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* [[National Policy on Education]]
* [[National Policy on Education]]


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==Notes==
==Notes==

Latest revision as of 17:42, 14 August 2023


This article is about the recent education policy of the Government of India. For the bygone policies, see National Policy on Education.


The National Education Policy of India 2020 (NEP 2020), which was approved by the Union Cabinet of India on 29 July 2020, outlines the vision of new education system of India.[1] The new policy replaces the previous National Policy on Education, 1986.[lower-alpha 1] The policy is a comprehensive framework for elementary education to higher education as well as vocational training in both rural and urban India. The policy aims to transform India's education system by 2040.[2]

Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that no one will be forced to study any particular language and that the medium of instruction will not be shifted from English to any regional language.[3] The language policy in NEP is a broad guideline and advisory in nature; and it is up to the states, institutions, and schools to decide on the implementation.[4] Education in India is a Concurrent List subject.[5]

Background[edit]

The NEP 2020 replaces the National Policy on Education of 1986.[lower-alpha 1] In January 2015, a committee under former Cabinet Secretary T. S. R. Subramanian started the consultation process for the New Education Policy. Based on the committee report, in June 2017, the draft NEP was submitted in 2019 by a panel led by former Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) chief Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan.[7] The Draft New Education Policy (DNEP) 2019, was later released by Ministry of Human Resource Development, followed by a number of public consultations.[8] The Draft NEP was 484 pages.[9] The Ministry undertook a rigorous consultation process in formulating the draft policy: "Over two lakh suggestions from 2.5 lakh gram panchayats, 6,600 blocks, 6,000 Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), 676 districts were received."[10]

Provisions[edit]

The NEP 2020 enacts numerous changes in India's education policy. It aims to increase state expenditure on education from around 3% to 6% of the GDP as soon as possible.[12]

Languages[edit]

The National Education Policy 2020 has ‘emphasised’ on the use of mother tongue or local language as the medium of instruction till Class 5 while, recommending its continuance till Class 8 and beyond.[13] Sanskrit and foreign languages will also be given emphasis. The Policy recommends that all students will learn three languages in their school under the 'formula'. At least two of the three languages should be native to India. It also states that no language will be imposed on the students.[14]

Shortly after the release of the policy, the government clarified that the language policy in NEP is a broad guideline; and that it was up to the states, institutions and schools to decide the implementation.[4] A more detailed language strategy would be released in the National Curriculum Framework in 2021.[4] Note was also made that there were already institutions which had implemented this language policy 60 years ago such as Sardar Patel Vidyalaya.[4] Both the Education Policy of 1986 and the Right to Education Act, 2009 promoted usage of the mother tongue too as an advisory guideline.[3]

School education[edit]

  • Focus on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy : The policy accords the highest priority to achieving Foundational Literacy and Numeracy by all students by Grade 3. The policy states, "The highest priority of the education system will be to achieve universal foundational literacy and numeracy in primary school by 2025. The rest of this Policy will become relevant for our students only if this most basic learning requirement (i.e., reading, writing, and arithmetic at the foundational level) is first achieved. To this end, a National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy will be set up by the Ministry of Education on priority. Accordingly, all State/UT governments will immediately prepare an implementation plan for attaining universal foundational literacy and numeracy in all primary schools, identifying stage-wise targets and goals to be achieved by 2025, and closely tracking and monitoring progress of the same".[15] Subsequently, the NIPUN Bharat Mission was launched on 5 July 2021 to achieve this goal.[16]
  • The "10 + 2" structure will be replaced with "5+3+3+4" model.[17] This will be implemented as follows:[18][19]
    • Foundational Stage: This is further subdivided into two parts: 3 years of preschool or anganwadi, followed by classes 1 and 2 in primary school. This will cover children of ages 3–8 years. The focus of studies will be in activity-based learning.
    • Preparatory Stage: Classes 3 to 5, which will cover the ages of 8–10 years. It will gradually introduce subjects like speaking, reading, writing, physical education, languages, art, science and mathematics.
    • Middle Stage: Classes 6 to 8, covering children between ages 11 and 13. It will introduce students to the more abstract concepts in subjects of mathematics, sciences, social sciences, arts and humanities.
    • Secondary Stage: Classes 9 to 12, covering the ages of 14–18 years. It is again subdivided into two parts: classes 9 and 10 covering the first phase while classes 11 and 12 covering the second phase. These 4 years of study are intended to inculcate multidisciplinary study, coupled with depth and critical thinking. Multiple options of subjects will be provided.
  • Instead of exams being held every academic year, school students will only attend three exams, in classes 2, 5 and 8.[17]
  • Board exams will be continued to be held for classes 10 and 12 but will be re-designed. Standards for this will be established by an assessment body, PARAKH (Performance Assessment, Review and Analysis of Knowledge for Holistic Development)[17] To make them easier, these exams would be conducted twice a year, with students being offered up to two attempts.[20] The exam itself would have two parts, namely the objective and the descriptive.[1]
  • This policy aims at reducing the curriculum load of students and allowing them to be more "inter-disciplinary" and "multi-lingual". One example given was "If a student wants to pursue fashion studies with physics, or if one wants to learn bakery with chemistry, they'll be allowed to do so".[21] Report cards will be "holistic", offering information about the student's skills.[1]
  • Coding will be introduced from class 6 and experiential learning will be adopted[22]
  • The Midday Meal Scheme will be extended to include breakfasts. More focus will be given to students' health, particularly mental health, through the deployment of counsellors and social workers.[23]

