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{{Short description|Overview of the foreign relations of India}}
{{Short description|Overview of the foreign relations of India}}


{{Use dmy dates}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2022}}
{{Use Indian English}}
{{Use Indian English|date=July 2016}}
[[File:Diplomatic relations of India.svg|thumb|300px|{{Legend|#101992|Countries with whom India has diplomatic relations}}{{Legend|red|India}}]]{{Politics of India}}
[[File:Diplomatic relations of India.svg|thumb|300px|{{Legend|#101992|Countries with whom India has diplomatic relations}}{{Legend|red|India}}]]{{Politics of India}}


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According to the MEA, the main purposes of Indian diplomacy include protecting India's national interests, promoting friendly relations with other states, and providing consular services to "foreigners and Indian nationals abroad."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & Vision {{!}} About Us {{!}} Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/mission-and-vision.htm |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref> In recent decades, India has pursued an expansive foreign policy, including the [[Neighbourhood first policy|neighborhood-first policy]] embodied by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] as well as the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] to forge more extensive economic and strategic relationships with other East Asian countries. It has also maintained a policy of [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|strategic ambiguity]], which involves its "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and its neutral stance on the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].
According to the MEA, the main purposes of Indian diplomacy include protecting India's national interests, promoting friendly relations with other states, and providing consular services to "foreigners and Indian nationals abroad."<ref>{{Cite web |title=Mission & Vision {{!}} About Us {{!}} Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India. |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/mission-and-vision.htm |access-date=2023-04-21 |website=www.mea.gov.in |language=english}}</ref> In recent decades, India has pursued an expansive foreign policy, including the [[Neighbourhood first policy|neighborhood-first policy]] embodied by [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] as well as the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East policy]] to forge more extensive economic and strategic relationships with other East Asian countries. It has also maintained a policy of [[Policy of deliberate ambiguity|strategic ambiguity]], which involves its "[[no first use]]" nuclear policy and its neutral stance on the [[Russo-Ukrainian War]].


India is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], [[BRICS]], and the [[G-20]]. which is widely considered the main economic locus of emerging and developed nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia to play bigger role on world stage: report - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025553/http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref> India exerts a salient influence as the founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ipsnews.net/2005/07/g8-summit-developing-countries-stand-firm-by-kyoto-protocol/ |title=G8 SUMMIT: Developing Countries Stand Firm by Kyoto Protocol |work=Inter Press Service |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations, such as the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Analysts Say India'S Power Aided Entry Into East Asia Summit. {{pipe}} Goliath Business News |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4519133/ANALYSTS-SAY-INDIA-S-POWER.html |access-date=21 November 2009 |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com}}</ref> [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Guebert |first=Alan |title=Guebert: WTO talks show declining U.S. clout |url=https://www.pjstar.com/x1906041915/Guebert-WTO-talks-show-declining-U-S-clout |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Journal Star}}</ref> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF),<ref>{{cite web |title=Emerging economies eye IMF power |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=149&dir=2007/October/Friday26 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=MmegiOnline}}</ref> [[G8+5]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Alford |first=Peter |title=G8 plus 5 equals power shift |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]].<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Brazil, South Africa – the power of three |agency=Inter Press Service |url=https://www.bilaterals.org/?india-brazil-south-africa-the-9969 |access-date=16 August 2020 |via=bilaterals.org}}</ref> India is also a member of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. As a former [[British Raj|British colony]], India is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and continues to maintain relationships with other Commonwealth countries.
India is a member of several intergovernmental organizations, such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Asian Development Bank]], [[BRICS]], and the [[G-20]]. which is widely considered the main economic locus of emerging and developed nations.<ref>{{cite web |title=Asia to play bigger role on world stage: report - People's Daily Online |url=http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200807025553/http://en.people.cn/90001/90778/98506/7361425.html |archive-date=7 August 2020 |access-date=28 September 2020 |website=en.people.cn}}</ref> India exerts a salient influence as the founding member of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://www.ipsnews.net/2005/07/g8-summit-developing-countries-stand-firm-by-kyoto-protocol/ |title=G8 SUMMIT: Developing Countries Stand Firm by Kyoto Protocol |date=5 July 2005 |work=Inter Press Service |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India has also played an important and influential role in other international organisations, such as the [[East Asia Summit]],<ref>{{cite web |date=29 July 2005 |title=Analysts Say India'S Power Aided Entry Into East Asia Summit. {{pipe}} Goliath Business News |url=http://goliath.ecnext.com/coms2/gi_0199-4519133/ANALYSTS-SAY-INDIA-S-POWER.html |access-date=21 November 2009 |publisher=Goliath.ecnext.com}}</ref> [[World Trade Organization]],<ref>{{cite web |last=Guebert |first=Alan |date=5 August 2008 |title=Guebert: WTO talks show declining U.S. clout |url=https://www.pjstar.com/x1906041915/Guebert-WTO-talks-show-declining-U-S-clout |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Journal Star}}</ref> [[International Monetary Fund]] (IMF),<ref>{{cite web |date=26 October 2007 |title=Emerging economies eye IMF power |url=https://www.mmegi.bw/index.php?sid=4&aid=149&dir=2007/October/Friday26 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=MmegiOnline}}</ref> [[G8+5]]<ref>{{cite news |last=Alford |first=Peter |date=7 July 2008 |title=G8 plus 5 equals power shift |work=The Australian |url=http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |url-status=dead |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135056/http://www.theaustralian.news.com.au/story/0,25197,23978188-2703,00.html |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> and [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]].<ref>{{cite news |date=14 October 2007 |title=India, Brazil, South Africa – the power of three |agency=Inter Press Service |url=https://www.bilaterals.org/?india-brazil-south-africa-the-9969 |access-date=16 August 2020 |via=bilaterals.org}}</ref> India is also a member of the [[Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank]] and the [[Shanghai Cooperation Organisation]]. As a former [[British Raj|British colony]], India is a member of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and continues to maintain relationships with other Commonwealth countries.


==History==
==History==
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In the 1960s and 1970s, India's international position among developed and developing countries faded during wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's attempt to match Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|friendship with the Soviet Union]] prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/india/122.htm India – Foreign Relations]. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
In the 1960s and 1970s, India's international position among developed and developing countries faded during wars with China and Pakistan, disputes with other countries in South Asia, and India's attempt to match Pakistan's support from the United States and China by signing the [[Indo-Soviet Treaty of Friendship and Cooperation]] in August 1971. Although India obtained substantial Soviet military and economic aid, which helped to strengthen the nation, India's influence was undercut regionally and internationally by the perception that its [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|friendship with the Soviet Union]] prevented a more forthright condemnation of the Soviet presence in Afghanistan. In the late 1980s, India improved relations with the United States, other developed countries, and China while continuing close ties with the Soviet Union. Relations with its South Asian neighbours, especially Pakistan, Sri Lanka, and Nepal, occupied much of the energies of the Ministry of External Affairs.<ref>[http://countrystudies.us/india/122.htm India – Foreign Relations]. Countrystudies.us. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


Even before independence, the [[Government of India|Indian colonial government]] maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the [[Colony of Aden|Aden Settlement]]), that sent and received full missions.<ref>[http://www.hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html High Commission of India in Australia: India Australia Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013123624/http://hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html }}. Hcindia-au.org (20 April 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India was a founder member of both the [[League of Nations]]<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm First Assembly, Geneva, 15 November – 18 December 1920]. Indiana.edu (18 December 1920). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml UN list of members by admission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].<ref>http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20080717.B08 {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[partition of India|partition]] and various [[territorial dispute]]s, particularly that over [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], would strain its [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations with Pakistan]] for years to come. During the [[Cold War]], India adopted a foreign policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|not aligning]] itself with any major [[power (international)|power bloc]]. However, India developed close [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|ties with the Soviet Union]] and received extensive military support from it.
Even before independence, the [[Government of India|Indian colonial government]] maintained semi-autonomous diplomatic relations. It had colonies (such as the [[Colony of Aden|Aden Settlement]]), that sent and received full missions.<ref>[http://www.hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html High Commission of India in Australia: India Australia Relations] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013123624/http://hcindia-au.org/india_australia.html |date=13 October 2009 }}. Hcindia-au.org (20 April 2011). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India was a founder member of both the [[League of Nations]]<ref>[http://www.indiana.edu/~league/1thordinaryassemb.htm First Assembly, Geneva, 15 November – 18 December 1920]. Indiana.edu (18 December 1920). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United Nations.<ref>[https://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml UN list of members by admission] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140712192515/http://www.un.org/en/members/growth.shtml |date=12 July 2014 }}. United Nations. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> After India gained independence from the United Kingdom in 1947, it soon joined the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] and strongly supported independence movements in other colonies, like the [[Indonesian National Revolution]].<ref>http://old.thejakartapost.com/yesterdaydetail.asp?fileid=20080717.B08 {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> The [[partition of India|partition]] and various [[territorial dispute]]s, particularly that over [[Kashmir dispute|Kashmir]], would strain its [[Indo-Pakistani relations|relations with Pakistan]] for years to come. During the [[Cold War]], India adopted a foreign policy of [[neutrality (international relations)|not aligning]] itself with any major [[power (international)|power bloc]]. However, India developed close [[Indo–Russia relations#India and the Soviet Union|ties with the Soviet Union]] and received extensive military support from it.


The end of the Cold War significantly affected India's foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States,<ref name="autogenerated4">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060302-13.html Fact Sheet: United States and India: Strategic Partnership]. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov (22 February 2006). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx India and ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704031220/http://www.ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx }}. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[European Union]] [[trading bloc]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024635/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=The EU's relations with India – Overview|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiajapan.aspx India and Japan]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel,<ref>[http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html India-Israel Partnership] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822044835/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html }}. Meria.idc.ac.il. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Mexico,<ref>[http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ Mexico " International Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017050323/http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ }}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/13pmnam.htm India, Brazil ink nine agreements]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India has also forged close ties with the member states of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]],<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiaasean.aspx India & Asean]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="autogenerated1">Terral, Jim. (4 April 2008) [http://worldreport.cjly.net/2008/04/india-2nd-largest-importer-of.html World Report: "India 2nd largest importer of conventional weapons," Business Standard, 14 February 2008]. Worldreport.cjly.net. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[Arab League]]<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/top3mset/56915 Indo-Arab relations; an account of India's relations with the Arab World from ancient up to modern times]. Worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Iran.<ref name="neighbourhood">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749743 |title=India elsewhere |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>
The end of the Cold War significantly affected India's foreign policy, as it did for much of the world. The country now seeks to strengthen its diplomatic and economic ties with the United States,<ref name="autogenerated4">[https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/03/20060302-13.html Fact Sheet: United States and India: Strategic Partnership]. Georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov (22 February 2006). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx India and ] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130704031220/http://www.ibef.org/india/indiachina.aspx |date=4 July 2013 }}. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[European Union]] [[trading bloc]],<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100502024635/http://ec.europa.eu/external_relations/india/intro/index.htm|url-status=dead|title=The EU's relations with India – Overview|archive-date=2 May 2010}}</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiajapan.aspx India and Japan]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel,<ref>[http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html India-Israel Partnership] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120822044835/http://meria.idc.ac.il/journal/2004/issue4/jv8no4a6.html |date=22 August 2012 }}. Meria.idc.ac.il. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Mexico,<ref>[http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ Mexico " International Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101017050323/http://mexico.foreignpolicyblogs.com/category/international-relations/ |date=17 October 2010 }}</ref> and Brazil.<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/2006/sep/13pmnam.htm India, Brazil ink nine agreements]. Rediff.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India has also forged close ties with the member states of the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]],<ref>[http://www.ibef.org/india/indiaasean.aspx India & Asean]. Ibef.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[African Union]],<ref name="autogenerated1">Terral, Jim. (4 April 2008) [http://worldreport.cjly.net/2008/04/india-2nd-largest-importer-of.html World Report: "India 2nd largest importer of conventional weapons," Business Standard, 14 February 2008]. Worldreport.cjly.net. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the [[Arab League]]<ref>[http://www.worldcat.org/wcpa/top3mset/56915 Indo-Arab relations; an account of India's relations with the Arab World from ancient up to modern times]. Worldcat.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Iran.<ref name="neighbourhood">{{cite news |url=http://www.economist.com/specialreports/displaystory.cfm?story_id=12749743 |title=India elsewhere |newspaper=The Economist |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref>


Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia,<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 Prospects for India-Russia Security Relations – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512052559/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 }}. Carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel has emerged as India's second-largest military partner<ref name="autogenerated1"/> while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.<ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref name="assamtribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|url-status=dead|title=The Assam Tribune Online|archive-date=16 June 2007|website=archive.is}}</ref> The [[foreign policy of Narendra Modi]] indicated a shift towards focusing on the Asian region and, more broadly, trade deals.
Though India continues to have a military relationship with Russia,<ref>[http://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 Prospects for India-Russia Security Relations – Carnegie Endowment for International Peace] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050512052559/https://www.carnegieendowment.org/events/index.cfm?fa=eventDetail&id=591 |date=12 May 2005 }}. Carnegieendowment.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Israel has emerged as India's second-largest military partner<ref name="autogenerated1"/> while India has built a strong strategic partnership with the United States.<ref name="autogenerated4"/><ref name="assamtribune.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|archive-url=https://archive.today/20070616041613/http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=feb1507%5Cedit1|url-status=dead|title=The Assam Tribune Online|date=16 June 2007|archive-date=16 June 2007|website=archive.is}}</ref> The [[foreign policy of Narendra Modi]] indicated a shift towards focusing on the Asian region and, more broadly, trade deals.


==Policy==
==Policy==
[[File:Diplomatic missions of India.PNG|thumb|300px|{{legend|#23B14B|India}} {{legend|#2F3699|States with a present and permanent Indian diplomatic mission}}]]India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of widening concentric circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm Introduction to India's Foreign Policy, Embassy of India – Washington, DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023942/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
[[File:Diplomatic missions of India.PNG|thumb|300px|{{legend|#23B14B|India}} {{legend|#2F3699|States with a present and permanent Indian diplomatic mission}}]]India's foreign policy has always regarded the concept of neighbourhood as one of widening concentric circles, around a central axis of historical and cultural commonalities.<ref name="autogenerated3">[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm Introduction to India's Foreign Policy, Embassy of India – Washington, DC] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080727023942/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/fp(intro).htm |date=27 July 2008 }}. Indianembassy.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


As many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link with the mother country. An important role of India's foreign policy has been to ensure their welfare and well-being within the framework of the laws of the country where they live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenway |first=Phil |title=UKMoney.net and Indianembassy.org |url=https://www.ukmoney.net/indianembassy-org/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=UK Money |language=en-GB}}</ref>
As many as 44 million people of Indian origin live and work abroad and constitute an important link with the mother country. An important role of India's foreign policy has been to ensure their welfare and well-being within the framework of the laws of the country where they live.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Greenway |first=Phil |date=2021-07-02 |title=UKMoney.net and Indianembassy.org |url=https://www.ukmoney.net/indianembassy-org/ |access-date=2022-10-10 |website=UK Money |language=en-GB}}</ref>


===Role of the Prime Minister===
===Role of the Prime Minister===
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[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding father of the Panchsheel or the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence]].
[[Jawaharlal Nehru]], India's first [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]], promoted a strong personal role for the Prime Minister but a weak institutional structure. Nehru served concurrently as Prime Minister and Minister of External Affairs; he made all major foreign policy decisions himself after consulting with his advisers and then entrusted the conduct of international affairs to senior members of the Indian Foreign Service. He was the main founding father of the Panchsheel or the [[Five Principles of Peaceful Co-existence]].


His successors continued to exercise considerable control over India's international dealings, although they appointed separate ministers of external affairs.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Sherrod |title=Nehru:The Great Awakening |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |volume=236 |pages=60–67 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=Panchsheel Publishers |page=131 |last=Bhatia |first=Vinod |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him |year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |page=261 |last1=Dua |first1=B. D. |first2=James |last2=Manor |title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India |year=1994 |isbn=0-7748-0480-7}}</ref>
His successors continued to exercise considerable control over India's international dealings, although they appointed separate ministers of external affairs.<ref>{{cite journal |first=Robert |last=Sherrod |title=Nehru:The Great Awakening |journal=The Saturday Evening Post |volume=236 |date=19 January 1963 |pages=60–67 |issue=2}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=Panchsheel Publishers |page=131 |last=Bhatia |first=Vinod |title=Jawaharlal Nehru, as Scholars of Socialist Countries See Him |year=1989}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |publisher=C. Hurst & Co. Publishers |page=261 |last1=Dua |first1=B. D. |first2=James |last2=Manor |title=Nehru to the Nineties: The Changing Office of Prime Minister in India |year=1994 |isbn=0-7748-0480-7}}</ref>


India's second prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] (1964–66), expanded the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (sometimes called the Prime Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and supra-ministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign policymaking at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office—the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)—functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad.
India's second prime minister, [[Lal Bahadur Shastri]] (1964–66), expanded the [[Prime Minister's Office (India)|Prime Minister's Office]] (sometimes called the Prime Minister's Secretariat) and enlarged its powers. By the 1970s, the Office of the Prime Minister had become the de facto coordinator and supra-ministry of the Indian government. The enhanced role of the office strengthened the prime minister's control over foreign policymaking at the expense of the Ministry of External Affairs. Advisers in the office provided channels of information and policy recommendations in addition to those offered by the Ministry of External Affairs. A subordinate part of the office—the [[Research and Analysis Wing]] (RAW)—functioned in ways that significantly expanded the information available to the prime minister and his advisers. The RAW gathered intelligence, provided intelligence analysis to the Office of the Prime Minister, and conducted covert operations abroad.
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The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the tenures of [[Indira Gandhi]] (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son, Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(5) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413024002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=13 April 2006 }}</ref>
The prime minister's control and reliance on personal advisers in the Office of the Prime Minister was particularly strong under the tenures of [[Indira Gandhi]] (1966–77 and 1980–84) and her son, Rajiv (1984–89), who succeeded her, and weaker during the periods of coalition governments. Observers find it difficult to determine whether the locus of decision-making authority on any issue lies with the Ministry of External Affairs, the Council of Ministers, the Office of the Prime Minister, or the prime minister himself.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |title=BHARAT RAKSHAK MONITOR: Volume 4(5) |publisher=Bharat-rakshak.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060413024002/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/MONITOR/ISSUE4-5/sainis.html |archive-date=13 April 2006 }}</ref>


The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine various [[foreign policy]] options and areas of interest.{{Citation needed}} In a recent instance, [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed [[K. Subrahmanyam]] in 2005 to head a special [[Government of India|government]] task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013094001/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=National : Task force constituted |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Task Force submitted its conclusions to the Prime Minister in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |title=Enjoy the difference |work=The Asian Age |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818075849/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |title=India-US strategic partnership has unique scope |publisher=News.indiainfo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051302/http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> The report has not yet been released in the [[public domain]].
The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] is however free to appoint advisers and special committees to examine various [[foreign policy]] options and areas of interest.{{Citation needed|date=February 2020}} In a recent instance, [[Manmohan Singh]] appointed [[K. Subrahmanyam]] in 2005 to head a special [[Government of India|government]] task force to study 'Global Strategic Developments' over the next decade.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061013094001/http://www.hindu.com/2005/11/05/stories/2005110502491300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2006 |title=National : Task force constituted |date=5 November 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> The Task Force submitted its conclusions to the Prime Minister in 2006.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |title=Enjoy the difference |work=The Asian Age |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090818075849/http://www.asianage.com/presentation/columnisthome/inder-malhotra/china-a-long-view.aspx |archive-date=18 August 2009 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |title=India-US strategic partnership has unique scope |publisher=News.indiainfo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110617051302/http://news.indiainfo.com/2006/09/19/1909india-us-unique.html |archive-date=17 June 2011 }}</ref> The report has not yet been released in the [[public domain]].


===Ministry of External Affairs===
===Ministry of External Affairs===
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In the [[post Cold War era|post-Cold War era]], a significant aspect of India's foreign policy is the Look East Policy. During the cold war, India's relations with its Southeast Asian neighbours were not strong. After the end of the cold war, the government of India particularly realised the importance of redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao government in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially, it focused on renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia.
In the [[post Cold War era|post-Cold War era]], a significant aspect of India's foreign policy is the Look East Policy. During the cold war, India's relations with its Southeast Asian neighbours were not strong. After the end of the cold war, the government of India particularly realised the importance of redressing this imbalance in India's foreign policy. Consequently, the Narsimha Rao government in the early nineties of the last century unveiled the look east policy. Initially, it focused on renewing political and economic contacts with the countries of East and South-East Asia.


At present,{{when}} under the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East Policy]], the Government of India is giving special emphasis on the economic development of the backward northeastern region of India taking advantage of a huge market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in some of the member countries of ASEAN like Burma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan1907\edit2|publisher=Assam Tribune|title=Assam Tribune articles}} {{Dead link}}</ref> The look-east policy was launched in 1991 just after the end of the cold war, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalisation, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the government in foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in the evolving global economy".
At present,{{when|date=August 2020}} under the [[Look East policy (India)|Look East Policy]], the Government of India is giving special emphasis on the economic development of the backward northeastern region of India taking advantage of a huge market of ASEAN as well as of the energy resources available in some of the member countries of ASEAN like Burma.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/details.asp?id=jan1907\edit2|publisher=Assam Tribune|title=Assam Tribune articles}} {{Dead link|date=July 2010}}</ref> The look-east policy was launched in 1991 just after the end of the cold war, following the dissolution of the Soviet Union. After the start of liberalisation, it was a very strategic policy decision taken by the government in foreign policy. To quote Prime Minister Manmohan Singh "it was also a strategic shift in India's vision of the world and India's place in the evolving global economy".


The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit-level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as the [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and the Ganga–Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of the [[East Asia Summit|East Asia Summit (EAS)]] in December 2005.<ref name="indianmba.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |title=India's Look-East Policy |publisher=Indianmba.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429113146/http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
The policy was given an initial thrust with the then Prime Minister Narasimha Rao visiting China, Japan, South Korea, Vietnam and Singapore and India becoming an important dialogue partner with ASEAN in 1992. Since the beginning of this century, India has given a big push to this policy by becoming a summit-level partner of ASEAN (2002) and getting involved in some regional initiatives such as the [[Bay of Bengal Initiative for Multi-Sectoral Technical and Economic Cooperation|BIMSTEC]] and the Ganga–Mekong Cooperation and now becoming a member of the [[East Asia Summit|East Asia Summit (EAS)]] in December 2005.<ref name="indianmba.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |title=India's Look-East Policy |publisher=Indianmba.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429113146/http://www.indianmba.com/Occasional_Papers/OP104/op104.html |archive-date=29 April 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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[[File:BRICS heads of state and government hold hands ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia (Agencia Brasil).jpg|thumb|India has often represented the interests of developing countries on various international platforms. Shown here are [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], [[Xi Jinping]], and [[Jacob Zuma]], 2014.]]
[[File:BRICS heads of state and government hold hands ahead of the 2014 G-20 summit in Brisbane, Australia (Agencia Brasil).jpg|thumb|India has often represented the interests of developing countries on various international platforms. Shown here are [[Vladimir Putin]], [[Narendra Modi]], [[Dilma Rousseff]], [[Xi Jinping]], and [[Jacob Zuma]], 2014.]]
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time (see [[Pokhran-II]]) which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html Beyond Pokharan II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065309/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html }}. Expressindia.com (11 May 1999). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
In 1998, India tested nuclear weapons for the second time (see [[Pokhran-II]]) which resulted in several US, Japanese and European sanctions on India. India's then defence minister, [[George Fernandes]], said that India's [[India and weapons of mass destruction|nuclear programme]] was necessary as it provided a deterrence to potential Chinese nuclear threat. Most of the sanctions imposed on India were removed by 2001.<ref>[http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html Beyond Pokharan II] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120929065309/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fe/daily/19990511/fex10031.html |date=29 September 2012 }}. Expressindia.com (11 May 1999). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


After [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the US with significant information on [[Al-Qaeda]] and related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's extensive contribution to the [[War on Terror]], coupled with a surge in its economy, has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with US and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India [[Bilateralism|bilateral relationship]]. India's bilateral trade with Europe and the United States had more than doubled in the five years since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714035540/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|url-status=dead|title=PPI: U.S. Exports to India Have Doubled Since 2003|archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>
After [[September 11 attacks]] in 2001, Indian intelligence agencies provided the US with significant information on [[Al-Qaeda]] and related groups' activities in Pakistan and Afghanistan. India's extensive contribution to the [[War on Terror]], coupled with a surge in its economy, has helped India's diplomatic relations with several countries. Over the past three years, India has held numerous joint military exercises with US and European nations that have resulted in a strengthened US-India and EU-India [[Bilateralism|bilateral relationship]]. India's bilateral trade with Europe and the United States had more than doubled in the five years since 2003.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100714035540/http://www.ppionline.org/ppi_ci.cfm?knlgAreaID=108&subsecID=900003&contentID=253537|url-status=dead|title=PPI: U.S. Exports to India Have Doubled Since 2003|archive-date=14 July 2010}}</ref>


India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm South Asia – Putin backs India's UN seat bid]. BBC News (4 December 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UNSC_without_India_unrealistic_Brown/articleshow/2972896.cms UNSC without India unrealistic – The Economic Times]. ''The Economic Times''. (22 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Germany, Japan, Brazil,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023145/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041762061400.htm India & World: "Working together for Security Council seat"]. The Hindu (17 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141812/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2219356.htm?tab=australia|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> and UAE.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article906055.ece News National UNSC permanent seat is India's right : UAE]. The Hindu (23 November 2010). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> In 2004, the United States signed a [[India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act|nuclear cooperation agreement]] with India even though the latter is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however, this has not persuaded other [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US President [[Barack Obama]] announced US support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC }}</ref> as well as India's entry to [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html |title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107033806/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |archive-date=7 November 2010 }}</ref> As of January 2018, India has become a member of [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-nsg-membership-as-india-gains-entry-into-australia-group/articleshow/62567229.cms|title=NSG membership: Boost for NSG membership, as India gains entry into 'Australia Group' |website=The Times of India}}</ref>
India has been pushing for reforms in the UN and WTO with mixed results. India's candidature for a permanent seat at the UN Security Council is currently backed by several countries including France, Russia,<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4069453.stm South Asia – Putin backs India's UN seat bid]. BBC News (4 December 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> the United Kingdom,<ref>[http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/PoliticsNation/UNSC_without_India_unrealistic_Brown/articleshow/2972896.cms UNSC without India unrealistic – The Economic Times]. ''The Economic Times''. (22 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Germany, Japan, Brazil,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20080421023145/http://www.hindu.com/2008/04/17/stories/2008041762061400.htm India & World: "Working together for Security Council seat"]. The Hindu (17 April 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Australia<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141812/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2219356.htm?tab=australia|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> and UAE.<ref>[http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/article906055.ece News National UNSC permanent seat is India's right : UAE]. The Hindu (23 November 2010). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> In 2004, the United States signed a [[India Nuclear Cooperation Promotion Act|nuclear cooperation agreement]] with India even though the latter is not a part of the [[Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty]]. The US argued that India's strong nuclear non-proliferation record made it an exception, however, this has not persuaded other [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]] members to sign similar deals with India. During a state visit to India in November 2010, US President [[Barack Obama]] announced US support for [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|India's bid for permanent membership to UN Security Council]]<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121103212320/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2010-11-08/india/28260141_1_bid-for-permanent-seat-unsc-permanent-member |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 November 2012 |location=India |work=[[The Times of India]] |title=Obama endorses India's bid for permanent seat in UNSC |date=8 November 2010}}</ref> as well as India's entry to [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]], [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref name="aje20101106">{{cite web |url=http://english.aljazeera.net/news/asia/2010/11/2010116132349390763.html |title=Obama seeks expanded India-US trade |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=Al Jazeera |access-date=7 November 2010}}</ref><ref name="voa20101106">{{cite web |url=http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |title=Obama in Mumbai Calls India Market of the Future |date=6 November 2010 |publisher=[[Voice of America]] |access-date=7 November 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101107033806/http://www.voanews.com/english/news/Obama-Calls-For-More-Trade-with-India-106817488.html |archive-date=7 November 2010 }}</ref> As of January 2018, India has become a member of [[Wassenaar Arrangement]], [[Australia Group]] and [[Missile Technology Control Regime]].<ref>{{cite news|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/boost-for-nsg-membership-as-india-gains-entry-into-australia-group/articleshow/62567229.cms|title=NSG membership: Boost for NSG membership, as India gains entry into 'Australia Group' |website=The Times of India|date=19 January 2018 }}</ref>
{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}


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India's growing economy, strategic location, a mix of friendly and diplomatic foreign policy and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|large and vibrant diaspora]] has won it more allies than enemies.<ref>India as an Emerging Power – By Sumit Ganguly {{ISBN|0-7146-5386-1}}</ref> India has friendly relations with several countries in the [[developing world]]. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has a close strategic and military relationship with most of its fellow major powers.
India's growing economy, strategic location, a mix of friendly and diplomatic foreign policy and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|large and vibrant diaspora]] has won it more allies than enemies.<ref>India as an Emerging Power – By Sumit Ganguly {{ISBN|0-7146-5386-1}}</ref> India has friendly relations with several countries in the [[developing world]]. Though India is not a part of any major military alliance, it has a close strategic and military relationship with most of its fellow major powers.


