New Delhi Railway Station]] opened in 1926, with a single platform at [[Ajmeri Gate]] near [[Paharganj]], and was completed in time for the city's inauguration in 1931.<ref name=htlux>{{cite news|title=A fine balance of luxury and care |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/A-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/Article1-723880.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=21 July 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141214175839/http://www.hindustantimes.com/news-feed/chunk-ht-ui-newdelhi100years-topstories/a-fine-balance-of-luxury-and-care/article1-723880.aspx |archive-date=14 December 2014 }}</ref><ref name=hindustantimes652023>{{cite news|title=When Railways nearly derailed New Delhi |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=18 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130926091104/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/When-Railways-nearly-derailed-New-Delhi/Article1-652023.aspx |archive-date=26 September 2013 }}</ref> As construction of the Viceroy's House (the present Rashtrapati Bhavan), [[Secretariat Building, New Delhi|Central Secretariat]], [[Sansad Bhavan|Parliament House]], and All-India War Memorial ([[India Gate]]) was winding down, the building of a shopping district and a new plaza, [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], began in 1929, and was completed by 1933. Named after [[Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn|Prince Arthur]], 1st [[Duke of Connaught]] (1850–1942), it was designed by [[Robert Tor Russell]], chief architect to the [[Central Public Works Department|Public Works Department]] (PWD).<ref name="htc">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103040022/http://www.hindustantimes.com/CP-s-blueprint-Bath-s-Crescent/Article1-659739.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 January 2013|title=CP's blueprint: Bath's Crescent|date=8 February 2011|work=Hindustan Times}}</ref>
 
After the capital of India moved to Delhi, a temporary secretariat building was constructed in a few months in 1912 in [[North Delhi]]. Most of the government offices of the new capital moved here from the 'Old secretariat' in [[Old Delhi]] (the building now houses the [[Delhi Legislative Assembly]]), a decade before the new capital was inaugurated in 1931. Many employees were brought into the new capital from distant parts of India, including the [[Bengal Presidency]] and [[Madras Presidency]]. Subsequently, housing for them has developed around [[Gole Market]] area in the 1920s.<ref>{{cite news|title=Capital story: Managing a New Delhi|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx|archive-url=https://archive.today/20121208125953/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Capital-story-Managing-a-New-Delhi/Article1-740284.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-date=8 December 2012|work=Hindustan Times|date=1 September 2011 }}</ref> Built in the 1940s, to house government employees, with bungalows for senior officials in the nearby Lodhi Estate area, [[Lodhi colony]] near historic [[Lodhi Gardens]], was the last residential areas built by the [[British Raj]].<ref name=ht>{{cite news|title=A tale of two cities |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=1 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150702164816/http://www.hindustantimes.com/News-Feed/newdelhi/A-tale-of-two-cities/Article1-740282.aspx |archive-date=2 July 2015 }}</ref>
 
===Post-independence===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
[[File:Indian President House.jpg|thumb|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]], the home of the President of India]]
After India gained [[Independence Day (India)|independence]] in 1947, limited autonomy was conferred to New Delhi and was administered by a Chief Commissioner appointed by the [[Government of India]]. In 1966, Delhi was converted into a [[union territory]] and eventually the Chief Commissioner was replaced by a Lieutenant Governor. The [[Constitution of India|Constitution (Sixty-ninth Amendment) Act, 1991]] declared the Union Territory of Delhi to be formally known as National Capital Territory of Delhi.<ref name=NCTact>{{cite web
|url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm
|title=The Constitution (Sixty-Ninth Amendment) Act, 1991
|access-date=8 January 2007
|work=The Constitution (Amendment) Acts, The Constitution of India
|publisher=National Informatics Centre, Ministry of Communications and Information Technology, Government of India
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160821020032/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend69.htm
|archive-date=21 August 2016
|url-status=dead
}}</ref> A system was introduced under which the elected government was given wide powers, excluding law and order which remained with the Central Government. The actual enforcement of the legislation came in 1993.
 
The first major extension of New Delhi outside of [[Lutyens' Delhi]] came in the 1950s when the [[Central Public Works Department]] (CPWD) developed a large area of land southwest of Lutyens' Delhi to create the diplomatic enclave of [[Chanakyapuri]], where land was allotted for embassies, chanceries, high commissions and residences of ambassadors, around a wide central vista, ''[[Shantipath|Shanti Path]]''.<ref name=urbanv>{{cite book|title=Urbanization, urban development, and metropolitan cities in India|author=Viswambhar Nath|chapter=Delhi Before 1947|publisher=Concept Publishing Company|year=2007|isbn=978-81-8069-412-7|pages=248, 251|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Obd1vEVEPdgC&pg=PA244}}</ref>


==Geography==
==Geography==
With a total area of 42.7 km2 (16.5 sq mi),<ref>https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ndmc/act.aspx</ref> New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.[30] Since the city is located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the [[Aravali Range]]; all that is left of those mountains is the [[Delhi Ridge]], which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the [[Yamuna River]], it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of [[Shahdara]].<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx</ref>
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
With a total area of {{convert|42.7|sqkm|sqmi|abbr=on}},<ref name='Delhi Info'/> the municipality of New Delhi forms a small part of the Delhi metropolitan area.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |title=NDMC Act |publisher=Ndmc.gov.in |access-date=4 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302220220/http://www.ndmc.gov.in/AboutNDMC/NNDMCAct.aspx |archive-date= 2 March 2008 }}</ref> Since the city is located on the [[Indo-Gangetic Plain]], there is little difference in elevation across the city. New Delhi and surrounding areas were once a part of the [[Aravalli Range|Aravali Range]]; all that is left of those mountains is the [[Delhi Ridge]], which is also called the Lungs of Delhi. While New Delhi lies on the floodplains of the [[Yamuna River]], it is essentially a landlocked city. East of the river is the urban area of [[Shahdara district|Shahdara]].


===Seismology===
===Seismology===
New Delhi falls under the seismic zone-IV, making it vulnerable to earthquakes.It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in Nepal, a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.<ref>https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf</ref>
New Delhi falls under the [[Earthquake hazard zoning of India|seismic zone-IV]], making it vulnerable to earthquakes.<ref name=hazardprofile>{{cite web|url=http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|title=Hazard profiles of Indian districts|access-date=23 August 2006|work=National Capacity Building Project in Disaster Management|publisher=[[UNDP]]|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060519100611/http://www.undp.org.in/dmweb/hazardprofile.pdf|archive-date=19 May 2006 }}</ref> It lies on several fault lines and thus experiences frequent earthquakes, most of them of mild intensity. There was a spike in the number of earthquakes between 2011 and 2015, most notable being a 5.4 magnitude earthquake in 2015 with its epicentre in [[Nepal]], a 4.7-magnitude earthquake on 25 November 2007, a 4.2-magnitude earthquake on 7 September 2011, a 5.2-magnitude earthquake on 5 March 2012, and a swarm of twelve earthquakes, including four of magnitudes 2.5, 2.8, 3.1, and 3.3, on 12 November 2013.