Higher education[edit]

  • It proposes a 4-year multi-disciplinary bachelor's degree in an undergraduate programme with multiple exit options. These will include professional and vocational areas and will be implemented as follows:[24]
    • A certificate after completing 1 year of study
    • A diploma after completing 2 years of study
    • A Bachelor's degree after completion of a 3-year programme
    • A 4-year multidisciplinary Bachelor's degree (the preferred option)
  • MPhil (Masters of Philosophy) courses are to be discontinued to align degree education with how it is in Western models.[25]
  • A Higher Education Commission of India (HECI) will be set up to regulate higher education. The council's goal will be to increase gross enrollment ratio.[17] The HECI will have 4 verticals:[26]
  • Other PSSBs will include professional councils such as Veterinary Council of India, Council of Architecture, Indian Council of Agricultural Research and National Council for Vocational Education and Training.[26]
  • The National Testing Agency will now be given the additional responsibility of conducting entrance examinations for admissions to universities across the country, in addition to the JEE Main and NEET.[29]
  • The policy proposes that higher education institutes like the IITs make changes with regard to the diversity of learning.[17]
  • The policy proposes to internationalize education in India.[30] Foreign universities can now set up campuses in India.[31]
  • The fees of both private and public universities will be fixed.[30]

International branch campuses[edit]

After a failed attempt to import international branch campuses in 2012,[32] the NEP 2020 renewed the effort by explicitly allowing for foreign universities to establish campuses in India as well as giving permission for IITs to set up campuses overseas.[33] The policy sets a grand goal of utilizing international education to reestablish India as a Vishwa Guru (or world teacher), which was reiterated by India's Vice President, M. Venkaiah Naidu, who expressed a desire to establish India to attract global academic talent.[34] Scholars have raised question about the idea of importing higher education institutions from other questions in order to advance a goal of positioning the country as a world teacher.[35]

Teachers[edit]

The NEP 2020 puts forward many policy changes when it comes to teachers and teacher education.[36] To become a teacher, a 4-year Bachelor of Education will be the minimum requirement needed by 2030.[37] The teacher recruitment process will also be strengthened and made transparent.[37] The National Council for Teacher Education will frame a National Curriculum Framework for Teacher Education by 2021 and a National Professional Standards for Teachers by 2022.[37]

EdTech[edit]

Under NEP 2020, EdTech companies and startups are provided with necessary guidelines and impetus to develop learning management systems, ERP softwares, assessment platforms, online labs etc. for schools and universities. National Educational Technology Forum (NETF), an autonomous body is also created to facilitate exchange of ideas on technology usage to improve learning.[38] In September 2021, in line with NEP, NITI Aayog partnered with Byju's to provide free access to its tech-driven learning programmes to engineering aspirants from 112 districts.[39]

Other changes[edit]

Under NEP 2020, numerous new educational institutes, bodies and concepts have been given legislative permission to be formed. These include:[1]

  • National Education Commission, headed by the Prime Minister of India[40]
  • Academic Bank of Credit, a digital storage of credits earned to help resume education by utilising credits for further education[41]
  • National Research Foundation, to improve research and innovation[42][43]
  • Special Education Zones, to focus on the education of underrepresented group in disadvantaged regions[44]
  • Gender Inclusion Fund, for assisting the nation in the education of female and transgender children[45]

The policy proposes new language institutions such as the Indian Institute of Translation and Interpretation and the National Institute/ Institutes for Pali, Persian and Prakrit. Other bodies proposed include the National Mission for Mentoring, National Book Promotion Policy, National Mission on Foundational Literacy and Numeracy.