Countries considered India's closest include the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=India among UAE's best friends: Emirati envoy |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1242126/amp |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> [[Russia|Russian Federation]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105030/http://saag.org/papers2/paper144.html Russia Strategic cooperation]. Web.archive.org (17 October 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173613/http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm }}. Westerndefense.org (1 January 2011).Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Afghanistan,<ref name="CFR"/> France,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-19/india/27817161_1_prachanda-indian-maoists-baburam-bhattarai "Indian Maoists haven't evolved"] ''The Times of India''</ref> Bhutan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0701/S00057.htm |title=Bhutanese Refugees: Trapped and Tantalized |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 The Fish Swims Upriver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024191146/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 }}. http://www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United States. Russia is the largest supplier of military equipment to India, followed by Israel and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202114013/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|url-status=dead|title=Biggest Air Show ends in India|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> According to some analysts, Israel is set to overtake Russia as India's largest military and strategic partner.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=110713&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=110713 "Looking out for number one"]{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Amnon Barzilai</ref> The two countries also collaborate extensively in the sphere of counter-terrorism and space technology.<ref>[http://www.topnews.in/india-attains-spy-satellite-israel-2142462 "India Attains Spy Satellite From Israel2"]. Topnews.in (21 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India also enjoys strong military relations with several other countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809144645/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/documents/Homepage/Paper-Jaffrelot.pdf Internet Archive Wayback Machine]. Web.archive.org (9 August 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/partner0504.html "Japan-India Partnership in a New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership"]. MOFA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |title=Defence: India turns to Israel & Italy |website=centralchronicle.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140032/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> In addition, India operates an [[Farkhor Air Base|airbase]] in Tajikistan,<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS&Profile=1103 New Delhi looks to Asia for energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS%26Profile%3D1103 }}. Thenational.ae. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> signed a landmark defence accord with Qatar in 2008,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/ "Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold"]. ''The Indian Express''. (12 November 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and has leased out [[Assumption Island]] from [[Seychelles]] to build a naval base in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-seychelles-agree-to-lease-assumption-island-for-infrastructure-development-2067859 |title=India, Seychelles agree to lease Assumption Island for 'infrastructure development' |work=Daily News and Analysis |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
Countries considered India's closest include the [[United Arab Emirates]],<ref>{{cite web |title=India among UAE's best friends: Emirati envoy |url=https://www.arabnews.com/node/1242126/amp |access-date=15 April 2022 |website=Arab News |language=en}}</ref> [[Russia|Russian Federation]],<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20071017105030/http://saag.org/papers2/paper144.html Russia Strategic cooperation]. Web.archive.org (17 October 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> [[Israel]],<ref name="autogenerated2">[http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm India and Israel: Dawn of a New Era] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728173613/http://www.westerndefense.org/bulletins/Dec-01.htm |date=28 July 2011 }}. Westerndefense.org (1 January 2011).Nepal, Bhutan, Sri Lanka. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Afghanistan,<ref name="CFR"/> France,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121024093747/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2006-11-19/india/27817161_1_prachanda-indian-maoists-baburam-bhattarai "Indian Maoists haven't evolved"] ''The Times of India''</ref> Bhutan,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.scoop.co.nz/stories/HL0701/S00057.htm |title=Bhutanese Refugees: Trapped and Tantalized |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Bangladesh,<ref>[http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 The Fish Swims Upriver] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101024191146/http://outlookindia.com/article.aspx?263804 |date=24 October 2010 }}. http://www.outlookindia.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and the United States. Russia is the largest supplier of military equipment to India, followed by Israel and France.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101202114013/http://www.straitstimes.com/Breaking%2BNews/Asia/Story/STIStory_338826.html|url-status=dead|title=Biggest Air Show ends in India|archive-date=2 December 2010}}</ref> According to some analysts, Israel is set to overtake Russia as India's largest military and strategic partner.<ref>[http://www.haaretz.co.il/hasen/pages/ShArt.jhtml?itemNo=110713&contrassID=2&subContrassID=5&sbSubContrassID=0&listSrc=Y&itemNo=110713 "Looking out for number one"]{{dead link|date=January 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} Amnon Barzilai</ref> The two countries also collaborate extensively in the sphere of counter-terrorism and space technology.<ref>[http://www.topnews.in/india-attains-spy-satellite-israel-2142462 "India Attains Spy Satellite From Israel2"]. Topnews.in (21 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India also enjoys strong military relations with several other countries, including the United Kingdom, the United States,<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20070809144645/http://www.columbia.edu/cu/alliance/documents/Homepage/Paper-Jaffrelot.pdf Internet Archive Wayback Machine]. Web.archive.org (9 August 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Japan,<ref>[http://www.mofa.go.jp/region/asia-paci/india/partner0504.html "Japan-India Partnership in a New Asian Era: Strategic Orientation of Japan-India Global Partnership"]. MOFA. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Singapore, Brazil, South Africa and Italy.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |title=Defence: India turns to Israel & Italy |website=centralchronicle.com |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140032/http://www.centralchronicle.com/20080726/2607301.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> In addition, India operates an [[Farkhor Air Base|airbase]] in Tajikistan,<ref>[http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS&Profile=1103 New Delhi looks to Asia for energy] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.thenational.ae/article/20080715/FOREIGN/513386311/1103/NEWS%26Profile%3D1103 |date=15 October 2015 }}. Thenational.ae. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> signed a landmark defence accord with Qatar in 2008,<ref>[http://www.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/ "Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold"]. ''The Indian Express''. (12 November 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and has leased out [[Assumption Island]] from [[Seychelles]] to build a naval base in 2015.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/india/report-india-seychelles-agree-to-lease-assumption-island-for-infrastructure-development-2067859 |title=India, Seychelles agree to lease Assumption Island for 'infrastructure development' |work=Daily News and Analysis |date=11 March 2015 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>


India has also forged relationships with developing countries, especially South Africa, Brazil,<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/17/business/sxpesek.php Brazil finds a belated ally in India]. International Herald Tribune (29 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Mexico.<ref>[http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 India looks for key to Nafta in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044658/http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 }}. Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> These countries often represent the interests of developing countries through economic forums such as the [[G8+5]], [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the [[Doha Development Round]].<ref name=nixes/><ref name="bbc_doha">{{cite news |title=Dismay at collapse of trade talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7532302.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Look East policy]] has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnerships with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Southeast Asian countries]], South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]] and most members of the [[African Union]].
India has also forged relationships with developing countries, especially South Africa, Brazil,<ref>[http://www.iht.com/articles/2007/06/17/business/sxpesek.php Brazil finds a belated ally in India]. International Herald Tribune (29 March 2009). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Mexico.<ref>[http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 India looks for key to Nafta in Mexico] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927044658/http://www.bilaterals.org/article.php3?id_article=8330 |date=27 September 2007 }}. Bilaterals.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> These countries often represent the interests of developing countries through economic forums such as the [[G8+5]], [[IBSA Dialogue Forum|IBSA]] and [[World Trade Organization|WTO]]. India was seen as one of the standard bearers of the developing world and claimed to speak for a collection of more than 30 other developing nations at the [[Doha Development Round]].<ref name=nixes/><ref name="bbc_doha">{{cite news |title=Dismay at collapse of trade talks |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/7532302.stm |publisher=BBC |date=30 July 2008 |access-date=4 January 2010}}</ref> [[Indian Look East policy]] has helped it develop greater economic and strategic partnerships with [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|Southeast Asian countries]], South Korea, Japan, and Taiwan. India also enjoys friendly relations with the [[Persian Gulf states|Persian Gulf countries]] and most members of the [[African Union]].


The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published ''India's Strategic Partners: A Comparative Assessment'' and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points: Russia comes out on top with 62, followed by the United States (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and Japan (34).<ref>{{cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |title=Why Does India Have So Many 'Strategic Partners' and No Allies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/why-does-india-have-so-many-strategic-partners-and-no-allies/ |publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref>
The Foundation for National Security Research in New Delhi published ''India's Strategic Partners: A Comparative Assessment'' and ranked India's top strategic partners with a score out of 90 points: Russia comes out on top with 62, followed by the United States (58), France (51), UK (41), Germany (37), and Japan (34).<ref>{{cite web |last=Panda |first=Ankit |title=Why Does India Have So Many 'Strategic Partners' and No Allies? |url=https://thediplomat.com/2013/11/why-does-india-have-so-many-strategic-partners-and-no-allies/ |publisher=[[The Diplomat]]}}</ref>
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|{{FRA}}
|1997
|1997
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/hollandes-republic-day-visit-and-indiafrance-ties/article8175735.ece |title=Deepening the French connection |newspaper=The Hindu |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.thehindu.com/opinion/lead/hollandes-republic-day-visit-and-indiafrance-ties/article8175735.ece |title=Deepening the French connection |newspaper=The Hindu |date=1 February 2016 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
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|{{IRN}}
|{{IRN}}
|2003
|2003
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1644 |title=Iran-India Strategic Partnership Needs Resuscitation {{pipe}} South Asia Analysis Group |publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/node/1644 |title=Iran-India Strategic Partnership Needs Resuscitation {{pipe}} South Asia Analysis Group |publisher=Southasiaanalysis.org |date=3 November 2014 |access-date=1 December 2016 }}{{Dead link|date=May 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>  
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|{{USA}}
|{{USA}}
|2004
|2004
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/36290.htm |title=United States – India Joint Statement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2004/36290.htm |title=United States – India Joint Statement on Next Steps in Strategic Partnership |publisher=2001-2009.state.gov |date=17 September 2004 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
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|8
|8
|{{RWA}}
|{{RWA}}
|2017
|2017
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27915/DECLARATION+ON+STRATEGIC+PARTNERSHIP+BETWEEN+INDIA+AND+RWANDA|title=DECLARATION ON STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND RWANDA|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/27915/DECLARATION+ON+STRATEGIC+PARTNERSHIP+BETWEEN+INDIA+AND+RWANDA|title=DECLARATION ON STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP BETWEEN INDIA AND RWANDA|date=10 January 2017|website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|{{flag|Vietnam}}
|2007
|2007
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thayer |first=Carl |title=India and Vietnam Advance Their Strategic Partnership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/india-and-vietnam-advance-their-strategic-partnership/ |access-date=1 December 2016 |publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref>
| <ref>{{Cite web |last=Thayer |first=Carl |date=11 December 2014 |title=India and Vietnam Advance Their Strategic Partnership |url=https://thediplomat.com/2014/12/india-and-vietnam-advance-their-strategic-partnership/ |access-date=1 December 2016 |publisher=The Diplomat}}</ref>
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|{{OMN}}
|{{OMN}}
|2008
|2008
| <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V2KCgAAQBAJ&q=oman+india+strategic+partnership&pg=PA475 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy – Google Books |access-date=1 December 2016|isbn=9780191061196 |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |last2=Raja Mohan |first2=C. |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath }}</ref>
| <ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6V2KCgAAQBAJ&q=oman+india+strategic+partnership&pg=PA475 |title=The Oxford Handbook of Indian Foreign Policy – Google Books |date=23 July 2015 |access-date=1 December 2016|isbn=9780191061196 |last1=Malone |first1=David M. |last2=Raja Mohan |first2=C. |last3=Raghavan |first3=Srinath }}</ref>
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|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|{{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
|2010
|2010
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Saudi Arabia Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saudi_Arabia_Bilateral_Brief_for_website_-_28_January_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
|<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 January 2013 |title=India-Saudi Arabia Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Saudi_Arabia_Bilateral_Brief_for_website_-_28_January_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref>
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|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|{{flag|Uzbekistan}}
|2011
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/580/India+and+Uzbekistan+declare+Strategic+Partnership |title=India and Uzbekistan declare Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/580/India+and+Uzbekistan+declare+Strategic+Partnership |title=India and Uzbekistan declare Strategic Partnership |publisher=Mea.gov.in |date=18 May 2011 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>
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|{{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
|{{flagcountry|Islamic Republic of Afghanistan}}
|2011
|2011
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15161776 |title=Afghanistan and India sign 'strategic partnership' – BBC News |publisher=BBC |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>  
|<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-15161776 |title=Afghanistan and India sign 'strategic partnership' – BBC News |publisher=BBC |date=4 October 2011 |access-date=1 December 2016}}</ref>  
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|{{SGP}}
|{{SGP}}
|2015
|2015
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-enter-into-strategic-partnership/article7913143.ece|title=India, Singapore enter into strategic partnership|first=Prashanth|last=Chintala|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-singapore-enter-into-strategic-partnership/article7913143.ece|title=India, Singapore enter into strategic partnership|first=Prashanth|last=Chintala|newspaper=The Hindu|date=25 November 2015}}</ref>
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|{{UAE}}
|{{UAE}}
|2015
|2015
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/where-does-india-uae-strategic-partnership-leave-pakistan-2396814.html|title=How India's strategic partnership with UAE will hit Pakistan where it hurts – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com}}</ref>
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.firstpost.com/politics/where-does-india-uae-strategic-partnership-leave-pakistan-2396814.html|title=How India's strategic partnership with UAE will hit Pakistan where it hurts – Firstpost|website=firstpost.com|date=18 August 2015}}</ref>
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===Future agreements===
===Future agreements===
Currently, India is taking steps towards establishing strategic partnerships with [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-canada-hold-strategic-dialogue-discuss-nuclear-cooperation/articleshow/23006241.cms |title=India, Canada hold strategic dialogue, discuss nuclear cooperation |work=The Economic Times |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Argentina Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Argentina_Mar_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Although India has not signed any formal strategic partnership agreements with [[Bhutan]] and [[Qatar]], its   
Currently, India is taking steps towards establishing strategic partnerships with [[Canada]]<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-canada-hold-strategic-dialogue-discuss-nuclear-cooperation/articleshow/23006241.cms |title=India, Canada hold strategic dialogue, discuss nuclear cooperation |work=The Economic Times |date=24 September 2013 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> and [[Argentina]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=India-Argentina Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Argentina_Mar_2013.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref> Although India has not signed any formal strategic partnership agreements with [[Bhutan]] and [[Qatar]], its   
foreign ministry often describes relations with these countries as 'strategic'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of External Affairs Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/21385_Annual_Report_2012-2013_English.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/|title=Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold – Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>
foreign ministry often describes relations with these countries as 'strategic'.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ministry of External Affairs Annual Report 2012-2013 |url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Uploads/PublicationDocs/21385_Annual_Report_2012-2013_English.pdf |access-date=10 October 2022 |website=mea.gov.in}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://archive.indianexpress.com/news/security-pact-with-qatar-gives-india-gulf-toehold/384406/|title=Security pact with Qatar gives India Gulf toehold – Indian Express|website=The Indian Express}}</ref>


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;Congo
;Congo
{{Main|India–Republic of the Congo relations}}
{{Main|India–Republic of the Congo relations}}Both countries established diplomatic relations on 26 August 1967 when India's first Ambassador to Congo-Brazzaville , Mr. Venkata Siddathacharry , has presented his credentials to President Massamba-Debat.<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 August 1967 |title=Congo Brazzaville: first Indian Ambassador presents credentials to President Massamba-Debat. (1967) |url=https://www.britishpathe.com/asset/212294/ |access-date=13 July 2023 |website=British PATHE}}</ref>
 
;DR Congo
;DR Congo
{{Main|Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations}}
{{Main|Democratic Republic of the Congo–India relations}}
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[[File:Nasser and his children with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (01).jpg|thumb|Abdel Nasser and his children with Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations.|213x213px]]
[[File:Nasser and his children with Indian Prime Minister Jawaharlal Nehru (01).jpg|thumb|Abdel Nasser and his children with Jawaharlal Nehru. In 1955, Egypt under Gamal Abdel Nasser and India under Jawaharlal Nehru became the founders of the Non-Aligned Movement. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the Commonwealth of Nations.|213x213px]]
Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between [[Saad Zaghloul]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] on the common goals of their respective movements of independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |title=Embassy of India, Cairo |publisher=Indembcairo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503193003/http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |archive-date=3 May 2010 }}</ref> In 1955, Egypt under [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] and India under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967, following the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President [[Anwar al-Sadat]] to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilisers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, and leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco, lentils, pharmaceutical products and transport equipment. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertiliser plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India Limited]] bought 15% of Egypt's Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.<ref>Egypt State Information Service: [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Activity/000001/0401050400000000000964.htm Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries] {{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After the [[Arab Spring]] of 2011, with ousting of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt asked for the help of India in conducting nationwide elections.{{Citation needed}}
Modern Egypt-India relations go back to the contacts between [[Saad Zaghloul]] and [[Mohandas Gandhi]] on the common goals of their respective movements of independence.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |title=Embassy of India, Cairo |publisher=Indembcairo.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100503193003/http://www.indembcairo.com/Web%20Pages/gandhi.aspx |archive-date=3 May 2010 }}</ref> In 1955, Egypt under [[Gamal Abdul Nasser]] and India under [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] became the founders of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. During the 1956 War, Nehru stood supporting Egypt to the point of threatening to withdraw his country from the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. In 1967, following the [[Arab–Israeli conflict]], India supported Egypt and the Arabs. In 1977, New Delhi described the visit of President [[Anwar al-Sadat]] to Jerusalem as a "brave" move and considered the peace treaty between Egypt and Israel a primary step on the path of a just settlement of the Middle East problem. Major Egyptian exports to India include raw cotton, raw and manufactured fertilisers, oil and oil products, organic and non-organic chemicals, and leather and iron products. Major imports into Egypt from India are cotton yarn, sesame, coffee, herbs, tobacco, lentils, pharmaceutical products and transport equipment. The Egyptian Ministry of Petroleum is also currently negotiating the establishment of a natural gas-operated fertiliser plant with another Indian company. In 2004 the [[GAIL|Gas Authority of India Limited]] bought 15% of Egypt's Nat Gas distribution and marketing company. In 2008 Egyptian investment in India was worth some 750 million dollars, according to the Egyptian ambassador.<ref>Egypt State Information Service: [http://www.sis.gov.eg/En/Politics/Presidency/President/Activity/000001/0401050400000000000964.htm Mubarak starts historic visit to India to boost strategic partnership between the two countries] {{dead link|date=June 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> After the [[Arab Spring]] of 2011, with ousting of Hosni Mubarak, Egypt asked for the help of India in conducting nationwide elections.{{Citation needed|date=June 2019}}


;Gabon
;Gabon
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{{Main|Ghana–India relations}}
{{Main|Ghana–India relations}}


Relations between [[Ghana]] and India are generally close and cordial mixed with economic and cultural connections. Trade between India and Ghana amounted to US$818 million in 2010–11 and is expected to be worth US$1 billion by 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India aims to double trade with W. Africa |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3624588.ece |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |first=Sujay |last=Mehdudia}}</ref> Ghana imports automobiles and buses from India and companies like [[Tata Motors]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] have a significant presence in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors to sell cars in Ghana |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123010427/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Leyland delivers 100 buses to Ghanaian firm |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ashok-leyland-delivers-100-buses-to-ghanaian-firm/476962/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref> Ghanaian exports to India consist of [[gold]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and timber while Indian exports to Ghana comprise [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, plastics, steel and cement.<ref name="mea" />
Relations between [[Ghana]] and India are generally close and cordial mixed with economic and cultural connections. Trade between India and Ghana amounted to US$818 million in 2010–11 and is expected to be worth US$1 billion by 2013.<ref>{{cite news |title=India aims to double trade with W. Africa |url=http://www.thehindu.com/business/Economy/article3624588.ece |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 July 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Sujay |last=Mehdudia}}</ref> Ghana imports automobiles and buses from India and companies like [[Tata Motors]] and [[Ashok Leyland]] have a significant presence in the country.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tata Motors to sell cars in Ghana |url=http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130123010427/http://www.expressindia.com/news/fullstory.php?newsid=75595 |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 January 2013 |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Indian Express |date=16 October 2006 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Ashok Leyland delivers 100 buses to Ghanaian firm |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/news/ashok-leyland-delivers-100-buses-to-ghanaian-firm/476962/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=11 June 2012}}</ref> Ghanaian exports to India consist of [[gold]], [[Cocoa bean|cocoa]] and timber while Indian exports to Ghana comprise [[Pharmaceutical industry in India|pharmaceuticals]], agricultural machinery, electrical equipment, plastics, steel and cement.<ref name="mea" />


The Government of India has extended $228 million in [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] to Ghana which has been used for projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the expansion of Ghana's railways.<ref name="ghanabizmedia">{{cite web |title=Evolving India-Africa commerce relations: Ghana's lot |url=http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416211607/http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the [[India–Africa Forum Summit]].<ref name="mea" />
The Government of India has extended $228 million in [[Line of credit|lines of credit]] to Ghana which has been used for projects in sectors like agro-processing, fish processing, waste management, rural electrification and the expansion of Ghana's railways.<ref name="ghanabizmedia">{{cite web |title=Evolving India-Africa commerce relations: Ghana's lot |url=http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130416211607/http://www.ghanabizmedia.com/ghanabizmedia/july-2012-diplomatic-relations/716-evolving-india-africa-commerce-relations-ghanas-lot.html |archive-date=16 April 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has also offered to set up an India-Africa Institute of Information Technology (IAIIT) and a Food Processing Business Incubation Centre in Ghana under the [[India–Africa Forum Summit]].<ref name="mea" />


India is among the largest foreign investors in [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana's economy]]. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects.<ref name="ghanabizmedia" /> Indian investments are primarily in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of Ghana while Ghanaian companies manufacture drugs in collaboration with Indian companies. The IT sector in Ghana too has a significant Indian presence in it. India and Ghana also have a Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement between them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Doing Business in Ghana |year=2012 |publisher=KPMG |location=Accra |pages=15, 21 |url=http://www.kpmg.com/GH/en/Documents/Doing%20business%20in%20Ghana%20-2012.pdf}}</ref> India's [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers|Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers]] is in the process of setting up a fertiliser plant in Ghana at Nyankrom in the [[Shama District]] of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region of Ghana]]. The project entails an investment of US$1.3 billion and the plant would have an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tones, the bulk of which would be exported to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Ghana to finalise gas price |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7edyfKWDEn5JBcrNYaqODN/India-Ghana-to-finalize-gas-price.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=HT Mint }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Work On Ghana-India Fertilizer Project To Begin At Nyankrom |url=http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Ghana Money |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122005413/http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> There are also plans to develop a sugar processing plant entailing an investment of US$36 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to establish fertiliser plant in Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Daily Graphic |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205141039/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tata Motors]] and [[Tech Mahindra]] are amongst the major Indian companies in Ghana.<ref name="ghanaian-chronicle">{{cite news |title=High Commissioner calls on Indian firms to invest in Ghana |url=http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429135257/http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref>
India is among the largest foreign investors in [[Economy of Ghana|Ghana's economy]]. At the end of 2011, Indian investments in Ghana amounted to $550 million covering some 548 projects.<ref name="ghanabizmedia" /> Indian investments are primarily in the agriculture and manufacturing sectors of Ghana while Ghanaian companies manufacture drugs in collaboration with Indian companies. The IT sector in Ghana too has a significant Indian presence in it. India and Ghana also have a Bilateral Investment Protection Agreement between them.<ref>{{cite book |title=Doing Business in Ghana |year=2012 |publisher=KPMG |location=Accra |pages=15, 21 |url=http://www.kpmg.com/GH/en/Documents/Doing%20business%20in%20Ghana%20-2012.pdf}}</ref> India's [[Rashtriya Chemicals & Fertilizers|Rashtriya Chemicals and Fertilisers]] is in the process of setting up a fertiliser plant in Ghana at Nyankrom in the [[Shama District]] of the [[Western Region (Ghana)|Western Region of Ghana]]. The project entails an investment of US$1.3 billion and the plant would have an annual production capacity of 1.1 million tones, the bulk of which would be exported to India.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Ghana to finalise gas price |url=http://www.livemint.com/Politics/7edyfKWDEn5JBcrNYaqODN/India-Ghana-to-finalize-gas-price.html |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=HT Mint |date=16 February 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Work On Ghana-India Fertilizer Project To Begin At Nyankrom |url=http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Ghana Money |date=13 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130122005413/http://news.moneygh.com/pages/agriculture/201207/354.php |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref> There are also plans to develop a sugar processing plant entailing an investment of US$36 million.<ref>{{cite news |title=India to establish fertiliser plant in Ghana |url=http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=Daily Graphic |date=21 February 2012 |archive-date=5 February 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160205141039/http://www.ghana.gov.gh/index.php/news/features/11121-india-to-establish-fertilizer-plant-in-ghana |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Bank of Baroda]], [[Bharti Airtel]], [[Tata Motors]] and [[Tech Mahindra]] are amongst the major Indian companies in Ghana.<ref name="ghanaian-chronicle">{{cite news |title=High Commissioner calls on Indian firms to invest in Ghana |url=http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |access-date=1 January 2013 |newspaper=The Chronicle |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150429135257/http://ghanaian-chronicle.com/high-commissioner-calls-on-indian-firms-to-invest-in-ghana/ |archive-date=29 April 2015 }}</ref>


There are about seven to eight thousand Indians and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living in Ghana today with some of them having been there for over 70 years.<ref name="mea">{{cite web |title=India-Ghana Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Ghana-January-2012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Ghana is home to a growing [[Hinduism in Ghana|indigenous Hindu population]] that today numbers 3000 families. [[Hinduism]] first came to Ghana only in the late 1940s with the [[Sindhis|Sindhi traders]] who migrated here following [[Partition of India|India's Partition]]. It has been growing in Ghana and neighbouring Togo since the mid-1970s when an African Hindu monastery was established in Accra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10401741 |access-date=1 January 2013 |publisher=BBC }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hinduism spreads in Ghana, reaches Togo |url=http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news/3610/india-in-africa/117 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723005509/http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news%2F3610%2Findia-in-africa%2F117 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
There are about seven to eight thousand Indians and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living in Ghana today with some of them having been there for over 70 years.<ref name="mea">{{cite web |title=India-Ghana Relations |url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Ghana-January-2012.pdf |publisher=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India |access-date=1 January 2013}}</ref> Ghana is home to a growing [[Hinduism in Ghana|indigenous Hindu population]] that today numbers 3000 families. [[Hinduism]] first came to Ghana only in the late 1940s with the [[Sindhis|Sindhi traders]] who migrated here following [[Partition of India|India's Partition]]. It has been growing in Ghana and neighbouring Togo since the mid-1970s when an African Hindu monastery was established in Accra.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ghana's unique African-Hindu temple |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/10401741 |access-date=1 January 2013 |publisher=BBC |date=29 June 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Hinduism spreads in Ghana, reaches Togo |url=http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news/3610/india-in-africa/117 |access-date=1 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130723005509/http://www.indiaafricaconnect.in/index.php?param=news%2F3610%2Findia-in-africa%2F117 |archive-date=23 July 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


;Ivory Coast
;Ivory Coast
{{Main|India–Ivory Coast relations}}
{{Main|India–Ivory Coast relations}}


The bilateral relations between India and [[Ivory Coast]] have expanded considerably in recent years as India seeks to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the [[West Africa]]n region. The Indian diplomatic mission in [[Abidjan]] was opened in 1979. Ivory Coast opened its resident mission in New Delhi in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |title=Foreign Relations of India-Ivory Coast |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226070642/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade, investments and economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4791381.stm |title=India to put $1bn in African oil |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 October 2008 }}</ref>
The bilateral relations between India and [[Ivory Coast]] have expanded considerably in recent years as India seeks to develop an extensive commercial and strategic partnership in the [[West Africa]]n region. The Indian diplomatic mission in [[Abidjan]] was opened in 1979. Ivory Coast opened its resident mission in New Delhi in September 2004.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |title=Foreign Relations of India-Ivory Coast |publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)|Ministry of External Affairs]] |access-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226070642/http://www.meaindia.nic.in/foreignrelation//11fr05.pdf |archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref> Both nations are currently fostering efforts to increase trade, investments and economic cooperation.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4791381.stm |title=India to put $1bn in African oil |publisher=BBC |access-date=2 October 2008 |date=14 August 2006}}</ref>


;Kenya
;Kenya
{{Main|India–Kenya relations}}
{{Main|India–Kenya relations}}
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 14 December 1963<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/sim_indian-and-foreign-review_1964-01-01_1_6/page/26/mode/1up?q=exchange+diplomatic+representatives |title=Indian and Foreign Review  1964-01-01: Vol 1 Iss 6 |publisher=Indian Foreign Review |pages=26}}</ref>


As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has [[Indians in Kenya|a large minority of Indians]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living there who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the British to construct the [[Uganda Railway]] and [[Gujarati merchants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA – KENYA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |publisher=High Commission of India, Nairobi |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121542/http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}</ref>   
As littoral states of the Indian Ocean, trade links and commercial ties between India and Kenya go back several centuries. Kenya has [[Indians in Kenya|a large minority of Indians]] and [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Persons of Indian Origin]] living there who are descendants of labourers who were brought in by the British to construct the [[Uganda Railway]] and [[Gujarati merchants]].<ref>{{cite web |title=INDIA – KENYA BILATERAL RELATIONS |url=http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |publisher=High Commission of India, Nairobi |access-date=29 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120828121542/http://www.hcinairobi.co.ke/Pages/Kenya_india_overview.html |archive-date=28 August 2012 }}</ref>   
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;Libya
;Libya
{{Main|India-Libya relations}}
{{Main|India-Libya relations}}'''Malawi'''


Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 October 1964 when has been accredited Acting High Commissioner of India to Malawi Mr. Dileep S. Kamtekar.<ref>{{Cite book |title=Diplomatic and Consular List Issue 3 |publisher=Malawi. Ministry of External Affairs |year=1967 |pages=1}}</ref>
;Mauritania
;Mauritania
{{Main|India-Mauritania relations}}
{{Main|India-Mauritania relations}}
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{{main|India–Namibia relations}}
{{main|India–Namibia relations}}


Relations between India and Namibia are warm and cordial.<ref name="Mha.gov.in">[http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf Indo-Namibian Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200039/http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf }} Ministry of External Affairs of India, September 2010</ref>
Relations between India and Namibia are warm and cordial.<ref name="Mha.gov.in">[http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf Indo-Namibian Relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120313200039/http://www.mea.gov.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/08fr03.pdf |date=13 March 2012 }} Ministry of External Affairs of India, September 2010</ref>


India was one of [[SWAPO]]'s earliest supporters during the [[Namibian War of Independence|Namibian liberation movement]]. The first SWAPO embassy was established in India in 1986. India's observer mission was converted to a full [[High Commissioner]] on Namibia's Independence Day of 21 March 1990.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> India has helped train the [[Namibian Air Force]] since its creation in 1995. The two countries work closely in mutual multilateral organisations such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Namibia supports the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|expansion]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to include a permanent seat for India.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" />
India was one of [[SWAPO]]'s earliest supporters during the [[Namibian War of Independence|Namibian liberation movement]]. The first SWAPO embassy was established in India in 1986. India's observer mission was converted to a full [[High Commissioner]] on Namibia's Independence Day of 21 March 1990.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> India has helped train the [[Namibian Air Force]] since its creation in 1995. The two countries work closely in mutual multilateral organisations such as the [[United Nations]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations]]. Namibia supports the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council#India|expansion]] of the [[United Nations Security Council]] to include a permanent seat for India.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" />
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In 2008–09, trade between the two countries stood at approximately US$80 million. Namibia's main imports from India were drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural machinery, automobile and automobile parts, glass and glassware, and plastic and linoleum products. India primarily imported nonferrous metals, ores, and metal scraps. Indian products are also exported to neighbouring South Africa and re-imported to Namibia as South African imports. Namibian diamonds are often exported to European diamond markets before being again imported to India. In 2009, the first direct sale of Namibian diamonds to India took place.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> In 2008, two Indian companies won a US$105 million contract from [[NamPower]] to lay a [[high-voltage direct current]] bi-polar line from [[Katima Mulilo]] to [[Otjiwarongo]].<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> Namibia is a beneficiary of the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme]] for telecommunications professionals from developing countries.
In 2008–09, trade between the two countries stood at approximately US$80 million. Namibia's main imports from India were drugs and pharmaceuticals, chemicals, agricultural machinery, automobile and automobile parts, glass and glassware, and plastic and linoleum products. India primarily imported nonferrous metals, ores, and metal scraps. Indian products are also exported to neighbouring South Africa and re-imported to Namibia as South African imports. Namibian diamonds are often exported to European diamond markets before being again imported to India. In 2009, the first direct sale of Namibian diamonds to India took place.<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> In 2008, two Indian companies won a US$105 million contract from [[NamPower]] to lay a [[high-voltage direct current]] bi-polar line from [[Katima Mulilo]] to [[Otjiwarongo]].<ref name="Mha.gov.in" /> Namibia is a beneficiary of the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme|Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation (ITEC) programme]] for telecommunications professionals from developing countries.