===Climate===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{See also|Climate of Delhi}}
The climate of New Delhi is a dry-winter [[humid subtropical climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwa'') bordering on a [[hot semi-arid climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''BSh'') with high variation between summer and winter in terms of both temperature and rainfall. The temperature varies from {{convert|46|°C}} in summers to around {{convert|0|°C}} in winters. The area's version of a humid subtropical climate is noticeably different from many other cities with this climate classification in that it features long and very hot summers with [[dust storm]]s, relatively dry and mild winters with [[wildfire]] [[haze]], and a [[monsoon]]al period. Summers are long, extending from early April to October, with the monsoon season occurring in the middle of the summer. Winter starts in November and peaks in January. The annual mean temperature is around {{convert|25|°C}}; monthly daily mean temperatures range from approximately {{convert|13|to|34|°C|°F|0}}. New Delhi's highest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|49.2|°C}} on 15 May 2022 at [[India Meteorological Department|Met]] Delhi Mungeshpur while the lowest temperature ever recorded is {{convert|-2.2|°C}} on 11 January 1967 at Indira Gandhi International Airport (formerly known as [[Palam Airport]]).<ref name=IMD2>{{cite web
|url        = http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|title      = Ever recorded Maximum and minimum temperatures up to 2010
|publisher  = India Meteorological Department
|access-date  = 16 May 2014
|url-status    = dead
|archive-url  = https://web.archive.org/web/20140316064314/http://www.imdpune.gov.in/Temp_Extremes/histext2010.pdf
|archive-date = 16 March 2014
}}</ref> The average annual rainfall is {{convert|774.4|mm}} & monsoon rainfall from June to September is about {{convert|640.4|mm}}, most of which is during the monsoons in July and August.<ref name=ecosurv1>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf|title=Chapter 1: Introduction|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=1–7|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161113174155/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/1.pdf|archive-date=13 November 2016}}</ref>
{{Clear}}
<div class="center">{{Delhi weatherbox}}
{| class="wikitable "style="width:100%;text-align:center;line-height:1.2em;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto"
! colspan="14" |Average Barometric Pressure & Wind Speed of Delhi
|-
!Month
!January
!February
!March
!April
!May
!June
!July
!August
!September
!October
!November
!December
!Year
|-
|Average [[Atmospheric pressure]] milibars (inHg)<ref name="Barometric Pressure">{{cite web |title=Average pressure New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#pressure |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
|{{Convert|1017.0|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1014.5|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1010.6|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1005.4|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1000.5|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|996.7|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|996.9|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|999.4|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1003.4|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1009.6|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1013.6|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1016.1|mbar|inHg}}
|{{Convert|1007.0|mbar|inHg}}
|-
|Average Wind Speed kilometres per hour (mph)<ref name="Wind Speed2">{{cite web |title=Average wind speed New Delhi, India |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220614130708/https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/india/new-delhi-climate#wind |archive-date=14 June 2022 |access-date=14 June 2022}}</ref>
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|9.4|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|10.0|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|10.2|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|10.6|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|9.5|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|8.8|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|8.3|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|6.7|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|7.6|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|7.7|km/h|mph}}
|{{Convert|8.9|km/h|mph}}
|}
{{New Delhi Airport weatherbox}}{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| temperature colour =
| location = New Delhi (Ayanagar) 1971–2020, extremes 1969–present
| Jan record high C = 29.7
| Feb record high C = 33.2
| Mar record high C = 40.6
| Apr record high C = 45.0
| May record high C = 47.4
| Jun record high C = 47.0
| Jul record high C = 44.8
| Aug record high C = 42.7
| Sep record high C = 41.0
| Oct record high C = 39.4
| Nov record high C = 36.4
| Dec record high C = 30.2
| year record high C = 47.4
| Jan avg record high C = 25.2
| Feb avg record high C = 29.4
| Mar avg record high C = 36.2
| Apr avg record high C = 42.8
| May avg record high C = 45.9
| Jun avg record high C = 45.6
| Jul avg record high C = 41.5
| Aug avg record high C = 38.3
| Sep avg record high C = 37.2
| Oct avg record high C = 36.2
| Nov avg record high C = 32.2
| Dec avg record high C = 27.7
| year avg record high C = 46.2
| Jan high C = 19.2
| Feb high C = 24.3
| Mar high C = 30.7
| Apr high C = 36.8
| May high C = 41.2
| Jun high C = 40.5
| Jul high C = 35.7
| Aug high C = 34.3
| Sep high C = 34.2
| Oct high C = 33.4
| Nov high C = 28.3
| Dec high C = 22.2
| year high C = 31.7
| Jan low C = 7.7
| Feb low C = 11.0
| Mar low C = 15.4
| Apr low C = 21.0
| May low C = 25.5
| Jun low C = 27.1
| Jul low C = 26.5
| Aug low C = 25.8
| Sep low C = 24.2
| Oct low C = 19.5
| Nov low C = 14.2
| Dec low C = 8.3
| year low C = 18.9
| Jan avg record low C = 3.6
| Feb avg record low C = 6.8
| Mar avg record low C = 10.5
| Apr avg record low C = 16.3
| May avg record low C = 19.7
| Jun avg record low C = 20.6
| Jul avg record low C = 22.8
| Aug avg record low C = 23.1
| Sep avg record low C = 21.5
| Oct avg record low C = 14.5
| Nov avg record low C = 9.8
| Dec avg record low C = 3.2
| year avg record low C = 2.9
| Jan record low C = -1.3
| Feb record low C = 0.0
| Mar record low C = 3.8
| Apr record low C = 8.4
| May record low C = 13.8
| Jun record low C = 18.0
| Jul record low C = 19.8
| Aug record low C = 21.3
| Sep record low C = 14.0
| Oct record low C = 9.4
| Nov record low C = 3.2
| Dec record low C = -0.5
| year record low C = -1.3
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 18.0
| Feb rain mm = 19.8
| Mar rain mm = 21.6
| Apr rain mm = 10.7
| May rain mm = 31.1
| Jun rain mm = 71.8
| Jul rain mm = 182.2
| Aug rain mm = 188.4
| Sep rain mm = 106.1
| Oct rain mm = 13.8
| Nov rain mm = 2.1
| Dec rain mm = 5.4
| year rain mm = 671.0
| Jan rain days = 1.6
| Feb rain days = 1.6
| Mar rain days = 2.1
| Apr rain days = 1.0
| May rain days = 2.8
| Jun rain days = 4.5
| Jul rain days = 8.5
| Aug rain days = 8.6
| Sep rain days = 4.7
| Oct rain days = 0.6
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.4
| year rain days = 36.7
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 64
| Feb humidity = 52
| Mar humidity = 40
| Apr humidity = 26
| May humidity = 24
| Jun humidity = 37
| Jul humidity = 64
| Aug humidity = 68
| Sep humidity = 63
| Oct humidity = 50
| Nov humidity = 52
| Dec humidity = 58
| year humidity = 51
| date = October 2022
| source = India Meteorological Department<ref name=IMDcityrainfall3>
{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180
| title = Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ayanagar) (42180)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013144852/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42180
| archive-date = 13 October 2022
| access-date = 13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes4>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 279}}</ref> February record high<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170400/https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| archive-date = 20 February 2023
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref>
}}{{Weather box
| metric first = Y
| single line = Y
| temperature colour =
| location = New Delhi ([[Delhi Ridge]]) 1991–2020, extremes 1901–present
| Jan record high C = 27.5
| Feb record high C = 34.2
| Mar record high C = 40.0
| Apr record high C = 45.7
| May record high C = 47.2
| Jun record high C = 47.9
| Jul record high C = 42.5
| Aug record high C = 40.4
| Sep record high C = 38.4
| Oct record high C = 38.4
| Nov record high C = 34.2
| Dec record high C = 29.8
| year record high C = 47.9
| Jan avg record high C = 24.4
| Feb avg record high C = 29.6
| Mar avg record high C = 36.4
| Apr avg record high C = 42.8
| May avg record high C = 45.7
| Jun avg record high C = 44.8
| Jul avg record high C = 40.4
| Aug avg record high C = 37.7
| Sep avg record high C = 36.8
| Oct avg record high C = 36.4
| Nov avg record high C = 32.5
| Dec avg record high C = 27.2
| year avg record high C = 45.9
| Jan high C = 19.0
| Feb high C = 24.4
| Mar high C = 31.0
| Apr high C = 37.0
| May high C = 40.7
| Jun high C = 39.8
| Jul high C = 35.1
| Aug high C = 33.9
| Sep high C = 34.0
| Oct high C = 33.4
| Nov high C = 28.0
| Dec high C = 22.5
| year high C = 31.4
| Jan low C = 8.7
| Feb low C = 12.1
| Mar low C = 16.8
| Apr low C = 22.0
| May low C = 25.9
| Jun low C = 27.0
| Jul low C = 26.1
| Aug low C = 25.5
| Sep low C = 24.1
| Oct low C = 20.3
| Nov low C = 15.1
| Dec low C = 9.9
| year low C = 19.2
| Jan avg record low C = 5.4
| Feb avg record low C = 9.0
| Mar avg record low C = 12.0
| Apr avg record low C = 17.4
| May avg record low C = 20.7
| Jun avg record low C = 21.3
| Jul avg record low C = 22.7
| Aug avg record low C = 23.2
| Sep avg record low C = 21.5
| Oct avg record low C = 17.0
| Nov avg record low C = 11.5
| Dec avg record low C = 5.3
| year avg record low C = 4.7
| Jan record low C = 1.5
| Feb record low C = 7.0
| Mar record low C = 10.2
| Apr record low C = 11.6
| May record low C = 14.2
| Jun record low C = 16.7
| Jul record low C = 21.0
| Aug record low C = 21.6
| Sep record low C = 19.0
| Oct record low C = 12.4
| Nov record low C = 9.7
| Dec record low C = 3.5
| year record low C = 1.5
| rain colour = green
| Jan rain mm = 20.1
| Feb rain mm = 19.5
| Mar rain mm = 17.8
| Apr rain mm = 7.6
| May rain mm = 34.0
| Jun rain mm = 62.9
| Jul rain mm = 193.6
| Aug rain mm = 197.4
| Sep rain mm = 119.3
| Oct rain mm = 26.5
| Nov rain mm = 2.1
| Dec rain mm = 6.1
| year rain mm =
| Jan rain days = 1.9
| Feb rain days = 1.5
| Mar rain days = 1.3
| Apr rain days = 1.1
| May rain days = 2.4
| Jun rain days = 3.9
| Jul rain days = 8.3
| Aug rain days = 9.4
| Sep rain days = 5.2
| Oct rain days = 0.5
| Nov rain days = 0.3
| Dec rain days = 0.5
| year rain days = 36.3
| time day = 17:30 [[Indian Standard Time|IST]]
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 54
| Mar humidity = 41
| Apr humidity = 29
| May humidity = 31
| Jun humidity = 44
| Jul humidity = 71
| Aug humidity = 76
| Sep humidity = 68
| Oct humidity = 55
| Nov humidity = 54
| Dec humidity = 62
| year humidity = 55
| date = October 2022
| source = India Meteorological Department<ref name=IMDcityrainfall4>
{{cite web
| url = https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184
| title = Climatological Information - New Delhi (Ridge) (42184)
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20221013182315/https://cdsp.imdpune.gov.in/extremes_1991_2020/?stn=42184
| archive-date = 13 October 2022
| access-date = 13 October 2022}}</ref><ref name=IMDcityextremes5>
{{cite web
| url = https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230101061732/https://www.imdpune.gov.in/library/public/Climatological%20Tables%201991-2020.pdf
| archive-date = 1 January 2023
| title = Climatological Tables 1991-2020
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 1 January 2023
| page = 281}}</ref> February record high<ref>
{{cite web
| url = https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230220170400/https://rmcnewdelhi.imd.gov.in/press/press.php
| archive-date = 20 February 2023
| title = Press Bulletin of Delhi for 20 February 2023
| publisher = India Meteorological Department
| access-date = 20 February 2023}}</ref>
}}</div>