Reception[edit]

Krishnaswamy Kasturirangan, chairperson of the National Education Policy (NEP) drafting panel, commented "No language is being imposed. Multi-lingual flexibility is still the basis for the new NEP 2020".[46] The UGC has asked that awareness about the policy should be spread among students and teachers.[47] Prime Minister Narendra Modi stated that the policy focuses on 'how to think' rather than 'what to think'.[48]

The IIT Kanpur Director, Abhay Karandikar, supported the new policy, while the IIT Delhi director, V. Ramgopal Rao, compared the new education policy with the Morrill Land-Grant Acts of United States and called it a "Morril Moment" for India.[49] The chancellor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (JNU), M. Jagadesh Kumar, as well as the vice-chancellor of JNU called the policy a "positive step forward" while Najma Akhtar, the vice-chancellor of Jamia Milia Islamia, called the policy "ground-breaking".[50][51] Former Delhi University vice-chancellor Dinesh Singh, said "the policy lays down the road map pretty nicely".[51] Venkaiah Naidu, the Vice President of India, welcomed the policy's flexibility and appreciated its "loftier" goal of bringing out-of-school children into the school system and reducing dropouts.[52]

Lok Sabha MP and Congress leader Shashi Tharoor welcomed the decision but stated his concerns about the implementation of the new policy.[53] A report by the Observer Research Foundation stated the same.[54]

Dhiraj Kumar Nite from Ambedkar University Delhi stated that the removal of the MPhil course was not in harmony with the principles of the NEP, since multiple exit points were offered at the undergraduate level but those interested in a Ph.D. would have no quick exit point, which the MPhil provided.[25] The JNU Student's Union (JNUSU) and Delhi University Teacher's Association criticized the government for approving the policy amidst the COVID-19 pandemic in India, stating that they had opposed the policy since its draft stage.[55] CPI(M) leader Sitaram Yechury alleged that suggestions made by academicians were not taken into account, while the politburo of the party condemned the commercialization encouraged by the policy.[56] Kumkum Roy of the Centre for Historical Studies, JNU, stated that the subjects on the studies of Gender Studies, Media, Environment and Development, Culture, Dalit, Discrimination and Exclusion, and Media have not been mentioned for development. In the study of the Constitution, Fundamental Rights have been left out.[57] President of the DMK, M. K. Stalin, stated that the policy was passed without a discussion in the Parliament and would undermine the Tamil language, due to its "compulsory" option of Sanskrit at every level of education.[58] Aishe Ghosh of the JNUSU tweeted that internships under the policy would lead to child labour.[59][60]

The Draft NEP of 2019 was criticized for multiple reasons. A social media campaign protested over the inclusion of Hindi in schools in the south Indian states.[61][62] The Student's Federation of India stated that it threatened the federal character of the educational structure, commercialized education and undermined independent research activity.[63] Madhu Prasad of Frontline pointed out how the draft's merit-based college admissions criteria did not take into account reservations and the caste-based discrimination and oppression faced by many in the country.[64] DP Sharma appreciated the current initiative of end to end transformation of Indian education system but expressed his concerns about the implementation with care and honesty and,[65][66] connected the self reliant India mission with education transformation.[67]

Multiple-exit option for undergraduate programs gives institutions cover to stop tracking students dropping out due to socio-economic compulsions and instead ignore such instances as individual choice. Prioritizing instructors from private edtech companies over academic professors and online modules over classroom learning has been seen as emphasizing a "mode-for-instruction" framework centered around vocational training and skilling for the masses; with the better "mode-for-learning" reserved for the privileged few through private universities, which are exempt from the regulations related to affirmative action.[68]

Implementation[edit]