India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Windhoek]]<ref>[http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ High Commission of India in Namibia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041544/http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ }}</ref> and Namibia has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]]. Namibia's high commissioner is also accredited for Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nhcdelhi.com/|title=High Commission of the Republic of Namibia in the Republic of India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314141542/http://nhcdelhi.com/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>
India has a [[high commissioner]] in [[Windhoek]]<ref>[http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ High Commission of India in Namibia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130703041544/http://www.highcommissionofindia.web.na/ |date=3 July 2013 }}</ref> and Namibia has a high commissioner in [[New Delhi]]. Namibia's high commissioner is also accredited for Bangladesh, the Maldives and Sri Lanka.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://nhcdelhi.com/|title=High Commission of the Republic of Namibia in the Republic of India|access-date=1 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180314141542/http://nhcdelhi.com/|archive-date=14 March 2018|url-status=dead}}</ref>


;Niger
;Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 July 1977 when the first Ambassador of the Republic of Niger, Illa Salifou, presented the letter of credence to Acting President B.D. Jatti.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LiO1Z63z_rsC&dq=first+ambassador+of+zambia+presented+credentials+to&pg=RA11-PA24 |title=Translations on South and East Asia Volumes 725-737 |publisher=Joint Publications Research Service |year=1977 |pages=24 |access-date=2 July 2023}}</ref>
;Nigeria
;Nigeria
{{Main|India–Nigeria relations}}
{{Main|India–Nigeria relations}}
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{{Main|India–South Sudan relations}}
{{Main|India–South Sudan relations}}


India recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, a day after South Sudan became an independent state. Right now, relations are economic. Pramit Pal Chaudhuri wrote in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that South Sudan "has other{{Clarify}} attractions. As the Indian Foreign Ministry's literature notes, South Sudan is reported to have "some of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |title=India's stake in South Sudan |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> An article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']]'' reported that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields."<ref name=Greets>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-greets-south-sudan/cid/368757 |title=India greets South Sudan |work=The Telegraph |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
India recognised South Sudan on 10 July 2011, a day after South Sudan became an independent state. Right now, relations are economic. Pramit Pal Chaudhuri wrote in the ''[[Hindustan Times]]'' that South Sudan "has other{{Clarify|date=September 2011}} attractions. As the Indian Foreign Ministry's literature notes, South Sudan is reported to have "some of the largest oil reserves in Africa outside Nigeria and Angola".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |title=India's stake in South Sudan |work=Hindustan Times|access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111027185931/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-s-stake-in-South-Sudan/Article1-718966.aspx |archive-date=27 October 2011 |df=dmy-all}}</ref> An article in ''[[The Daily Telegraph|''The Telegraph'']]'' reported that South Sudan is "one of the poorest [countries] in the world, [but] is oil rich. Foreign ministry officials said New Delhi has [a] keen interest in increasing its investments in the oil fields in South Sudan, which now owns over two-thirds of erstwhile united Sudan's oil fields."<ref name=Greets>{{cite web|url= https://www.telegraphindia.com/india/india-greets-south-sudan/cid/368757 |title=India greets South Sudan |date=10 July 2011 |work=The Telegraph |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>


In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education, and rural development. "We have compiled a definite road map {{sic|using|nolink=y}} which India can help South Sudan."<ref name=Greets/>
In return for the oil resources that can be provided by South Sudan, India said it was willing to assist in developing infrastructure, training officials in health, education, and rural development. "We have compiled a definite road map {{sic|using|nolink=y}} which India can help South Sudan."<ref name=Greets/>
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Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th century who were brought there to construct the [[Uganda Railway|Mombasa–Kampala railway line]]. Ugandan independence activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the [[Indian independence movement]] and were also supported in their struggle by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="enteruganda">{{cite news |title=India is Uganda's biggest investor, trading partner |url=http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |newspaper=New Vision |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122092723/http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="hcikampala">{{cite web |title=India-Uganda Relations |url=http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |publisher=High Commission of India in Kampala |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124062736/http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>
Relations between India and Uganda began with the arrival of over 30,000 Indians in Uganda in the 19th century who were brought there to construct the [[Uganda Railway|Mombasa–Kampala railway line]]. Ugandan independence activists were inspired in their struggle for Ugandan independence by the success of the [[Indian independence movement]] and were also supported in their struggle by the [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Jawaharlal Nehru]].<ref name="enteruganda">{{cite news |title=India is Uganda's biggest investor, trading partner |url=http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |newspaper=New Vision |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130122092723/http://www.enteruganda.com/brochures/indianaindeday.html |archive-date=22 January 2013 }}</ref><ref name="hcikampala">{{cite web |title=India-Uganda Relations |url=http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |publisher=High Commission of India in Kampala |access-date=27 December 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130124062736/http://www.hcikampala.co.ug/downloads/India-UgandaRelations.pdf |archive-date=24 January 2013 }}</ref>
Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence except during the regime of [[Idi Amin]]. Amin in 1972 [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled]] over 55,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|people of Indian origin]] and 5,000 Indians who had formed the commercial and [[Economy of Uganda|economic backbone of the country]] accusing them of exploiting native Ugandans.<ref name="hcikampala" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Idi Amin under Indian scanner |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/idi-amin-under-indian-scanner/article3300020.ece |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |location=Chennai, India |first=Rajiv |last=Bhatia}}</ref> Since the mid-1980s when [[President of Uganda|President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] came to power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in Uganda.<ref name="hcikampala" /> Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ugandan Minister assures Indian business his country is safe |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0tncw3bBIkgIyGxK7YAPdP/Ugandan-Minister-assures-Indian-business-his-country-is-safe.html |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uganda killing: four held |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125115004/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
Indo-Ugandan relations have been good since Uganda's independence except during the regime of [[Idi Amin]]. Amin in 1972 [[Expulsion of Asians from Uganda|expelled]] over 55,000 [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|people of Indian origin]] and 5,000 Indians who had formed the commercial and [[Economy of Uganda|economic backbone of the country]] accusing them of exploiting native Ugandans.<ref name="hcikampala" /><ref>{{cite news |title=Idi Amin under Indian scanner |url=http://www.thehindu.com/arts/books/idi-amin-under-indian-scanner/article3300020.ece |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=The Hindu |date=10 April 2012 |location=Chennai, India |first=Rajiv |last=Bhatia}}</ref> Since the mid-1980s when [[President of Uganda|President]] [[Yoweri Museveni]] came to power, relations have steadily improved. Today some 20,000 Indians and PIOs live or work in Uganda.<ref name="hcikampala" /> Ethnic tensions between Indians and Ugandans have been a recurring issue in bilateral relations given the role of Indians in the Ugandan economy.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ugandan Minister assures Indian business his country is safe |url=http://www.livemint.com/Companies/0tncw3bBIkgIyGxK7YAPdP/Ugandan-Minister-assures-Indian-business-his-country-is-safe.html |access-date=27 December 2012 |newspaper=HT Mint |date=4 May 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Uganda killing: four held |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130125115004/http://www.hindu.com/2007/04/17/stories/2007041703501300.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=25 January 2013 |access-date=27 December 2012 |date=17 April 2007 |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>


;Zambia
;Zambia
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;African Union
;African Union


As of the year 2011, India's total trade with Africa is over US$46 billion and its total investment is over US$11 billion with a US$5.7 billion line of credit for executing various projects in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pugmarks-in-a-dragon-den/271997 |title=Pugmarks In A Dragon Den |work=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2020 }}</ref>
As of the year 2011, India's total trade with Africa is over US$46 billion and its total investment is over US$11 billion with a US$5.7 billion line of credit for executing various projects in Africa.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.outlookindia.com/magazine/story/pugmarks-in-a-dragon-den/271997 |title=Pugmarks In A Dragon Den |work=Outlook India |access-date=16 August 2020 |date=6 June 2011}}</ref>


India has had good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime Minister's visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to new Credit Agreement of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 105 million (US$3 million) to finance the import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain benefits from nations that are forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African President, [[Thabo Mbeki]] has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid imposition by Western Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996–97 as a reaffirmation of India's assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership. These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not possess.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of India |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |title=Africa (South of Sahara): India's foreign policy |publisher=Indianembassy.org |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005002809/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
India has had good relationships with most sub-Saharan African nations for most of its history. In the Prime Minister's visit to Mauritius in 1997, the two countries secured a deal to new Credit Agreement of [[Indian rupee|INR]] 105 million (US$3 million) to finance the import by Mauritius of capital goods, consultancy services and consumer durable from India. The government of India secured a rice and medicine agreement with the people of Seychelles. India continued to build upon its historically close relations with Ethiopia, Kenya, Uganda, and Tanzania. Visits from political ministers from Ethiopia provided opportunities for strengthening bilateral cooperation between the two countries in the fields of education and technical training, water resources management and development of small industries. This has allowed India to gain benefits from nations that are forgotten by other Western Nations. The South African President, [[Thabo Mbeki]] has called for a strategic relationship between India and South Africa to avoid imposition by Western Nations. India continued to build upon its close and friendly relations with Angola, Botswana, Lesotho, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, Swaziland, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. The Minister of Foreign Affairs arranged for the sending of Special Envoys to each of these countries during 1996–97 as a reaffirmation of India's assurance to strengthening cooperation with these countries in a spirit of South-South partnership. These relations have created a position of strength with African nations that other nations may not possess.<ref>{{cite web |author=Embassy of India |url=http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |title=Africa (South of Sahara): India's foreign policy |publisher=Indianembassy.org |date=16 May 1996 |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19991005002809/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/africa.htm |archive-date=5 October 1999 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


==Americas==
==Americas==
India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of the Security Council]] through the [[G4 nations]] while having also increased strategic and economic cooperation through the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]]. The process of finalizing a [[Preferential Trade Agreement]] (PTA) with [[MERCOSUR]] (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-Mercosur_PTA_to_be_ratified/articleshow/2216138.cms |title=India-Mercosur PTA to be ratified- International Business-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was the guest of honor at the 2004 [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm Indian embassy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm }}. Indian embassy (30 November 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
India's commonalities with developing nations in Latin America, especially Brazil and Mexico have continued to grow. India and Brazil continue to work together on the [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|reform of the Security Council]] through the [[G4 nations]] while having also increased strategic and economic cooperation through the [[IBSA Dialogue Forum]]. The process of finalizing a [[Preferential Trade Agreement]] (PTA) with [[MERCOSUR]] (Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay) is on the itinerary and negotiations are being held with Chile.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/India-Mercosur_PTA_to_be_ratified/articleshow/2216138.cms |title=India-Mercosur PTA to be ratified- International Business-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=19 July 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Brazilian President [[Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva]] was the guest of honor at the 2004 [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebrations in New Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm Indian embassy] {{Webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120907043713/http://www.indianembassy.org/policy/Foreign_Policy/2004/AR2004.htm |date=7 September 2012 }}. Indian embassy (30 November 2004). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


===North===
===North===
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{{Main|Barbados–India relations}}
{{Main|Barbados–India relations}}


India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|title=Archived copy|last=Anlicor|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064558/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |title=The House of Assembly |publisher=The Barbados Parliament |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|title=Archived copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060527/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Paramaribo, Suriname |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 Barbados India Relations] (Note: to view this file, convert the extension of php to pdf.)</ref> and an Indian consulate in [[Holetown]], [[Saint James, Barbados|St. James]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|title=Arhicved copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060532/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011–12 the Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101235439/http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are of Sindhis ancestry.
India and Barbados established diplomatic relations on 30 November 1966 (the date of Barbados' national independence).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|title=Archived copy|last=Anlicor|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=23 August 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823064558/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Pananma.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> On that date, the government of India gifted Barbados the throne in Barbados' national [[Barbados House of Assembly|House of Assembly]].<ref>{{cite web|url= https://www.barbadosparliament.com/main_page_content/show_content/7 |title=The House of Assembly |publisher=The Barbados Parliament |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref> India is represented in Barbados through its embassy in Suriname<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|title=Archived copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060527/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/October.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassysuriname.com/ |title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Paramaribo, Suriname |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref><ref>[https://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50047550 Barbados India Relations] (Note: to view this file, convert the extension of php to pdf.)</ref> and an Indian consulate in [[Holetown]], [[Saint James, Barbados|St. James]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|title=Arhicved copy|website=foreign.gov.bb|access-date=17 November 2011|archive-date=25 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120425060532/http://www.foreign.gov.bb/UserFiles/File/Germany.pdf|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2011–12 the Indian-based firm Era's Lucknow Medical College and Hospital, established the American University of Barbados (AUB), as the island's first Medical School for international students. In 2015 the governments of Barbados and India signed a joint Open Skies Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|title=Barbados signs air services agreement with India|date=31 October 2015|access-date=1 November 2015|archive-date=1 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151101235439/http://www.barbadostoday.bb/2015/10/31/barbados-signs-air-services-agreement-with-india/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Today around 3,000 persons from India call Barbados home. Two-thirds are from India's Surat district of Gujarat known as Suratis. Most of the Suratis are involved in trading. The rest are of Sindhis ancestry.


;Belize
;Belize
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{{main|Cuba–India relations}}
{{main|Cuba–India relations}}


Relations between India and Cuba are close and warm. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of a reformed Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9 |title=Ind Embassy Havana |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228012957/http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en%2Fnode%2F9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] said that "The maturity of India..., its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]] (the former [[Prime Minister of India]]), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |title=50 years of friendship |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=Frontline}}</ref>
Relations between India and Cuba are close and warm. Both nations are part of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]]. Cuba has repeatedly called for a more "democratic" representation of the United Nations Security Council and supports India's candidacy as a permanent member of a reformed Security Council.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en/node/9 |title=Ind Embassy Havana |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131228012957/http://www.indembassyhavana.org/?q=en%2Fnode%2F9 |url-status=dead }}</ref> [[Fidel Castro]] said that "The maturity of India..., its unconditional adherence to the principles which lay at the foundation of the Non-Aligned Movement give us the assurances that under the wise leadership of [[Indira Gandhi]] (the former [[Prime Minister of India]]), the non-aligned countries will continue advancing in their inalienable role as a bastion for peace, national independence and development..."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://frontline.thehindu.com/world-affairs/article30179977.ece |title=50 years of friendship |access-date=15 August 2020 |date=23 April 2010 |work=Frontline}}</ref>


India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |title=Excellent Relations Between Cuba and India {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Acknolwedged}} |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065056/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> India had been one of the first countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213901/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |archive-date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>
India has an embassy in Havana, the capital of Cuba which opened in January 1960. This had particular significance as it symbolised Indian solidarity with the Cuban revolution.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cubaminrex.cu/english/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |title=Excellent Relations Between Cuba and India {{sic|nolink=y|reason=error in source|Acknolwedged}} |access-date=2 June 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130119065056/http://www.cubaminrex.cu/English/currentissues/Excellent%20Relations%20Between.htm |archive-date=19 January 2013 }}</ref> India had been one of the first countries in the world to have recognised the new Cuban government after the [[Cuban Revolution]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |title=Sorry for the inconvenience. |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111114213901/http://mea.gov.in/mystart.php?id=50049866 |archive-date=14 November 2011 }}</ref>


Cuba has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], the Indian capital.<ref>http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/{{dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>
Cuba has an embassy in [[New Delhi]], the Indian capital.<ref>http://www.cubadiplomatica.cu/india/EN/{{dead link|date=January 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>


;Jamaica
;Jamaica
{{Main|India–Jamaica relations}}
{{Main|India–Jamaica relations}}


Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.<ref name="hcikingston.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |title=India High Commission: India - Jamaica Relations |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618034820/http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf|title=Foreign relations. Jamaica}}</ref>
Relations between India and Jamaica are generally cordial and close. There are many cultural and political connections inherited from British colonial rule, such as membership in the [[Commonwealth of Nations]], parliamentary democracy, the English language and cricket.<ref name="hcikingston.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |title=India High Commission: India - Jamaica Relations |access-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120618034820/http://www.hcikingston.com/indjam.html |archive-date=18 June 2012 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Jamaica-July-2012.pdf|title=Foreign relations. Jamaica|date=July 2012}}</ref>


Both nations are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council.
Both nations are members of the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], the [[United Nations]] and the [[Commonwealth of Nations|Commonwealth]], and Jamaica supports India's candidacy for permanent membership in a reformed UN Security Council.
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{{Main|India–Paraguay relations}}
{{Main|India–Paraguay relations}}


The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to strong commercial, cultural and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened its embassy in India in 2005.<ref>^ http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064702/http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php}}</ref>
The bilateral relations between the Republic of India and Paraguay have been traditionally strong due to strong commercial, cultural and strategic cooperation. India is represented in Paraguay through its embassy in Buenos Aires in Argentina. India also has an Honorary Consul-General in Asuncion. Paraguay opened its embassy in India in 2005.<ref>^ http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120113064702/http://www.paraguayembassy.in/news.php|date=13 January 2012}}</ref>


;Trinidad & Tobago
;Trinidad & Tobago
{{Main|India–Trinidad and Tobago relations}}
{{Main|India–Trinidad and Tobago relations}}


Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.<ref name="High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Bilateral Relations">{{cite web |url=http://hctt.net/about-br/ |title=About Us: Bilateral Relations, India |publisher=The High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070757/http://hctt.net/about-br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Bilateral relations between the Republic of India and the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago have considerably expanded in recent years with both nations building strategic and commercial ties. Both nations formally established diplomatic relations in 1962.<ref name="High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago Bilateral Relations">{{cite web |url=http://hctt.net/about-br/ |title=About Us: Bilateral Relations, India |date=July 2020 |publisher=The High Commission of the Republic of Trinidad and Tobago |access-date=16 August 2020 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803070757/http://hctt.net/about-br/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>


Both nations were part of the [[British Empire]]; India supported the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
Both nations were part of the [[British Empire]]; India supported the independence of Trinidad and Tobago from British rule and established its diplomatic mission in 1962 – the year that Trinidad and Tobago officially gained independence. They possess diverse natural and economic resources and are the largest economies in their respective regions. Both are members of the Commonwealth of Nations, the United Nations, G-77 and the Non-Aligned Movement (NAM).
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Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities in East Pakistan]], and being told, most notably in the ''[[Blood telegram]]'', of genocidal activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, the US. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and US President [[Richard Nixon]] did nothing to discourage then-Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.<ref name="nixonarchive">Gandhi, Sajit (ed.), [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79]</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Indian Armed Forces]], along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], succeeded in liberating [[East Pakistan]] which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would mean total Soviet domination of the region and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.
Relations between India and the United States came to an all-time low during the early 1970s. Despite reports of [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|atrocities in East Pakistan]], and being told, most notably in the ''[[Blood telegram]]'', of genocidal activities being perpetrated by Pakistani forces, the US. Secretary of State [[Henry Kissinger]] and US President [[Richard Nixon]] did nothing to discourage then-Pakistani President [[Yahya Khan]] and the [[Pakistan Army]]. Kissinger was particularly concerned about Soviet expansion into South Asia as a result of a treaty of friendship that had recently been signed between India and the Soviet Union and sought to demonstrate to the People's Republic of China the value of a tacit alliance with the United States.<ref name="nixonarchive">Gandhi, Sajit (ed.), [http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB79/ The Tilt: The US and the South Asian Crisis of 1971: National Security Archive Electronic Briefing Book No. 79]</ref> During the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]], [[Indian Armed Forces]], along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], succeeded in liberating [[East Pakistan]] which soon declared independence. Nixon feared that an Indian invasion of [[West Pakistan]] would mean total Soviet domination of the region and that it would seriously undermine the global position of the United States and the regional position of America's new tacit ally, China. To demonstrate to China the ''bona fides'' of the United States as an ally, and in direct violation of the Congress-imposed sanctions on Pakistan, Nixon sent military supplies to Pakistan, routing them through Jordan and Iran,<ref name="Shalom">Shalom, Stephen R., [http://coat.ncf.ca/our_magazine/links/issue47/articles/a07.htm The Men Behind Yahya in the Indo-Pak War of 1971]</ref> while also encouraging China to increase its arms supplies to Pakistan.


When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} to the [[Bay of Bengal]], a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The ''Enterprise'' arrived at the station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US [[Task Force 74]] into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' in the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html Cold war games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html }}. Bharat-rakshak.com (12 December 1971). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
When Pakistan's defeat in the eastern sector seemed certain, Nixon sent the {{USS|Enterprise|CVN-65|6}} to the [[Bay of Bengal]], a move deemed by the Indians as a nuclear threat. The ''Enterprise'' arrived at the station on 11 December 1971. On 6 and 13 December, the [[Soviet Navy]] dispatched two groups of ships, armed with nuclear missiles, from [[Vladivostok]]; they trailed US [[Task Force 74]] into the Indian Ocean from 18 December 1971 until 7 January 1972. The Soviets also sent nuclear submarines to ward off the threat posed by USS ''Enterprise'' in the Indian Ocean.<ref>[http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html Cold war games] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060915093344/http://www.bharat-rakshak.com/NAVY/History/1971War/Games.html |date=15 September 2006 }}. Bharat-rakshak.com (12 December 1971). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS ''Enterprise'' is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent [[India and weapons of mass destruction|interest in developing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dhirendra |title=India's lopsided science |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=32–36 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=Dhirendra&pg=PA32|bibcode=1991BuAtS..47d..32S |doi=10.1080/00963402.1991.11459973 }}</ref> American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of the war on the Western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.<ref name="St.Dept">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm U.S. State Department]. State.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Years after the war, many American writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving to the interests of the United States.<ref>The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. Hanhimeaki Page 156, Published by Oxford University Press US</ref> India carried out [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear tests]] a few years later resulting in sanctions being imposed by the United States, further drifting the two countries apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards".<ref>Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm 150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington] 5 November 1971, 8:15–9:00&nbsp;am</ref> Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Kissinger regrets India comments |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
Though American efforts had no effect in turning the tide of the war, the incident involving USS ''Enterprise'' is viewed as the trigger for India's subsequent [[India and weapons of mass destruction|interest in developing nuclear weapons]].<ref>{{cite journal |last=Sharma |first=Dhirendra |title=India's lopsided science |journal=Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists |volume=47 |issue=4 |pages=32–36 |date=May 1991 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tAwAAAAAMBAJ&q=Dhirendra&pg=PA32|bibcode=1991BuAtS..47d..32S |doi=10.1080/00963402.1991.11459973 }}</ref> American policy towards the end of the war was dictated primarily by a need to restrict the escalation of the war on the Western sector to prevent the 'dismemberment' of West Pakistan.<ref name="St.Dept">[https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48213.htm U.S. State Department]. State.gov. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Years after the war, many American writers criticised the White House policies during the war as being badly flawed and ill-serving to the interests of the United States.<ref>The Flawed Architect: Henry Kissenger and American Foreign Policy by Jussi M. Hanhimeaki Page 156, Published by Oxford University Press US</ref> India carried out [[Smiling Buddha|nuclear tests]] a few years later resulting in sanctions being imposed by the United States, further drifting the two countries apart. In recent years, Kissinger came under fire for comments made during the Indo-Pakistan War in which he described Indians as "bastards".<ref>Foreign Relations, 1969–1976, Volume E-7, Documents on South Asia, 1969–1972 [https://2001-2009.state.gov/r/pa/ho/frus/nixon/e7/48529.htm 150. Conversation Among President Nixon, the President's Assistant for National Security Affairs (Kissinger), and the President's Chief of Staff (Haldeman), Washington] 5 November 1971, 8:15–9:00&nbsp;am</ref> Kissinger has since expressed his regret over the comments.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4640773.stm |title=South Asia {{pipe}} Kissinger regrets India comments |publisher=BBC News |date=1 July 2005 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


;After the Cold War
;After the Cold War
Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India-USA relations have improved dramatically. This has been fostered by the fact that the United States and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. During the [[Gulf War]], the [[economy of India]] went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India [[Economic liberalism|adopted liberalised economic systems]]. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India improved diplomatic relations with the members of [[NATO]], particularly Canada, France, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel.
Since the end of the [[Cold War]], India-USA relations have improved dramatically. This has been fostered by the fact that the United States and India are both democracies and have a large and growing trade relationship. During the [[Gulf War]], the [[economy of India]] went through an extremely difficult phase. The Government of India [[Economic liberalism|adopted liberalised economic systems]]. After the break-up of the Soviet Union, India improved diplomatic relations with the members of [[NATO]], particularly Canada, France, and Germany. In 1992, India established formal diplomatic relations with Israel.


In recent years, India-United States relations have still improved significantly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|title=How Modi changed the India–US relationship|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=East Asia Forum|language=en}}</ref>
In recent years, India-United States relations have still improved significantly during the [[Premiership of Narendra Modi]] since 2014.<ref>{{cite web|date=10 May 2016|title=How Modi changed the India–US relationship|url=https://www.eastasiaforum.org/2016/05/10/how-modi-changed-the-india-us-relationship/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=East Asia Forum|language=en}}</ref>


;Pokhran tests reaction
;Pokhran tests reaction
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{{Main|Colombia–India relations}}
{{Main|Colombia–India relations}}


Both countries established diplomatic ties on 19 January 1959. Since then, the relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.<ref name=minrelextcol>[http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 {{in lang|es}} Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216114159/http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 }} Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref>
Both countries established diplomatic ties on 19 January 1959. Since then, the relationship between the two countries has been gradually increasing with more frequent diplomatic visits to promote political, commercial cultural and academic exchanges. Colombia is currently the commercial point of entry into Latin America for Indian companies.<ref name=minrelextcol>[http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 {{in lang|es}} Colombian ministry of foreign affairs: Colombia-India relations] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071216114159/http://www.minrelext.gov.co/WebContentManager/webapp/display.jsp?sid=9902&pid=7256 |date=16 December 2007 }} Colombian Ministry of Foreign Affairs. Retrieved 14 December 2007.</ref>


;Ecuador
;Ecuador
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Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established on 1 October 1959.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela">{{cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.embaveneindia.com/|website=Embassy of Venezuela, New Delhi|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111065032/http://embaveneindia.com/|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India maintains an embassy in [[Caracas]], while Venezuela maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]].
Diplomatic relations between India and Venezuela were established on 1 October 1959.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela">{{cite web|title=Diplomatic Relations|url=http://www.embaveneindia.com/|website=Embassy of Venezuela, New Delhi|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170111065032/http://embaveneindia.com/|archive-date=11 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> India maintains an embassy in [[Caracas]], while Venezuela maintains an embassy in [[New Delhi]].


There have been several visits by heads of state and government, and other high-level officials between the countries. President [[Hugo Chávez]] visited New Delhi on 4–7 March 2005.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela"/> Chávez met with Indian President [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The two countries signed six agreements including one to establish a Joint Commission to promote bilateral relations and another on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector. Foreign Minister [[Nicolás Maduro]] visited India to attend the First Meeting of the India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi on 7 August 2012.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India-Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113021153/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
There have been several visits by heads of state and government, and other high-level officials between the countries. President [[Hugo Chávez]] visited New Delhi on 4–7 March 2005.<ref name="Embassy of Venezuela"/> Chávez met with Indian President [[APJ Abdul Kalam]] and Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]. The two countries signed six agreements including one to establish a Joint Commission to promote bilateral relations and another on cooperation in the hydrocarbon sector. Foreign Minister [[Nicolás Maduro]] visited India to attend the First Meeting of the India-CELAC Troika Foreign Ministers meeting in New Delhi on 7 August 2012.<ref name="MEA2016">{{cite web|title=India-Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|website=Ministry of External Affairs|access-date=8 January 2017|date=July 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113021153/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/ForeignRelation/Venezuela_July_2016.pdf|archive-date=13 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>


The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela signed an MoU during a visit by Indian Election Commissioner V S Sampath to Caracas in 2012. The Minister of State for Corporate Affairs visited Venezuela to attend the state funeral of President Chavez in March 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The President and Prime Minister of India expressed condolences on the death of Chávez. The [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, observed a minute's silence to mark his death. Ambassador Smita Purushottam represented India at the swearing-in ceremony of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro on 19 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India – Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511181402/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
The Election Commission of India (ECI) and the National Electoral Council (CNE) of Venezuela signed an MoU during a visit by Indian Election Commissioner V S Sampath to Caracas in 2012. The Minister of State for Corporate Affairs visited Venezuela to attend the state funeral of President Chavez in March 2013.<ref name="MEA2016"/> The President and Prime Minister of India expressed condolences on the death of Chávez. The [[Rajya Sabha]], the upper house of Parliament, observed a minute's silence to mark his death. Ambassador Smita Purushottam represented India at the swearing-in ceremony of Chávez's successor Nicolás Maduro on 19 April 2013.<ref>{{cite web|title=India – Venezuela Relations|url=https://www.mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|date=1 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150511181402/http://mea.gov.in/Portal/CountryQuickLink/706_Bilateral_Brief_1_August_2013.pdf|archive-date=11 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>


Citizens of Venezuela are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ITEC|url=http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192305/http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
Citizens of Venezuela are eligible for scholarships under the [[Indian Technical and Economic Cooperation Programme]] and the [[Indian Council for Cultural Relations]].<ref name="MEA2016"/><ref>{{cite web|title=ITEC|url=http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|website=Embassy of India, Caracas|access-date=8 January 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170108192305/http://www.embindia.org/eoi.php?id=ITEC|archive-date=8 January 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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{{See also|India–Tibet relations|Hong Kong–India relations}}
{{See also|India–Tibet relations|Hong Kong–India relations}}


[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries has surpassed US$65 billion by 2015 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431 |title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010 |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>|220x220px]]
[[File:Jawaharlal Nehru Trust Port.jpg|thumb|A Chinese container ship unloads cargo at the [[Jawaharlal Nehru Port]] in India. Bilateral trade between the two countries has surpassed US$65 billion by 2015 making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431 |title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010 |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=6 June 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>|220x220px]]


[[File:Liu Shaoqi and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Liu Shaoqi]], the then [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]] with [[Indira Gandhi]] when she was the President of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>]]Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La incidents]], and continuing boundary disputes over [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalise relations.<ref>John W.  Garver,  ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref>
[[File:Liu Shaoqi and Indira Gandhi.jpg|thumb|220x220px|[[Liu Shaoqi]], the then [[Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Chairman]] of the [[Standing Committee of the National People's Congress|Standing Committee]] of the [[National People's Congress]] with [[Indira Gandhi]] when she was the President of [[Indian National Congress]].<ref name=":0">{{cite news|date=6 June 2008|title=Indo-China trade to surpass $60 bn before 2010|newspaper=Business Standard India|url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?tp=on&autono=39431|access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>]]Despite lingering suspicions remaining from the 1962 [[Sino-Indian War]], the 1967 [[Nathu La and Cho La incidents]], and continuing boundary disputes over [[Aksai Chin]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]], Sino-Indian relations have improved gradually since 1988. Both countries have sought to reduce tensions along the frontier, expand trade and cultural ties, and normalise relations.<ref>John W.  Garver,  ''Protracted Contest: Sino-Indian Rivalry in the Twentieth Century'' (2001), post 1950</ref>


A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, [[President of the People's Republic of China|PRC President]] [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between India and the PRC were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact. In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised [[Sikkim]] as a formal part of India in 2004.
A series of high-level visits between the two nations have helped improve relations. In December 1996, [[President of the People's Republic of China|PRC President]] [[Jiang Zemin]] visited India during a tour of South Asia. While in New Delhi, he signed with the Indian Prime Minister a series of confidence-building measures for the disputed borders. Sino-Indian relations suffered a brief setback in May 1998 when the Indian Defence minister justified the country's nuclear tests by citing potential threats from the PRC. However, in June 1999, during the [[Kargil War|Kargil]] crisis, then-External Affairs Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] visited Beijing and stated that India did not consider China a threat. By 2001, relations between India and the PRC were on the mend, and the two sides handled the move from [[Tibet]] to India of the 17th [[Karmapa]] in January 2000 with delicacy and tact. In 2003, India formally recognised Tibet as a part of China, and China recognised [[Sikkim]] as a formal part of India in 2004.


Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |first=Saibal |last=Dasgupta |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms |title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between India and China has also bought the two nations closer politically, with both India and China eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |title=news.outlookindia.com |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |archive-date=25 April 2005 }}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920 |title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks |newspaper=Business Standard India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> to regional [[free trade agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms |title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], India and China have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013173555/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008 |title=Front Page : India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Gauging India's Response to OBOR |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/07/Gauging-India-s-Response-to-OBOR-003-07-2017-0013.html |journal=IndraStra |issn=2381-3652}}</ref> Both countries are the largest Asian investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM |title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. {{pipe}} AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy |publisher=AccessMyLibrary |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and have competed for control over their large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch], 16 November 2007</ref>
Since 2004, the economic rise of both China and India has also helped forge closer relations between the two. Sino-Indian trade reached US$65.47 billion in 2013–14, making China the single largest trading partner of India.<ref>{{cite news |first=Saibal |last=Dasgupta |date=17 January 2008 |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2706372,prtpage-1.cms |title=China is India's largest trade ally – International Business – Biz |work=The Times of India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The increasing economic reliance between India and China has also bought the two nations closer politically, with both India and China eager to resolve their boundary dispute.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |title=news.outlookindia.com |publisher=Outlookindia.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050425231736/http://outlookindia.com/pti_news.asp?id=291668 |archive-date=25 April 2005 }}</ref> They have also collaborated on several issues ranging from [[WTO]]'s [[Doha Development Round|Doha round]] in 2008<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.business-standard.com/india/storypage.php?autono=329920 |title=US blames India, China for blocking Doha talks |newspaper=Business Standard India |date=29 July 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> to regional [[free trade agreement]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/msid-2798864,prtpage-1.cms |title=India, China to work on FTA recommendations- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=20 February 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Similar to [[India–United States Civil Nuclear Agreement|Indo-US nuclear deal]], India and China have also agreed to cooperate in the field of civilian [[Nuclear power|nuclear energy]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081013173555/http://www.hindu.com/2008/01/15/stories/2008011555490100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=13 October 2008 |title=Front Page : India, China to promote cooperation in civil nuclear energy |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> However, China's economic interests have clashed with those of India.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Global |first=IndraStra |title=Gauging India's Response to OBOR |url=http://www.indrastra.com/2017/07/Gauging-India-s-Response-to-OBOR-003-07-2017-0013.html |journal=IndraStra |issn=2381-3652}}</ref> Both countries are the largest Asian investors in Africa<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.accessmylibrary.com/coms2/summary_0286-30143539_ITM |title=Article: India, China top Asian FDI list in Africa. {{pipe}} AccessMyLibrary – Promoting library advocacy |publisher=AccessMyLibrary |date=28 March 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and have competed for control over their large natural resources.<ref>[http://allafrica.com/stories/200711160462.html Africa: China's Africa Overture Needs Common Touch], 16 November 2007</ref>


There was a tense situation due to the soldiers' [[2017 China–India border standoff|stand-off in Doklam]], Bhutan; but that was resolved early.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, during G20 Summit 2016, in Hangzhou, China on September 04, 2016.jpg|thumb|The Current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and President of China [[Xi Jinping]], at G7 Summit, [[China]] {{small|(2016)}}|left]]Relations were lost due to [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kiran|title=India and China face off along disputed Himalayan border|work=[[The Nikkei]]|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|title=India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiachina-border-row-air-forces-hold-formation-in-ladakh-101617138487983.html|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Timeline of the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|its progress]]. India ceased imports of Chinese products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|title=Traders' body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over 'continued' border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=23 April 2021|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Various measures were taken, such as several contracts with the Chinese companies involved in railways, networks and several items productions, which were cancelled in response.<ref>{{cite web|title=States, PSUs back off from Chinese contracts; new orders also scarce as India calls for China boycott|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economic-face-off-states-psus-lead-china-hit-back/2000090/|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>  
There was a tense situation due to the soldiers' [[2017 China–India border standoff|stand-off in Doklam]], Bhutan; but that was resolved early.<ref name="Hindustan Times"/> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi with the President of the People's Republic of China, Mr. Xi Jinping, during G20 Summit 2016, in Hangzhou, China on September 04, 2016.jpg|thumb|The Current Prime Minister of India, Narendra Modi and President of China [[Xi Jinping]], at G7 Summit, [[China]] {{small|(2016)}}|left]]Relations were lost due to [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|Galwan Valley skirmishes]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Sharma|first=Kiran|date=28 May 2020|title=India and China face off along disputed Himalayan border|work=[[The Nikkei]]|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/International-relations/India-and-China-face-off-along-disputed-Himalayan-border|access-date=28 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Singh|first=Rahul|date=31 March 2021|title=India-China border row: Air forces hold formation in Ladakh|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/indiachina-border-row-air-forces-hold-formation-in-ladakh-101617138487983.html|access-date=31 March 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> and [[Timeline of the 2020–2021 China–India skirmishes|its progress]]. India ceased imports of Chinese products.<ref>{{cite web|last=Pandey|first=Neelam|date=16 June 2020|title=Traders' body calls for boycott of 3,000 Chinese products over 'continued' border clashes|url=https://theprint.in/india/traders-body-calls-for-boycott-of-3000-chinese-products-over-continued-border-clashes/442885/|access-date=23 April 2021|publisher=[[ThePrint]]|language=en-US}}</ref> Various measures were taken, such as several contracts with the Chinese companies involved in railways, networks and several items productions, which were cancelled in response.<ref>{{cite web|date=23 June 2020|title=States, PSUs back off from Chinese contracts; new orders also scarce as India calls for China boycott|url=https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/economic-face-off-states-psus-lead-china-hit-back/2000090/|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Financial Express (India)|The Financial Express]]|language=en-US}}</ref>  
The outbreak of the [[Covid-19 pandemic in India|Coronavirus pandemic]] from Wuhan also hampered the relations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|title=As pandemic unfolded, ties with China came under severe stress: Jaishankar|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/as-pandemic-unfolded-relationship-with-china-has-come-under-severe-stress-jaishankar-11604170323934.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> Following the straining of the bonds, both sides blamed each other for the conflict on LAC.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|title=China accuses Indian troops of firing first during Monday's skirmish at LAC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-accuses-indian-troops-of-firing-first-during-monday-s-skirmish-at-lac-1719832-2020-09-08|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> On 29–30 August, it was reported that China had allegedly attempted to cross LAC to attain important hilltops, which was filed by Indian troops, as they were an advantage of acquiring important tops near LAC.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Made 2nd Provocative Action on Aug 31, While Talks to Resolve Aug 30 Face-Off Were On|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-lac-india-pangong-tso-lake-standoff|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> India banned more than 250 Chinese apps,<ref>{{cite web|last=Arora|first=Devesh|title=Complete list of 267 Chinese apps banned in India: PUBG Mobile, TikTok, AliExpress and more|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-list-of-all-chinese-apps-banned-in-india-2020-667131|access-date=23 April 2021|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=[[India TV]]|language=en}}</ref> and on 16 October, it banned the import of ACs, Refrigerators and Coolers from China.<ref>{{cite web|title=India bans import of air conditioners with refrigerants in blow to China|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-air-conditioner-ban-dgft-domestic-manufacturing-boost-china-1732184-2020-10-16|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Several core commanders' negotiations and talks were held,<ref>{{cite web|title=India-China meeting of Army Commanders on June 06, 2020|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32746/IndiaChina_meeting_of_Army_Commanders_on_June_06_2020|access-date=23 April 2021|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> which resulted in nothing other than vague promises then. [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes#In media|Cross-media blaming]] was common.
The outbreak of the [[Covid-19 pandemic in India|Coronavirus pandemic]] from Wuhan also hampered the relations.<ref>{{cite web|last=Roche|first=Elizabeth|date=1 November 2020|title=As pandemic unfolded, ties with China came under severe stress: Jaishankar|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/as-pandemic-unfolded-relationship-with-china-has-come-under-severe-stress-jaishankar-11604170323934.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[Mint (newspaper)|The Mint]]|language=en}}</ref> Following the straining of the bonds, both sides blamed each other for the conflict on LAC.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mohan|first=Geeta|title=China accuses Indian troops of firing first during Monday's skirmish at LAC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/china-accuses-indian-troops-of-firing-first-during-monday-s-skirmish-at-lac-1719832-2020-09-08|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> On 29–30 August, it was reported that China had allegedly attempted to cross LAC to attain important hilltops, which was filed by Indian troops, as they were an advantage of acquiring important tops near LAC.<ref>{{cite web|title=China Made 2nd Provocative Action on Aug 31, While Talks to Resolve Aug 30 Face-Off Were On|url=https://thewire.in/security/china-lac-india-pangong-tso-lake-standoff|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Wire (India)|The Wire]]}}</ref> India banned more than 250 Chinese apps,<ref>{{cite web|last=Arora|first=Devesh|date=24 November 2020|title=Complete list of 267 Chinese apps banned in India: PUBG Mobile, TikTok, AliExpress and more|url=https://www.indiatvnews.com/technology/news-list-of-all-chinese-apps-banned-in-india-2020-667131|access-date=23 April 2021|website=indiatvnews.com|publisher=[[India TV]]|language=en}}</ref> and on 16 October, it banned the import of ACs, Refrigerators and Coolers from China.<ref>{{cite web|title=India bans import of air conditioners with refrigerants in blow to China|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/business/story/india-air-conditioner-ban-dgft-domestic-manufacturing-boost-china-1732184-2020-10-16|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Several core commanders' negotiations and talks were held,<ref>{{cite web|title=India-China meeting of Army Commanders on June 06, 2020|url=https://mea.gov.in/press-releases.htm?dtl/32746/IndiaChina_meeting_of_Army_Commanders_on_June_06_2020|access-date=23 April 2021|website=mea.gov.in|publisher=[[Ministry of External Affairs (India)]]}}</ref> which resulted in nothing other than vague promises then. [[2020–2021 China–India skirmishes#In media|Cross-media blaming]] was common.


There was even a conference held in [[Moscow]], Russia, on 5 September between the Defence Minister of India, [[Rajnath Singh]] and Chinese Army General, [[Wei Fenghe]], but that also ended up with no success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Foreign ministers of Russia, India, China meet in Moscow|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/foreign-ministers-of-russia-india-china-meet-in-moscow/articleshow/78041123.cms|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> The recent meeting of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad-alliance]] was also questioned by China,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|title=Quad summit {{!}} Small cliques will destroy international order, says China|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/quad-summit-small-cliques-will-destroy-international-order-says-china/article34076342.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but was then downed by India.<ref>{{cite web|title=Quad Summit Shows India Ready to Reciprocate China Policy of Containing Us Even As It Engages Us|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/quad-summit-shows-india-ready-to-reciprocate-china-policy-of-containing-us-even-as-it-engages-us-3532205.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=news18.com|publisher=[[News 18]]|language=en}}</ref>
There was even a conference held in [[Moscow]], Russia, on 5 September between the Defence Minister of India, [[Rajnath Singh]] and Chinese Army General, [[Wei Fenghe]], but that also ended up with no success.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Foreign ministers of Russia, India, China meet in Moscow|work=[[The Economic Times]]|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/foreign-ministers-of-russia-india-china-meet-in-moscow/articleshow/78041123.cms|access-date=23 April 2021}}</ref> The recent meeting of the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue|Quad-alliance]] was also questioned by China,<ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnan|first=Ananth|date=15 March 2021|title=Quad summit {{!}} Small cliques will destroy international order, says China|language=en-IN|work=The Hindu|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/quad-summit-small-cliques-will-destroy-international-order-says-china/article34076342.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref> but was then downed by India.<ref>{{cite web|date=14 March 2021|title=Quad Summit Shows India Ready to Reciprocate China Policy of Containing Us Even As It Engages Us|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/quad-summit-shows-india-ready-to-reciprocate-china-policy-of-containing-us-even-as-it-engages-us-3532205.html|access-date=23 April 2021|website=news18.com|publisher=[[News 18]]|language=en}}</ref>


In mid-January 2021, it was reported that both countries had finally agreed upon the de-escalation from their positions. Footage of Chinese troops removing tents/barracks was released. Both countries also agreed that India would move back to Finger-3, while China retained its position back to Finger-8, and also declared the area from Finger-3 to Finger-8 to be "[[No man's land]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|title=Explained {{!}} The disengagement plan between India and China along the LAC|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-disengagement-plan-between-india-and-china-along-the-lac/article33841285.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>
In mid-January 2021, it was reported that both countries had finally agreed upon the de-escalation from their positions. Footage of Chinese troops removing tents/barracks was released. Both countries also agreed that India would move back to Finger-3, while China retained its position back to Finger-8, and also declared the area from Finger-3 to Finger-8 to be "[[No man's land]]".<ref>{{Cite news|last=Peri|first=Dinakar|date=15 February 2021|title=Explained {{!}} The disengagement plan between India and China along the LAC|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/national/explained-the-disengagement-plan-between-india-and-china-along-the-lac/article33841285.ece|access-date=23 April 2021|issn=0971-751X}}</ref>


;Japan
;Japan
Line 639: Line 643:
India-Japan relations have always been strong. India has culturally influenced Japan through [[Buddhism]]. During [[World War II]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] helped [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]]. Relations have remained warm since India's independence, despite Japan imposing [[International sanctions|sanctions]] on India after the 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests (the sanctions were removed in 2001).
India-Japan relations have always been strong. India has culturally influenced Japan through [[Buddhism]]. During [[World War II]], the [[Imperial Japanese Army]] helped [[Subhas Chandra Bose|Netaji Subhash Chandra Bose]]'s [[Indian National Army]]. Relations have remained warm since India's independence, despite Japan imposing [[International sanctions|sanctions]] on India after the 1998 [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests (the sanctions were removed in 2001).
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2002_-_Colnect_834423_-_India_Japan_50th_Anniversary_Diplomatic_Relations.jpeg|left|thumb|Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 834423 - India Japan 50th Anniversary Diplomatic Relations]]
[[File:Stamp_of_India_-_2002_-_Colnect_834423_-_India_Japan_50th_Anniversary_Diplomatic_Relations.jpeg|left|thumb|Stamp of India - 2002 - Colnect 834423 - India Japan 50th Anniversary Diplomatic Relations]]
<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/09/09/national/japan-ready-to-lift-sanctions-on-india/ "Japan ready to lift sanctions on India"] – The [[Japan Times]], 9 September 2001.</ref> Japanese companies, like [[Sony]], [[Toyota]], and [[Honda]], have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. The most prominent Japanese company to have a big investment in India is automobiles giant [[Suzuki]] which is in partnership with Indian automobile company [[Maruti Suzuki]], the largest car manufacturer in India. Honda was also a partner in "[[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]]", one of the largest motorcycle sellers in the world (the companies split in 2011<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_hero-honda-split-after-26-years_1482149 |title=Hero, Honda split after 26 years}}</ref>).
<ref>[https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2001/09/09/national/japan-ready-to-lift-sanctions-on-india/ "Japan ready to lift sanctions on India"] – The [[Japan Times]], 9 September 2001.</ref> Japanese companies, like [[Sony]], [[Toyota]], and [[Honda]], have manufacturing facilities in India, and with the growth of the Indian economy, India is a big market for Japanese firms. The most prominent Japanese company to have a big investment in India is automobiles giant [[Suzuki]] which is in partnership with Indian automobile company [[Maruti Suzuki]], the largest car manufacturer in India. Honda was also a partner in "[[Hero MotoCorp|Hero Honda]]", one of the largest motorcycle sellers in the world (the companies split in 2011<ref>{{cite web |date=17 December 2011 |url=http://www.dnaindia.com/money/report_hero-honda-split-after-26-years_1482149 |title=Hero, Honda split after 26 years}}</ref>).
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting Japanese PM Shinzo Abe.jpg|thumb|Former PM Shinzo Abe and PM Narendra Modi |220x220px]]
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi meeting Japanese PM Shinzo Abe.jpg|thumb|Former PM Shinzo Abe and PM Narendra Modi |220x220px]]


According to Former Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]'s ''arc of freedom'' theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, the world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure projects in India, most notably in [[New Delhi]]'s metro subway system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pinr.com/maintenance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024174544/http://pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=706&language_id=1|url-status=dead|title=Maintenance {{pipe}} Pinr - Local Business Directory|archive-date=24 October 2007|website=pinr.com}}</ref> In December 2006, then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in 2007, the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] took part in a naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, known as [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar 2007]], which also involved the naval forces of India, Australia, Singapore and the United States.
According to Former Prime Minister [[Shinzō Abe]]'s ''arc of freedom'' theory, it is in Japan's interests to develop closer ties with India, the world's most populous democracy, while its relations with China remain chilly. To this end, Japan has funded many infrastructure projects in India, most notably in [[New Delhi]]'s metro subway system.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://pinr.com/maintenance|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024174544/http://pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=706&language_id=1|url-status=dead|title=Maintenance {{pipe}} Pinr - Local Business Directory|archive-date=24 October 2007|website=pinr.com}}</ref> In December 2006, then Prime Minister [[Manmohan Singh]]'s visit to Japan culminated in the signing of the "Joint Statement Towards Japan-India Strategic and Global Partnership". Indian applicants were welcomed in 2006 to the JET Programme, starting with just one slot available in 2006 and 41 in 2007. Also, in 2007, the [[Japan Self-Defense Forces]] took part in a naval exercise in the Indian Ocean, known as [[Exercise Malabar|Malabar 2007]], which also involved the naval forces of India, Australia, Singapore and the United States.


In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would grant the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflects a growing economic partnership between the two.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |title=AFP: Boosting ties, Japan offers India record loan for railway |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104181200/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |archive-date=4 November 2008 }}</ref> India and Japan signed a security cooperation agreement<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028024542/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2008 |title=Pakistan: Now or Never? " Blog Archive " India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? {{pipe}} Blogs {{pipe}} |work=Reuters.com |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting [[terrorism]], making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.<ref name="blogs.reuters.com">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-Japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |work=Reuters |title=India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301213612/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 25,000 Indians in Japan as of 2008.
In October 2008, Japan signed an agreement with India under which it would grant the latter a low-interest loan worth US$4.5 billion to construct a high-speed rail line between Delhi and Mumbai. This is the single largest overseas project being financed by Japan and reflects a growing economic partnership between the two.<ref>{{cite web |date=22 October 2008 |url=http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |title=AFP: Boosting ties, Japan offers India record loan for railway |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081104181200/http://afp.google.com/article/ALeqM5giqHnL_f6-aawPmSTcHokJyngxbg |archive-date=4 November 2008 }}</ref> India and Japan signed a security cooperation agreement<ref>{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028024542/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |url-status=dead |archive-date=28 October 2008 |title=Pakistan: Now or Never? " Blog Archive " India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? {{pipe}} Blogs {{pipe}} |work=Reuters.com |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> in which both will hold military exercises, police the Indian Ocean and conduct military-to-military exchanges on fighting [[terrorism]], making India one of only three countries, the other two being the United States and Australia, with which Japan has such a security pact.<ref name="blogs.reuters.com">{{cite news |url=http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-Japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |work=Reuters |title=India, Japan in security pact; a new architecture for Asia? |date=25 October 2008 |access-date=13 January 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100301213612/http://blogs.reuters.com/pakistan/2008/10/25/india-japan-in-security-pact-a-new-architecture-for-asia/ |archive-date=1 March 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> There are 25,000 Indians in Japan as of 2008.


;Mongolia
;Mongolia
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[[File:Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon Jae-in take Delhi Metro ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.JPG|left|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. [[Moon Jae-in]] take [[Delhi Metro]] ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World's Largest Mobile Factory, in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]
[[File:Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. Moon Jae-in take Delhi Metro ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World’s Largest Mobile Factory, in Noida, Uttar Pradesh.JPG|left|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the President of the Republic of South Korea, Mr. [[Moon Jae-in]] take [[Delhi Metro]] ride on the way to inaugurate the Samsung manufacturing plant, World's Largest Mobile Factory, in [[Noida]], [[Uttar Pradesh]].]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2019 - Colnect 882632 - Joint Issue with South Korea.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 2019 - Joint Issue with South Korea commemorating relationship when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 2019 - Colnect 882632 - Joint Issue with South Korea.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 2019 - Joint Issue with South Korea commemorating relationship when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.]]
The cordial relationship between the two countries extends back to 48AD, when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.<ref name="NDTV">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134322/http://www.ndtv.com/features/showfeatures.asp?id=813&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=korea%2Ckim%2Cdynasty NDTV article]. Web.archive.org (29 September 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], the princess had a dream about a heavenly king who was awaiting heaven's anointed ride. After Princess Heo had the dream, she asked her parents, the king and queen, for permission to set out and seek the man, which the king and queen urged with the belief that god orchestrated the whole fate.<ref name="Samguk">Iryeon, pp. 161–164. (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) (1972). Samguk Yusa. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}.</ref> Upon approval, she set out on a boat, carrying gold, silver, a tea plant, and a stone which calmed the waters.<ref name="NDTV"/> Archeologists discovered a stone with two fish kissing each other, a symbol of the [[Geumgwan Gaya|Gaya kingdom]] that is unique to the [[Mishra]] royal family in [[Ayodhya]], India. This royal link provides further evidence that there was an active commercial engagement between India and Korea since the queen's arrival in Korea.<ref name="NDTV"/> Current descendants live in the city of Gimhae as well as abroad in the America states of New Jersey and Kentucky. Many of them became prominent and well-known around the world like President [[Kim Dae-jung|Kim Dae Jung]] and Prime Minister [[Kim Jong-pil]]. The relations between the countries have been relatively limited, although much progress arose during the three decades. Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries in 1973, several trade agreements have been reached. Trade between the two nations has increased exponentially, exemplified by the $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992–1993, and the $10 billion during 2006–2007.<ref name="IDSA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070521072455/http://www.idsa.in/publications/stratcomments/RohitPattnaik220906.htm IDSA publication]. Web.archive.org (21 May 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], South Korean businesses sought to increase access to the global markets and began trade investments with India.<ref name="IDSA"/> The last two presidential visits from South Korea to India were in 1996 and 2006,<ref name="blue house">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015633/http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|url-status=dead|title=Blue House commentary|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and the embassy works between the two countries are seen as needing improvements.<ref name="joongang">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309194250/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200310/06/200310062328421439900090309031.html Joong-ang Daily News article]. Web.archive.org (9 March 2005). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Recently, there have been acknowledgements in the Korean public and political spheres that expanding relations with India should be a major economic and political priority for South Korea. Much of the economic investments of South Korea have been drained into China;<ref name="chosun">[http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html Chosun news article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180513/http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html }}. Chosun.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> however, South Korea is currently the fifth largest source of investment in India.<ref name="FICCI KOREA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061403/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/korea/koreacommercialrelation.htm FICCI i nfo]. Web.archive.org (21 January 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> To [[The Times of India]], President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] voiced his opinion that cooperation between India's software and Korea's IT industries would bring very efficient and successful outcomes.<ref name="blue house"/> The two countries agreed to shift their focus to the revision of the visa policies between the two countries, expansion of trade, and establishment of [[free trade agreement]] to encourage further investment between the two countries. Korean companies such as [[Lucky Goldstar|LG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] and [[Samsung]] have established manufacturing and service facilities in India, and several Korean construction companies won grants for a portion of the many infrastructural building plans in India, such as the "National Highway Development Project".<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/> Tata Motor's purchase of [[Daewoo]] Commercial Vehicles at the cost of $102 million highlights India's investments in Korea, which consist mostly of subcontracting.<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/>
The cordial relationship between the two countries extends back to 48AD, when Queen Suro, or [[Heo Hwang-ok|Princess Heo]], travelled from the kingdom of Ayodhya to Korea.<ref name="NDTV">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070929134322/http://www.ndtv.com/features/showfeatures.asp?id=813&frmsrch=1&txtsrch=korea%2Ckim%2Cdynasty NDTV article]. Web.archive.org (29 September 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> According to the [[Samguk Yusa]], the princess had a dream about a heavenly king who was awaiting heaven's anointed ride. After Princess Heo had the dream, she asked her parents, the king and queen, for permission to set out and seek the man, which the king and queen urged with the belief that god orchestrated the whole fate.<ref name="Samguk">Iryeon, pp. 161–164. (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) (1972). Samguk Yusa. Seoul: Yonsei University Press. {{ISBN|89-7141-017-5}}.</ref> Upon approval, she set out on a boat, carrying gold, silver, a tea plant, and a stone which calmed the waters.<ref name="NDTV"/> Archeologists discovered a stone with two fish kissing each other, a symbol of the [[Geumgwan Gaya|Gaya kingdom]] that is unique to the [[Mishra]] royal family in [[Ayodhya]], India. This royal link provides further evidence that there was an active commercial engagement between India and Korea since the queen's arrival in Korea.<ref name="NDTV"/> Current descendants live in the city of Gimhae as well as abroad in the America states of New Jersey and Kentucky. Many of them became prominent and well-known around the world like President [[Kim Dae-jung|Kim Dae Jung]] and Prime Minister [[Kim Jong-pil]]. The relations between the countries have been relatively limited, although much progress arose during the three decades. Since the formal establishment of diplomatic ties between the two countries in 1973, several trade agreements have been reached. Trade between the two nations has increased exponentially, exemplified by the $530 million during the fiscal year of 1992–1993, and the $10 billion during 2006–2007.<ref name="IDSA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20070521072455/http://www.idsa.in/publications/stratcomments/RohitPattnaik220906.htm IDSA publication]. Web.archive.org (21 May 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> During the [[1997 Asian financial crisis]], South Korean businesses sought to increase access to the global markets and began trade investments with India.<ref name="IDSA"/> The last two presidential visits from South Korea to India were in 1996 and 2006,<ref name="blue house">{{cite web|url=http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930015633/http://www.president.go.kr/cwd/kr/archive/popup_archive_print.php?meta_id=diplomacy_2004_03_1&id=e40ef57671fb72a4b3269f7d|url-status=dead|title=Blue House commentary|archive-date=30 September 2007}}</ref> and the embassy works between the two countries are seen as needing improvements.<ref name="joongang">[https://web.archive.org/web/20050309194250/http://joongangdaily.joins.com/200310/06/200310062328421439900090309031.html Joong-ang Daily News article]. Web.archive.org (9 March 2005). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Recently, there have been acknowledgements in the Korean public and political spheres that expanding relations with India should be a major economic and political priority for South Korea. Much of the economic investments of South Korea have been drained into China;<ref name="chosun">[http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html Chosun news article] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303180513/http://www.chosun.com/editorials/news/200611/200611170385.html |date=3 March 2016 }}. Chosun.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> however, South Korea is currently the fifth largest source of investment in India.<ref name="FICCI KOREA">[https://web.archive.org/web/20080221061403/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/korea/koreacommercialrelation.htm FICCI i nfo]. Web.archive.org (21 January 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> To [[The Times of India]], President [[Roh Moo-hyun]] voiced his opinion that cooperation between India's software and Korea's IT industries would bring very efficient and successful outcomes.<ref name="blue house"/> The two countries agreed to shift their focus to the revision of the visa policies between the two countries, expansion of trade, and establishment of [[free trade agreement]] to encourage further investment between the two countries. Korean companies such as [[Lucky Goldstar|LG]], [[Hyundai Motor Group|Hyundai]] and [[Samsung]] have established manufacturing and service facilities in India, and several Korean construction companies won grants for a portion of the many infrastructural building plans in India, such as the "National Highway Development Project".<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/> Tata Motor's purchase of [[Daewoo]] Commercial Vehicles at the cost of $102 million highlights India's investments in Korea, which consist mostly of subcontracting.<ref name="FICCI KOREA"/>


===South===
===South===
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[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Afghanistan, Dr. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on September 19, 2018.JPG|thumb|Indian PM Narendra Modi, hosting [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Ashraf Ghani]], in [[New Delhi]] {{small|(2018)}}|right]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the President of Afghanistan, Dr. Mohammad Ashraf Ghani, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on September 19, 2018.JPG|thumb|Indian PM Narendra Modi, hosting [[President of Afghanistan]], [[Ashraf Ghani]], in [[New Delhi]] {{small|(2018)}}|right]]
Bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan have been traditionally strong and friendly. While India was the only South Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil wars]] and the rule of the Islamist [[Taliban]] in the 1990s.<ref name="RED">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html |title=India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Barbara |last=Crossette }}</ref> India aided the overthrow of the Taliban and became the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |title=India's Northern Exposure |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303135744/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |archive-date=3 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="IP">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/B5BFE0BE-ED5D-43DE-A768-99A6AB1E6C5C.html |title=Kabul's India ties worry Pakistan |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> The new democratically elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in the wake of persisting tensions and problems with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="IP"/> India pursues a policy of close cooperation to bolster its standing as a regional power and contains its rival Pakistan, which it maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India.<ref name="CFR"/> India is the largest regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$3 billion for reconstruction purposes.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News India, Afghanistan united against terror] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223623/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News }}, 4 August 2008</ref> After the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] collapsed, India [[Operation Devi Shakti|participated in the evacuation of non-Muslim minorities]] and provided food aid to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban Commend India for Sending Humanitarian Aid to Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-commend-india-for-sending-humanitarian-aid-to-afghanistan/6386809.html |website=VOA }}</ref>
Bilateral relations between India and Afghanistan have been traditionally strong and friendly. While India was the only South Asian country to recognise the Soviet-backed [[Democratic Republic of Afghanistan]] in the 1980s, its relations were diminished during the [[War in Afghanistan (1978–present)|Afghan civil wars]] and the rule of the Islamist [[Taliban]] in the 1990s.<ref name="RED">{{cite news|url= https://www.nytimes.com/1989/03/07/world/india-to-provide-aid-to-government-in-afghanistan.html |title=India to Provide Aid to Government in Afghanistan |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=[[The New York Times]] |first=Barbara |last=Crossette |date=7 March 1989}}</ref> India aided the overthrow of the Taliban and became the largest regional provider of humanitarian and reconstruction aid.<ref name="CFR">{{cite web |url=http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |title=India's Northern Exposure |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Council on Foreign Relations]] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080303135744/http://www.cfr.org/publication/14969/ |archive-date=3 March 2008 }}</ref><ref name="IP">{{cite web |url=http://www.rferl.org/featuresarticle/2006/04/B5BFE0BE-ED5D-43DE-A768-99A6AB1E6C5C.html |title=Kabul's India ties worry Pakistan |access-date=3 June 2008 |publisher=[[Radio Free Europe]], [[Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty]]}}</ref> The new democratically elected Afghan government strengthened its ties with India in the wake of persisting tensions and problems with Pakistan, which is continuing to shelter and support the Taliban.<ref name="CFR"/><ref name="IP"/> India pursues a policy of close cooperation to bolster its standing as a regional power and contains its rival Pakistan, which it maintains is supporting Islamic militants in Kashmir and other parts of India.<ref name="CFR"/> India is the largest regional investor in Afghanistan, having committed more than US$3 billion for reconstruction purposes.<ref>[http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News India, Afghanistan united against terror] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508223623/http://www.ndtv.com/convergence/ndtv/mumbaiterrorstrike/Story.aspx?ID=NEWEN20080060107&type=News |date=8 May 2013 }}, 4 August 2008</ref> After the [[Islamic Republic of Afghanistan]] collapsed, India [[Operation Devi Shakti|participated in the evacuation of non-Muslim minorities]] and provided food aid to Taliban-ruled Afghanistan.<ref>{{cite web |title=Taliban Commend India for Sending Humanitarian Aid to Afghanistan |url=https://www.voanews.com/a/taliban-commend-india-for-sending-humanitarian-aid-to-afghanistan/6386809.html |website=VOA |date=7 January 2022}}</ref>


;Bangladesh
;Bangladesh
Line 682: Line 686:
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]] signing the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]] under the gaze of Lt Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]], effectively ending [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and creating the new state of [[Bangladesh]].|left]]
[[File:1971 Instrument of Surrender.jpg|thumb|Lt Gen [[Amir Abdullah Khan Niazi|Niazi]] signing the [[Instrument of Surrender (1971)|Instrument of Surrender]] under the gaze of Lt Gen [[Jagjit Singh Aurora|Aurora]], effectively ending [[Bangladesh Liberation War]] and creating the new state of [[Bangladesh]].|left]]


At the outset, India's relations with Bangladesh could not have been stronger because of India's unalloyed support for independence and opposition against Pakistan in 1971. During the independence war, many refugees fled to India. When the struggle of resistance matured in November 1971, India also intervened militarily and may have helped bring international attention to the issue through [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India extended recognition to Bangladesh before the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after Bhutan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bhutan-not-India-was-first-to-recognize-Bangladesh/articleshow/45434808.cms|title=Bangladesh independende: Bhutan, not India, was first to recognize Bangladesh |website=The Times of India}}</ref>) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land of Bangladesh when [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] requested [[Indira Gandhi]] to do so during the latter's visit to Dhaka in 1972.{{Citation needed}}
At the outset, India's relations with Bangladesh could not have been stronger because of India's unalloyed support for independence and opposition against Pakistan in 1971. During the independence war, many refugees fled to India. When the struggle of resistance matured in November 1971, India also intervened militarily and may have helped bring international attention to the issue through [[Indira Gandhi]]'s visit to Washington, D.C. Afterwards India furnished relief and reconstruction aid. India extended recognition to Bangladesh before the end of the war in 1971 (the second country to do so after Bhutan<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/south-asia/Bhutan-not-India-was-first-to-recognize-Bangladesh/articleshow/45434808.cms|title=Bangladesh independende: Bhutan, not India, was first to recognize Bangladesh |website=The Times of India}}</ref>) and subsequently lobbied others to follow suit. India also withdrew its military from the land of Bangladesh when [[Sheikh Mujibur Rahman]] requested [[Indira Gandhi]] to do so during the latter's visit to Dhaka in 1972.{{Citation needed|date=April 2012}}


[[File:Stamp of India - 1973 - Colnect 372292 - Flower with Flag - Map of Bangladesh.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 1973- Flower with Flag - India commemorating the [[Creation of Bangladesh|creation of Republic of Bangladesh.]]]]
[[File:Stamp of India - 1973 - Colnect 372292 - Flower with Flag - Map of Bangladesh.jpeg|thumb|Stamp of India - 1973- Flower with Flag - India commemorating the [[Creation of Bangladesh|creation of Republic of Bangladesh.]]]]
Line 690: Line 694:
There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of [[Sylhet Division]] before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971. This small strip of land was [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|re-occupied by the BDR in 2001]] but later given back to India after the Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations. The Indian New Moore island no longer exists, but Bangladesh repeatedly claims it<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8584665.stm |title=Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'vanishes' say scientists |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> to be part of the Satkhira district of Bangladesh.
There are also small pieces of land along the border region that Bangladesh is diplomatically trying to reclaim. Padua, part of [[Sylhet Division]] before 1971, has been under Indian control since the war in 1971. This small strip of land was [[2001 Bangladesh–India border clashes|re-occupied by the BDR in 2001]] but later given back to India after the Bangladesh government decided to solve the problem through diplomatic negotiations. The Indian New Moore island no longer exists, but Bangladesh repeatedly claims it<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/8584665.stm |title=Disputed Bay of Bengal island 'vanishes' say scientists |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> to be part of the Satkhira district of Bangladesh.