== References ==
===Air quality===
{{commons}}
{{See also|Environmental issues in Delhi|Air pollution in Delhi}}
In [[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]'s 2015 annual quality-of-living survey, New Delhi ranks at number 154 out of 230 cities due to bad [[air quality]] and pollution.<ref name="Mercer Quality Air">{{cite news|title=2015 Quality of Living Survey|url=https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html|work=[[Mercer (consulting firm)|Mercer]]|date=8 March 2015|access-date=28 April 2021|archive-date=28 January 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190128201250/https://www.uk.mercer.com/newsroom/2015-quality-of-living-survey.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="WSJ New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Bad Air Chokes New Delhi's Livability Ranking|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2015/03/05/bad-air-chokes-new-delhis-livability-ranking/?mod=WSJ_hp_India_EditorsPicks|work=[[The Wall Street Journal]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref> The [[World Health Organization]] ranked New Delhi as the world's worst polluted city in 2014 among about 1,600 cities the organisation tracked around the world.<ref name="Time New Delhi">{{cite news|title=New Delhi, the World's Most Polluted City, Is Even More Polluted Than We Realized|url=https://time.com/3608534/india-new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-city/|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name="AP New Delhi">{{cite news|title=Rickshaw research reveals extreme Delhi pollution |url=http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |agency=Associated Press |date=26 November 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150202043300/http://bigstory.ap.org/article/84a49ca006b14a7eb0becdb662043663/rickshaw-research-reveals-extreme-delhi-pollution |archive-date=2 February 2015 }}</ref><ref name="India Pollution New Delhi">{{cite news|title=India's air pollution is so bad it's reducing life expectancy by 3.2 years|url=https://www.vox.com/2015/2/24/8094597/india-air-pollution-deaths|work=[[Vox (website)|Vox]]|date=8 March 2015}}</ref><ref name=Delhi122015/> In 2016, [[United States Environmental Protection Agency]] listed New Delhi as the most polluted city on [[Earth]]<ref name="New Delhi Earth">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth right now|url=https://edition.cnn.com/2016/11/07/asia/india-new-delhi-smog-pollution/index.html|work=[[CNN]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution">{{cite news|title=New Delhi is the most polluted city on Earth: US Environmental Protection Agency|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/india-news/new-delhi-is-the-most-polluted-city-on-earth-us-environmental-protection-agency/440141/|work=[[The Financial Express (India)]]|date=8 November 2016}}</ref> and [[IQAir]] listed New Delhi as the world's most polluted capital city for the second straight year in year 2019.<ref name="New Delhi Earth Pollution2">{{cite news |title=New Delhi world's most polluted capital again: Study |url=https://www.aljazeera.com/amp/news/2020/2/26/new-delhi-worlds-most-polluted-capital-again-study |access-date=15 November 2020 |work=www.aljazeera.com |date=26 February 2020 |language=en}}</ref>
[[File:Connaught Place sunset.jpg|thumb|Dense smog at [[Connaught Place, New Delhi]]]]
 
In an attempt to lessen [[air pollution]] in New Delhi, which gets worse during the winter, a temporary [[alternate-day travel]] scheme for cars using the odd- and even-numbered licence plates system was announced by [[Delhi]] government in December 2015. In addition, trucks were to be allowed to enter India's capital only after 11&nbsp;pm, two hours later than the existing restriction.<ref name=Delhi122015>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/05/world/asia/delhi-announces-pollution-control-measures.html|title=Delhi to Limit Use of Cars in an Effort to Control Pollution |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]] |date=4 December 2015|access-date=5 December 2015}}</ref> The driving restriction scheme was planned to be implemented as a trial from 1 January 2016 for an initial period of 15 days. The restriction was in force between 8&nbsp;am and 8&nbsp;pm, and traffic was not restricted on Sundays.<ref name=dnaindia2153471>{{cite news|url=https://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-have-taken-note-of-odd-even-formula-of-plying-of-vehicles-delhi-police-2153471 |title=Have taken note of odd-even formula of plying of vehicles: Delhi Police |agency=[[Press Trust of India]] |work=[[Daily News and Analysis]] |date=8 December 2015|access-date=9 December 2015}}</ref> Public transportation service was increased during the restriction period.<ref name=Delhi122015/>
 
On 16 December 2015, the [[Supreme Court of India]] mandated several restrictions on Delhi's transportation system to curb pollution. Among the measures, the court ordered to stop registrations of diesel cars and sport utility vehicles with an engine capacity of 2,000 cc and over until 31 March 2016. The court also ordered all taxis in the Delhi region to switch to [[compressed natural gas]] by 1 March 2016. Transportation vehicles that are more than 10 years old were banned from entering the capital.<ref name=20151217nytimes>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/12/17/world/asia/india-choking-on-pollution-restricts-vehicle-use-in-new-delhi.html|title=India, choking on pollution, Restricts Vehicle Use in Delhi |author=Nida Najar |work=[[The New York Times]]|date=16 December 2015|access-date=19 December 2015}}</ref>
 
Analysing real-time vehicle speed data from Uber Delhi revealed that during the odd-even program, average speeds went up by a statistically significant 5.4 per cent (2.8 standard deviation from normal). This means vehicles have lesser idling time in traffic and vehicle engines would run closer to minimum fuel consumption.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/opinion/columns/odd-even-policy-delhi-pollution-yes-delhi-it-worked/|title=Yes, Delhi, it worked|date=19 January 2016}}</ref> In bordering areas, PM 2.5 levels were recorded more than 400 (ug/m3) while in inner areas in Delhi, they were recorded between 150 and 210 on an average.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/delhi/Odd-even-scheme-likely-to-return-in-Delhi-after-March-schools-2nd-car-among-concerns/articleshow/50629135.cms|title=Odd-even scheme likely to return in Delhi after March; schools, 2nd car among concerns {{pipe}} Delhi News |website=The Times of India|date=18 January 2016 }}</ref> However, the subcity of Dwarka, located in the southwest district, has a substantially low level of air pollution. At the NSIT University campus, located in sector 3 Dwarka, pollution levels were as low as 93 PPM.{{citation needed|date=December 2016}}
 
On 7 November 2017, the [[Indian Medical Association]] declared a public health emergency due to high pollution levels.<ref name="auto">{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/nov/07/delhi-india-declares-pollution-emergency-as-smog-chokes-city|title=Delhi doctors declare pollution emergency as smog chokes city|first=Michael|last=Safi|date=7 November 2017|website=The Guardian}}</ref> The highest being in the [[Punjabi Bagh]] district with an [[air quality index]] of 999 and in the [[Rama Krishna Puram|RK Puram]] district with an index of 852. The lowest index recorded was in the [[Anand Vihar]] district with an index of 319.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://zeenews.india.com/delhi/delhi-air-pollution-public-health-emergency-declared-people-advised-not-to-venture-outside-2054928.html|title=Delhi air pollution: Public health emergency declared; people advised not to venture outside|date=7 November 2017}}</ref> Levels of PM2.5 were recorded at 710&nbsp;μg/m<sup>3</sup>, more than 11 times the [[World Health Organization]]'s safe limit.<ref name="auto"/>
 
In a 2018 study, New Delhi was found to be the most polluted capital out of 61 capital cities around the world.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://epaper.dawn.com/DetailNews.php?StoryText=06_03_2019_012_004|title=New Delhi is world's most polluted capital |website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|Dawn]]|date=6 March 2019 |access-date=6 March 2019}}</ref>
 
In December 2019, [[Indian Institute of Technology Bombay|IIT Bombay]], in partnership with the [[McKelvey School of Engineering]] of [[Washington University in St. Louis]], launched the Aerosol and Air Quality Research Facility to study air pollution in New Delhi, among other Indian cities.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://source.wustl.edu/2019/12/new-partnership-brings-together-mckelvey-iit-bombay-to-study-air-pollution/|title=McKelvey Engineering, IIT Bombay partner to study air pollution {{!}} The Source {{!}} Washington University in St. Louis|date=4 December 2019|website=The Source|language=en-US|access-date=21 February 2020}}</ref>
 
During the [[COVID-19 pandemic lockdown in India]], The water quality of the [[Yamuna]] and [[Ganges]] river basins have improved as industries are closed due to the lockdown.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/lockdown-makes-ganga-water-significantly-cleaner-11586022134242.html|title=Lockdown makes Ganga water significantly cleaner|date=4 April 2020|publisher=LiveMint|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/anxiety-more-time-to-study-for-40k-students-stranded-in-kota/story-LgCluBkrFEITG9qyX16IEI.html|title=Lockdown does what decades of schemes couldn't: Clean Ganga|first1=Haider|last1=Naqvi|first2=Sudhir|last2=Kumar|date=4 April 2020|publisher=HT Digital Streams Ltd.|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/coronavirus-lockdown-india-fresh-air-clean-rivers-1669726-2020-04-22|title=India's coronavirus lockdown reveals fresh air, cleaner rivers|date=22 April 2020|publisher=Living Media India Ltd.|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/cities/Delhi/yamuna-cleaner-due-to-lockdown/article31342401.ece|title=Yamuna cleaner due to lockdown|first1=Nikhil|last1=Babu|date=14 April 2020|work=The Hindu|access-date=22 April 2020}}</ref> The air quality has also significantly improved during the lockdown.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india-today-insight/story/the-silver-lining-air-pollution-dips-amid-the-lockdown-1671422-2020-04-26|title=The silver lining: air pollution dips amid the lockdown|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref>
 
On 5 November 2020, New Delhi recorded its most toxic day in a year, as the concentration of poisonous PM2.5 particles was recorded at 14 times the WHO's safe limit.<ref>{{Cite web|title=India's capital New Delhi suffers most toxic air in a year|url=https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/11/5/indias-capital-new-delhi-suffers-most-toxic-air-in-a-year|access-date=7 November 2020|website=www.aljazeera.com|language=en}}</ref>
 
[[File:2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (AQI).svg|thumb|upright=4.1|center|2015 Air pollution in New Delhi (PM2.5 AQI)
{{Columns-start}}
{{legend|#7e0023| Hazardous }}
{{legend|#9900ac| Very Unhealthy }}
{{legend|#ff0000| Unhealthy}}
{{Column}}
{{legend|#ff7e00| Unhealthy for Sensitive Groups}}
{{legend|#ffff00| Moderate }}
{{legend|#00e400| Good}}
{{Columns-end}}
]]
{| class="wikitable"
!Month
!January
!February
!March
!April
!May
!June
!July
!August
!September
!October
!November
!December
|-
|Average [[Air quality index]]
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201-300
(Poor)
| style="background: #f90; colour: black" |201-300
(Poor)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #ff0; colour: black" |101-200
(Moderate)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background: #6c0; colour: black" |51-100
(Satisfactory)
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401-500
(Severe)
| style="background:brown; colour: black" |401-500
(Severe)
| style="background:red; colour: black" |301-400
(Very Poor)
|}
 