  • In early August 2021, Karnataka became the first state to issue an order with regard to implementing NEP.[69]
  • On 26 th August 2021, Madhya Pradesh implemented NEP 2020.
  • Uttar Pradesh Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath said the National Education Policy-2020 will be implemented in phases by 2022.[70]
  • The Telangana State government has decided to implement the newly announced National Education Policy 2020 (NEP 2020) in the State.[71]
  • Maharashtra CM Uddhav Thackeray directs to appoint experts’ committee for implementation of new education policy.[72]
  • Andhra Chief Minister Y.S. Jagan Mohan Reddy has directed officials of the Education Department to implement the National Education Policy 2020 in letter and spirit across the State.[73]
  • Rajasthan Governor Kalraj Mishra said that NEP 2020 will be implemented in phased manner.[74]
  • The Chief Minister of Assam, Himanta Biswa Sarma said that NEP 2020 will be implemented from 1 April 2022.[75]
  • In April 2022, the UGC (University Grants Commission) approved simultaneous dual degrees, both in physical and online modes.[76]

See also[edit]


Notes[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 "While the last education policy was announced in 1992, it was considered a re-writing of the 1986 policy."[6]

References[edit]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 Nandini, ed. (29 July 2020). "New Education Policy 2020 Highlights: School and higher education to see major changes". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  2. ↑ Jebaraj, Priscilla (2 August 2020). "The Hindu Explains | What has the National Education Policy 2020 proposed?". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 Vishnoi, Anubhuti (31 July 2020). "No switch in instruction medium from English to regional languages with NEP '20: HRD". The Economic Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 4.3 Gohain, Manash Pratim (31 July 2020). "NEP language policy broad guideline: Government". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  5. ↑ Chopra, Ritika (2 August 2020). "Explained: Reading the new National Education Policy 2020". The Indian Express. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  6. ↑ Chaturvedi, Amit (30 July 2020). "'Transformative': Leaders, academicians welcome National Education Policy". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020. While the last policy was announced in 1992, it was essentially a rehash of a 1986 one.
  7. ↑ "Kasturirangan-led panel to develop new curriculum for schools". indianexpress.com. 22 September 2021. Retrieved 16 October 2021.
  8. ↑ "State education boards to be regulated by national body: Draft NEP". The Times of India. Retrieved 21 November 2019.
  9. ↑ "Here's Why You Can Rejoice Over the New NEP. And Why You Cannot". The Wire. 31 July 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  10. ↑ Jebaraj, Priscilla; Hebbar, Nistula (31 July 2020). "Rigorous consultations done before framing new National Education Policy, says Ramesh Pokhriyal Nishank". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 2 August 2020.
  11. ↑ Rohatgi, Anubha, ed. (7 August 2020). "Highlights | NEP will play role in reducing gap between research and education in India: PM Modi". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 8 August 2020.
  12. ↑ "Govt approves plan to boost state spending on education to 6% of GDP". Livemint. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  13. ↑ "National Education Policy 2020: Cabinet approves new national education policy: Key points". The Times of India. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  14. ↑ "Teaching In Mother Tongue Till Class 5: 10 Points On New National Education Policy". NDTV.com. Retrieved 30 July 2021.
  15. ↑ "Cabinet Approves National Education Policy 2020, paving way for transformational reforms in school and higher education systems in the country". pib.gov.in. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  16. ↑ "Education Ministry launches NIPUN Bharat Mission". @businessline. Retrieved 8 August 2021.
  17. ↑ 17.0 17.1 17.2 17.3 17.4 Srinivasan, Chandrashekar, ed. (29 July 2020). "National Education Policy, NEP 2020: Teaching in Mother Tongue Till Class 5: 10 Points On New Education Policy". NDTV. Retrieved 29 July 2020.