In recent years India has increasingly complained that Bangladesh does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of poor Bangladeshis and it accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian separatist groups like [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] and alleged terrorist groups. The Bangladesh government has refused to accept these allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bangladesh-promises-India-all-help-against-insurgents/article14728781.ece|title=Bangladesh promises India all help against insurgents|newspaper=The Hindu}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5183862.stm Dhaka dismisses Mumbai bomb claim], BBC World News, 15 July 2006</ref> India estimates that over 20 million [[Illegal immigration in India|Bangladeshis are living illegally in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|website=The Tribune}}</ref> One Bangladeshi official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030217/edit.htm#3Problem|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial|website=The Tribune}}</ref> Since 2002, India has been constructing an [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier|India – Bangladesh Fence]] along much of the 2500-mile border.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |title=India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220120456/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |archive-date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> The failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely [[HIV/AIDS]]).<ref name=ODI1>Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024611/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>
In recent years India has increasingly complained that Bangladesh does not secure its border properly. It fears an increasing flow of poor Bangladeshis and it accuses Bangladesh of harbouring Indian separatist groups like [[United Liberation Front of Assam|ULFA]] and alleged terrorist groups. The Bangladesh government has refused to accept these allegations.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/Bangladesh-promises-India-all-help-against-insurgents/article14728781.ece|title=Bangladesh promises India all help against insurgents|newspaper=The Hindu|date=4 March 2007}}</ref><ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/5183862.stm Dhaka dismisses Mumbai bomb claim], BBC World News, 15 July 2006</ref> India estimates that over 20 million [[Illegal immigration in India|Bangladeshis are living illegally in India]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030928/main1.htm|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Main News|website=The Tribune}}</ref> One Bangladeshi official responded that "there is not a single Bangladeshi migrant in India".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030217/edit.htm#3Problem|title=The Tribune, Chandigarh, India – Editorial|website=The Tribune}}</ref> Since 2002, India has been constructing an [[Indo-Bangladeshi barrier|India – Bangladesh Fence]] along much of the 2500-mile border.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |date=13 November 2005 |title=India fences off Bangladesh to keep out Muslim terror |url=http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |work=The Sunday Times |location=London |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070220120456/http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/world/article589627.ece |archive-date=20 February 2007 |access-date=11 July 2007}}</ref> The failure to resolve migration disputes bears a human cost for illegal migrants, such as imprisonment and health risks (namely [[HIV/AIDS]]).<ref name=ODI1>Fiona Samuels and Sanju Wagle 2011. [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india Population mobility and HIV and AIDS: review of laws, policies and treaties between Bangladesh, Nepal and India] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120920024611/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=5733&title=hiv-aids-migration-emphasis-bangladesh-nepal-india |date=20 September 2012 }}. London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref>


India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bangladeshi counterpart [[Sheikh Hasina]] have completed a landmark deal redrawing their messy shared border and thereby solving disputes between India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh has also given India a transit route to travel through Bangladesh to its North East states. India and Bangladesh also have free trade agreement on 7 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/india-bangladesh-seal-land-swap-deal-150606012711866.html|title=India and Bangladesh seal land-swap deal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>
India's prime minister Narendra Modi and his Bangladeshi counterpart [[Sheikh Hasina]] have completed a landmark deal redrawing their messy shared border and thereby solving disputes between India and Bangladesh. Bangladesh has also given India a transit route to travel through Bangladesh to its North East states. India and Bangladesh also have free trade agreement on 7 June 2015.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2015/06/india-bangladesh-seal-land-swap-deal-150606012711866.html|title=India and Bangladesh seal land-swap deal|publisher=Al Jazeera}}</ref>


Both countries solved their border dispute on 6 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33733911|title=India and Bangladesh swap enclaves|publisher=BBC News}}</ref>
Both countries solved their border dispute on 6 June 2015.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-india-33733911|title=India and Bangladesh swap enclaves|publisher=BBC News|date=31 July 2015}}</ref>


To connect Kolkata with [[Tripura]] via Bangladesh through railway, the Union Government on 10 February 2016 sanctioned about 580 crore rupees. The project which is expected to be completed by 2017 will pass through Bangladesh.
To connect Kolkata with [[Tripura]] via Bangladesh through railway, the Union Government on 10 February 2016 sanctioned about 580 crore rupees. The project which is expected to be completed by 2017 will pass through Bangladesh.
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The hydropower sector is one of the main pillars of bilateral cooperation, exemplifying mutually beneficial synergy by providing clean energy to India and exporting revenue to Bhutan (power contributes 14% to the Bhutanese GDP, comprising about 35% of Bhutan's total exports). Three hydroelectric projects (HEPs) totaling 1416 MW, (336 MW [[Chukha District|Chukha]] HEP, the 60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting electricity to India. In 2008 the two governments identified ten more projects for development with a total generation capacity of 10,000 MW. Of these, three projects totaling 2940 MW (1200 MW Punatsangchu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchu-II and 720 MW Mangdechu HEPs) are under construction and are scheduled to be commissioned in the last quarter of 2017–2018. Out of the remaining 7 HEPs, 4 projects totaling 2120 MW (600 MW Kholongchhu, 180 MW Bunakha, 570 MW Wangchu and 770 MW Chamkarchu) will be constructed under a Joint Venture model, for which a Framework Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed between both governments in 2014. Of these 4 JV-model projects, pre-construction activities for Kholongchhu HEP have commenced.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> [[Tata Power]] is also building a hydroelectric dam in Bhutan.
The hydropower sector is one of the main pillars of bilateral cooperation, exemplifying mutually beneficial synergy by providing clean energy to India and exporting revenue to Bhutan (power contributes 14% to the Bhutanese GDP, comprising about 35% of Bhutan's total exports). Three hydroelectric projects (HEPs) totaling 1416 MW, (336 MW [[Chukha District|Chukha]] HEP, the 60 MW Kurichu HEP, and the 1020 MW Tala HEP), are already exporting electricity to India. In 2008 the two governments identified ten more projects for development with a total generation capacity of 10,000 MW. Of these, three projects totaling 2940 MW (1200 MW Punatsangchu-I, 1020 MW Punatsangchu-II and 720 MW Mangdechu HEPs) are under construction and are scheduled to be commissioned in the last quarter of 2017–2018. Out of the remaining 7 HEPs, 4 projects totaling 2120 MW (600 MW Kholongchhu, 180 MW Bunakha, 570 MW Wangchu and 770 MW Chamkarchu) will be constructed under a Joint Venture model, for which a Framework Inter-Governmental Agreement was signed between both governments in 2014. Of these 4 JV-model projects, pre-construction activities for Kholongchhu HEP have commenced.<ref name="mea.gov.in"/> [[Tata Power]] is also building a hydroelectric dam in Bhutan.


India had assisted Bhutan by [[2017 China–India border standoff|deploying its troops in Doklam in 2017]]- a territory claimed and controlled by the Bhutanese government- to resist a Chinese army's control and construction of military structures.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|title=Blow by blow: A timeline of India, China face-off over Doklam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html|access-date=23 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
India had assisted Bhutan by [[2017 China–India border standoff|deploying its troops in Doklam in 2017]]- a territory claimed and controlled by the Bhutanese government- to resist a Chinese army's control and construction of military structures.<ref name="Hindustan Times">{{cite web|date=28 August 2017|title=Blow by blow: A timeline of India, China face-off over Doklam|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/blow-by-blow-a-timeline-of-india-china-face-off-over-doklam/story-qBIEwZI7kUcXxNmCfHzHCP.html|access-date=23 April 2021|work=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>


;Maldives
;Maldives
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As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], which brings together [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN.
As a founder member in 1985 of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]], which brings together [[Afghanistan]], [[Bangladesh]], [[Bhutan]], [[India]], [[Maldives]], [[Nepal]], [[Pakistan]] and [[Sri Lanka]], the country plays a very active role in SAARC. The Maldives has taken the lead in calling for a South Asian Free Trade Agreement, the formulation of a Social Charter, the initiation of informal political consultations in SAARC forums, the lobbying for greater action on environmental issues, the proposal of numerous human rights measures such as the regional convention on child rights and for setting up a SAARC Human Rights Resource Centre. The Maldives is also an advocate of greater international profile for SAARC such as through formulating common positions at the UN.


India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/India-bringing-Maldives-into-its-security-net/501583 |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |work=The Indian Express |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India is starting the process to bring the island country into India's security grid. The move comes after the moderate Islamic nation approached New Delhi earlier this year over fears that one of its island resorts could be taken over by terrorists given its lack of military assets and surveillance capabilities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/India-bringing-Maldives-into-its-security-net/501583 |title=India bringing Maldives into its security net |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=13 August 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India also signed an agreement with the Maldives in 2011 which is centred around the following:
India also signed an agreement with the Maldives in 2011 which is centred around the following:
* India shall permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. One helicopter from the Coast Guard was handed over during [[A. K. Antony]]'s visit while another from the Navy will be cleared for transfer shortly.
* India shall permanently base two helicopters in the country to enhance its surveillance capabilities and ability to respond swiftly to threats. One helicopter from the Coast Guard was handed over during [[A. K. Antony]]'s visit while another from the Navy will be cleared for transfer shortly.
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Relations between India and Nepal reached their lowest in 1989 when India imposed a 13-month-long economic blockade on Nepal. Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal in 2014, the first by an Indian PM in nearly 17 years.
Relations between India and Nepal reached their lowest in 1989 when India imposed a 13-month-long economic blockade on Nepal. Indian PM Narendra Modi visited Nepal in 2014, the first by an Indian PM in nearly 17 years.


In 2015, a blockade of the India-Nepal border affected relations. The blockade is led by ethnic communities angered by Nepal's recently promulgated new constitution.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |title=UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk |publisher=BBC News |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252 |access-date=25 December 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the Nepalese government accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo, but India denies it.<ref name="bbc.com"/>
In 2015, a blockade of the India-Nepal border affected relations. The blockade is led by ethnic communities angered by Nepal's recently promulgated new constitution.<ref name="bbc.com">{{cite news |title=UN: Nepal blockade puts millions of children at risk |publisher=BBC News |date=30 November 2015 |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-34968252 |access-date=25 December 2015 |language=en-GB}}</ref> However, the Nepalese government accuses India of deliberately worsening the embargo, but India denies it.<ref name="bbc.com"/>


India [[Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake#India|aided Nepal]] during the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Kathmandu earthquake]] with the financial aid of $1 billion and launched [[Operation Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India announces $1 billion aid for rebuilding Nepal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-1-billion-aid-for-rebuilding-nepal/articleshow/47810366.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
India [[Humanitarian response to the 2015 Nepal earthquake#India|aided Nepal]] during the [[April 2015 Nepal earthquake|2015 Kathmandu earthquake]] with the financial aid of $1 billion and launched [[Operation Maitri]].<ref>{{Cite news|title=India announces $1 billion aid for rebuilding Nepal|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/india-announces-1-billion-aid-for-rebuilding-nepal/articleshow/47810366.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
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[[File:Local_Nepalese_and_Army_persons_being_evacuated_by_An_Indian_Air_Force_(IAF)_Mi-17_V5_helicopter_of_directions_of_Nepalese_authority_as_part_of_relief_&_rescue_operations_following_a_recent_massive_earthquake_in_Nepal.jpg|thumb|Local Nepalese and Army persons are being evacuated by the Indian Air Force (IAF) Mi-17 V5 helicopter at the directions of Nepalese authority as part of relief & rescue operations following the 2015 Kathmandu Earthquake.]]
[[File:Local_Nepalese_and_Army_persons_being_evacuated_by_An_Indian_Air_Force_(IAF)_Mi-17_V5_helicopter_of_directions_of_Nepalese_authority_as_part_of_relief_&_rescue_operations_following_a_recent_massive_earthquake_in_Nepal.jpg|thumb|Local Nepalese and Army persons are being evacuated by the Indian Air Force (IAF) Mi-17 V5 helicopter at the directions of Nepalese authority as part of relief & rescue operations following the 2015 Kathmandu Earthquake.]]


The relations were strained during mid-2020, when it was reported that a firing took place by the Nepalese police across the Indo-Nepalese border of Bihar on 12 July.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ramashankar|title=India Nepal border news: One killed, two injured in firing by Nepal police near border {{!}} Patna News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-killed-two-injured-in-shootout-at-india-nepal-border-in-bihars-sitamarhi/articleshow/76337313.cms|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Nepalese Prime Minister]] [[KP Sharma Oli]] commented about [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|the pandemic of Coronavirus]] that the "Indian virus was deadlier" than the one which [[COVID-19 pandemic|spread from Wuhan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Indian coronavirus more lethal than Chinese: Nepal PM K P Sharma Oli|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/coronavirus-coming-from-india-more-lethal-than-those-from-china-italy-oli/articleshow/75850117.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> As time progressed, certain claims were also made on the Indian territories, for example, [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]], [[Kuthi Valley|Limpiyadhura]] and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Controversy over old map of Nepal in Oli's Dussehra greeting card|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/controversy-over-old-map-of-nepal-in-kp-oli-dussehra-greeting-card-6878975/|access-date=24 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Similarly, the claims were also made culturally, when it was said that Hindu God [[Rama|Ram]] was Nepalese, that he was born in [[Thori]], west of [[Birgunj]], and that [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was fake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujeet Jha|first=Geeta Mohan|title=Lord Ram was Nepali, India set up a 'fake Ayodhya', claims Nepal PM KP Oli|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lord-ram-was-nepali-india-set-up-a-fake-ayodhya-claims-nepal-pm-kp-oli-1700220-2020-07-13|access-date=24 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Rules were made strict for [[Indian Nepalis|Indians in Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal amends citizenship law for Indians, cites Indian laws to justify change|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/nepal-amends-citizenship-law-for-indians-cites-indian-laws-to-justify-change/609491|access-date=24 April 2021|website=timesnownews.com|language=en|publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> along with banning some Indian media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal bans transmission of private Indian news channels for allegedly 'hurting national sentiments'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/967062/nepal-bans-transmission-of-private-indian-news-channels-for-allegedly-hurting-national-sentiments|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
The relations were strained during mid-2020, when it was reported that a firing took place by the Nepalese police across the Indo-Nepalese border of Bihar on 12 July.<ref>{{cite web|author=Ramashankar|title=India Nepal border news: One killed, two injured in firing by Nepal police near border {{!}} Patna News |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/patna/one-killed-two-injured-in-shootout-at-india-nepal-border-in-bihars-sitamarhi/articleshow/76337313.cms|access-date=23 April 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|language=en}}</ref> [[Prime Minister of Nepal|Nepalese Prime Minister]] [[KP Sharma Oli]] commented about [[COVID-19 pandemic in India|the pandemic of Coronavirus]] that the "Indian virus was deadlier" than the one which [[COVID-19 pandemic|spread from Wuhan]].<ref>{{Cite news|last=Chaudhury|first=Dipanjan Roy|title=Indian coronavirus more lethal than Chinese: Nepal PM K P Sharma Oli|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/coronavirus-coming-from-india-more-lethal-than-those-from-china-italy-oli/articleshow/75850117.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref> As time progressed, certain claims were also made on the Indian territories, for example, [[Kalapani territory|Kalapani]], [[Kuthi Valley|Limpiyadhura]] and [[Lipulekh Pass|Lipulekh]] of [[Uttarakhand]].<ref>{{cite web|date=25 October 2020|title=Controversy over old map of Nepal in Oli's Dussehra greeting card|url=https://indianexpress.com/article/world/controversy-over-old-map-of-nepal-in-kp-oli-dussehra-greeting-card-6878975/|access-date=24 April 2021|website=The Indian Express|language=en}}</ref> Similarly, the claims were also made culturally, when it was said that Hindu God [[Rama|Ram]] was Nepalese, that he was born in [[Thori]], west of [[Birgunj]], and that [[Ayodhya]] in [[Uttar Pradesh]] was fake.<ref>{{cite web|last=Sujeet Jha|first=Geeta Mohan|title=Lord Ram was Nepali, India set up a 'fake Ayodhya', claims Nepal PM KP Oli|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/lord-ram-was-nepali-india-set-up-a-fake-ayodhya-claims-nepal-pm-kp-oli-1700220-2020-07-13|access-date=24 April 2021|website=[[India Today]]|language=en}}</ref> Rules were made strict for [[Indian Nepalis|Indians in Nepal]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal amends citizenship law for Indians, cites Indian laws to justify change|url=https://www.timesnownews.com/india/article/nepal-amends-citizenship-law-for-indians-cites-indian-laws-to-justify-change/609491|access-date=24 April 2021|website=timesnownews.com|language=en|publisher=[[Times Now]]}}</ref> along with banning some Indian media.<ref>{{cite web|title=Nepal bans transmission of private Indian news channels for allegedly 'hurting national sentiments'|url=https://scroll.in/latest/967062/nepal-bans-transmission-of-private-indian-news-channels-for-allegedly-hurting-national-sentiments|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Scroll.in|language=en-US}}</ref>
Indian media stated that the actions of the Oli government were souring the relations, "and these were being done on the direction of China and propelled by Chinese ambassador [[Hou Yanqi]]". Speculations were made that since China could not handle India directly, in the aftermath of the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|LAC skirmish]], it was lurking and trapping its neighboring countries and provoking them against India. In August, there were reports about the Chinese "illegal occupations" in Nepal's border states' areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China occupies Nepal village, land; deafening silence from Oli govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-occupies-nepal-village-land-deafening-silence-from-oli-govt/articleshow/76539082.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>
Indian media stated that the actions of the Oli government were souring the relations, "and these were being done on the direction of China and propelled by Chinese ambassador [[Hou Yanqi]]". Speculations were made that since China could not handle India directly, in the aftermath of the [[2020 China–India skirmishes|LAC skirmish]], it was lurking and trapping its neighboring countries and provoking them against India. In August, there were reports about the Chinese "illegal occupations" in Nepal's border states' areas.<ref>{{Cite news|title=China occupies Nepal village, land; deafening silence from Oli govt|work=The Economic Times|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/china-occupies-nepal-village-land-deafening-silence-from-oli-govt/articleshow/76539082.cms|access-date=24 April 2021}}</ref>


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Despite historical, cultural and ethnic links between them, relations between India and Pakistan have been "plagued" by years of mistrust and suspicion ever since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. The principal source of contention between India and its western neighbour has been the [[Kashmir conflict]]. After an invasion by [[Pashtuns|Pashtun tribesmen]] and Pakistani paramilitary forces, the Hindu Maharaja of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] Kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]], and its Muslim Prime Minister, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with New Delhi. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]] started after the [[Indian Army]] entered [[Srinagar]], the capital of the state, to secure the area from the invading forces. The war ended in December 1948 with the [[Line of Control]] dividing the erstwhile princely state into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). Pakistan contested the legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has signed a [[standstill agreement]] with it. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] started following the failure of Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. India and Pakistan [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|went to war]] again in 1971, this time the conflict being over [[East Pakistan]]. The [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|large-scale atrocities]] committed there by the Pakistan army led to millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India. India, along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], defeated Pakistan and the Pakistani forces surrendered on the eastern front. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In 1998, India carried out the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's [[Chagai-I]] tests. Following the [[Lahore Declaration]] in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few months later, however, Pakistani paramilitary forces and [[Pakistan Army]], infiltrated in large numbers into the [[Kargil district]] of Indian Kashmir. This initiated the [[Kargil War]] after India moved in thousands of troops to successfully flush out the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, relations between the two reached an all-time low which worsened even further following the involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December 1999. Attempts to normalise relations, such as the [[Agra summit]] held in July 2001, failed. An [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, which was blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1707865.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA {{pipe}} Indian parliament attack kills 12 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 December 2001 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> caused a [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff between the two countries]] which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of [[nuclear warfare]]. However, a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years.
Despite historical, cultural and ethnic links between them, relations between India and Pakistan have been "plagued" by years of mistrust and suspicion ever since the [[partition of India]] in 1947. The principal source of contention between India and its western neighbour has been the [[Kashmir conflict]]. After an invasion by [[Pashtuns|Pashtun tribesmen]] and Pakistani paramilitary forces, the Hindu Maharaja of the [[Dogras|Dogra]] Kingdom of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]], [[Hari Singh]], and its Muslim Prime Minister, [[Sheikh Abdullah]], signed an [[Instrument of Accession (Jammu and Kashmir)|Instrument of Accession]] with New Delhi. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1947|First Kashmir War]] started after the [[Indian Army]] entered [[Srinagar]], the capital of the state, to secure the area from the invading forces. The war ended in December 1948 with the [[Line of Control]] dividing the erstwhile princely state into territories administered by Pakistan (northern and western areas) and India (southern, central and northeastern areas). Pakistan contested the legality of the Instrument of Accession since the Dogra Kingdom has signed a [[standstill agreement]] with it. The [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1965]] started following the failure of Pakistan's [[Operation Gibraltar]], which was designed to infiltrate forces into Jammu and Kashmir to precipitate an insurgency against rule by India. The five-week war caused thousands of casualties on both sides. It ended in a United Nations (UN) mandated ceasefire and the subsequent issuance of the [[Tashkent Declaration]]. India and Pakistan [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971|went to war]] again in 1971, this time the conflict being over [[East Pakistan]]. The [[1971 Bangladesh genocide|large-scale atrocities]] committed there by the Pakistan army led to millions of Bengali refugees pouring over into India. India, along with the [[Mukti Bahini]], defeated Pakistan and the Pakistani forces surrendered on the eastern front. The war resulted in the creation of Bangladesh. In 1998, India carried out the [[Pokhran-II]] nuclear tests which was followed by Pakistan's [[Chagai-I]] tests. Following the [[Lahore Declaration]] in February 1999, relations briefly improved. A few months later, however, Pakistani paramilitary forces and [[Pakistan Army]], infiltrated in large numbers into the [[Kargil district]] of Indian Kashmir. This initiated the [[Kargil War]] after India moved in thousands of troops to successfully flush out the infiltrators. Although the conflict did not result in a full-scale war between India and Pakistan, relations between the two reached an all-time low which worsened even further following the involvement of Pakistan-based terrorists in the hijacking of the [[Indian Airlines Flight 814]] in December 1999. Attempts to normalise relations, such as the [[Agra summit]] held in July 2001, failed. An [[2001 Indian Parliament attack|attack on the Indian Parliament]] in December 2001, which was blamed on Pakistan, which had condemned the attack<ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1707865.stm |title=SOUTH ASIA {{pipe}} Indian parliament attack kills 12 |publisher=BBC News |date=13 December 2001 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> caused a [[2001–02 India–Pakistan standoff|military standoff between the two countries]] which lasted for nearly a year raising fears of [[nuclear warfare]]. However, a peace process, initiated in 2003, led to improved relations in the following years.


Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan have taken shape. The [[Samjhauta Express]] and [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service are two of these successful measures which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |title=Pakistan, India inch closer to agreement: People-to-people contact -DAWN – Top Stories; 04 August, 2004 |publisher=DAWN |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140030/http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The initiation of the [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] service in 2005 and the opening of a historic trade route across the Line of Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two sides to improve relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], India sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir and Punjab as well as Indian Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/business/AS-FIN-India-Pakistan-Trade.php |title=Search – Global Edition – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
Since the initiation of the peace process, several confidence-building measures (CBMs) between India and Pakistan have taken shape. The [[Samjhauta Express]] and [[Delhi–Lahore Bus]] service are two of these successful measures which have played a crucial role in expanding people-to-people contact between the two countries.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |title=Pakistan, India inch closer to agreement: People-to-people contact -DAWN – Top Stories; 04 August, 2004 |publisher=DAWN |date=4 August 2004 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140030/http://www.dawn.com/2004/08/04/top13.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The initiation of the [[Srinagar–Muzaffarabad Bus]] service in 2005 and the opening of a historic trade route across the Line of Control in 2008 further reflects increasing eagerness between the two sides to improve relations. Although bilateral trade between India and Pakistan was a modest US$1.7 billion in March 2007, it is expected to cross US$10 billion by 2010. After the [[2005 Kashmir earthquake]], India sent aid to affected areas in Pakistani Kashmir and Punjab as well as Indian Kashmir.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2007/08/01/business/AS-FIN-India-Pakistan-Trade.php |title=Search – Global Edition – The New York Times |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] seriously undermined the relations between the two countries. India alleged Pakistan harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denied such claims.
The [[2008 Mumbai attacks]] seriously undermined the relations between the two countries. India alleged Pakistan harbouring militants on their soil, while Pakistan vehemently denied such claims.


A new chapter started in India-Pakistan relations when a new [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA government]] took charge in Delhi after victory in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]] and invited [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] members' leaders to an oath-taking ceremony. Subsequently, the visit of the Indian prime minister on 25 December informally wished Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] on his Birthday and participate in his daughter's wedding. It was hoped that the relationship between the neighbour will improve but an [[2016 Uri attack|attack]] on an Indian army camp by Pakistani infiltrators on 18 September 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016|publisher=BBC News}}</ref> and a subsequent [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike by India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> aggravated the already strained relationship between the nations.
A new chapter started in India-Pakistan relations when a new [[National Democratic Alliance|NDA government]] took charge in Delhi after victory in the [[2014 Indian general election|2014 election]] and invited [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] members' leaders to an oath-taking ceremony. Subsequently, the visit of the Indian prime minister on 25 December informally wished Pakistani Prime Minister [[Nawaz Sharif]] on his Birthday and participate in his daughter's wedding. It was hoped that the relationship between the neighbour will improve but an [[2016 Uri attack|attack]] on an Indian army camp by Pakistani infiltrators on 18 September 2016<ref>{{cite news|title=Militants attack Indian army base in Kashmir 'killing 17'|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-india-37399969|access-date=18 September 2016|publisher=BBC News|date=18 September 2016}}</ref> and a subsequent [[2016 Indian Line of Control strike|surgical strike by India]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|title=India's surgical strikes across LoC: Full statement by DGMO Lt Gen Ranbir Singh|work=Hindustan Times|date=29 September 2016|access-date=2 October 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161002024056/http://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/india-s-surgical-strikes-across-loc-full-statement-by-dgmo-lt-gen-ranbir-singh/story-Q5yrp0gjvxKPGazDzAnVsM.html|archive-date=2 October 2016}}</ref> aggravated the already strained relationship between the nations.
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Nawaz Sharif, at Raiwind, in Pakistan on December 25, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] meeting Former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], at [[Raiwind]], [[Pakistan]] <br />{{small|(2015, last formal dialogue)}}]]
[[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi meeting the Prime Minister of Pakistan, Mr. Nawaz Sharif, at Raiwind, in Pakistan on December 25, 2015 (2).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] meeting Former [[Prime Minister of Pakistan]], [[Nawaz Sharif]], at [[Raiwind]], [[Pakistan]] <br />{{small|(2015, last formal dialogue)}}]]


A SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad was called off because of a boycott by India and other SAARC members subsequently.<ref>{{cite web|title=Saarc summit collapses after India and three other members pull out|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>
A SAARC summit scheduled in Islamabad was called off because of a boycott by India and other SAARC members subsequently.<ref>{{cite web|date=28 September 2016|title=Saarc summit collapses after India and three other members pull out|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/saarc-summit-collapses-after-india-and-3-other-members-pull-out/story-kIMWfSqirGLzB6MEfuS3CN.html|access-date=24 April 2021|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref>


The relationship took a further nosedive after another [[Pulwama attack|attack on CRPF in February 2019]] by a terrorist associated with the Pakistan-based terror organisation, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], when the terrorist rammed his vehicle packed with explosives against a bus carrying  [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF soldiers]] in Pulwama, Kashmir, killing 40.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama |website=The Times of India}}</ref> India blamed Pakistan which was denied by the Pakistani establishment. India retaliated with [[2019 Balakot airstrike|an airstrike on Balakot]], a region claimed and controlled by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan {{!}} An inside story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15|access-date=24 April 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
The relationship took a further nosedive after another [[Pulwama attack|attack on CRPF in February 2019]] by a terrorist associated with the Pakistan-based terror organisation, [[Jaish-e-Mohammed]], when the terrorist rammed his vehicle packed with explosives against a bus carrying  [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF soldiers]] in Pulwama, Kashmir, killing 40.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/37-crpf-jawans-martyred-in-ied-blast-in-jks-pulwama/articleshow/67992189.cms|title=Pulwama terror attack today: 40 CRPF jawans martyred in IED blast in Jammu and Kashmir's Pulwama |website=The Times of India}}</ref> India blamed Pakistan which was denied by the Pakistani establishment. India retaliated with [[2019 Balakot airstrike|an airstrike on Balakot]], a region claimed and controlled by Pakistan.<ref>{{cite web|last=Chengappa|first=Raj|title=Balakot: How India planned IAF airstrike in Pakistan {{!}} An inside story|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/magazine/cover-story/story/20190325-balakot-airstrikes-pulwama-terror-attack-abhinandan-varthaman-narendra-modi-masood-azhar-1478511-2019-03-15|access-date=24 April 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref>
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{{Main|India–Indonesia relations}}
{{Main|India–Indonesia relations}}
[[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] with [[Sukarno]], [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]], Indonesia, 1950.|240x240px|left]]
[[File:Sukarno with children and Nehru.jpg|thumb|upright=0.8|[[Jawaharlal Nehru]] and his daughter [[Indira Gandhi]] with [[Sukarno]], [[Megawati Sukarnoputri]] and [[Guruh Sukarnoputra]], Indonesia, 1950.|240x240px|left]]
The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the [[Ramayana]],<ref>[http://www.melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php Ramayana to Bollywood, Indonesia Loves India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831124741/http://melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php }}. Melali-indonesia-tours.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> "Yawadvipa" ([[Java]]) is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of [[Rama]]'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History of Ancient India |last=Kapur |first=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120749108 |year=2010 |page=465}}</ref> Indonesians had absorbed many aspects of Indian culture since almost two millennia ago. The most obvious trace is the large [[List of loanwords in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|adoption of Sanskrit into the Indonesian language]]. Several Indonesian [[toponymy]] has Indian parallel or origin, such as [[Madura]] with [[Mathura]], [[Serayu]] and [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] rivers, [[Kalingga]] from [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Kingdom]], and [[Yogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]] from [[Ayodhya]]. Indianised [[Hindu]]–[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, such as [[Kalingga]], [[Srivijaya]], [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were the predominant governments in Indonesia, and lasted from 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |title=Daceband.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170706/http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> to the 1500s, with the last remaining being in [[Bali]]. An example of profound Hindu-Buddhist influences in [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian history]] is the 9th-century [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobudur]] temples.[[File:Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Indonesia President Joko Widodo address the media in Jakarta, 2018.jpg|thumb|PM Narendra Modi meets Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]], in Jakarta {{small|(2018)}}]]In 1950, the first President of Indonesia – [[Sukarno]] called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by colonial powers.<ref>Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947–59 (p.54)</ref> In the spring of 1966, the foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the [[United Nations Security Council]].
The ties between Indonesia and India date back to the times of the [[Ramayana]],<ref>[http://www.melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php Ramayana to Bollywood, Indonesia Loves India] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180831124741/http://melali-indonesia-tours.in/bollywood.php |date=31 August 2018 }}. Melali-indonesia-tours.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> "Yawadvipa" ([[Java]]) is mentioned in India's earliest epic, the Ramayana. Sugriva, the chief of [[Rama]]'s army dispatched his men to Yawadvipa, the island of Java, in search of [[Sita]].<ref>{{cite book|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=9ic4BjWFmNIC&pg=PA465 |title=History of Ancient India |last=Kapur |first=Kamlesh |publisher=Sterling Publishers |isbn=9788120749108 |year=2010 |page=465}}</ref> Indonesians had absorbed many aspects of Indian culture since almost two millennia ago. The most obvious trace is the large [[List of loanwords in Indonesian#From Sanskrit|adoption of Sanskrit into the Indonesian language]]. Several Indonesian [[toponymy]] has Indian parallel or origin, such as [[Madura]] with [[Mathura]], [[Serayu]] and [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]] rivers, [[Kalingga]] from [[Kalinga (historical kingdom)|Kalinga Kingdom]], and [[Yogyakarta|Ngayogyakarta]] from [[Ayodhya]]. Indianised [[Hindu]]–[[Buddhism|Buddhist]] kingdoms, such as [[Kalingga]], [[Srivijaya]], [[Mataram Kingdom|Mataram]], [[Sunda Kingdom|Sunda]], [[Kediri (historical kingdom)|Kadiri]], [[Singhasari]] and [[Majapahit]] were the predominant governments in Indonesia, and lasted from 200<ref>{{cite web |url=http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |title=Daceband.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150221170706/http://daceband.com/read_blog/20112/indonesia |archive-date=21 February 2015 }}</ref> to the 1500s, with the last remaining being in [[Bali]]. An example of profound Hindu-Buddhist influences in [[History of Indonesia|Indonesian history]] is the 9th-century [[Prambanan]] and [[Borobudur]] temples.[[File:Indian Prime Minister Narendra Modi and Indonesia President Joko Widodo address the media in Jakarta, 2018.jpg|thumb|PM Narendra Modi meets Indonesian President [[Joko Widodo]], in Jakarta {{small|(2018)}}]]In 1950, the first President of Indonesia – [[Sukarno]] called upon the peoples of Indonesia and India to "intensify the cordial relations" that had existed between the two countries "for more than 1000 years" before they had been "disrupted" by colonial powers.<ref>Foreign Policy of India: Text of Documents 1947–59 (p.54)</ref> In the spring of 1966, the foreign ministers of both countries began speaking again of an era of friendly relations. India had supported Indonesian independence and Nehru had raised the Indonesian question in the [[United Nations Security Council]].


India has an embassy in Jakarta<ref>[http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/ Embassy of India in Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809200704/http://embassyofindiajakarta.org/ }}. Embassyofindiajakarta.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ Indonesian Embassies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021194537/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ }}. Indonesianembassy.org.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India regards Indonesia as a key member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]. Today, both countries maintain cooperative and friendly relations. India and Indonesia are one of the few (and also one of the largest) [[democracy|democracies]] in the Asian region which can be projected as a real democracy.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/19229647/IndiaIndonesia-Strategic-Partnership India-Indonesia Strategic Partnership]. Scribd.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>{{better source needed}} Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic partnership.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/bhaskar-balakrishnan/article1143458.ece Getting closer to Indonesia]. ''Business Line''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> As fellow Asian democracies that share common values, it is natural for both countries to nurture and foster strategic alliances. Indonesia and India are member states of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], the [[E7 (countries)|E7]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the United Nations.
India has an embassy in Jakarta<ref>[http://www.embassyofindiajakarta.org/ Embassy of India in Jakarta] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180809200704/http://embassyofindiajakarta.org/ |date=9 August 2018 }}. Embassyofindiajakarta.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> and Indonesia operates an embassy in Delhi.<ref>[http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ Indonesian Embassies] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081021194537/http://www.indonesianembassy.org.in/ |date=21 October 2008 }}. Indonesianembassy.org.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India regards Indonesia as a key member of [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations|ASEAN]]. Today, both countries maintain cooperative and friendly relations. India and Indonesia are one of the few (and also one of the largest) [[democracy|democracies]] in the Asian region which can be projected as a real democracy.<ref>[https://www.scribd.com/doc/19229647/IndiaIndonesia-Strategic-Partnership India-Indonesia Strategic Partnership]. Scribd.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}} Both nations had agreed to establish a strategic partnership.<ref>[http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/opinion/columns/bhaskar-balakrishnan/article1143458.ece Getting closer to Indonesia]. ''Business Line''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> As fellow Asian democracies that share common values, it is natural for both countries to nurture and foster strategic alliances. Indonesia and India are member states of the [[G-20 major economies|G-20]], the [[E7 (countries)|E7]], the [[Non-Aligned Movement]], and the United Nations.