==Demographics==
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the district or the entire NCT. -->
As of 2011, the New Delhi Municipal Council area has a population of 249,998.<ref name=2011city/> [[Hindi]] is the most widely spoken language in New Delhi and the [[lingua franca]] of the city. English is primarily used as the formal language by business and government institutes.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.delhicapital.com/about-delhi/fast-facts.html|title=Know about Delhi Fast Facts, Area, population, Geographical Location, Languages|date=6 July 2019|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref> New Delhi has a literacy rate of 89.38% according to 2011 census, which is the highest in Delhi.<ref name=Cities1Lakhandabove>{{cite web | url=https://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf | title=Provisional Population Totals, Census of India 2011; Cities having population 1 lakh and above | publisher=Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India | access-date=26 March 2012}}</ref>
 
===Religion===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{bar box|width = 300px
|barwidth = 250px |cellpadding="0"
|title=Religion in New Delhi (NDMC)<!--NOT TO BE CONFUSED WITH "RELIGION IN NCT OF DELHI" OR "RELIGION IN NEW DELHI DISTRICT".--><ref name="Religion PCA 2011"/>
|titlebar=#Fcd116
|left1=Religion
|right1=Percent
|float=right
|bars=
<!--THESE FIGURES ARE FOR THE CITY LIMITS GOVERNED BY '''NDMC'''. DON'T CONFUSE THESE WITH FIGURES OF '''NEW DELHI DISTRICT''' OR THOSE OF '''NCT OF DELHI'''-->
{{bar percent|[[Hinduism]]|darkorange|89.82}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.-->
{{bar percent|[[Islam]]|#009000|4.50}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.-->
{{bar percent|[[Christianity]]|Blue|2.93}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF CHRISTIANITY IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.-->
{{bar percent|[[Sikhism]]|#FFFF00|1.97}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF SIKHISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.-->
{{bar percent|[[Jainism]]|#9955BB|0.42}}<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF JAINISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI.-->
{{bar percent|Others|#808080|0.36}}
}}
 
According to 2011 census, [[Hinduism]] is the religion of 89.8%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THIS IS PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IN AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC AND NOT THAT OF ENTIRE NCT OF DELHI. AS PER 2011 CENSUS, THE PROPORTION OF HINDUISM IS 89.8% FOR NDMC AND 81.68% FOR ENTIRE NCT.--> of New Delhi's population.<ref name="Religion PCA 2011"/> There are also communities of [[Muslim]]s (4.5%<!--DO NOT CHANGE. THE PROPORTION OF ISLAM IN NEW DELHI (AREA GOVERNED BY NDMC) IS 4.5%. HOWEVER, THIS PROPORTION IS 12.9% FOR WHOLE NCT OF DELHI.-->), [[Christians]] (2.9%), [[Sikh]]s (2.0%), [[Jain]]s (0.4%).<ref name="Religion PCA 2011">{{cite web|title=Religion PCA|url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx|website=censusindia.gov.in|publisher=Government of India|access-date=8 July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160707231710/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/Religion_pca/RL-0700.xlsx|archive-date=7 July 2016}} '''In the downloaded Excel file, scroll down to ''row number 56'' which mentions religious data for NDMC'''.</ref> Other religious groups include [[Parsi people|Parsis]], [[Buddhist]]s, and [[Jew]]s.<ref name=Lonelyplanet>{{cite web|publisher=Census of India 2001 |url=http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |title=Data on Religion |page=1 |date=2001 |access-date=16 May 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070514045222/http://www.censusindia.gov.in/ |archive-date=14 May 2007 }}</ref>
{{clear}}
<gallery caption="Religious buildings in New Delhi" mode="packed" heights="140">
Sacred Heart Cathedral (New Delhi) sky adj.jpg|[[Sacred Heart Cathedral, New Delhi|Sacred Heart Cathedral]], designed by [[Henry Medd]] based on Italian architecture
Gurudwara Bangla Sahib in New Delhi 03-2016 img3.jpg|[[Gurudwara Bangla Sahib]],<br>a Sikh Gurdwara
Laxminarayan Temple in New Delhi 03-2016.jpg|[[Laxminarayan Temple]],<br>a Hindu Mandir
</gallery>
 
==Government==
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{Main|New Delhi Municipal Council|Government of Delhi|Department of Police, Delhi}}
The national capital of India, New Delhi is jointly administered by both the Central [[Government of India]] and the local [[Government of Delhi]], it is also the capital of the National Capital Territory (NCT) of Delhi.
[[File:Three Municipalities of Delhi as of 2022.png|thumb|Municipalities of Delhi]]
[[File:Dehli districts.png|thumb|The district of New Delhi within the NCT]]
New Delhi is administered through a municipal government, known as the [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC). The other urban areas of the metropolis of Delhi are administered by the [[Municipal Corporation of Delhi]] and [[Delhi Cantonment Board]]. {{As of|2015}}, the government structure of the New Delhi Municipal Council includes a chairperson, three members of New Delhi's Legislative Assembly, two members nominated by the [[Chief Minister of Delhi|Chief Minister of the NCT of Delhi]] and five members nominated by the central government.
 
The districts of the NCT were redrawn in 2012 and include a district called New Delhi, albeit with different borders than the municipality. The [[New Delhi district]] includes not only the area of the municipality of the same name, but also encompasses the Delhi Cantonment and parts of the Municipal Corporation of Delhi area.
 
==Economy==
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{See also|Category:Companies based in New Delhi|label 1=Companies in New Delhi}}
New Delhi is the largest commercial city in northern India. It has an estimated net [[State Domestic Product]] (FY 2010) of {{INRConvert|1595|b}} in nominal terms and ~{{INRConvert|6800|b}} in [[Purchasing power parity|PPP]] terms.<ref name=indgovdotin>{{cite web|title=Government of NCT of Delhi |url=http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |publisher=Indian Government |access-date=14 June 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120510144310/http://india.gov.in/knowindia/state_uts.php?id=32 |archive-date=10 May 2012 }}</ref> {{As of|2013}}, the per capita income of Delhi was Rs.230000, second highest in India after Goa. GSDP in Delhi at the prices for 2012–13 is estimated at Rs 3.88&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) against Rs 3.11&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]) in 2011–12.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |title=Archived copy |access-date=28 October 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029205427/http://www.delhi.gov.in/wps/wcm/connect/cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93/newpaper+clip.PDF?MOD=AJPERES&lmod=-1585547974&CACHEID=cdae30804f9d52d88385c7fb6b929e93 |archive-date=29 October 2013 }}</ref>
 
[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]], one of [[North India]]'s largest commercial and financial centres, is located in the northern part of New Delhi. Adjoining areas such as [[Barakhamba Road]], ITO are also major commercial centres. Government and quasi-government sector was the primary employer in New Delhi. The city's service sector has expanded due in part to the large skilled English-speaking workforce that has attracted many multinational companies. Key service industries include information technology, telecommunications, hotels, banking, media, and tourism.
[[File:Skyline at Rajiv Chowk.JPG|thumb|700px|center|{{center|[[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] in Delhi is an important economic hub of the [[National Capital Region (India)|National Capital Region]].}}|alt=A view of a road at Connaught Place showing busy traffic]]
 
The 2011 World Wealth Report ranks economic activity in New Delhi at 39, but overall the capital is ranked at 37, above cities like Jakarta and Johannesburg.<ref name="Wealth Report New Delhi Economy">{{cite news|url=https://www.rediff.com/business/slide-show/slide-show-1-new-delhi-mumbai-in-top-global-cities-index/20110421.htm|title=New Delhi: Overall rank 37; Economic activity rank 39 by 2011 Wealth Report|publisher=Rediff Business|date=21 April 2011|access-date=29 June 2011}}</ref> New Delhi with Beijing shares the top position as the most targeted emerging markets retail destination among Asia-Pacific markets.<ref name="New Delhi global retail">{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |title=New Delhi is now among global retail hotspots |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |date=9 May 2013 |access-date=12 May 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130511135751/http://www.hindustantimes.com/business-news/WorldEconomy/New-Delhi-is-now-among-global-retail-hotspots/Article1-1057665.aspx |archive-date=11 May 2013 }}</ref>
 
The government of National Capital Territory of Delhi does not release any economic figures specifically for New Delhi but publishes an official economic report on the whole of Delhi annually. According to the ''Economic Survey of Delhi'', the metropolis has a net [[State Domestic Product]] (SDP) of [[Indian rupee|Rs.]] 830.85&nbsp;billion (for the year 2004–05)<ref name=ecosurv2>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf|title=Chapter 2: State Income|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=8–16|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070614085129/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/2.pdf|archive-date=14 June 2007}}</ref> and a per capita income of Rs. 53,976 ($1,200).<ref name=ecosurv2/> In the year 2008–09 New Delhi had a per capita Income of Rs. {{formatnum:116886}} ($2,595). It grew by 16.2% to reach Rs. {{formatnum:135814}} ($3,018) in 2009–10 fiscal. New Delhi's per capita GDP (at PPP) was at $6,860 during 2009–10 fiscal, making it one of the richest cities in India. The [[Tertiary sector of industry|tertiary sector]] contributes 78.4% of Delhi's gross SDP followed by [[Secondary sector of industry|secondary]] and [[Primary sector of industry|primary]] sectors with 20.2% and 1.4% contribution respectively.<ref name=ecosurv2/>
 
The gross state domestic product (GSDP) of Delhi at prices for the year 2011–12 has been estimated at Rs 3.13&nbsp;trillion ([[Long and short scales|short scale]]), which is an increase of 18.7 percent over the previous fiscal.<ref name=indianexpress942442>{{Cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/delhis-gdp-at-rs-3-lakh-cr-for-201112/942442|title=Delhi's GDP at Rs 3 lakh cr for 2011–12 – Indian Express|website=archive.indianexpress.com|access-date=8 February 2020}}</ref>
 