  18. ↑ Kulkarni, Sagar (29 July 2020). "New policy offers 5-3-3-4 model of school education". Deccan Herald. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  19. ↑ Kumar, Shuchita (31 July 2020). "New education policy: The shift from 10+2 to 5+3+3+4 system". Times Now. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  20. ↑ "Easier board exams with two attempts a year: HRD suggests in Draft Education Policy". India Today. Press Trust of India New. 4 November 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  21. ↑ "Centre announces new National Education Policy". The Tribune. India. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  22. ↑ "New Education Policy: Students To Learn Coding From Class 6". TheQuint. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  23. ↑ Kumar, Prakash (30 July 2020). "National Education Policy 2020 Proposes Breakfast For School Children, Besides Mid-day Meals". Outlook. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  24. ↑ "Free Entry- Exit Options Introduced For Students in NEP 2020". NDTV.com. Retrieved 21 September 2020.
  25. ↑ 25.0 25.1 Bhura, Sneha (30 July 2020). "In defence of MPhil: Why the degree should not be discontinued". The Week. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  26. ↑ 26.0 26.1 Kumari, Anisha, ed. (30 July 2020). "National Education Policy 2020: UGC, AICTE, NAAC To Be Merged In A New Body". NDTV.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  27. ↑ 27.0 27.1 27.2 27.3 Shukla, Amandeep (29 July 2020). "National Education Policy 2020: UGC, AICTE era over, NEP moots HECI, single regulator with 4 verticals". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  28. ↑ Shukla, Amandeep (29 July 2020). "New Education Policy 2020: NEP moots professional standards for teachers". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  29. ↑ "National Education Policy: NTA to conduct common entrance exam for higher education institutes". The Indian Express. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  30. ↑ 30.0 30.1 Krishna, Atul (29 July 2020). "NEP 2020 Highlights: School And Higher Education". NDTV. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  31. ↑ Kumar, Manoj (29 July 2020). "India opens door for foreign universities under new education policy". Reuters. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  32. ↑ Lane, Jason (1 July 2013). "India's New Rules for Foreign Universities Are a 'Missed Opportunity'". The Chronicle of Higher Education.
  33. ↑ "UGC allows top universities to set up campuses abroad". University World News. Retrieved 23 January 2022.
  34. ↑ "Time has come for India to emerge as knowledge hub, become 'vishwa guru' again: Vice President". The Hindu. PTI. 5 September 2021. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 24 January 2022.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  35. ↑ Lane, Jason; Schueller. "Can international branch campuses aid national identity?". University World News. Retrieved 24 January 2022.
  36. ↑ Rajeev, K. R. (31 July 2020). "Teacher education set for major overhaul". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  37. ↑ 37.0 37.1 37.2 "4-year BEd degree to be minimum qualification for teaching by 2030, says new NEP". Livemint. PTI. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 31 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  38. ↑ Baral, Maitree, ed. (30 July 2020). "NEP 2020: New Education Policy Moots Formation Of Technology Forum". NDTV. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  39. ↑ "NITI Aayog ties up with BYJU'S to provide study material to schools". The Indian Express. 17 September 2021. Retrieved 6 March 2022.
  40. ↑ Upadhyay, Deepak (29 July 2020). "New school education policy approved: Grading system, more choice of subjects". Livemint. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  41. ↑ "To Improve Gross Enrolment Ratio, New Education Policy Proposes Academic Bank of Credit; Multiple Entry, Exit Points". News18. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  42. ↑ Jayan, T. V. (5 July 2020). "National Research Foundation to boost research, innovation". @businessline. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  43. ↑ Shukla, Amandeep (1 October 2019). "HRD begins process for creation of National Research Foundation". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  44. ↑ Shukla, Amandeep (30 July 2020). "Govt unveils sweeping changes for education". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  45. ↑ Pandit, Ambika (30 July 2020). "Gender Inclusion Fund, Spl Edu Zones in policy". The Times of India. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  46. ↑ "No language imposition in new education policy, says drafting panel chief". India Today. New Delhi. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  47. ↑ "UGC ask varsities to create awareness about new education policy among students, teachers". Hindustan Times. 6 August 2020. Retrieved 6 August 2020.