;Laos
;Laos
{{main|India–Laos relations}}
{{main|India–Laos relations}}


In recent years, India has endeavoured to build relations, with this small [[Southeast Asia]]n nation. They have strong military relations, and India shall be building an Airforce Academy in Laos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-set-up-air-force-academy-in-laos/355204/ |title=India to set up Air Force Academy in Laos |work=The Indian Express |location=India |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
In recent years, India has endeavoured to build relations, with this small [[Southeast Asia]]n nation. They have strong military relations, and India shall be building an Airforce Academy in Laos.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/india-to-set-up-air-force-academy-in-laos/355204/ |title=India to set up Air Force Academy in Laos |work=The Indian Express |location=India |date=30 August 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


;Malaysia
;Malaysia
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[[File:The Prime_Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on October 19, 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi]] at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on 19 October 2016.]]
[[File:The Prime_Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on October 19, 2016 (3).jpg|thumb|The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi and the State Counsellor of Myanmar, [[Aung San Suu Kyi|Ms. Aung San Suu Kyi]] at the Joint Press Statement, at Hyderabad House, in New Delhi on 19 October 2016.]]


India established diplomatic relations after Burma's independence from Great Britain in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese relations were strong due to cultural links, flourishing commerce, common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a significant [[Burmese Indians|Indian community]] in Burma.<ref name="VJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 Burma shows India the road to Southeast Asia]. ''Asia Times''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India provided considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional [[insurgency|insurgencies]]. However, the overthrow of the democratic government by the [[Military of Burma]] led to strains in ties. Along with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of democracy and Myanmar ordered the [[Burmese Indians|expulsion]] of the Burmese Indian community, increasing its [[isolationism|isolation from the world]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="VQR">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA163AF937A15754C0A96E948260 Years of Isolation Produced Intensely Poor Nation]. New York Times (24 July 1988). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Only China maintained close links with Myanmar while India supported the [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="G">Bhaumik, Subir. (26 September 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm India-Burma ties]. BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 Realism in India-Burma relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034744/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 }}. Financialexpress.com (15 September 2003). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
India established diplomatic relations after Burma's independence from Great Britain in 1948. For many years, Indo-Burmese relations were strong due to cultural links, flourishing commerce, common interests in regional affairs and the presence of a significant [[Burmese Indians|Indian community]] in Burma.<ref name="VJ">[https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 Burma shows India the road to Southeast Asia]. ''Asia Times''. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> India provided considerable support when Myanmar struggled with regional [[insurgency|insurgencies]]. However, the overthrow of the democratic government by the [[Military of Burma]] led to strains in ties. Along with much of the world, India condemned the suppression of democracy and Myanmar ordered the [[Burmese Indians|expulsion]] of the Burmese Indian community, increasing its [[isolationism|isolation from the world]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="VQR">[https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=940DE4DA163AF937A15754C0A96E948260 Years of Isolation Produced Intensely Poor Nation]. New York Times (24 July 1988). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> Only China maintained close links with Myanmar while India supported the [[National League for Democracy|pro-democracy movement]].<ref name="VJ" /><ref name="G">Bhaumik, Subir. (26 September 2007) [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7013975.stm India-Burma ties]. BBC News. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref><ref>[http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 Realism in India-Burma relations] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130515034744/http://www.financialexpress.com/old/fe_full_story.php?content_id=42065 |date=15 May 2013 }}. Financialexpress.com (15 September 2003). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


However, due to geopolitical concerns, India revived its relations and recognised the [[military junta]] ruling Myanmar in 1993, overcoming strains over drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. and the proximity of the People's Republic of China gives strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 May 2001 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> and some insurgents in [[North-east India]] seek refuge in Myanmar. Consequently, India has been keen on increasing military cooperation with Myanmar in its counter-insurgency activities. In 2001, the [[Indian Army]] completed the construction of a major road along its border with Myanmar. India has also been building major roads, highways, ports and pipelines within Myanmar in an attempt to increase its strategic influence in the region and also to counter China's growing strides in the [[Indochina]] peninsula. Indian companies have also sought active participation in oil and natural gas exploration in Myanmar. In February 2007, India announced a plan to develop the [[Sittwe]] port, which would enable ocean access from Indian Northeastern states like [[Mizoram]], via the [[Kaladan River]].
However, due to geopolitical concerns, India revived its relations and recognised the [[military junta]] ruling Myanmar in 1993, overcoming strains over drug trafficking, the suppression of democracy and the rule of the [[State Peace and Development Council|military junta]] in Myanmar. Myanmar is situated to the south of the states of [[Mizoram]], [[Manipur]], [[Nagaland]] and [[Arunachal Pradesh]] in [[Northeast India]]. and the proximity of the People's Republic of China gives strategic importance to Indo-Burmese relations. The Indo-Burmese border stretches over 1,600 kilometers<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20010522142628/http://atimes.com/reports/CB21Ai01.html#top5 |url-status=unfit |archive-date=22 May 2001 |title=Asia Times: Myanmar shows India the road to Southeast Asia |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> and some insurgents in [[North-east India]] seek refuge in Myanmar. Consequently, India has been keen on increasing military cooperation with Myanmar in its counter-insurgency activities. In 2001, the [[Indian Army]] completed the construction of a major road along its border with Myanmar. India has also been building major roads, highways, ports and pipelines within Myanmar in an attempt to increase its strategic influence in the region and also to counter China's growing strides in the [[Indochina]] peninsula. Indian companies have also sought active participation in oil and natural gas exploration in Myanmar. In February 2007, India announced a plan to develop the [[Sittwe]] port, which would enable ocean access from Indian Northeastern states like [[Mizoram]], via the [[Kaladan River]].


India is a major customer of Burmese oil and gas. In 2007, Indian exports to Myanmar totaled US$185 million, while its imports from Myanmar were valued at around US$810 million, consisting mostly of oil and gas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |title=Why India shifts its policy on Burma :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway |publisher=Kanglaonline.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135458/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has granted US$100 million credit to fund highway infrastructure projects in Myanmar, while US$57 million has been offered to upgrade Burmese railways. A further US$27 million in grants has been pledged for road and rail projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) {{pipe}} Opinion {{pipe}} The absent neighbour |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=1 August 2010 |first=Krishnan |last=Srinivasan}}</ref> India is one of the few countries that has provided military assistance to the Burmese junta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141806/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2206676.htm|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> However, there has been increasing pressure on India to cut some of its military supplies to Burma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innercitypress.com/un1att102108.html |title=Investigative Reporting from the United Nations |publisher=Inner City Press |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Relations between the two remain close which was evident in the aftermath of [[Cyclone Nargis]], when India was one of the few countries whose relief and rescue aid proposals were accepted by Myanmar's junta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/14/AR2008051400506_pf.html |title=Burma to Allow 160 Asian Aid Workers |newspaper=The Washington Post |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India is a major customer of Burmese oil and gas. In 2007, Indian exports to Myanmar totaled US$185 million, while its imports from Myanmar were valued at around US$810 million, consisting mostly of oil and gas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |title=Why India shifts its policy on Burma :: KanglaOnline ~ Your Gateway |publisher=Kanglaonline.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135458/http://www.kanglaonline.com/index.php?template=kshow&kid=1374 |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead }}</ref> India has granted US$100 million credit to fund highway infrastructure projects in Myanmar, while US$57 million has been offered to upgrade Burmese railways. A further US$27 million in grants has been pledged for road and rail projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216140027/http://www.telegraphindia.com/1081105/jsp/opinion/story_10057616.jsp |url-status=dead |archive-date=16 December 2008 |title=The Telegraph – Calcutta (Kolkata) {{pipe}} Opinion {{pipe}} The absent neighbour |work=The Telegraph |location=Kolkota, India |date=5 November 2008 |access-date=1 August 2010 |first=Krishnan |last=Srinivasan}}</ref> India is one of the few countries that has provided military assistance to the Burmese junta.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.abc.net.au/radio-australia/categories/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141806/http://www.abc.net.au/ra/news/stories/200804/s2206676.htm|url-status=dead|title=Categories|archive-date=16 December 2008|publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation}}</ref> However, there has been increasing pressure on India to cut some of its military supplies to Burma.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.innercitypress.com/un1att102108.html |title=Investigative Reporting from the United Nations |publisher=Inner City Press |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Relations between the two remain close which was evident in the aftermath of [[Cyclone Nargis]], when India was one of the few countries whose relief and rescue aid proposals were accepted by Myanmar's junta.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2008/05/14/AR2008051400506_pf.html |title=Burma to Allow 160 Asian Aid Workers |newspaper=The Washington Post |date=14 May 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


India maintains embassies in Rangoon and consulate generals in Mandalay.
India maintains embassies in Rangoon and consulate generals in Mandalay.
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Singapore is the 8th largest source of investment in India and the largest among ASEAN member nations.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J">{{cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219015332/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> It is also India's 9th biggest trading partner as of 2005–06.<ref name="SO"/> Its cumulative investment in India totals US$3 billion as of 2006 and is expected to rise to US$ 5 billion by 2010 and US$ 10 billion by 2015.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703001651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=3 July 2005 |work=[[Asia Times]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="GV">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore trade to touch $50 bn by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's economic liberalisation]] and its "Look East" policy have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from US$2.2 billion in 2001 to US$ 9–10 billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in five years – and to US$50 billion by 2010.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O"/><ref name="GV"/> Singapore accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.<ref name="SO"/> India's main exports to Singapore in 2005 included petroleum, gemstones, jewellery, and machinery and its imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of Singapore's exports to India are basically "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J"/>
Singapore is the 8th largest source of investment in India and the largest among ASEAN member nations.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J">{{cite web |title=India-Singapore Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070219015332/http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/singapore/singapore-commercialrelations.htm |archive-date=19 February 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> It is also India's 9th biggest trading partner as of 2005–06.<ref name="SO"/> Its cumulative investment in India totals US$3 billion as of 2006 and is expected to rise to US$ 5 billion by 2010 and US$ 10 billion by 2015.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore ink pact |url=http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050703001651/http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/GG02Df03.html |url-status=unfit |archive-date=3 July 2005 |work=[[Asia Times]] |date=2 July 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="GV">{{cite web |title=India, Singapore trade to touch $50 bn by 2010 |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2005/06/30/stories/2005063002400700.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |date=30 June 2005 |access-date=18 June 2008}}</ref> [[Economic liberalisation in India|India's economic liberalisation]] and its "Look East" policy have led to a major expansion in bilateral trade, which grew from US$2.2 billion in 2001 to US$ 9–10 billion in 2006 – a 400% growth in five years – and to US$50 billion by 2010.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="O"/><ref name="GV"/> Singapore accounts for 38% of India's trade with ASEAN member nations and 3.4% of its total foreign trade.<ref name="SO"/> India's main exports to Singapore in 2005 included petroleum, gemstones, jewellery, and machinery and its imports from Singapore included electronic goods, organic chemicals and metals. More than half of Singapore's exports to India are basically "re-exports" – items that had been imported from India.<ref name="SO"/><ref name="J"/>


;Thailand
;Thailand
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India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed US involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and supported the unification of Vietnam. India established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and maintained friendly relations, especially in the wake of Vietnam's hostile relations with the People's Republic of China, which had become India's strategic rival.<ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |title=India and Vietnam in changing East Asia |url=http://ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034939/http://www.ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>
India supported Vietnam's independence from France, opposed US involvement in the [[Vietnam War]] and supported the unification of Vietnam. India established official diplomatic relations in 1972 and maintained friendly relations, especially in the wake of Vietnam's hostile relations with the People's Republic of China, which had become India's strategic rival.<ref name="IPCS">{{cite web |title=India and Vietnam in changing East Asia |url=http://ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070607034939/http://www.ipcs.org/southeastasia_publications2.jsp?action=showView&kValue=2278&country=1016&status=article&mod=a |archive-date=7 June 2007 |publisher=Institute of Peace and Conflict Studies |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref>


India granted the "[[Most favoured nation]]" status to Vietnam in 1975<ref name="IPCS"/> and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in 1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) on 8 March 1997.<ref name="FCCI">{{cite web |title=India – Vietnam Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210040001/http://ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state visit of the [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Nguyen Tan Dung]].<ref name="VN">{{cite web |title=Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |publisher=VietNamNet Bridge |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141740/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.<ref name="IPCS"/> India is the 13th-largest exporter to Vietnam, with exports having grown steadily from US$11.5 million in 1985–86 to US$395.68 million by 2003.<ref name="FCCI"/> Vietnam's exports to India rose to US$180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts, textiles, electronics and other goods.<ref name="IV">{{cite web |title=India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.asianaffairs.com/may2008/cdrfiles/india_vietnam.pdf. |format=PDF |publisher=Asian Affairs |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded at 20–30% per annum to reach $1 billion by 2006.<ref name="HL">{{cite news |title=Vietnam favours FTA with India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017114352/http://hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="HTA">{{cite web |title=Vietnam PM urges greater trade ties with India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142207/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, two years ahead of the official target.<ref name="HTA"/><ref name="VL">{{cite web |title=Trade with India to reach US $2 billion in 2008 |url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |publisher=Vietnam Business Finance |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505072912/http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |archive-date=5 May 2008 }}</ref> India and Vietnam have also expanded cooperation in information technology, education and collaboration of the respective national [[space program]]mes.<ref name="VN"/> Direct air links and lax [[visa (document)|visa]] regulations have been established to bolster tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam to start direct flights |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928085100/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>
India granted the "[[Most favoured nation]]" status to Vietnam in 1975<ref name="IPCS"/> and both nations signed a bilateral trade agreement in 1978 and the Bilateral Investment Promotion and Protection Agreement (BIPPA) on 8 March 1997.<ref name="FCCI">{{cite web |title=India – Vietnam Economic and Commercial Relations |url=http://www.ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071210040001/http://ficci.com/international/countries/vietnam/vietnamcommercialrelation.htm |archive-date=10 December 2007 |publisher=[[Federation of Indian Chambers of Commerce and Industry]] |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> In 2007, a fresh joint declaration was issued during the state visit of the [[Prime Minister of Vietnam]] [[Nguyen Tan Dung]].<ref name="VN">{{cite web |title=Vietnam, India issue joint declaration on strategic partnership |url=http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |publisher=VietNamNet Bridge |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141740/http://english.vietnamnet.vn/politics/2007/07/715169/ |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> Bilateral trade has increased rapidly since the liberalisation of the economies of both Vietnam and India.<ref name="IPCS"/> India is the 13th-largest exporter to Vietnam, with exports having grown steadily from US$11.5 million in 1985–86 to US$395.68 million by 2003.<ref name="FCCI"/> Vietnam's exports to India rose to US$180 million, including agricultural products, handicrafts, textiles, electronics and other goods.<ref name="IV">{{cite web |title=India-Vietnam: Developing a Strategic Partnership |url=http://www.asianaffairs.com/may2008/cdrfiles/india_vietnam.pdf. |format=PDF |publisher=Asian Affairs |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref> Between 2001 and 2006, the volume of bilateral trade expanded at 20–30% per annum to reach $1 billion by 2006.<ref name="HL">{{cite news |title=Vietnam favours FTA with India |url=http://www.hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017114352/http://hindu.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070761171600.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=17 October 2007 |date=7 July 2007 |access-date=16 June 2008 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref><ref name="HTA">{{cite web |title=Vietnam PM urges greater trade ties with India |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |date=7 July 2007 |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216142207/http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/2007/07/07/stories/2007070752021000.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> Continuing the rapid pace of growth, bilateral trade is expected to rise to $2 billion by 2008, two years ahead of the official target.<ref name="HTA"/><ref name="VL">{{cite web |title=Trade with India to reach US $2 billion in 2008 |url=http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |date=3 May 2008 |publisher=Vietnam Business Finance |access-date=16 June 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080505072912/http://www.vnbusinessnews.com/2008/05/trade-with-india-to-reach-us2-billion.html |archive-date=5 May 2008 }}</ref> India and Vietnam have also expanded cooperation in information technology, education and collaboration of the respective national [[space program]]mes.<ref name="VN"/> Direct air links and lax [[visa (document)|visa]] regulations have been established to bolster tourism.<ref>{{cite web |title=India, Vietnam to start direct flights |url=http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |work=[[Business Line]] |location=India |date=18 October 2004 |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-date=28 September 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120928085100/http://www.thehindubusinessline.in/2004/10/18/stories/2004101801780500.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>


India and Vietnam are members of the [[Mekong–Ganga Cooperation]], created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and join the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|Indo-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="HL2">{{cite web |title=Vietnam backs India for APEC membership |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=usurped  }}</ref> In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;<ref name="VN"/> to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo–ASEAN [[Free trade area|free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="VN"/> India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation in developing [[nuclear power]], enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism, [[transnational crime]] and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Vietnam_sign_MoU_for_bilateral_cooperation_on_security/articleshow/2895191.cms |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="VN"/><ref name="IV"/>
India and Vietnam are members of the [[Mekong–Ganga Cooperation]], created to develop to enhance close ties between India and nations of Southeast Asia. Vietnam has supported India's bid to become a permanent member of the [[United Nations Security Council]] and join the [[Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation|Indo-Pacific Economic Cooperation]] (APEC).<ref name="HL2">{{cite web |title=Vietnam backs India for APEC membership |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |work=The Hindu |location=India |date=7 November 2000 |access-date=16 June 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216135044/http://www.hinduonnet.com/2000/11/08/stories/0308000c.htm |archive-date=16 December 2008 |url-status=usurped  }}</ref> In the 2003 joint declaration, India and Vietnam envisaged creating an "Arc of Advantage and Prosperity" in Southeast Asia;<ref name="VN"/> to this end, Vietnam has backed a more important relationship and role between India and the [[Association of Southeast Asian Nations]] (ASEAN) and its negotiation of an Indo–ASEAN [[Free trade area|free trade agreement]].<ref name="IPCS"/><ref name="VN"/> India and Vietnam have also built strategic partnerships, including extensive cooperation in developing [[nuclear power]], enhancing regional security and fighting terrorism, [[transnational crime]] and drug trafficking.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, Vietnam sign MoU for bilateral cooperation on security |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Vietnam_sign_MoU_for_bilateral_cooperation_on_security/articleshow/2895191.cms |date=24 March 2008 |work=[[The Times of India]] |location=India |access-date=16 June 2008}}</ref><ref name="VN"/><ref name="IV"/>


;ASEAN
;ASEAN
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* Cyprus has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and 2 honorary consulates (in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|title=High Commission of Cyprus in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093712/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Cyprus has a High Commission in [[New Delhi]] and 2 honorary consulates (in [[Mumbai]] and [[Kolkata]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|title=High Commission of Cyprus in India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518093712/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/highcom/highcom_newdelhi.nsf/DMLindex_en/DMLindex_en?OpenDocument|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has a High Commission in [[Nicosia]].<ref>[http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ Indian high commission in Nicosia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115024604/http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ }}</ref>
* India has a High Commission in [[Nicosia]].<ref>[http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ Indian high commission in Nicosia] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115024604/http://www.hcinicosia.org.cy/ |date=15 January 2012 }}</ref>
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* Both countries are full members of the [[Commonwealth of Nations]].
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131239/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF74262E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenElement Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with India]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120225131239/http://www.mfa.gov.cy/mfa/mfa2006.nsf/All/210EAF74262E6F34C22571E100240EC8/$file/India.pdf?OpenElement Cypriot Ministry of Foreign Affairs: list of bilateral treaties with India]
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[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President of Iran Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] with Former [[President of Iran]], [[Hassan Rouhani]], in [[Tehran]]. {{small|(2016)}}]]
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi with President of Iran Hassan Rouhani.jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]] with Former [[President of Iran]], [[Hassan Rouhani]], in [[Tehran]]. {{small|(2016)}}]]


Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |title=Iran, India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, Iran withdrew from [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically meant an improved relationship with the Republic of India.
Independent India and Iran established diplomatic links on 15 March 1950.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81006985/Politic/Iran,_India_relations_span_centuries_marked_by_meaningful_interactions |title=Iran, India relations span centuries marked by meaningful interactions |date=22 January 2014 |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> After the [[Iranian Revolution]] of 1979, Iran withdrew from [[Central Treaty Organization|CENTO]] and dissociated itself from US-friendly countries, including Pakistan, which automatically meant an improved relationship with the Republic of India.


Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organisations such as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. India welcomed Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] regional organisation. [[Lucknow]] continues to be a major centre of Shiite culture and Persian study in the subcontinent.
Currently, the two countries have friendly relations in many areas. There are significant trade ties, particularly in crude oil imports into India and diesel exports to Iran. Iran frequently objected to Pakistan's attempts to draft anti-India resolutions at international organisations such as the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation|OIC]]. India welcomed Iran's inclusion as an observer state in the [[South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation|SAARC]] regional organisation. [[Lucknow]] continues to be a major centre of Shiite culture and Persian study in the subcontinent.
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In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the [[Northern Alliance]] in Afghanistan against the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]]. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] and backed by the United States.
In the 1990s, India and Iran both supported the [[Northern Alliance]] in Afghanistan against the [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Taliban regime]]. They continue to collaborate in supporting the broad-based anti-Taliban government led by [[Hamid Karzai]] and backed by the United States.


However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make a delicate balance. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Rejaul Laskar]], an Indian expert on international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So, while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must meet all its obligations under international law, particularly its obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a signatory"<ref>Beyond Historical Linkages, [http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx Geopolitics, January 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx }}; Page 71</ref>
However, one complex issue in Indo-Iran relations is the issue of Iran's nuclear programme. In this intricate issue, India tries to make a delicate balance. According to [[Rejaul Karim Laskar|Rejaul Laskar]], an Indian expert on international relations, "India's position on Iran's nuclear programme has been consistent, principled and balanced, and makes an endeavour to reconcile Iran's quest for energy security with the international community's concerns on proliferation. So, while India acknowledges and supports Iran's ambitions to achieve energy security and in particular, its quest for peaceful use of nuclear energy, it is also India's principled position that Iran must meet all its obligations under international law, particularly its obligations under the nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) and other such treaties to which it is a signatory"<ref>Beyond Historical Linkages, [http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx Geopolitics, January 2012] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234710/http://www.geopolitics.in/jan2012.aspx |date=15 October 2015 }}; Page 71</ref>


Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129164215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/delhi/32941054_1_israeli-diplomat-houshang-afshar-irani-mohammad-reza-abolghasemi "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat"], "Times of India", 30 July 2012</ref>
Following an attack on an Israeli diplomat in India in February 2012, the [[Delhi Police]] contended that the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had some involvement in the attack. This was subsequently confirmed in July 2012, after a report by the Delhi Police found evidence that members of the Iranian Revolutionary Guard Corps had been involved in the 13 February bomb attack in the capital.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130129164215/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2012-07-30/delhi/32941054_1_israeli-diplomat-houshang-afshar-irani-mohammad-reza-abolghasemi "Cops name Iran military arm for attack on Israeli diplomat"], "Times of India", 30 July 2012</ref>
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[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A Beni-Israel family in Bombay|left]]
[[File:Beni-israel-india-2.jpg|thumb|A Beni-Israel family in Bombay|left]]


The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when 14 million people were displaced<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |first=Crispin |last=Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |publisher=BBC |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,<ref>{{cite web |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |year=2003 |page=75 (5(1), 71–101) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia (later to undergo its genocidal partition). The state could allocate Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces to prevent the partition of historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |title=Myths & Facts – Partition |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed}} But, the final UN resolution recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of partition based on religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed}}
The establishment of Israel at the end of World War II was a complex issue. Based on its own experience during partition, when 14 million people were displaced<ref>{{cite web |title=Rupture in South Asia |url=http://www.unhcr.org/3ebf9bab0.pdf |publisher=United Nations High Commission for Refugees |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=The Hidden Story of Partition and its Legacies |first=Crispin |last=Bates |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/modern/partition1947_01.shtml |publisher=BBC |date=3 March 2011 |access-date=16 August 2014}}</ref> and an estimated 200,000 to 500,000 people were killed in Punjab Province,<ref>{{cite web |title=The partition of India and retributive genocide in the Punjab, 1946–47: means, methods, and purposes |first=Paul R. |last=Brass |author-link=Paul Brass |work=[[Journal of Genocide Research]] |url=http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |year=2003 |page=75 (5(1), 71–101) |access-date=16 August 2014 |archive-date=14 April 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150414153300/http://faculty.washington.edu/brass/Partition.pdf |url-status=dead }}</ref> India had recommended a single state, as did Iran and Yugoslavia (later to undergo its genocidal partition). The state could allocate Arab- and Jewish-majority provinces to prevent the partition of historic Palestine and prevent widespread conflict.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/myths/mf3.html#a |title=Myths & Facts – Partition |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}} But, the final UN resolution recommended the partition of Mandatory Palestine into Arab and Jewish states based on religious and ethnic majorities. India opposed this in the final vote as it did not agree with the concept of partition based on religion.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/History/partition.html |title=United Nations General Assembly Resolution 181 |publisher=Jewishvirtuallibrary.org |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>{{better source needed|date=June 2022}}


Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link],''rediff.com''</ref> Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A.Q. Khan boasts of helping Iran's nuclear programme |work=The Daily Telegraph |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the press meet with the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, in Jerusalem, Israel on July 05, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], with Former Prime Minister of Israel, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], during a press meet, in [[Jerusalem]], {{small|(2017)}}]]Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has improved its relationship with the Jewish state. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], it has supported Palestinian self-determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following Palestine's [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf|title=Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> and [[India–Palestine relations|Indo-Palestinian relations]] was first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |title=MEA – MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126020231/http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel.   
Due to the security threat from a US-backed Pakistan and its nuclear programme in the 1980s, Israel and India started a clandestine relationship that involved cooperation between their respective intelligence agencies.<ref name="RAW-MOSSAD">[http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/sep/08spec.htm RAW and MOSSAD, the Secret Link],''rediff.com''</ref> Israel shared India's concerns about the growing danger posed by Pakistan and nuclear proliferation to Iran and other Arab states.<ref>{{cite news |last=Nelson |first=Dean |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/pakistan/6170145/A.Q.-Khan-boasts-of-helping-Irans-nuclear-programme.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |title=A.Q. Khan boasts of helping Iran's nuclear programme |work=The Daily Telegraph |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |location=London}}{{cbignore}}</ref> [[File:The Prime Minister, Shri Narendra Modi addressing the press meet with the Prime Minister of Israel, Mr. Benjamin Netanyahu, in Jerusalem, Israel on July 05, 2017 (1).jpg|thumb|[[Prime Minister of India|PM]] [[Narendra Modi]], with Former Prime Minister of Israel, [[Benjamin Netanyahu]], during a press meet, in [[Jerusalem]], {{small|(2017)}}]]Since the establishment of full diplomatic relations with Israel in 1992, India has improved its relationship with the Jewish state. India is regarded as Israel's strongest ally in Asia, and Israel is India's second-largest arms supplier. Since India achieved its [[Indian independence movement|independence in 1947]], it has supported Palestinian self-determination. India recognised Palestine's statehood following Palestine's [[Palestinian Declaration of Independence|declaration]] on 18 November 1988<ref name="unesdoc.unesco.org">{{cite web|url=http://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0008/000827/082711eo.pdf|title=Request for the admission of the State of Palestine to UNESCO as a Member State|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref> and [[India–Palestine relations|Indo-Palestinian relations]] was first established in 1974.<ref name="meaindia.nic.in">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |title=MEA – MEA Links : Indian Missions Abroad |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101126020231/http://meaindia.nic.in/meaxpsite/foreignrelation/palestine.pdf |archive-date=26 November 2010 |url-status=dead }}</ref> This has not adversely affected India's improved relations with Israel.   


India entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit],''rediff.com''</ref> and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) towards using satellites to better manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]] Mission involving an uncrewed mission to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119221313/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration], ''The Times of India'', 24 December 2003</ref> On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota space station]] in southern India.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm "India launches Israeli satellite"], BBC News Online, 21 January 2008</ref> [[File:Narendra Modi visit to Israel, July 2017 (5803).jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi's warm visit to Israel, hugging Former President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in 2017]]
India entertained the Israeli Prime Minister in a visit in 2003,<ref>[http://www.rediff.com/news/sharon.htm Ariel Sharon's India visit],''rediff.com''</ref> and Israel has entertained Indian dignitaries such as Finance Minister [[Jaswant Singh]] in diplomatic visits. India and Israel collaborate in scientific and technological endeavours. Israel's Minister for Science and Technology has expressed interest in collaborating with the [[Indian Space Research Organisation]] (ISRO) towards using satellites to better manage land and other resources. Israel has also expressed interest in participating in ISRO's [[Chandrayaan-1|Chandrayaan]] Mission involving an uncrewed mission to the moon.<ref name="TimesofIndia">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040119221313/http://www.hindu.com/2003/12/25/stories/2003122502231200.htm Israel plans thrust on science and technology collaboration], ''The Times of India'', 24 December 2003</ref> On 21 January 2008, India successfully launched an Israeli spy satellite into orbit from the [[Satish Dhawan Space Centre|Sriharikota space station]] in southern India.<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7199736.stm "India launches Israeli satellite"], BBC News Online, 21 January 2008</ref> [[File:Narendra Modi visit to Israel, July 2017 (5803).jpg|thumb|Narendra Modi's warm visit to Israel, hugging Former President [[Reuven Rivlin]] in 2017]]
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Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defence and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story Israel says Mumbai attackers targeted its citizens], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists of the two countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/india/27896422_1_legal-systems-india-and-israel-israeli-president India, Israel set up bilateral legal colloquium]. ''The Times of India'' (31 December 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
Israel and India share intelligence on terrorist groups. They have developed close defence and security ties since establishing diplomatic relations in 1992. India has bought more than $5 billion worth of Israeli equipment since 2002. In addition, Israel is training Indian military units and in 2008 was discussing an arrangement to give Indian commandos instruction in counter-terrorist tactics and urban warfare.<ref>[https://www.latimes.com/news/nationworld/world/la-fg-indiaisrael29-2008nov29,0,440564.story Israel says Mumbai attackers targeted its citizens], ''[[Los Angeles Times]]'', 29 November 2008</ref> In December 2008, Israel and India signed a memorandum to set up an Indo-Israel Legal Colloquium to facilitate discussions and exchange programmes between judges and jurists of the two countries.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20121104032824/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-12-31/india/27896422_1_legal-systems-india-and-israel-israeli-president India, Israel set up bilateral legal colloquium]. ''The Times of India'' (31 December 2008). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


Following the Israeli invasion of [[2006 Lebanon War|Lebanon in 2006]], India stated that the Israeli use of force was "[[International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War#India|disproportionate and excessive]]".<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 LD Lebanon Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195951/http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 }}, Kuwait News Agency</ref>
Following the Israeli invasion of [[2006 Lebanon War|Lebanon in 2006]], India stated that the Israeli use of force was "[[International reactions to the 2006 Lebanon War#India|disproportionate and excessive]]".<ref>[http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 LD Lebanon Reactions] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927195951/http://www.kuna.net.kw/home/story.aspx?Language=en&DSNO=886234 |date=27 September 2007 }}, Kuwait News Agency</ref>


The India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"|url=https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Quartz|language=en}}</ref>
The India-Israel relationship has been very close and warm under the premiership of [[Narendra Modi]] since 2014. In 2017, he was the first ever Prime Minister of India to visit Israel.<ref>{{cite web|last=Bose|first=Sumantra|title=Here's why Hindu nationalists aspire to Israel's "ethnic democracy"|url=https://qz.com/india/1551356/what-explains-modis-bonhomie-with-israels-netanyahu/|access-date=28 July 2021|website=Quartz|date=15 February 2019 |language=en}}</ref>


;Lebanon
;Lebanon
{{main|India–Lebanon relations}}
{{main|India–Lebanon relations}}


India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as a political system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order, regional and global peace, a liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a peacekeeping force as part of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL). One infantry battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of [[Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |title=Pallam Raju to visit Indian peacekeepers in Lebanon |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801091806/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Indian UN vet treats animal victims of Lebanon war |work=Reuters |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India and Lebanon enjoy cordial and friendly relations based on many complementarities such as a political system based on parliamentary democracy, non-alignment, human rights, commitment to a just world order, regional and global peace, a liberal market economy and a vibrant entrepreneurial spirit. India has a peacekeeping force as part of the [[United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon]] (UNIFIL). One infantry battalion is deployed in Lebanon and about 900 personnel are stationed in the Eastern part of [[Southern Lebanon]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |title=Pallam Raju to visit Indian peacekeepers in Lebanon |publisher=Thaindian.com |access-date=21 November 2009 |archive-date=1 August 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120801091806/http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/india-news/pallam-raju-to-visit-indian-peacekeepers-in-lebanon_10093673.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> The force also provided non-patrol aid to citizens.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/inDepthNews/idUSEIC54708020061026?pageNumber=2&virtualBrandChannel=0 |title=Indian UN vet treats animal victims of Lebanon war |work=Reuters |date=26 October 2006 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
India and Lebanon have had very good relations since the 1950s.
India and Lebanon have had very good relations since the 1950s.