==Culture==
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
New Delhi is a cosmopolitan city due to the multi-ethnic and multi-cultural presence of the vast [[Indian bureaucracy]] and political system. The city's capital status has amplified the importance of national events and holidays. National events such as [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]], [[Independence Day (India)|Independence Day]] and ''[[Gandhi Jayanti]]'' (Gandhi's birthday) are celebrated with great enthusiasm in New Delhi and the rest of India. On India's Independence Day (15 August), the Prime Minister of India addresses the nation from the [[Red Fort]]. Most [[wiktionary:Delhiite#Noun|Delhiites]] celebrate the day by flying kites, which are considered a symbol of freedom.<ref name=freedom>{{cite web|publisher=123independenceday.com|url=http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|title=Independence Day|access-date=4 January 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120516222909/http://123independenceday.com/indian/gift_of/freedom/|archive-date=16 May 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Republic Day Parade]] is a large cultural and military parade showcasing India's cultural diversity and military might.<ref name=repmil>{{cite web|url=https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-opinion/article28952306.ece
|title= R-Day parade, an anachronism?|access-date=13 January 2007|last=Ray Choudhury|first=Ray Choudhury|date=28 January 2002|work=Business Line}}</ref><ref name=repcul>{{cite web|url=http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|title=Fairs & Festivals of Delhi|access-date=13 January 2007|work=Delhi Travel|publisher=India Tourism.org|archive-date=16 May 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516122306/http://www.india-tourism.org/delhi-travel-info/delhi-fairs-festivals.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
Religious festivals include [[Diwali]] (the festival of light), [[Maha Shivaratri]], [[Teej]], [[Durga Puja]], [[Mahavir Jayanti]], [[Guru Nanak Jayanti]], [[Holi]], [[Lohri]], [[Eid ul-Fitr]], [[Eid ul-Adha]], [[Easter]], [[Raksha Bandhan]], and [[Christmas]].<ref name=repcul/> The [[Qutub Festival]] is a cultural event during which performances of musicians and dancers from all over India are showcased at night, with the [[Qutub Minar]] as the chosen backdrop of the event.<ref name=qutubfest>{{cite news
|first=Madhur|last=Tankha|title=It's Sufi and rock at Qutub Fest|url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121503090200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060513084038/http://www.hindu.com/2005/12/15/stories/2005121503090200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=13 May 2006|date=15 December 2005|access-date=13 January 2007|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref> Other events such as Kite Flying Festival, [[International Mango Festival, Delhi|International Mango Festival]] and ''[[Vasant Panchami]]'' (the Spring Festival) are held every year in Delhi.
 
In 2007, the Japanese Buddhist organisation [[Nipponzan Myohoji]] decided to build a [[Peace Pagoda]] in the city containing Buddha relics. It was inaugurated by the [[14th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]].
 
===Historic sites, museums and gardens===
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
[[File:India national museum 01.jpg|thumb|right|The [[National Museum, New Delhi|National Museum]] in New Delhi is one of the largest museums in India.]]
New Delhi is home to several historic sites and museums. The National Museum, which began with an exhibition of Indian art and artefacts at the [[Royal Academy]] in London in the winter of 1947–48,<ref name=NMH>{{cite web|url=http://nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |title=History of the National Museum |access-date=25 January 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100328061518/http://www.nationalmuseumindia.gov.in/history.html |archive-date=28 March 2010 }}</ref> was later at the end was shown at the [[Rashtrapati Bhawan]] in 1949. Later it was to form a permanent National Museum. On 15 August 1949, the National Museum was formally inaugurated and has 200,000 works of art, both of Indian and foreign origin, covering over 5,000 years.<ref name=hindu2011020150>{{cite news|title=Delhi- 100 years as the Capital|url=http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110616135042/http://www.hindu.com/yw/2011/02/01/stories/2011020150210200.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=16 June 2011|date=1 February 2011|work=[[The Hindu]]|location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
 
The [[India Gate]], which was built in 1931, was inspired by the [[Arc de Triomphe]] in Paris.<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> It is the national monument of India commemorating the 90,000 soldiers of the [[Indian Army]] who died while fighting for the [[British Raj]] in [[World War I]] and the [[Third Anglo-Afghan War]].<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/> The monument is barricaded now with entry to inside arch restricted.
 
The [[Rajpath]], which was built similar to the [[Champs-Élysées]] in Paris, is the ceremonial boulevard for the [[Republic of India]], located in New Delhi. The annual [[Delhi Republic Day parade|Republic Day parade]] takes place here on 26 January. The Beating retreat takes place here two days later.
 
[[File:Gandhi Memorial.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]], the final resting place of [[Mahatma Gandhi]]]]
[[Gandhi Smriti]] in New Delhi is the location where [[Mahatma Gandhi]] spent the last 144 days of his life and was assassinated on 30 January 1948. [[Raj Ghat and associated memorials|Rajghat]] is the place where Mahatma Gandhi was cremated on 31 January 1948 after his assassination and his ashes were buried and make it a final resting place beside the sanctity of the Yamuna River. The Raj Ghat in the shape of large square platform with black marble was designed by architect Vanu Bhuta.
 
[[Jantar Mantar (Delhi)|Jantar Mantar]] located in [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] was built by [[Maharaja]] [[Jai Singh II]] of [[Jaipur]]. It consists of 13 architectural [[astronomical|astronomy]] instruments. The primary purpose of the observatory was to compile astronomical tables, and to predict the times and movements of the sun, moon and planets.
 
New Delhi is home to Indira Gandhi Memorial Museum, [[National Gallery of Modern Art]], [[National Museum of Natural History, New Delhi|National Museum of Natural History]], [[National Rail Museum, New Delhi|National Rail Museum]], [[National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum, New Delhi|National Handicrafts and Handlooms Museum]], [[National Philatelic Museum, New Delhi|National Philatelic Museum]], [[Nehru Planetarium]], [[Shankar's International Dolls Museum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Complete list of Museums in city of New Delhi and Union Territory of Delhi |url=http://delhigovt.nic.in/museum.asp#15 |publisher=Government of Delhi, India |date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120409153505/http://delhigovt.nic.in/museum.asp |archive-date=9 April 2012 }}</ref> and Supreme Court of India Museum,<ref>{{cite news|title=Supreme Court of India – Museum|url=http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/scimuseum_publish.pdf|publisher=[[Supreme Court of India]]|date=19 October 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304121026/http://supremecourtofindia.nic.in/supct/scm/scimuseum_publish.pdf|archive-date=4 March 2016}}</ref>
 
In the coming years, a new [[National War Memorial (India)|National War Memorial]] and Museum will be constructed in New Delhi<ref name=indianexpress991366>{{cite news|title=National War Memorial and National War Memorial Museum to come up at India Gate at New Delhi, India|url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/national-war-memorial-to-come-up-at-india-gate/991366|work=[[The Indian Express]]|date=19 October 2012}}</ref><ref name=ndtv256172>{{cite news|title=Finally, plans for National War Memorial approved: Defence Minister of India|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/finally-plans-for-national-war-memorial-approved-defence-minister-256172|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=19 October 2012|access-date=19 October 2012|archive-date=13 December 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213195528/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/finally-plans-for-national-war-memorial-approved-defence-minister-256172|url-status=dead}}</ref> for {{INRConvert|4000|m|nolink=yes}}.<ref name=indiatimes40615307>{{cite news|title=National War Memorial finalized at India Gate complex|url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/National-War-Memorial-finalized-at-India-Gate-complex/articleshow/40615307.cms|work=[[The Times of India]]|date=24 August 2014}}</ref><ref name=ndtv556994>{{cite news|title=National War Memorial: What It Could Look Like|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/national-war-memorial-what-it-could-look-like-556994|publisher=[[NDTV]]|date=12 July 2014}}</ref>
 
New Delhi is particularly renowned for its beautifully landscaped gardens that can look quite stunning in spring. The largest of these include [[Buddha Jayanti Park]] and the historic [[Lodi Gardens]]. In addition, there are the gardens in the Presidential Estate, the gardens along the Rajpath and India Gate, the gardens along Shanti Path, the Rose Garden, Nehru Park and the Railway Garden in Chanakya Puri. Also of note is the garden adjacent to the Jangpura Metro Station near the Defence Colony Flyover, as are the roundabout and neighbourhood gardens throughout the city.
 
The [[New Delhi Municipal Council]] (NDMC) area was declared the cleanest in North India, based on solid waste management, access to sanitation and other parameters of cleanliness, under the zone-wise Swachh Survekshan 2017.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/new-delhi-cleanest-in-north-swachh-survey/articleshow/58527079.cms|title=New Delhi cleanest in north: Swachh survey|first=Alok K. N.|last=Mishra|date=5 May 2017|access-date=8 February 2020|newspaper=The Economic Times}}</ref>
 
==Cityscape==
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
[[File:Rashtrapati Bhavan (Dehli).jpg|thumb|upright|[[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] is the official residence of the [[President of India]].]]
Much of New Delhi, planned by the leading 20th-century British architect [[Edwin Lutyens]], was laid out to be the central administrative area of the city as a testament to Britain's imperial ambitions. New Delhi is structured around two central [[promenade]]s called the [[Rajpath]] and the [[Janpath]]. The Rajpath, or King's Way, stretches from the [[Rashtrapati Bhavan]] to the [[India Gate]]. The [[Janpath]] (Hindi: "Path of the People"), formerly Queen's Way, begins at [[Connaught Circus]] and cuts the Rajpath at right angles. 19 foreign embassies are located on the nearby Shantipath (Hindi: "Path of Peace"), making it the largest diplomatic enclave in India.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.delhionline.in/city-guide/embassies-in-delhi/ |title=Embassies in Delhi, Embassies Address, Contacts, E-Mail, Delhi Embassies |publisher=Delhionline.in |access-date=4 November 2008}}</ref>
 
At the heart of the city is the magnificent Rashtrapati Bhavan (formerly known as Viceroy's House) which sits atop [[Raisina Hill]]. The Secretariat, which houses ministries of the government of India, flanks out of the Rashtrapati Bhavan. The Parliament House, designed by Herbert Baker, is located at the Sansad Marg, which runs parallel to the Rajpath. [[Connaught Place, New Delhi|Connaught Place]] is a large, circular commercial area in New Delhi, modelled after the [[Royal Crescent]] in England. Twelve separate roads lead out of the outer ring of Connaught Place, one of them being the Janpath.
 