  48. ↑ "PM Narendra Modi speech live on NEP: Policy to shift focus from 'what to think' to 'how to think'". India Today. 7 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  49. ↑ Chanda, Papri (30 July 2020). "IIT Directors laud the New Education Policy, call it an Important Milestone and a 'Morrill Moment' for India". Times Now. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  50. ↑ "JNU, Jamia V-Cs: National Education Policy move groundbreaking, positive". The Indian Express. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  51. ↑ 51.0 51.1 "National Education Policy evokes mixed reactions among academicians". Outlook India. PTI. 29 July 2020. Retrieved 30 July 2020.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: others (link)
  52. ↑ Naidu, M. Venkaiah (8 August 2020). "The New Education Policy 2020 is set to be a landmark in India's history of education". Times of India Blog. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  53. ↑ Chaturvedi, Amit (30 July 2020). "'Much to welcome in National Education Policy but...': Shashi Tharoor highlights some challenges". Hindustan Times. New Delhi. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  54. ↑ Jain, Sangeet (6 August 2020). "The National Education Policy 2020: A policy for the times". ORF. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  55. ↑ Sarfaraz, Kainat (29 July 2020). "Mixed response to new education policy, Sisodia welcomes move to rename MHRD as ministry of education". Hindustan Times. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  56. ↑ "NEP will transform millions of lives, says Modi; CPM terms it unilateral drive to destroy education". Firstpost. 30 July 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  57. ↑ Roy, Kumkum (31 July 2020). "National Education Policy needs close scrutiny for what it says, what it doesn't". The Indian Express.
  58. ↑ "NEP 2020 "undermines" Tamil, halt its implementation: Stalin". The Times of India. PTI. 9 August 2020. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  59. ↑ "Aishe Ghosh calls internships 'child labour', Twitter mocks 'freeloader communists'". Free Press Journal. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  60. ↑ Shukla, Ashish (30 July 2020). "Netizens irked with Modi government's 3-language formula in NEP 2020". International Business Times. India. Retrieved 9 August 2020.
  61. ↑ Stalin, J Sam Daniel (1 June 2019). Dutta Roy, Divyanshu (ed.). "#StopHindiImposition Protest Erupts Against Centre's Draft Education Plan". NDTV. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  62. ↑ Stalin, J Sam Daniel (3 June 2019). Srinivasan, Chandrashekar (ed.). "Tamil-Speaking Ministers Join Firefight As Anti-Hindi Uproar Flares". NDTV. Retrieved 30 July 2020.
  63. ↑ Das, Prajanma (29 July 2019). "Six reasons why SFI thinks the New Education Policy will destroy Indian education as we know it". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 24 April 2020.
  64. ↑ Prasad, Madhu (19 July 2019). "NEP 2019: The devil in the detail". Frontline. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  65. ↑ "Dr. D P Sharma On The Challenges In Indian Education Systems". Eduvoice | The Voice of Education Industry. 25 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  66. ↑ "भारतीय स्किल डेवलपमेंट यूनिवर्सिटी (बीएसडीयू) ने 'रिसर्च ओरिएंटेशन इन प्रोजेक्ट वर्सेज प्रोजेक्ट ओरिएंटेशन इन रिसर्च' विषय पर किया वेबिनार का आयोजन". News Track (in हिन्दी). 2 May 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  67. ↑ "Aatm Nirbhar Bharat Abhiyan : स्कूल—कॉलेज से शुरू होना चाहिए आत्मनिर्भरता का जज्बा". Patrika News (in हिन्दी). Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  68. ↑ D’Souza, Roshan (12 May 2022). "The Coming Disruption in Higher Education in India". The India Forum.
  69. ↑ "Karnataka becomes first state to issue order implementing National Education Policy". The New Indian Express. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  70. ↑ "NEP to be implemented in phases by 2022, says UP CM Yogi Adityanath". India Today. 20 November 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  71. ↑ Phaniharan, V. R. C. (8 August 2020). "Telangana ready to implement National Education Policy 2020". www.thehansindia.com. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  72. ↑ "NEP 2020: Maharashtra CM directs to appoint experts' committee for implementation of new education policy". Hindustan Times. 21 August 2020. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  73. ↑ Staff Reporter (8 September 2021). "NEP 2020 will be implemented in letter and spirit: Jagan". The Hindu. ISSN 0971-751X. Retrieved 15 September 2021.
  74. ↑ "NEP 2020 will be implemented in phased manner, says Rajasthan Governor Kalraj Mishra". Hindustan Times. 7 October 2020. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  75. ↑ Indian Today Web Desk (21 August 2021), "NEP will be implemented in Assam from April 1, 2022", Indian Today, retrieved 30 October 2021
  76. ↑ "UGC Allows Students To Pursue 2 Degree Courses Simultaneously". NDTV.com. Retrieved 5 May 2022.

Further reading[edit]

External links[edit]

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