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Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr. Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr. Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of the industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too."
Ajay Kumar, the chairman and managing director of Fox Petroleum, based in New Delhi, which is an associate company of Fox Petroleum FZC in the UAE, said that Mr. Modi had "fired the best weapon of economic development and growth". "He has given a red carpet for global players to invest in India," Mr. Kumar added. "It will boost all sectors of the industry – especially for small-scale manufacturing units and heavy industries too."


<ref name="omanobserver.om"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|title=Modi reveals plan to attract foreign investment into India}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|title=Modi and the Sino-Indian Game for Iranian Gas|first=Micha'el Tanchum, The|last=Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|title=$5.6bn Oman-India pipeline plans on track|website=tradearabia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |title=Our events |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901104335/http://www.bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lngcongress.com/|title=5th International LNG Congress|website=lngcongress.com}}</ref>
<ref name="omanobserver.om"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thenational.ae/business/economy/modi-reveals-plan-to-attract-foreign-investment-into-india|title=Modi reveals plan to attract foreign investment into India|date=25 September 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/07/modi-and-the-sino-indian-game-for-iranian-gas/|title=Modi and the Sino-Indian Game for Iranian Gas|first=Micha'el Tanchum, The|last=Diplomat}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.tradearabia.com/news/CONS_282811.html|title=$5.6bn Oman-India pipeline plans on track|website=tradearabia.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |title=Our events |access-date=25 October 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150901104335/http://www.bgs-group.eu/our-events.html |archive-date=1 September 2015 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lngcongress.com/|title=5th International LNG Congress|website=lngcongress.com}}</ref>


;Saudi Arabia
;Saudi Arabia
{{Main|India–Saudi Arabia relations}}
{{Main|India–Saudi Arabia relations}}


Bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, which is one of the top seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="CH">{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |title=India, Saudi Arabia to better understanding |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>
Bilateral relations between India and Saudi Arabia have strengthened considerably owing to cooperation in regional affairs and trade. Saudi Arabia is the one of largest suppliers of oil to India, which is one of the top seven trading partners and the 5th biggest investor in Saudi Arabia.<ref name="CH">{{cite news|url= https://www.business-standard.com/article/economy-policy/-india-saudi-arabia-to-better-understanding-108060200074_1.html |title=India, Saudi Arabia to better understanding |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Business Standard]] |date=2 June 2008|agency=Press Trust of India }}</ref>


India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Third Saudi State]]. During the 1930s, India heavily funded [[Nejd]] through financial subsidies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |title=The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: from chieftaincy to monarchical state |publisher=Oxford University Press US, 1993 |isbn=9780195074406|year=1993 }}</ref>
India was one of the first nations to establish ties with the [[Unification of Saudi Arabia|Third Saudi State]]. During the 1930s, India heavily funded [[Nejd]] through financial subsidies.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kostiner |first=Joseph |title=The making of Saudi Arabia, 1916–1936: from chieftaincy to monarchical state |publisher=Oxford University Press US, 1993 |isbn=9780195074406|year=1993 }}</ref>
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] of Saudi Arabia]]
[[File:Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud of Saudi Arabia.jpg|thumb|Prime Minister Narendra Modi in conversation with [[Salman of Saudi Arabia|King Salman bin Abdul Aziz Al Saud]] of Saudi Arabia]]
India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties with Pakistan.<ref name="SO2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm |title=Saudi king on rare visit to India |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at the expense of its relations with India.<ref name="VA2">
India's strategic relations with Saudi Arabia have been affected by the latter's close ties with Pakistan.<ref name="SO2">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4645836.stm |title=Saudi king on rare visit to India |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News |date=25 January 2006}}</ref> Saudi Arabia supported Pakistan's stance on the [[Kashmir conflict]] during the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] at the expense of its relations with India.<ref name="VA2">
{{cite book |first=Prithvi Ram |last=Mudiam |title=India and the Middle East |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 88–94] |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-85043-703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]]'s close relations with India also served as a source of consternation.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> During the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] (1990–91), India officially maintained [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/>
{{cite book |first=Prithvi Ram |last=Mudiam |title=India and the Middle East |pages=[https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 88–94] |publisher=British Academic Press |year=1994 |isbn=1-85043-703-3 |url=https://archive.org/details/indiamiddleeast00prit/page/88 }}</ref> The [[Soviet Union]]'s close relations with India also served as a source of consternation.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/> During the [[Gulf War|Persian Gulf War]] (1990–91), India officially maintained [[Neutral country|neutrality]]. Saudi Arabia's close military and strategic ties with Pakistan have also been a source of continuing strain.<ref name="SO2"/><ref name="VA2"/>


Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported granting [[observer status]] to India in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and has expanded its cooperation with India to fight [[terrorism]].<ref name="new era">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |title="New era" for Saudi-Indian ties |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News }}</ref> In January 2006, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] made a special visit to India, becoming the first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.<ref name="SO2"/> The Saudi king and former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi Declaration".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/India-Saudi-Arabia-sign-strategic-energy-pact-Long-term-contracts-planned-for-crude-supplies/article20196973.ece |title=India, Saudi Arabia sign strategic energy pact |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref> The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to India through long-term contracts."<ref name="DG">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |title=India, Saudi Arabia in energy deal |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=CNN}}</ref> Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.<ref name="DG"/> An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital [[New Delhi]] described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations".<ref name="new era"/>
Since the 1990s, both nations have taken steps to improve ties. Saudi Arabia has supported granting [[observer status]] to India in the [[Organisation of Islamic Cooperation]] (OIC) and has expanded its cooperation with India to fight [[terrorism]].<ref name="new era">{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/4655268.stm |title="New era" for Saudi-Indian ties |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=BBC News |date=27 January 2006}}</ref> In January 2006, King [[Abdullah of Saudi Arabia]] made a special visit to India, becoming the first Saudi monarch in 51 years to do so.<ref name="SO2"/> The Saudi king and former [[Prime Minister of India]] [[Manmohan Singh]] signed an agreement forging a strategic energy partnership that was termed the "Delhi Declaration".<ref>{{cite news|url= https://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-economy/India-Saudi-Arabia-sign-strategic-energy-pact-Long-term-contracts-planned-for-crude-supplies/article20196973.ece |title=India, Saudi Arabia sign strategic energy pact |date=23 April 2011 |access-date=16 August 2020 |work=Business Line}}</ref> The pact provides for a "reliable, stable and increased volume of crude oil supplies to India through long-term contracts."<ref name="DG">{{cite news |url=https://money.cnn.com/2006/01/27/news/international/india_saudi.dj/ |title=India, Saudi Arabia in energy deal |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=CNN|date=27 January 2006}}</ref> Both nations also agreed on joint ventures and the development of oil and natural gas in public and private sectors.<ref name="DG"/> An Indo-Saudi joint declaration in the Indian capital [[New Delhi]] described the king's visit as "heralding a new era in India-Saudi Arabia relations".<ref name="new era"/>


;Syria
;Syria
Line 1,032: Line 1,036:
;Arab states of the Persian Gulf
;Arab states of the Persian Gulf


India and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] enjoy strong cultural and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf countries<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |title=India, Gulf share special relationship- Indicators-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate community in the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |title=Saudi Arabia Woos China and India :: Middle East Quarterly |journal=Middle East Quarterly |publisher=Meforum.org |access-date=21 November 2009|last1=Pant |first1=Harsh V. }}</ref>{{better source needed}} The annual remittance by Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |title=Bringing home a new Islam |location=Vengara |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080613/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28}}</ref> India is one of the largest trading partners of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|CCASG]] with non-oil trade between India and [[Dubai]] alone amounting to US$19 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |title=India-Dubai trade records 74% rise- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |title=Kuwait Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119055216/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's energy sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070835/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Qatar to invest $5 billion in India |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>
India and the [[Arab states of the Persian Gulf]] enjoy strong cultural and economic ties. This is reflected in the fact that more than 50% of the oil consumed by India comes from the Persian Gulf countries<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/India_Gulf_share_special_relationship/articleshow/2700623.cms |title=India, Gulf share special relationship- Indicators-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=15 January 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> and Indian nationals form the largest expatriate community in the Arabian peninsula.<ref>{{cite journal |url=http://www.meforum.org/article/1019 |title=Saudi Arabia Woos China and India :: Middle East Quarterly |journal=Middle East Quarterly |date=September 2006 |publisher=Meforum.org |access-date=21 November 2009|last1=Pant |first1=Harsh V. }}</ref>{{better source needed|date=May 2022}} The annual remittance by Indian expatriates in the region amounted to US$20 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28 |newspaper=[[Los Angeles Times]] |date=28 January 2007 |last=Daragahi |first=Borzou |title=Bringing home a new Islam |location=Vengara |access-date=21 March 2014 |archive-date=4 May 2011 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110504080613/http://articles.latimes.com/2007/jan/28/world/fg-kerala28}}</ref> India is one of the largest trading partners of the [[Gulf Cooperation Council|CCASG]] with non-oil trade between India and [[Dubai]] alone amounting to US$19 billion in 2007.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |title=India-Dubai trade records 74% rise- Foreign Trade-Economy-News-The Economic Times |work=The Economic Times |date=2 June 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081216141849/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/News/Economy/Foreign_Trade/India-Dubai_trade_records_74_rise/articleshow/3093800.cms |archive-date=16 December 2008}}</ref> The Persian Gulf countries have also played an important role in addressing India's energy security concerns, with Saudi Arabia and Kuwait regularly increasing their oil supply to India to meet the country's rising energy demand. In 2005, Kuwait increased its oil exports to India by 10% increasing the net oil trade between the two to US$4.5 billion.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |title=Kuwait Energy Data, Statistics and Analysis – Oil, Gas, Electricity, Coal |publisher=Eia.doe.gov |date=1 January 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100119055216/http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/Kuwait/Oil.html |archive-date=19 January 2010 }}</ref> In 2008, Qatar decided to invest US$5 billion in India's energy sector.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218070835/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111261371200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Qatar to invest $5 billion in India |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref>


India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083247/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument Open Document] {{Dead link}}</ref>
India has maritime security arrangements in place with Oman and Qatar.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081218083247/http://www.hindu.com/2008/11/12/stories/2008111258230100.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 December 2008 |title=Front Page : Navy foils bid to hijack Indian ship in Gulf of Aden |date=12 November 2008 |access-date=21 November 2009 |work=[[The Hindu]] |location=Chennai, India}}</ref> In 2008, a landmark defence pact was signed, under which India committed its military assets to protect "Qatar from external threats".<ref>[http://www.ptinews.com/pti%5Cptisite.nsf/0/AC643928791FF4F2652574FE00466484?OpenDocument Open Document] {{Dead link|date=October 2009}}</ref>
There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |title=A Qatar-to-India Pipeline? |work=Energy Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125132/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>  
There has been progress in a proposed deep-sea gas pipeline from Qatar, via Oman, to India.<ref>{{cite web |last=Bhardwaj |first=Priyanka |url=http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |title=A Qatar-to-India Pipeline? |work=Energy Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120226125132/http://www.energytribune.com/articles.cfm?aid=2245 |archive-date=26 February 2012 }}</ref>  


Line 1,049: Line 1,053:
{{main|Belarus–India relations}}
{{main|Belarus–India relations}}


Belarus has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |title=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Republic of India |publisher=India.mfa.gov.by |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104940/https://india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indembminsk.org/ |title=Ind Emb Minsk |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116092305/http://www.indembminsk.org/?page=3760 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Belarus has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |title=Embassy of the Republic of Belarus in the Republic of India |publisher=India.mfa.gov.by |date= |access-date=2022-08-05 |archive-date=27 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220427104940/https://india.mfa.gov.by/en/ |url-status=dead }}</ref> Since 14 May 1992, India has an embassy in [[Minsk]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indembminsk.org/ |title=Ind Emb Minsk |access-date=19 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120116092305/http://www.indembminsk.org/?page=3760 |archive-date=16 January 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>


;Belgium
;Belgium
{{main|Belgium–India relations}}
{{main|Belgium–India relations}}


Belgium has an [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|embassy in New Delhi]], consulates in [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]], and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-consulates|title=Embassy and consulates}}</ref>  
Belgium has an [[Embassy of Belgium, New Delhi|embassy in New Delhi]], consulates in [[Chennai]] and [[Mumbai]], and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://india.diplomatie.belgium.be/en/embassy-and-consulates|title=Embassy and consulates|date=4 December 2014}}</ref>  
India has an [[Embassy of India, Brussels|embassy in Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Belgium, Luxembourg & European Union|website=indianembassybrussels.gov.in}}</ref>
India has an [[Embassy of India, Brussels|embassy in Brussels]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.indianembassybrussels.gov.in/|title=Welcome to Embassy of India, Belgium, Luxembourg & European Union|website=indianembassybrussels.gov.in}}</ref>


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{{main|Bulgaria–India relations}}
{{main|Bulgaria–India relations}}


Bulgaria has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501072933/http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|url-status=dead|title=Bulgarian embassy in New Delhi|archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> India has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>[http://www.indembsofia.org/ Indian embassy in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719032901/http://www.indembsofia.org/ }}. Indembsofia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
Bulgaria has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150501072933/http://www.mfa.bg/delhi/|url-status=dead|title=Bulgarian embassy in New Delhi|archive-date=1 May 2015}}</ref> India has an embassy in [[Sofia]].<ref>[http://www.indembsofia.org/ Indian embassy in Sofia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090719032901/http://www.indembsofia.org/ |date=19 July 2009 }}. Indembsofia.org. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


;Croatia
;Croatia
{{main|Croatia–India relations}}
{{main|Croatia–India relations}}


Since February 1995, Croatia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-missions-and-consular-offices-of-croatia/india-new-delhi,143.html|title=MVEP • Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia • India, New Delhi|website=mvep.hr}}</ref> Since 28 April 1996, India has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |title=Indian embassy in Zagreb |publisher=Indianembassy.hr |access-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424131308/http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>
Since February 1995, Croatia has an embassy in [[New Delhi]] and an honorary consulate in [[Mumbai]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mvep.hr/en/diplomatic-directory/diplomatic-missions-and-consular-offices-of-croatia/india-new-delhi,143.html|title=MVEP • Diplomatic Missions and Consular Offices of Croatia • India, New Delhi|website=mvep.hr}}</ref> Since 28 April 1996, India has an embassy in [[Zagreb]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |title=Indian embassy in Zagreb |publisher=Indianembassy.hr |date=9 January 2009 |access-date=11 June 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150424131308/http://www.indianembassy.hr/ |archive-date=24 April 2015 |url-status=dead  }}</ref>


;Czech Republic
;Czech Republic
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[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], former [[Prime Minister of Denmark]], accompanied by a large business delegation, paid a [[state visit]] to India from 4 to 8 February 2008. He visited [[Infosys]], [[Biocon]] and [[IIM Bangalore]] in [[Bangalore]] and [[Agra]]. He launched an 'India Action Plan', which called for strengthening of the political dialogue, strengthening of cooperation in trade and investments, research in science and technology, [[energy]], [[climate]] and [[Environmental policy|environment]], culture, education, student exchanges and attracting skilled manpower and IT experts to Denmark for short periods. The two countries signed an Agreement for the establishment of a Bilateral Joint Commission for Cooperation.
[[Anders Fogh Rasmussen]], former [[Prime Minister of Denmark]], accompanied by a large business delegation, paid a [[state visit]] to India from 4 to 8 February 2008. He visited [[Infosys]], [[Biocon]] and [[IIM Bangalore]] in [[Bangalore]] and [[Agra]]. He launched an 'India Action Plan', which called for strengthening of the political dialogue, strengthening of cooperation in trade and investments, research in science and technology, [[energy]], [[climate]] and [[Environmental policy|environment]], culture, education, student exchanges and attracting skilled manpower and IT experts to Denmark for short periods. The two countries signed an Agreement for the establishment of a Bilateral Joint Commission for Cooperation.


In July 2012, the [[Government of India]] decided to scale down its diplomatic ties with Denmark after that country's refusal to appeal in their Supreme Court against a decision of its lower court rejecting the extradition of [[Purulia arms drop case]] prime accused Kim Davy a.k.a. [[Niels Holck]]. Agitated over Denmark's refusal to act on India's repeated requests to appeal in their apex court to facilitate Davy's [[extradition]] to India, the government issued a circular directing all senior officials not to meet or entertain any Danish diplomat posted in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |title=India to scale down diplomatic ties with Denmark |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509045043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>
In July 2012, the [[Government of India]] decided to scale down its diplomatic ties with Denmark after that country's refusal to appeal in their Supreme Court against a decision of its lower court rejecting the extradition of [[Purulia arms drop case]] prime accused Kim Davy a.k.a. [[Niels Holck]]. Agitated over Denmark's refusal to act on India's repeated requests to appeal in their apex court to facilitate Davy's [[extradition]] to India, the government issued a circular directing all senior officials not to meet or entertain any Danish diplomat posted in India.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |title=India to scale down diplomatic ties with Denmark |date=12 July 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130509045043/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/NewDelhi/India-to-scale-down-diplomatic-ties-with-Denmark/Article1-887814.aspx |archive-date=9 May 2013 }}</ref>


;Estonia
;Estonia
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}}
}}


France and India established diplomatic relations before India's [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from the British Empire]] on 17 February 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=India+and+France+to+Exchange+Ambassadors&pg=PA195&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=196 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref> France's Indian possessions were returned to India after a treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. [[Pondicherry]] and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry on 1 July 1963.
France and India established diplomatic relations before India's [[Indian Independence Act 1947|independence from the British Empire]] on 17 February 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fCFzLGjiLMC&dq=India+and+France+to+Exchange+Ambassadors&pg=PA195 |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |year=1947 |publisher=1947 |pages=196 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref> France's Indian possessions were returned to India after a treaty of cession was signed by the two countries in May 1956. On 16 August 1962, India and France exchanged the instruments of ratification under which France ceded to India full sovereignty over the territories it held. [[Pondicherry]] and the other enclaves of Karaikal, Mahe and Yanam came to be administered as the Union Territory of Puducherry on 1 July 1963.


France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn [[Pokhran-II|India's decision to go nuclear in 1998]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2001 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011123140851/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |archive-date=23 November 2001 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's candidacy for permanent membership in the UN Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian Government's decisions to purchase French {{sclass2|Scorpène|submarine|1}}s worth US$3 billion and 43 [[Airbus]] aircraft for [[Air India]] worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic cooperation between India and France.
France, Russia and Israel were the only countries that did not condemn [[Pokhran-II|India's decision to go nuclear in 1998]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |title=Archived copy |access-date=23 November 2001 |archive-url=http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20011123140851/http://cns.miis.edu/research/india/reaction.htm |archive-date=23 November 2001 |url-status=dead  }}</ref> In 2003, France became the largest supplier of nuclear fuel and technology to India and remains a large military and economic trade partner. India's candidacy for permanent membership in the UN Security Council has found very strong support from former French President Nicolas Sarkozy. The Indian Government's decisions to purchase French {{sclass2|Scorpène|submarine|1}}s worth US$3 billion and 43 [[Airbus]] aircraft for [[Air India]] worth US$2.5 billion have further cemented the strategic, military and economic cooperation between India and France.
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France's decision to ban schoolchildren from wearing headdresses and veils had the unintended consequence of affecting Sikh children who have been refused entry into public schools. The Indian Government, citing the historic traditions of the Sikh community, has requested French authorities to review the situation to not exclude Sikh children from education.
France's decision to ban schoolchildren from wearing headdresses and veils had the unintended consequence of affecting Sikh children who have been refused entry into public schools. The Indian Government, citing the historic traditions of the Sikh community, has requested French authorities to review the situation to not exclude Sikh children from education.


President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and [[François Hollande]] visited India in January 2008 and 2016 respectively as the Chief Guest of the annual [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade in New Delhi. France was the first country to sign a nuclear energy cooperation agreement with India; this was done during Prime Minister Singh's visit, following the waiver by the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]. During the [[Bastille Day]] celebrations on 14 July 2009, a detachment of 400 Indian troops marched alongside the French troops and the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |title=France honours India in Bastille Day military parade |publisher=France 24 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715132038/http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |archive-date=15 July 2009}}</ref>
President [[Nicolas Sarkozy]] and [[François Hollande]] visited India in January 2008 and 2016 respectively as the Chief Guest of the annual [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] parade in New Delhi. France was the first country to sign a nuclear energy cooperation agreement with India; this was done during Prime Minister Singh's visit, following the waiver by the [[Nuclear Suppliers Group]]. During the [[Bastille Day]] celebrations on 14 July 2009, a detachment of 400 Indian troops marched alongside the French troops and the then [[Prime Minister of India|Indian Prime Minister]] Manmohan Singh was the guest of honour.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |title=France honours India in Bastille Day military parade |publisher=France 24 |date=14 July 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090715132038/http://www.france24.com/en/20090714-france-honours-india-bastille-day-military-parade |archive-date=15 July 2009}}</ref>


;Finland
;Finland
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During the [[Cold War]] India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved.
During the [[Cold War]] India maintained diplomatic relations with both West Germany and East Germany. Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, and the reunification of Germany, relations have further improved.


Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. Between 2004 and 2013, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracking India's bilateral trade with Germany, Europe's powerhouse |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/statsguru-tracking-india-s-bilateral-trade-with-germany-europe-s-powerhouse-115101200051_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard }}</ref> According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between India and Germany was $5.5 billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked 6) in 2004 and $21.6 billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in 2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54 billion (3.99% ranked 6) in 2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from Germany were $2.92 billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33 billion (2.92% ranked 10) in 2013.
Germany is India's largest trade partner in Europe. Between 2004 and 2013, Indo-German trade grew in volume but dropped in importance.<ref>{{cite news |title=Tracking India's bilateral trade with Germany, Europe's powerhouse |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/specials/statsguru-tracking-india-s-bilateral-trade-with-germany-europe-s-powerhouse-115101200051_1.html |newspaper=Business Standard |date=12 October 2015}}</ref> According to Indian Ministry of Commerce MX data: Total trade between India and Germany was $5.5 billion (3.8% share of Indian trade and ranked 6) in 2004 and $21.6 billion (2.6% share of Indian trade and ranked 9) in 2013. Indian exports to Germany were $2.54 billion (3.99% ranked 6) in 2004 and $7.3billion (2.41% ranked 10) in 2013. Indian imports from Germany were $2.92 billion (3.73% ranked 6) in 2004 and $14.33 billion (2.92% ranked 10) in 2013.


[[File:Be Indian Embassy 01.jpg|thumb|left|Embassy of the Republic of India in [[Berlin]] (2008)]]
[[File:Be Indian Embassy 01.jpg|thumb|left|Embassy of the Republic of India in [[Berlin]] (2008)]]


Indo-German ties are transactional. The strategic relationship between Germany and India suffers from sustained anti-Asian sentiment,<ref name="2014 World Service Poll">[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002222058/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf }} [[BBC]]</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=Does not claim anti-Asian sentiment}} [[institutionalized discrimination]] against minority groups,<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's neo-Nazi investigation exposes institutional racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/13/germany-neo-nazi-investigation-institutional-racism |newspaper=The Guardian }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salentin |first1=Kurt |title=Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany |publisher=University of Bielefeld, Germany |edition=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |ref=J C V : Vol. 1 (1) 2007, pp. 32 – 50 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234711/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wage Discrimination and Occupational Segregation of Foreign Male Workers in Germany |publisher=Zentrumjiir Europiiische Wirtschajtsjorschung (ZEW) |url=http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp9504.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Yentl Solari |first1=Sarah |title=German Nationality: An Illustration of Institutionalized Discrimination |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |hdl=10919/32117 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32117 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026032556/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-093141/unrestricted/Thesis.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2015 |type=Thesis |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and xenophobic incidents against Indians in Germany. The [[Mügeln#Mügeln mob attack|2007 Mügeln mob attack on Indians]] and the [[Leipzig University internship controversy|2015 Leipzig University internship controversy]] have clouded the predominantly commercial-oriented relationship between the two countries. Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods within the Indian market has seen machine tools, automotive parts and medical supplies from German ''[[Mittelstand]]'' ceding ground to high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in [[ASEAN]] & [[BRICS]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=How much is 'Made in Germany' really worth? |url=http://www.dw.de/how-much-is-made-in-germany-really-worth/a-17372908 |publisher=Deutsche Welle }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machinery manufacturers face Chinese challenge |url=http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407164448/http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2015 |issue=October 2013 |publisher=Automotive Products Finder}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machine tool industry aims to catch up with Japan in Thailand |url=http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101902/http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=VDW (German Machine Tool Builders' Association) }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The future of German mechanical engineering |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/PDFs/Updated%20VDMA%20reports/VDMA_ENGLISH_FINAL.ashx |issue=July 2014 |publisher=McKinsey & Company}}</ref> The [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]] drew the spotlight on corrupt behaviour in German boardrooms<ref>{{cite news |title='Made in Germany' lies in the 'gutter' after Volkswagen caught cheating |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph }}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VW scandal more proof something is rotten in European corporations |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/vw-scandal-is-more-proof-that-something-is-rotten-in-european-corporations-2015-09-22 |publisher=Market Watch }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German Cheats |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/leyen-plagarism-germany-gutenberg-scandal/ |work=Politico }}</ref> and brought back memories of the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] bribery scandal surrounding the procurement of {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|1}}s by the Indian Navy. The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia. Germany like India is working towards gaining permanent seats in the [[United Nations Security Council]].
Indo-German ties are transactional. The strategic relationship between Germany and India suffers from sustained anti-Asian sentiment,<ref name="2014 World Service Poll">[http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf 2014 World Service Poll] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181002222058/http://downloads.bbc.co.uk/mediacentre/country-rating-poll.pdf |date=2 October 2018 }} [[BBC]]</ref> {{Citation needed|reason=Does not claim anti-Asian sentiment|date=November 2016}} [[institutionalized discrimination]] against minority groups,<ref>{{cite news |title=Germany's neo-Nazi investigation exposes institutional racism |url=https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/nov/13/germany-neo-nazi-investigation-institutional-racism |newspaper=The Guardian |date=13 November 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Salentin |first1=Kurt |title=Determinants of Experience of Discrimination in Minorities in Germany |publisher=University of Bielefeld, Germany |edition=International Journal of Conflict and Violence |url=http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |ref=J C V : Vol. 1 (1) 2007, pp. 32 – 50 |access-date=14 October 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151015234711/http://www.ijcv.org/index.php/ijcv/article/viewFile/19/19 |archive-date=15 October 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=Wage Discrimination and Occupational Segregation of Foreign Male Workers in Germany |date=March 1995 |publisher=Zentrumjiir Europiiische Wirtschajtsjorschung (ZEW) |url=http://ftp.zew.de/pub/zew-docs/dp/dp9504.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Yentl Solari |first1=Sarah |title=German Nationality: An Illustration of Institutionalized Discrimination |date=22 April 2009 |publisher=Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University |hdl=10919/32117 |url=http://hdl.handle.net/10919/32117 |access-date=26 September 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151026032556/http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-05022009-093141/unrestricted/Thesis.pdf |archive-date=26 October 2015 |type=Thesis |url-status=dead  }}</ref> and xenophobic incidents against Indians in Germany. The [[Mügeln#Mügeln mob attack|2007 Mügeln mob attack on Indians]] and the [[Leipzig University internship controversy|2015 Leipzig University internship controversy]] have clouded the predominantly commercial-oriented relationship between the two countries. Stiff competition between foreign manufactured goods within the Indian market has seen machine tools, automotive parts and medical supplies from German ''[[Mittelstand]]'' ceding ground to high-technology imports manufactured by companies located in [[ASEAN]] & [[BRICS]] countries.<ref>{{cite news |title=How much is 'Made in Germany' really worth? |url=http://www.dw.de/how-much-is-made-in-germany-really-worth/a-17372908 |publisher=Deutsche Welle |date=20 January 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machinery manufacturers face Chinese challenge |url=http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20150407164448/http://automotiveproductsfinder.com/APFCONTENT/articles/german-machinery-manufacturers-face-chinese-challenge.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=7 April 2015 |issue=October 2013 |publisher=Automotive Products Finder}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German machine tool industry aims to catch up with Japan in Thailand |url=http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402101902/http://www.vdw.de/bin/load_file_inter.pl?p_bereich=presse_info&p_paket_id=16&p_dok_id=6959&p_sprache=e&p_typ=att |url-status=dead |archive-date=2 April 2015 |publisher=VDW (German Machine Tool Builders' Association) |date=26 November 2014 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=The future of German mechanical engineering |url=http://www.mckinsey.com/~/media/McKinsey/dotcom/client_service/Automotive%20and%20Assembly/PDFs/Updated%20VDMA%20reports/VDMA_ENGLISH_FINAL.ashx |issue=July 2014 |publisher=McKinsey & Company}}</ref> The [[Volkswagen emissions scandal]] drew the spotlight on corrupt behaviour in German boardrooms<ref>{{cite news |title='Made in Germany' lies in the 'gutter' after Volkswagen caught cheating |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220112/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/finance/economics/11880921/Made-in-Germany-lies-in-the-gutter-after-Volkswagen-caught-cheating.html |archive-date=12 January 2022 |url-access=subscription |url-status=live |newspaper=The Telegraph |date=21 September 2015}}{{cbignore}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=VW scandal more proof something is rotten in European corporations |url=http://www.marketwatch.com/story/vw-scandal-is-more-proof-that-something-is-rotten-in-european-corporations-2015-09-22 |publisher=Market Watch |date=22 September 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=German Cheats |url=http://www.politico.eu/article/leyen-plagarism-germany-gutenberg-scandal/ |work=Politico |date=28 September 2015}}</ref> and brought back memories of the [[Howaldtswerke-Deutsche Werft|HDW]] bribery scandal surrounding the procurement of {{sclass|Shishumar|submarine|1}}s by the Indian Navy. The India-Germany strategic relationship is limited by the insignificance of German geopolitical influence in Asian affairs. Germany has no strategic footprint in Asia. Germany like India is working towards gaining permanent seats in the [[United Nations Security Council]].


;Greece
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There is now tangible evidence indicating that the settlement of Greek merchants in Bengal must have begun as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://elinepa.org/three-centuries-of-hellenic-presence-in-bengal |title = Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal|date = 31 December 2005}}</ref> Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760–1833) was the earliest recorded Greek Indologist. His translations of Sanskrit texts into Greek made knowledge of the philosophical and religious ideas of India available to many Europeans. A "Dimitrios Galanos" Chair for Hellenic Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India in September 2000.
There is now tangible evidence indicating that the settlement of Greek merchants in Bengal must have begun as early as the beginning of the seventeenth century.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://elinepa.org/three-centuries-of-hellenic-presence-in-bengal |title = Three Centuries of Hellenic Presence in Bengal|date = 31 December 2005}}</ref> Dimitrios Galanos (Greek: Δημήτριος Γαλανός, 1760–1833) was the earliest recorded Greek Indologist. His translations of Sanskrit texts into Greek made knowledge of the philosophical and religious ideas of India available to many Europeans. A "Dimitrios Galanos" Chair for Hellenic Studies was established at Jawaharlal Nehru University in New Delhi, India in September 2000.