===Architecture===
The New Delhi town plan, like its architecture, was chosen with one single chief consideration: to be a symbol of British power and supremacy.<ref name="Architecture New Delhi"/><ref name="Millennium New Delhi">{{cite book|title=The Millennium Book on New Delhi| publisher=Oxford University Press, US| isbn=978-0-19-565445-5| year=2001}}</ref><ref name="New Delhi birth controversy">{{cite web|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/new-delhis-controversial-birth-566998|title=New Delhi's controversial birth|publisher=[[NDTV]]|access-date=10 March 2012}}</ref> All other decisions were subordinate to this, and it was this framework that dictated the choice and application of symbology and influences from both Hindu and Islamic architecture.<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital">{{cite web|url=http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1005|title=New Delhi: A New Capital|publisher=Boloji.com|date=30 January 2012|access-date=29 January 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171107032427/http://www.boloji.com/index.cfm?md=Content&sd=Articles&ArticleID=1005|archive-date=7 November 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Millennium New Delhi"/>
 
It took about 20 years to build the city from 1911.<ref name="Construction New Delhi">{{cite news|url=https://blogs.wsj.com/indiarealtime/2011/11/16/the-building-of-new-delhi/|title=The Building of New Delhi|work=The Wall Street Journal |date=30 January 2012 }}</ref> Many elements of New Delhi architecture borrow from indigenous sources; however, they fit into a British Classical/[[Palladian architecture|Palladian]] tradition. The fact that there were any indigenous features in the design were due to the persistence and urging of both the Viceroy [[Charles Hardinge, 1st Baron Hardinge of Penshurst|Lord Hardinge]] and historians like [[Ernest Binfield Havell|E.B. Havell]].<ref name="New Delhi, New Capital"/>
 
In the year 2019, [[Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs]] and [[Government of India]] introduced the Central Vista redevelopment project proposing the redevelopment of over 440 Hectares,<ref name="Central Vista ND">{{cite news|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/central-vista-project-new-delhi-dr-bimal-patel-parliament-prime-minister-office-rajpath-6212011/|title=Diversity, efficiency, flexibility: The brief for redeveloping New Delhi's Central Vista|work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 November 2020}}</ref> costing {{INRConvert|20000|c|lk=on|year=2020}}<ref name="Central Vista ND2">{{cite news|url=https://www.nationalheraldindia.com/india/centre-to-sc-rs-20000-crore-central-vista-project-saves-money-not-wastes-it|title=Centre to SC: Rs 20,000 Crore Central Vista project saves money, not wastes it|work=[[National Herald]] |date=21 November 2020}}</ref>
 
==Transport==
{{Main|Transport in Delhi}}
{{Multiple image
| align = right
| direction = vertical
| width =
| image1 =
| alt1 = Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 2 of the airport.
| caption1 = [[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]'s new terminal. It is the busiest and the largest airport in South Asia.<ref name=19860502airport-delhi>{{cite web|url=http://airport-delhi.com/ |title=Delhi Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGI) |publisher=Airport-delhi.com |date=2 May 1986 |access-date=7 September 2009}}</ref> Shown here is the check-in counter at Terminal 3 of the airport.
| image2 = New Delhi Outer Ring Road Picture.jpg
| alt2 = A green coloured Delhi Transport Corporation CNG bus in the middle of the road
| caption2 = The New Delhi Outer Ring Road
|
| image3 = Sculpture of hasta mudras at Indira Gandhi International Airport.jpg
|
|caption3=Indira Gandhi International Airport
|
| image4 = DelhiMetroBlueLineBombardier.jpg
|
|caption4=The [[Delhi Metro]]
|alt4=Front view of a Delhi Metro Train
| image5 = Delhi Faridabad Skyway.png
|
|caption5=A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]
|alt5=A view of [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]]
|image6=Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway.jpg
|caption6=The [[Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway]], connecting Delhi to the Indira Gandhi International Airport
|alt6=The Delhi-Gurgaon Expressway
|image7 = Delhi Noida Direct flyway (Uttar Pradesh - 2011-06-18).jpg
|
|caption7=The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway (DND Flyway)
|alt7=A Delhi underground metro station
}}
 
===Air===
[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]], situated to the [[South West Delhi|southwest of Delhi]], is the main gateway for the city's domestic and international civilian air traffic. In 2012–13, the airport was used by more than 35&nbsp;million passengers,<ref name="autogenerated1">[[Indira Gandhi International Airport]]</ref><ref name=essentialtravel>{{cite web|publisher=Essential Travel Ltd., UK. |url=http://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |title=New Delhi – Indira Gandhi International Airport (DEL) information |access-date=29 April 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060719165130/https://parking.essentialtravel.co.uk/worldairport/india/delhi.htm |archive-date=19 July 2006 }}</ref> making it one of the busiest airports in South Asia. Terminal 3, which cost {{INRConvert|96.8|b}} to construct between 2007 and 2010, handles an additional 37&nbsp;million passengers annually.<ref name=20070218dailytimes>{{cite web|url=http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007\02\18\story_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |title=India begins $1.94b Delhi airport revamp |work=Daily Times|location=Pakistan |date=18 February 2007 |access-date=3 November 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116121748/http://www.dailytimes.com.pk/default.asp?page=2007%5C02%5C18%5Cstory_18-2-2007_pg5_24 |archive-date=16 January 2009 }}</ref>
 
The Delhi Flying Club, established in 1928 with two [[de Havilland Moth]] aircraft named ''Delhi'' and ''Roshanara'', was based at ''[[Safdarjung Airport]]'' which started operations in 1929, when it was the Delhi's only airport and the second in India.<ref name=mecca>{{cite news|title=Mecca for young aviators |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |work=Hindustan Times |date=23 September 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150715193135/http://www.hindustantimes.com/Mecca-for-young-aviators/Article1-749072.aspx |archive-date=15 July 2015 }}</ref> The airport functioned until 2001; however, in January 2002 the government closed the airport for flying activities because of security concerns following [[9/11|the New York attacks in September 2001]]. Since then, the club only carries out aircraft maintenance courses,<ref name="mecca"/> and is used for helicopter rides to Indira Gandhi International Airport for VIP including the president and the prime minister.<ref name=indiatimes29413456>{{cite news |title=Ministries in row over Safdarjung Airport land |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/delhi/29413456_1_ud-ministry-safdarjung-airport-aviation-ministry |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130127185501/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2011-04-13/delhi/29413456_1_ud-ministry-safdarjung-airport-aviation-ministry |url-status=dead |archive-date=27 January 2013 |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=13 April 2011 }}</ref>
 
In 2010, Indira Gandhi International Airport (IGIA) was conferred the fourth best airport award in the world in the 15–25&nbsp;million category, and ''Best Improved Airport'' in the Asia-Pacific Region by [[Airports Council International]].<ref name=archive2012051220>{{Cite web|date=16 February 2012|title=ACI Airport Service Quality Awards 2009, Asia Pacific airports sweep top places in worldwide awards|url=http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__|access-date=1 January 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120512200746/http://www.aci.aero/cda/aci_common/display/main/aci_content07_c.jsp?zn=aci&cp=1-7-46%255E35015_666_2__ |archive-date=12 May 2012 }}</ref> The airport was rated as the ''Best airport in the world'' in the 25–40&nbsp;million passengers category in 2015, by Airports Council International.<ref name="bestairport">{{cite web|title=ASQ Testimonials|url=https://aci.aero/news/2016/02/29/airports-council-international-announces-2015-airport-service-quality-award-winners/|website=www.aci.aero|date=29 February 2016 |access-date=19 January 2017}}</ref> Delhi Airport also bags two awards for ''The Best Airport in Central Asia/India'' and ''Best Airport Staff in Central Asia/India'' at the [[Skytrax]] World Airport Awards 2015.<ref name="The Economic Times">{{cite web|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/airlines-/-aviation/delhis-indira-gandhi-international-airport-bags-two-international-awards-in-paris/articleshow/46587892.cms|title=Delhi's Indira Gandhi International Airport bags two international awards in Paris|work=[[The Economic Times]]|date=17 March 2015|access-date=17 March 2015}}</ref>
 
===Road===
New Delhi has one of India's largest bus transport systems. Buses are operated by the state-owned [[Delhi Transport Corporation]] (DTC), which owns the largest fleet of [[compressed natural gas]] (CNG)-fueled buses in the world and Delhi Transit. Personal vehicles especially cars also form a major chunk of vehicles plying on New Delhi roads. New Delhi has the highest number of registered cars compared to any other metropolitan city in India. Taxis and Auto Rickshaws also ply on New Delhi roads in large numbers. New Delhi has one of the highest road density in India and average vehicle speed is around {{cvt|15–20|km/h}} in peak hours in the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/delhi/capital-chaos-delhi-s-traffic-has-slowed-down-and-doubled-time-spent-on-roads/story-ZTp1UviD50hOXvdZpGs8FN.html|title=Capital chaos: Delhi's traffic has slowed down and doubled time spent on roads|date=15 December 2016}}</ref>
 
Some roads and expressways serve as important pillars of New Delhi's road infrastructure:
 
* Inner [[Ring Road]] is one of the most important "state highways" in New Delhi. It is a 51&nbsp;km long circular road, which connects important areas in New Delhi. Owing to more than 2 dozen grade-separators/flyovers, the road is almost signal-free.
* Outer [[Ring Road]] is another major artery in New Delhi that links far-flung areas of Delhi.
* The Delhi Noida Direct Flyway ([[DND Flyway]]) is an eight-laned access controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi and Delhi to [[Noida]] (an important satellite city of [[Uttar Pradesh]]). The acronym DND stands for "Delhi-Noida Direct".
* 'The [[Delhi Gurgaon Expressway]] is a 28&nbsp;km (17&nbsp;mi) expressway connecting New Delhi to [[Gurgaon]], an important satellite city of [[Haryana]].
* The [[Delhi Faridabad Skyway]] is controlled tolled expressway which connects New Delhi to [[Faridabad]], an important satellite city of [[Haryana]].
 
'''National Highways passing through New Delhi'''
 
New Delhi is connected by road to the rest of India through National highways:
 
* [[National Highway 19 (India)]] (old number: NH 2), commonly referred as Delhi-Kolkata Road is a busy Indian National Highway that runs through the states of Delhi, [[Haryana]], Uttar Pradesh, [[Bihar]], Jharkhand, and [[West Bengal]].
* [[National Highway 44 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects Srinagar with Kanyakumari and passes through Delhi.
* [[National Highway 48 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects New Delhi with [[Chennai]].
* [[National Highway 9 (India)]] is a National Highway that connects [[Malout]] in Punjab to [[Pithoragarh]] in Uttarakhand and passes through Delhi.
 
===Railway===
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#fff;"
|-
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Name
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Station Code
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Railway Zone
! style="background:#ffd750;"| Total Platforms
|-
| [[New Delhi railway station|New Delhi]]
| style="text-align:center;"| NDLS
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
|-
| [[Delhi Junction railway station|Delhi Junction]]
| style="text-align:center;"| DLI
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 16
|-
| [[Hazrat Nizamuddin railway station|Hazrat Nizamuddin]]
| style="text-align:center;"| NZM
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 9
|-
| [[Anand Vihar Terminal railway station|Anand Vihar Terminal]]
| style="text-align:center;"| ANVT
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
|-
| [[Delhi Sarai Rohilla railway station|Delhi Sarai Rohilla]]
| style="text-align:center;"| DEE
| style="text-align:center;"| [[Northern Railway zone|Northern Railway]]
| style="text-align:center;"| 7
|}
 
New Delhi is a major junction in the Indian railway network and is the headquarters of the [[Northern Railway (India)|Northern Railway]]. The five main railway stations are [[New Delhi railway station]], [[Old Delhi Railway Station|Delhi Junction]], [[Nizamuddin Railway Station]], [[Anand Vihar Railway Terminal]] and [[Sarai Rohilla]].<ref name=ecosurv12>{{cite web|url=http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf|title=Chapter 12: Transport|access-date=21 December 2006|work=Economic Survey of Delhi, 2005–2006|publisher=Planning Department, Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi|pages=130–146|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070116044119/http://delhiplanning.nic.in/Economic%20Survey/ES%202005-06/Chpt/12.pdf|archive-date=16 January 2007}}</ref> The [[Delhi Ring Railway|Delhi Ring railway]], a 35-kilometre circular railway network in Delhi that runs parallel to the [[Inner Ring Road, Delhi|Ring Road]], is a part of Delhi's suburban railway services.<ref name="Indian Express">{{cite news |title=Changing Delhi map makes Ring Railway redundant |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/cities/delhi/changing-delhi-map-makes-ring-railway-redundant/ |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=22 February 2011}}</ref>
 
===Metro===
{{Main|Delhi Metro}}
[[File:DMRC Bombardier.jpg|thumb|Delhi Metro – Phase 2]]
The [[Delhi Metro]] is a rapid transit system serving Delhi, [[Faridabad]], [[Ghaziabad]], [[Gurgaon]] and [[Noida]] in the National Capital Region of India. Delhi Metro is the world's 12th largest metro system in terms of length. Delhi Metro was India's first modern public transportation system, which had revolutionised travel by providing a fast, reliable, safe, and comfortable means of transport. Presently, the network consists of [[#Network|10 colour-coded lines]]<ref name="present network">{{Cite web |title=Present Network |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/present-network |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref> serving [[List of Delhi Metro stations|255 stations]]{{efn|name=fn1|Transfer stations are counted more than once. There are 24 transfer stations. If transfer stations are counted only once, the result will be 230 stations. [[Ashok Park Main metro station|Ashok Park Main]] station, where the two diverging branches of [[Green Line (Delhi Metro)|Green Line]] share tracks/platforms, is anyway counted as a single station. Stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are not counted. If stations of [[Aqua Line (Noida Metro)|Noida Metro]] and [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] are counted, the result will be 286 stations<ref name="route map">{{Cite web |title=Route map |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/network_map |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref><ref name="present network"/><ref name="introduction">{{Cite web |title=Introduction {{!}} DMRC |url=https://www.delhimetrorail.com/pages/en/introduction |access-date=16 April 2022 |website=www.delhimetrorail.com}}</ref>}} with a total length of {{convert|348.12|km|abbr=}}.{{efn|name=fn2|The total length of Delhi Metro is {{convert|348.12|km}}. The operations & maintenance of [[Rapid Metro Gurgaon|Gurgaon Metro]] and [[Noida Metro]] is currently undertaken by [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation|DMRC]], so the total length operated by DMRC is {{convert|390.14|km}}.<ref name="route map"/><ref name="introduction"/>}} The network has now crossed the boundaries of Delhi to reach Ghaziabad and Noida in Uttar Pradesh, and Faridabad and Gurgaon in Haryana. All stations have escalators, elevators, and tactile tiles to guide the visually impaired from station entrances to trains. It has a combination of elevated, at-grade, and underground lines, and uses both broad gauge and standard gauge rolling stock. Four types of rolling stock are used: Mitsubishi-ROTEM Broad gauge, Bombardier MOVIA, Mitsubishi-ROTEM Standard gauge, and CAF Beasain Standard gauge. According to a study, Delhi Metro has helped in removing about 390,000 vehicles from the streets of Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news|title=Delhi Metro helps keep 3.9 lakh vehicles off roads in 2014 |work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/industry/transportation/railways/delhi-metro-helps-keep-3-9-lakh-vehicles-off-roads-in-2014/articleshow/45717584.cms?from=mdr|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref>
 
Delhi Metro is being built and operated by the [[Delhi Metro Rail Corporation Limited]] (DMRC), a state-owned company with equal equity participation from Government of India and Government of National Capital Territory of Delhi. However, the organisation is under administrative control of Ministry of Urban Development, Government of India. Besides construction and operation of Delhi metro, DMRC is also involved in the planning and implementation of metro rail, monorail and high-speed rail projects in India and providing consultancy services to other metro projects in the country as well as abroad. The Delhi Metro project was spearheaded by [[Padma Vibhushan]] [[E. Sreedharan]], the managing director of DMRC and popularly known as the "Metro Man" of India. He famously resigned<ref>{{Cite web|title=E Sreedharan resigns as Delhi Metro chief|url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/e-sreedharan-resigns-as-delhi-metro-chief-397775|access-date=17 July 2020|website=NDTV.com}}</ref> from DMRC, taking moral responsibility for a metro bridge collapse<ref>{{Cite news|agency=Press Trust of India|date=12 July 2009|title=Under-construction Delhi Metro bridge collapses, 5 killed|work=Business Standard India|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/under-construction-delhi-metro-bridge-collapses-5-killed-109071200064_1.html|access-date=17 July 2020}}</ref> which took five lives. Sreedharan was awarded with the [[Legion of Honour]] by the French government for his contribution to Delhi Metro.
 
==Education==
<!--- In this section, add Universities, Colleges, High schools, etc. --->
{{Main|Education in Delhi}}
===Schools===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a school to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[DAV Public School]] (at multiple areas)
* [[Delhi Public School]] (at multiple areas)
* [[Guru Amar Dass Public School]]
* [[St. Mark's Senior Secondary Public School]]
* [[St. Xavier's School]] (at multiple areas)
* [[The British School, New Delhi|The British School]]
* [[Union Academy Senior Secondary School, New Delhi|Union Academy Senior Secondary School]]
 
===Colleges===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[All India Institutes of Medical Sciences|AIIMS, New Delhi]]
* [[Delhi College of Arts and Commerce]]
* [[Hindu College, Delhi]]
* [[Indian Institute of Mass Communication]]
* [[Indian Institutes of Management]]
* [[Indian Statistical Institute]]
* [[Institute of Information Technology and Management]] (IITM) (at multiple areas)
* [[Management Education & Research Institute]] (MERI)
* [[Pannalal Girdharlal Dayanand Anglo Vedic College]] (PGDAV College)
* [[Ramanujan College]]
* [[Shaheed Bhagat Singh College]]
 
===Universities===
<!---♦♦♦ Only add a college to this list if it already has its own article on the English Wikipedia ♦♦♦--->
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order ♦♦♦--->
* [[Association of Indian Universities]]
* [[Delhi School of Economics]]
* [[Delhi School of Management]]
* [[Delhi School of Music]]
* [[Indian Agricultural Research Institute]]
* [[Indian Institute of Foreign Trade]]
* [[Indian Institute of Technology, New Delhi|IIT Delhi]]
* [[Indira Gandhi Delhi Technical University for Women]]
* [[Indira Gandhi National Open University]] (IGNOU)
* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]]
* [[Indraprastha Institute of Information Technology]]
* [[Jamia Hamdard|Jamia Hamdard University]]
* [[Jamia Millia Islamia|Jamia Millia Islamia University]]
* [[Jawaharlal Nehru University]]
* [[National Institute of Educational Planning and Administration]] (NIEPA)
* [[National Institute of Technology, Delhi|NIT Delhi]]
* [[National Law University]]
* [[Shri Lal Bahadur Shastri National Sanskrit University]]
* [[South Asian University]]
* [[TERI School of Advanced Studies]]
* [[University of Delhi]]
 
==Sports==
[[File:Commonwealth-Games-2010-Opening-Ceremony.jpg|thumb|The [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] opening ceremony at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]]. In the foreground, there is an [[aerostat]].]]
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
The city hosted the [[2010 Commonwealth Games]] and annually hosts [[Delhi Half Marathon]] foot-race. The city has previously hosted the [[1951 Asian Games]] and the [[1982 Asian Games]]. New Delhi was interested<ref name=yahoo20100625>{{cite news|title=India Reportedly Keen To Bid For 2a019 ASIAD|url=http://malaysia.news.yahoo.com/bnm/20100625/tsp-sports-asian-games-cc21d00.html|access-date=27 June 2010|newspaper=Yahoo! News Malaysia|date=26 June 2010|agency=Bernama}}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> in bidding for the [[2019 Asian Games]] but was turned down by the government on 2 August 2010 amid allegations of corruption in 2010 Commonwealth Games.<ref name=20100802ndtv>{{cite news|title=Indian government says no to bid for 2019 Asian Games|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508|access-date=2 August 2010|newspaper=NDTV India|date=2 August 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805000601/http://www.ndtv.com/article/sports/government-says-no-to-bid-for-2019-asian-games-sources-41508|archive-date=5 August 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref>
 
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
Major sporting venues in New Delhi include the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium, Delhi|Jawaharlal Nehru Stadium]], [[Ambedkar Stadium]], [[Indira Gandhi Arena|Indira Gandhi Indoor Stadium]], [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]], [[R.K. Khanna Tennis Complex]], [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]] and [[Siri Fort Sports Complex]]. <!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Club !! Sport !! League !! Venue !! Span
|-
| [[Delhi Capitals]]
| [[Cricket]]
| [[Indian Premier League|IPL]]
| [[Arun Jaitley Stadium]]
| 2008–present
|-
| [[Delhi Wizards]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[World Series Hockey|WSH]]
| [[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
| 2011–present
|-
| [[Delhi Waveriders]]
| [[Field hockey]]
| [[Hockey India League|HIL]]
|[[Dhyan Chand National Stadium]]
| 2013–present
|-
| [[Delhi FC]]
| [[Association football|Football]]
| [[I-League]]
| [[Ambedkar Stadium]]
| 1994–present
|-
| [[Delhi Dashers]]
| [[Badminton]]
| [[Premier Badminton League|PBL]]
| [[Siri Fort Sports Complex|DDA Badminton and Squash Stadium]]
| 2015–2019
|-
| [[Dabang Delhi]]
| [[Kabaddi]]
| [[Pro Kabaddi League|PKL]]
| [[Thyagaraj Sports Complex]]
| 2014–present
|-
| [[Indian Aces]]
| Tennis
| [[International Premier Tennis League|IPTL]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Arena]]
| 2014–present
|-
| [[Pro Wrestling League|Dilli Veer]]
| [[Wrestling]]
| [[Pro Wrestling League|PWL]]
| [[Indira Gandhi Arena|K. D. Jadhav Wrestling Stadium]]
| 2015–present
|}
 
==International relations and organisations==
{{Main|Declaration of Delhi|}}
{{See also|List of diplomatic missions in India}}
 
<!-- The section should provide data only from the New Delhi area under NDMC. Not of the entire NCT. -->
{{multiple image
| align            = right
| caption_align    = center
| image1            = Dmitry Medvedev BRICS summit 2012-25.jpeg
| width1            = 275
| caption1          = 4th BRICS Summit in New Delhi in 2012
| image2            = Delegates at plenary session of ILO Delhi conference.jpg
| width2            = 200
| caption2          = First plenary session of the Asian Regional Conference of the [[International Labour Organization|ILO]] in New Delhi, October 1947
| footer            =
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The city is home to numerous international organisations. The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the [[UNESCAP]] servicing the Asia-Pacific region is headquartered in New Delhi.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |title=The Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology of the UNESCAP |publisher=Asian and Pacific Centre for Transfer of Technology, [[UNESCAP]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130813064613/http://apctt.org/about_us/aboutus.html |archive-date=13 August 2013 }}</ref> New Delhi is home to most UN regional offices in India namely the [[UNDP]], [[UNODC]], [[UNESCO]], [[UNICEF]], [[WFP]], [[United Nations Office at Vienna|UNV]], [[UNCTAD]], [[FAO]], [[UNFPA]], [[WHO]], [[World Bank]], [[International Labour Organization|ILO]], [[International Monetary Fund|IMF]], [[UNIFEM]], [[International Finance Corporation|IFC]] and [[UNAIDS]]. [[UNHCR Representation in India]] is also located in the city.
 
New Delhi [[List of diplomatic missions in India|hosts]] 145 foreign embassies and high commissions.
 
===Summits, conferences and conventions===
[[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development]] [[United Nations Conference on Trade and Development#Meetings|hosted its second meeting conference]] in the year 1968 at New Delhi.
 
New Delhi hosted the [[NAM Summit|7th NAM Summit]] in 1983, [[2012 BRICS summit|4th BRICS Summit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.brics.utoronto.ca/plans/brics-plans-120110.pdf |title=Plans for the BRICS Delhi Summit: March 29, 2012|publisher=brics.utoronto.ca |access-date=16 January 2012}}</ref> in 2012, [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA Summit]] in 2015,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-to-host-ibsa-summit-2015-in-new-delhi-114071700779_1.html|title=India to host IBSA Summit 2015 in New Delhi|work=[[Business Standard]]|access-date=18 July 2014|date=17 July 2014|agency=Press Trust of India|archive-date=24 February 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224144805/http://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/india-to-host-ibsa-summit-2015-in-new-delhi-114071700779_1.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=thehindu6221253>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/India-to-host-IBSA-Summit-next-year/article11269923.ece |title=India to host IBSA Summit next year|newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=18 July 2014|date=17 July 2014|last1=Singh|first1=Mahim Pratap}}</ref> and 5th [[Global Conference on CyberSpace]] in 2017.<ref name="India GCCS 2017">{{cite web|title=India to Host Global Conference on Cyber Space 2017 – World's Largest Conference on Cyber Space|url=http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=168850|work=[[Press Information Bureau]]|access-date=25 July 2017}}</ref><ref name="India GCCS 2017 ET">{{cite news|title=PM Narendra Modi to inaugurate Global Conference on Cyber Space|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/tech/internet/pm-narendra-modi-to-inaugurate-global-conference-on-cyber-space/articleshow/59701561.cms|newspaper=[[The Economic Times]]|access-date=25 July 2017|date=21 July 2017|last1=Agarwal|first1=Surabhi}}</ref> India will also host the [[G20]] summit in 2022 in New Delhi.<ref>{{Cite news | url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-to-host-g20-summit-in-2022/articleshow/66900904.cms | title=India to host G20 summit in 2022| newspaper=The Economic Times| date=2 December 2018| last1=Chaudhury| first1=Dipanjan Roy}}</ref>
 
=== Sister cities ===
{{see also|List of twin towns and sister cities in India}}
*[[Moscow]], Russia<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties|title=Moscow and New Delhi twin cities strengthen friendly ties|date=7 September 2012|access-date=3 August 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161008154517/http://rusembindia.com/embassy-news/5112-moscow-and-new-delhi-twin-cities-strengthen-friendly-ties|archive-date=8 October 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
*[[Beijing]], China (2013)<ref name=ipcs>{{cite web |url=http://www.ipcs.org/article/india/india-china-an-assessment-of-october-2013-agreements-mou-on-4152.html |title=India & China: An Assessment of October 2013 Agreements |last=Rajan |first=DS |date=27 October 2013 |website=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref>
 
==See also==
* [[Delhi Tourism and Transportation Development Corporation]]
* [[Urban Health Resource Centre]]
 
==Notes==
{{Notelist}}
 
==References==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==Bibliography==
* {{Cite book | author=Byron, Robert. | title=Architectural Review, New Delhi| location=London | publisher=Asian Educational Services; 2 edition | year=1997 | isbn=978-8120612860 | pages = 36 pages}}
* {{cite book|last=Kapoor|first=Pramod|author2=Malvika Singh |author3=Rudrangshu Mukherjee |title=New Delhi: Making of a Capital|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KAAhQwAACAAJ|year=2009|publisher=Lustre Press|isbn=978-81-7436-574-3}}
* {{cite book |title=New Delhi |first=Robert |last=Byron |author-link=Robert Byron |publisher=[[The Architectural Review]], Westminster|year=1931|url=https://archive.org/stream/NewDelhiByRobertByron/New%20Delhi%20by%20Robert%20Byron#page/n1/mode/2up }}
* Johnson, David A. "A British Empire for the twentieth century: the inauguration of New Delhi, 1931," ''Urban History'', Dec 2008, Vol. 35 Issue 3, pp 462–487
* {{Cite book | author=Volwahsen, Andreas. | title=Imperial Delhi: The British Capital of the Indian Empire| publisher=Prestel Publishing | year=2003 | isbn=978-3791327884 | pages = 320 pages}}
* {{cite journal|last=Kumar|first=Pushpam|title=Assessment of Economic Drivers of Land Use Change in Urban Ecosystems of Delhi, India|journal=[[Ambio]]|volume=38|issue=1|pages=35–39|date=February 2009|doi=10.1579/0044-7447-38.1.35|pmid=19260345|s2cid=45773128|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/0d3ad6247cc89f5b1b82fb742a1e0c39f6677852}}
* Ridley, Jane. "Edwin Lutyens, New Delhi, and the Architecture of Imperialism," ''Journal of Imperial & Commonwealth History,'' May 1998, Vol. 26 Issue 2, pp 67–83.
* {{Cite book | author=Bardiar, Nilendra. | title=Urban, Cultural, Economic and Social Transformation: History of New Delhi 1947–65| location= New Delhi | publisher=Ruby Press & Co. | year=2014 | isbn=978-93-82395-49-2 }}
*  Sonne, Wolfgang. ''Representing the State: Capital City Planning in the Early Twentieth Century'' (2003) 367pp; compares New Delhi, Canberra, Washington & Berlin.
* {{Cite book | author=Pothen, Nayantara. | title=Glittering Decades New Delhi in Love and War| publisher=Penguin | year=2012 | isbn=978-0670086009 | pages = 288 pages}}
==External links==
* [https://www.delhi.gov.in/ New Delhi Government Portal]
* [https://www.ndmc.gov.in/ New Delhi Municipal Council]
* [https://delhitourism.gov.in/delhitourism/index.jsp Official website of Delhi Tourism]
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