In modern times, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tomilson |first1=C |title=Greek leader says earthquake could bring together India, Pakistan |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0F891F6D412BD726?p=AWNB |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Associated Press Archive }}</ref>  As of 2020, the relationship between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical and strategic by both parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/10/30/india-greece-historical-friendship/|title=Indian FM Emphasizes 'historical Friendship' With Greece As Bilateral Ties Rapidly Foster}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/11/15/indian-fm-greece-strategic-partner/|title=Indian FM: Greece Is Our Strategic Partner|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos}}</ref>{{bsn}}
In modern times, diplomatic relations between Greece and India were established in May 1950. The new Greek Embassy building in New Delhi was inaugurated on 6 February 2001.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Tomilson |first1=C |title=Greek leader says earthquake could bring together India, Pakistan |url=http://infoweb.newsbank.com/resources/doc/nb/news/0F891F6D412BD726?p=AWNB |access-date=1 February 2017 |publisher=Associated Press Archive |date=6 February 2001}}</ref>  As of 2020, the relationship between the two countries is closer than ever and is considered historical and strategic by both parties.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/10/30/india-greece-historical-friendship/|title=Indian FM Emphasizes 'historical Friendship' With Greece As Bilateral Ties Rapidly Foster|date=30 October 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://greekcitytimes.com/2020/11/15/indian-fm-greece-strategic-partner/|title=Indian FM: Greece Is Our Strategic Partner|first=Paul|last=Antonopoulos|date=15 November 2020}}</ref>{{bsn|date=June 2022}}


;Hungary
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{{Main|Iceland–India relations}}
{{Main|Iceland–India relations}}


Iceland and India established diplomatic relations in 1972. The Embassy of Iceland in London was accredited to India and the Embassy of India in [[Oslo]], Norway, was accredited to Iceland. However, it was only after 2003 that the two countries began close diplomatic and economic relationships.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi"/> In 2003, [[President of Iceland]] [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] visited India on a diplomatic mission. This was the first visit by an Icelandic President to India. During the visit, Iceland pledged support to New Delhi's candidature for a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]] thus becoming the first [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] country to do so. This was followed by an official visit of [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] to Iceland in May 2005.<ref name="My background helps me: Kalam">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=K. V. |title=My background helps me: Kalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115104755/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2006 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Following this, a new embassy of Iceland was opened in New Delhi on 26 February 2006.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003172058/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Soon, an [[Indian Navy]] team visited Iceland on a friendly mission.<ref name="Indian Navy Team in Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |title=Indian Navy Team in Iceland |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003017/http://www.iceland.org./in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Gunnar Pálsson]] is the ambassador of Iceland to India. The Embassy's area of accreditation, apart from India includes Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius and Nepal.<ref name="About the Embassy">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |title=About the Embassy |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928072152/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |archive-date=28 September 2008 }}</ref> India appointed [[S. Swaminathan]] as the first resident ambassador to Iceland in March 2008.<ref name="Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |title=Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland |publisher=NIC India Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410162813/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
Iceland and India established diplomatic relations in 1972. The Embassy of Iceland in London was accredited to India and the Embassy of India in [[Oslo]], Norway, was accredited to Iceland. However, it was only after 2003 that the two countries began close diplomatic and economic relationships.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi"/> In 2003, [[President of Iceland]] [[Ólafur Ragnar Grímsson]] visited India on a diplomatic mission. This was the first visit by an Icelandic President to India. During the visit, Iceland pledged support to New Delhi's candidature for a permanent seat in the [[United Nations Security Council]] thus becoming the first [[Nordic countries|Nordic]] country to do so. This was followed by an official visit of [[President of India]] [[A. P. J. Abdul Kalam]] to Iceland in May 2005.<ref name="My background helps me: Kalam">{{cite news |last=Prasad |first=K. V. |date=30 May 2005 |title=My background helps me: Kalam |url=http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060115104755/http://www.hindu.com/2005/05/30/stories/2005053014431200.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=15 January 2006 |location=Chennai, India |newspaper=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Following this, a new embassy of Iceland was opened in New Delhi on 26 February 2006.<ref name="Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061003172058/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/1748|url-status=dead|archive-date=3 October 2006 |title=Inauguration of the Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi |date=26 February 2006 |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008}}</ref> Soon, an [[Indian Navy]] team visited Iceland on a friendly mission.<ref name="Indian Navy Team in Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |title=Indian Navy Team in Iceland |date=25 August 2006 |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081203003017/http://www.iceland.org./in/the-embassy/news-and-events/nr/2929 |archive-date=3 December 2008 }}</ref> [[Gunnar Pálsson]] is the ambassador of Iceland to India. The Embassy's area of accreditation, apart from India includes Bangladesh, Indonesia, the Seychelles, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritius and Nepal.<ref name="About the Embassy">{{cite web |url=http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |title=About the Embassy |publisher=Icelandic Foreign Service |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928072152/http://www.iceland.org/in/the-embassy/about-the-embassy/ |archive-date=28 September 2008 }}</ref> India appointed [[S. Swaminathan]] as the first resident ambassador to Iceland in March 2008.<ref name="Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland">{{cite web |url=http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |title=Shri S. Swaminathan to be India's first resident Ambassador to Iceland |date=3 September 2008 |publisher=NIC India Ministry of External Affairs, New Delhi |access-date=28 September 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410162813/http://meaindia.nic.in/pressrelease/2008/09/03pr01.htm |archive-date=10 April 2009}}</ref>
* India has an embassy established in 2006 in [[Reykjavík]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianembassy.is/|title=Home – Embassy of India – Iceland|website=Embassy of India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100148/http://indianembassy.is/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* India has an embassy established in 2006 in [[Reykjavík]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://indianembassy.is/|title=Home – Embassy of India – Iceland|website=Embassy of India|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518100148/http://indianembassy.is/|archive-date=18 May 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Iceland has an embassy established in 2005 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in/|title=Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi|website=iceland.is|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510220153/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* Iceland has an embassy established in 2005 in [[New Delhi]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in/|title=Embassy of Iceland in New Delhi|website=iceland.is|access-date=14 May 2015|archive-date=10 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150510220153/http://www.iceland.is/iceland-abroad/in|url-status=dead}}</ref>
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{{Main|India–Ireland relations}}
{{Main|India–Ireland relations}}


Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during their respective campaigns for independence from the British Empire. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by [[Pandit Nehru]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[James Joyce]], and, above all, [[Annie Besant]]. Politically, relations have not been cold or warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states.{{Citation needed}} Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.
Indo-Irish relations picked up steam during their respective campaigns for independence from the British Empire. Political relations between the two states have largely been based on socio-cultural ties, although political and economic ties have also helped build relations. Indo-Irish relations were greatly strengthened by [[Pandit Nehru]], [[Éamon de Valera]], [[Rabindranath Tagore]], [[W. B. Yeats]], [[James Joyce]], and, above all, [[Annie Besant]]. Politically, relations have not been cold or warm. Mutual benefit has led to economic ties that are fruitful for both states.{{Citation needed|date=December 2008}} Visits by government leaders have kept relations cordial at regular intervals.
[[File:Annie_Besant,_LoC.jpg|thumb|Annie Besant, one of the founders of the [[Banaras Hindu University]], was regarded as a champion of human [[freedom]], she was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian [[Self-governance|self-rule]] and the first woman president of the [[Indian National Congress]]]]
[[File:Annie_Besant,_LoC.jpg|thumb|Annie Besant, one of the founders of the [[Banaras Hindu University]], was regarded as a champion of human [[freedom]], she was an ardent supporter of both Irish and Indian [[Self-governance|self-rule]] and the first woman president of the [[Indian National Congress]]]]
* India has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.ie/|title=Acasa – Indi|website=Indi}}</ref>
* India has an embassy in [[Dublin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indianembassy.ie/|title=Acasa – Indi|website=Indi}}</ref>
* The Republic of Ireland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 Embassy of Republic of Ireland in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727184941/http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 }}</ref>
* The Republic of Ireland has an embassy in [[New Delhi]].<ref>[http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 Embassy of Republic of Ireland in India] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140727184941/http://web.dfa.ie/home/index.aspx?id=52432 |date=27 July 2014 }}</ref>


;Italy
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Since 2012 the relationship has been affected by the ongoing [[Enrica Lexie case]]: two Indian fishermen were killed on the Indian fishing vessel ''St. Antony'' as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with the Italian oil tanker ''Enrica Lexie'' in international waters, off the [[Kerala]] coast.
Since 2012 the relationship has been affected by the ongoing [[Enrica Lexie case]]: two Indian fishermen were killed on the Indian fishing vessel ''St. Antony'' as a result of gunshot wounds following a confrontation with the Italian oil tanker ''Enrica Lexie'' in international waters, off the [[Kerala]] coast.


After a period of tension, in 2017 [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Paolo Gentiloni]] visited India and met his [[Prime Minister of India|Indian counterpart]] [[Narendra Modi]]; they held extensive talks to strengthen the political cooperation and to boost the bilateral trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-holds-talks-with-italian-pm-paolo-gentiloni/articleshow/61337356.cms?from=mdr|title=Narendra Modi holds talks with Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>
After a period of tension, in 2017 [[Prime Minister of Italy|Italian Prime Minister]] [[Paolo Gentiloni]] visited India and met his [[Prime Minister of India|Indian counterpart]] [[Narendra Modi]]; they held extensive talks to strengthen the political cooperation and to boost the bilateral trade.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/politics-and-nation/narendra-modi-holds-talks-with-italian-pm-paolo-gentiloni/articleshow/61337356.cms?from=mdr|title=Narendra Modi holds talks with Italian PM Paolo Gentiloni|date=30 October 2017|work=The Economic Times|access-date=16 March 2020}}</ref>


There are around 150,000 people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian Origins]] living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups.
There are around 150,000 people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian Origins]] living in Italy. Around 1,000 Italian citizens reside in India, mostly working on behalf of Italian industrial groups.
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{{Main|India–Netherlands relations}}
{{Main|India–Netherlands relations}}


India–Netherlands relations refer to foreign relations between India and the [[Netherlands]]. India maintains an embassy in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and the Netherlands maintains an [[embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] and a [[consulate general]] in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>
India–Netherlands relations refer to foreign relations between India and the [[Netherlands]]. India maintains an embassy in [[The Hague]], Netherlands and the Netherlands maintains an [[embassy]] in [[New Delhi]] and a [[consulate general]] in [[Mumbai]]. Both countries established diplomatic relations on 17 April 1947.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fCFzLGjiLMC&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406 |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |year=1947 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>


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;Russia
;Russia
{{Main|India–Russia relations}}Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1947<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://www.google.com.ua/books/edition/Indian_Information/0fCFzLGjiLMC?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406&printsec=frontcover |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>[[File:Indo-Russian Talk December, 2021.jpg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with Russian President Vladimir Putin. India and Russia enjoy strong strategic and military relations.<br /> {{small|(New Delhi, 2021)}}]]
{{Main|India–Russia relations}}Both countries established diplomatic relations on 13 April 1947<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0fCFzLGjiLMC&dq=Netherland+and+India+exchange+ambassadors&pg=PA406 |title=Indian Information Volume 20 |year=1947 |publisher=1947 |pages=406 |access-date=29 May 2023}}</ref>[[File:Indo-Russian Talk December, 2021.jpg|thumb|Indian PM [[Narendra Modi]] with Russian President Vladimir Putin. India and Russia enjoy strong strategic and military relations.<br /> {{small|(New Delhi, 2021)}}]]


India's ties with the Russian Federation are time-tested and based on continuity, trust and mutual understanding. There is a national consensus in both countries on the need to preserve and strengthen India-Russia relations and further consolidate the strategic partnership between the two countries. A Declaration on Strategic Partnership was signed between present Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and former Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in October 2000 the partnership is also referred to asa '''"special and privileged strategic partnership"'''.
India's ties with the Russian Federation are time-tested and based on continuity, trust and mutual understanding. There is a national consensus in both countries on the need to preserve and strengthen India-Russia relations and further consolidate the strategic partnership between the two countries. A Declaration on Strategic Partnership was signed between present Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] and former Indian Prime Minister [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] in October 2000 the partnership is also referred to asa '''"special and privileged strategic partnership"'''.
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Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased, as discussed in major defence purchases. Russia is working on the development of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], which will be capable of producing 1000 MW of electricity. [[Gazprom]] is working for the development of oil and natural gas, in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. India and Russia, have collaborated extensively, on space technology. Other areas of collaboration include software, [[Ayurveda]], etc. India and Russia, have set a determination in increasing trade to $10 billion. Cooperation between clothing manufacturers of the two countries continues to strengthen. India and Russia signed an agreement on joint efforts to increase investment and trade volumes in the textile industry in both countries. In signing the document included representatives of the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs of Textile and Light Industry Council and apparel exports of India (AEPC). A cooperation agreement provides, inter alia, the exchange of technology and know-how in textile production. For this purpose, a special Commission on Affairs Textile (Textile Communication Committee). Counter-terrorism techniques are also in place between Russia and India. In 2007 President Vladimir Putin was the guest of honour at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebration on 26 January 2007. 2008, has been declared by both countries as the Russia-India Friendship Year. Bollywood films are quite popular in Russia. The Indian public sector oil company [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] bought [[Imperial Energy Corporation]] in 2008. In December 2008, during President Medvedev's visit, to New Delhi, India and Russia, signed a nuclear energy cooperation agreement. In March 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed an additional 19 pacts with India which included civilian nuclear energy, space and military cooperation and the final sale of Admiral Gorshkov (Aircraft Carrier) along with MiG-29K fighter jets.
Russia and India have decided not to renew the 1971 Indo-Soviet Peace and Friendship Treaty and have sought to follow what both describe as a more pragmatic, less ideological relationship. Russian President Yeltsin's visit to India in January 1993 helped cement this new relationship. Ties have grown stronger with President Vladimir Putin's 2004 visit. The pace of high-level visits has since increased, as discussed in major defence purchases. Russia is working on the development of the [[Kudankulam Nuclear Power Plant]], which will be capable of producing 1000 MW of electricity. [[Gazprom]] is working for the development of oil and natural gas, in the [[Bay of Bengal]]. India and Russia, have collaborated extensively, on space technology. Other areas of collaboration include software, [[Ayurveda]], etc. India and Russia, have set a determination in increasing trade to $10 billion. Cooperation between clothing manufacturers of the two countries continues to strengthen. India and Russia signed an agreement on joint efforts to increase investment and trade volumes in the textile industry in both countries. In signing the document included representatives of the Russian Union of Entrepreneurs of Textile and Light Industry Council and apparel exports of India (AEPC). A cooperation agreement provides, inter alia, the exchange of technology and know-how in textile production. For this purpose, a special Commission on Affairs Textile (Textile Communication Committee). Counter-terrorism techniques are also in place between Russia and India. In 2007 President Vladimir Putin was the guest of honour at the [[Republic Day (India)|Republic Day]] celebration on 26 January 2007. 2008, has been declared by both countries as the Russia-India Friendship Year. Bollywood films are quite popular in Russia. The Indian public sector oil company [[Oil and Natural Gas Corporation|ONGC]] bought [[Imperial Energy Corporation]] in 2008. In December 2008, during President Medvedev's visit, to New Delhi, India and Russia, signed a nuclear energy cooperation agreement. In March 2010, Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin signed an additional 19 pacts with India which included civilian nuclear energy, space and military cooperation and the final sale of Admiral Gorshkov (Aircraft Carrier) along with MiG-29K fighter jets.


During the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Crimean crisis]], India refused to support American sanctions against Russia and one of India's national security advisers [[Shivshankar Menon]] was reported to have said "There are legitimate Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Russian-interests-in-Crimea-legitimate-India/articleshow/31557852.cms |title=Russian interests in Crimea 'legitimate': India |work=[[The Times of India]] |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>
During the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation|2014 Crimean crisis]], India refused to support American sanctions against Russia and one of India's national security advisers [[Shivshankar Menon]] was reported to have said "There are legitimate Russian and other interests involved and we hope they are discussed and resolved."<ref>{{cite web|url= https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/Russian-interests-in-Crimea-legitimate-India/articleshow/31557852.cms |title=Russian interests in Crimea 'legitimate': India |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=7 March 2014 |access-date=16 August 2020}}</ref>


On 7 August 2014, India and Russia held a joint counter-terrorism exercise near the Moscow boundary with China and Mongolia. It involved the use of tanks and armoured vehicles.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |title=Armies of India, Russia to hold joint counter-terror exercise |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012948/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
On 7 August 2014, India and Russia held a joint counter-terrorism exercise near the Moscow boundary with China and Mongolia. It involved the use of tanks and armoured vehicles.<ref name="ndtv.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |title=Armies of India, Russia to hold joint counter-terror exercise |work=NDTV.com |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=28 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140328012948/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/armies-of-india-russia-to-hold-joint-counter-terror-exercise-250598 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
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{{main|India–Romania relations}}
{{main|India–Romania relations}}


India has an embassy in [[Bucharest]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindia.ro/|title= Indian embassy in Bucharest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720011954/http://www.embassyofindia.ro/ |archive-date=20 July 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Timișoara]]. Romania has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>[http://newdelhi.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en Romanian embassy in New Delhi]. Newdelhi.mae.ro. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
India has an embassy in [[Bucharest]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindia.ro/|title= Indian embassy in Bucharest |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090720011954/http://www.embassyofindia.ro/ |date=20 July 2009|archive-date=20 July 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref> and an honorary consulate in [[Timișoara]]. Romania has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Kolkata]].<ref>[http://newdelhi.mae.ro/index.php?lang=en Romanian embassy in New Delhi]. Newdelhi.mae.ro. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


;Serbia
;Serbia
{{main|India–Serbia relations}}
{{main|India–Serbia relations}}


* India has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/|title= Indian embassy in Belgrade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030741/http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ |archive-date=10 April 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref>
* India has an embassy in [[Belgrade]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/|title= Indian embassy in Belgrade|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090410030741/http://www.embassyofindiabelgrade.org/ |date=10 April 2009 |archive-date=10 April 2009|access-date= 12 November 2011}}</ref>
* Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111812/http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ }}. Embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
* Serbia has an embassy in New Delhi and an honorary consulate in [[Chennai]].<ref>[http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ Serbian embassy in New Delhi] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090828111812/http://www.embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in/ |date=28 August 2009 }}. Embassyofserbiadelhi.net.in. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
* The relations are seen as one of the closest for both nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|title= Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623145837/http://mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|archive-date=23 June 2011 }}</ref>
* The relations are seen as one of the closest for both nations.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|title= Serbian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with India|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110623145837/http://mfa.gov.rs/Policy/Bilaterala/India/index_e.html|archive-date=23 June 2011 |date=23 June 2011 }}</ref>


;Slovakia
;Slovakia
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{{Main|India–Spain relations}}
{{Main|India–Spain relations}}


Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956.<ref>[http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain Embajada de la India en España – Embassy of India in Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903221716/http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain }}. Embassyindia.es. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958. India and Spain have had a cordial relationship with each other, especially after the establishment of democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years. Many presidents including [[Pratibha Patil|Prathibha Patil]] visited Spain. The royal family of Spain has always liked the humble nature of the Indian government and they have thus paid several visits to India. There was no direct flight from India to Spain but it all changed in 1986 when Iberian travels started to fly directly from Mumbai to Madrid. However, it was stopped in 22 months. In 2006 this issue of the direct flight was reconsidered to improve the ties between India and Spain. "[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]" was shot completely in Spain in 2011. The tourism ministry of Spain is using this movie to promote tourism to Spain in India.
Diplomatic ties with Spain started in 1956.<ref>[http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain Embajada de la India en España – Embassy of India in Spain] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110903221716/http://www.embassyindia.es/IndianEmbassy/IndianEmbassy/IndexBase/index2.php?lang=eng&key=relationindiaspain |date=3 September 2011 }}. Embassyindia.es. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref> The first Spanish embassy was established in Delhi in 1958. India and Spain have had a cordial relationship with each other, especially after the establishment of democracy in Spain in 1978. Spain has been a main tourist spot for Indians over the years. Many presidents including [[Pratibha Patil|Prathibha Patil]] visited Spain. The royal family of Spain has always liked the humble nature of the Indian government and they have thus paid several visits to India. There was no direct flight from India to Spain but it all changed in 1986 when Iberian travels started to fly directly from Mumbai to Madrid. However, it was stopped in 22 months. In 2006 this issue of the direct flight was reconsidered to improve the ties between India and Spain. "[[Zindagi Na Milegi Dobara]]" was shot completely in Spain in 2011. The tourism ministry of Spain is using this movie to promote tourism to Spain in India.


;Sweden
;Sweden
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{{Main|India–United Kingdom relations}}
{{Main|India–United Kingdom relations}}
[[File:PM Modi addressing the UK parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] addressing the [[British Parliament]] {{small|(2015)}}]]
[[File:PM Modi addressing the UK parliament.jpg|thumb|[[Narendra Modi]] addressing the [[British Parliament]] {{small|(2015)}}]]
UK& India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in [[Birmingham]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>[http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php High Commission of India in the UK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052916/http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php }}</ref> The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high commissions in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ |title=British High Commission New Delhi – GOV.UK |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1947, India's relations with the United Kingdom have been bilateral, as well as through the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] framework. Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] living in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The [[British Raj]] allowed for both cultures to imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident British exports, whilst in the UK food from the Indian subcontinent is very popular.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series1/curry.shtml |title=THE NATION'S FAVOURITE DISH |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be [[Indian cuisine]], although no official study reports this.<ref name="Curry"/>
UK& India has a high commission in London and two consulates-general in [[Birmingham]] and [[Edinburgh]].<ref>[http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php High Commission of India in the UK] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130115052916/http://hcilondon.in/contactus.php |date=15 January 2013 }}</ref> The United Kingdom has a high commission in New Delhi and five deputy high commissions in [[Mumbai]], [[Chennai]], [[Bangalore]], [[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] and [[Kolkata]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ukinindia.fco.gov.uk/en/about-us/other-locations/ |title=British High Commission New Delhi – GOV.UK |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> Since 1947, India's relations with the United Kingdom have been bilateral, as well as through the [[Commonwealth of Nations]] framework. Although the Sterling Area no longer exists and the Commonwealth is much more an informal forum, India and the UK still have many enduring links. This is in part due to the significant number of people of [[Non-resident Indian and person of Indian origin|Indian origin]] living in the UK. The large South Asian population in the UK results in steady travel and communication between the two countries. The [[British Raj]] allowed for both cultures to imbibe tremendously from the other. The English language and cricket are perhaps the two most evident British exports, whilst in the UK food from the Indian subcontinent is very popular.<ref name="Curry">{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/insideout/northwest/series1/curry.shtml |title=THE NATION'S FAVOURITE DISH |publisher=BBC |date=4 November 2002 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> The United Kingdom's favourite food is often reported to be [[Indian cuisine]], although no official study reports this.<ref name="Curry"/>


Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor in Britain after the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |title=India becomes second largest investor in Britain |publisher=ITWire |first=Sufia |last=Tippu |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132253/http://itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |archive-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6599693.stm |title=Indian investment in London jumps |publisher=BBC |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |title=British minister defends £825m aid to help India's poor |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/britain-aid-to-india-825m |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
Economically the relationship between Britain and India is also strong. India is the second largest investor in Britain after the US.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |title=India becomes second largest investor in Britain |publisher=ITWire |date=30 October 2006 |first=Sufia |last=Tippu |access-date=21 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017132253/http://itwire.com.au/content/view/6717/945/ |archive-date=17 October 2007 }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/6599693.stm |title=Indian investment in London jumps |publisher=BBC |date=27 April 2007 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref> Britain is also one of the largest investors in India.<ref>{{cite news |last=Ramesh |first=Randeep |date=19 November 2008 |title=British minister defends £825m aid to help India's poor |work=[[The Guardian]] |location=London |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2008/nov/19/britain-aid-to-india-825m |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


;Vatican City & the Holy See
;Vatican City & the Holy See
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India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a ''Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement'' (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|title=India-EU Trade Economic and Technological cooperation|publisher=Indian Mission to EU|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103812/http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|url-status=dead}}</ref>
India and the European Commission initiated negotiations on a ''Broad-based Trade and Investment Agreement'' (BTIA) in 2007. Seven rounds of negotiations have been completed without reaching a Free Trade Agreement.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|title=India-EU Trade Economic and Technological cooperation|publisher=Indian Mission to EU|access-date=4 March 2015|archive-date=22 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150222103812/http://www.indembassy.be/pages.php?id=59|url-status=dead}}</ref>


According to the Government of India, trade between India and the EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU ups FTA ante with eye on India's vibrant business climate |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46577442.cms |agency=ET Bureau |newspaper=The Economic Times }}</ref>
According to the Government of India, trade between India and the EU was $57.25 billion between April and October 2014 and stood at $101.5 billion for the fiscal period of 2014–2015.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU ups FTA ante with eye on India's vibrant business climate |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/46577442.cms |agency=ET Bureau |newspaper=The Economic Times |date=16 March 2015}}</ref>


The European Union is India's second largest trade bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade ([[Gulf Cooperation Council]] is the largest trade bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade<ref>{{cite news |title=Gulf Arab nations seek India to rein in Iran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Gulf-Arab-nations-seek-India-to-rein-in-Iran/articleshow/15792288.cms?referral=PM |agency=TNN |newspaper=The Times of India }}</ref>). India was the European Union's [[List of the largest trading partners of the European Union|8th largest trading partner]] in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/|title=India – Trade|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>
The European Union is India's second largest trade bloc, accounting for around 20% of Indian trade ([[Gulf Cooperation Council]] is the largest trade bloc with almost $160 billion in total trade<ref>{{cite news |title=Gulf Arab nations seek India to rein in Iran |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/world/middle-east/Gulf-Arab-nations-seek-India-to-rein-in-Iran/articleshow/15792288.cms?referral=PM |agency=TNN |newspaper=The Times of India |date=27 August 2012}}</ref>). India was the European Union's [[List of the largest trading partners of the European Union|8th largest trading partner]] in 2010. EU-India trade grew from €28.6 billion in 2003 to €72.7 billion in 2013.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ec.europa.eu/trade/policy/countries-and-regions/countries/india/|title=India – Trade|publisher=European Commission}}</ref>


France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.<ref name="EU and BRIC">{{cite news |title=A range of statistics to compare the EU with Brazil, Russia, India and China |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/12/80&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=EUROPA |year=2010}}</ref> Annual trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.<ref name="India-EU Bilateral Trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |title=India-EU Bilateral Trade Relations |publisher=ficci-ineupf.com |access-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014015842/http://ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |archive-date=14 October 2014 }}</ref>  
France, Germany and UK collectively represent the major part of EU-India trade.<ref name="EU and BRIC">{{cite news |title=A range of statistics to compare the EU with Brazil, Russia, India and China |url=http://europa.eu/rapid/pressReleasesAction.do?reference=STAT/12/80&format=PDF&aged=0&language=EN&guiLanguage=en |access-date=25 June 2012 |newspaper=EUROPA |year=2010}}</ref> Annual trade in commercial services tripled from €5.2billion in 2002 to €17.9 billion in 2010.<ref name="India-EU Bilateral Trade">{{cite web |url=http://www.ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |title=India-EU Bilateral Trade Relations |publisher=ficci-ineupf.com |date=1 January 2013 |access-date=25 February 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141014015842/http://ficci-ineupf.com/trade.html |archive-date=14 October 2014 }}</ref>  
Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries that trade with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU: Relations with other Asian partners |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2015/china/46 |publisher=European Council for Foreign Relations }}</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/india/index_en.htm Bilateral trade relations with India] European Commission</ref>
Denmark, Sweden, Finland and the Netherlands are the other more prominent European Union countries that trade with India.<ref>{{cite news |title=EU: Relations with other Asian partners |url=http://www.ecfr.eu/scorecard/2015/china/46 |publisher=European Council for Foreign Relations |date=18 March 2015}}</ref><ref>[http://ec.europa.eu/trade/issues/bilateral/countries/india/index_en.htm Bilateral trade relations with India] European Commission</ref>


==Oceania==
==Oceania==
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{{Main|Australia–India relations}}
{{Main|Australia–India relations}}


India & Australia are both Commonwealth members. Sporting and cultural ties are significant. Australian cricketers often undertake large commercial ventures in India, enhanced with the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]], and, to a lesser degree, the [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]]. Bollywood productions enjoy a large market in Australia. In 2007, PM [[John Howard]] visited Mumbai and its entertainment industry, in efforts to increase [[Tourism in India]] to Australia.<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html Bollywood makes minister Soni's job easier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907003119/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html }}. Realbollywood.com (26 December 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
India & Australia are both Commonwealth members. Sporting and cultural ties are significant. Australian cricketers often undertake large commercial ventures in India, enhanced with the [[Indian Premier League|IPL]], and, to a lesser degree, the [[Indian Cricket League|ICL]]. Bollywood productions enjoy a large market in Australia. In 2007, PM [[John Howard]] visited Mumbai and its entertainment industry, in efforts to increase [[Tourism in India]] to Australia.<ref>[http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html Bollywood makes minister Soni's job easier] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080907003119/http://www.realbollywood.com/news/2007/12/bollywood-makes-minister-job-easier.html |date=7 September 2008 }}. Realbollywood.com (26 December 2007). Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


[[File:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|[[One-day International]] cricket match between Australia and India, [[MCG]] January 2004|220x220px]]
[[File:Australia vs India.jpg|thumb|[[One-day International]] cricket match between Australia and India, [[MCG]] January 2004|220x220px]]


There are ongoing strategic attempts to form an "Asian NATO" with India, [[Japan]], the [[United States|US]] and [[Australia]] through the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quad Leaders' Joint Statement: "The Spirit of the Quad" |url=https://whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/ |website=The White House |publisher=Government of United States |access-date=4 June 2022 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayak |first1=Bhabani Shankar Dr |title=Disenchanted India and Beyond: Musings on the Lockdown Alternatives |year=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-4280-6 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFA3EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> During the first decade of the 21st century, the deepening of strategic relations between the two nations was prevented by a range of policy disagreements, such as India's refusal to sign the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] and Australia's consequent refusal to provide India with [[uranium]]. Australia's parliament later allowed for the sale of uranium to India, following changes in government.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-06/prime-minister-tony-abbott-seals-uranium-deal-in-india/5724368 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation.au (6 September 2014). Retrieved 20 February 2018.]</ref> Closer strategic cooperation between India, Japan, the United States and Australia also began during the second half of the 2010s, which some analysts attributed to a desire to balance Chinese initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/02/19/business/australia-u-s-india-japan-talks-establish-alternative-chinas-belt-road-initiative-report/|work=The Japan Times|access-date=20 February 2018|title=Japan, U.S., Australia and India look to establish alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative}}</ref>
There are ongoing strategic attempts to form an "Asian NATO" with India, [[Japan]], the [[United States|US]] and [[Australia]] through the [[Quadrilateral Security Dialogue]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Quad Leaders' Joint Statement: "The Spirit of the Quad" |url=https://whitehouse.gov/briefing-room/statements-releases/2021/03/12/quad-leaders-joint-statement-the-spirit-of-the-quad/ |website=The White House |publisher=Government of United States |access-date=4 June 2022 |date=12 March 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Nayak |first1=Bhabani Shankar Dr |title=Disenchanted India and Beyond: Musings on the Lockdown Alternatives |year=2021 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-7936-4280-6 |page=18 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nFA3EAAAQBAJ}}</ref> During the first decade of the 21st century, the deepening of strategic relations between the two nations was prevented by a range of policy disagreements, such as India's refusal to sign the [[Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons|NPT]] and Australia's consequent refusal to provide India with [[uranium]]. Australia's parliament later allowed for the sale of uranium to India, following changes in government.<ref>[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2014-09-06/prime-minister-tony-abbott-seals-uranium-deal-in-india/5724368 . Australian Broadcasting Corporation.au (6 September 2014). Retrieved 20 February 2018.]</ref> Closer strategic cooperation between India, Japan, the United States and Australia also began during the second half of the 2010s, which some analysts attributed to a desire to balance Chinese initiatives in the Indo-Pacific region.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2018/02/19/business/australia-u-s-india-japan-talks-establish-alternative-chinas-belt-road-initiative-report/|work=The Japan Times|date=19 February 2018|access-date=20 February 2018|title=Japan, U.S., Australia and India look to establish alternative to China's Belt and Road Initiative}}</ref>


;Cook Islands
;Cook Islands
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==International organizations==
==International organizations==
India participates in the following international organisations:<ref>CIA World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html }}</ref>
India participates in the following international organisations:<ref>CIA World Fact Book https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611033144/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/in.html |date=11 June 2008 }}</ref>
* AALCO – [[Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization]]
* AALCO – [[Asian–African Legal Consultative Organization]]
* ADB – [[Asian Development Bank]]
* ADB – [[Asian Development Bank]]
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{{Main|India and the United Nations}}
{{Main|India and the United Nations}}


India was among the original members of the [[United Nations]] that signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] in [[San Francisco]] from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the [[United Nations Charter|Charter]] and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/introduction.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111110428/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/introduction.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref> India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agencies]] and organisations. India has contributed troops to [[United Nations peacekeeping]] efforts in [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |title=The Role of India in the Korean War* |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213194704/http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111101749/http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Egypt and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)|South Sudan conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25456862 |title=BBC News Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack |publisher=BBC News |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India has been [[List of members of the United Nations Security Council|a member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for eight terms (a total of 16 years).<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Check: This is not India's first time as UNSC chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/fact-check/story/fact-check-this-is-not-indias-first-time-as-unsc-chief-1837646-2021-08-06|access-date=27 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> India is a member of the [[G4 states|G4]] group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|the reformation of the UNSC]]. India is also part of the [[Group of 77]].
India was among the original members of the [[United Nations]] that signed the [[Declaration by United Nations]] at Washington on 1 January 1942 and also participated in the [[United Nations Conference on International Organization]] in [[San Francisco]] from 25 April to 26 June 1945. As a founding member of the United Nations, India strongly supports the purposes and principles of the UN and has made significant contributions to implementing the goals of the [[United Nations Charter|Charter]] and the evolution of the UN's specialised programmes and agencies.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.un.int/india/india%20&%20un/introduction.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111110428/http://www.un.int/india/india%20%26%20un/introduction.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 }}</ref> India is a charter member of the United Nations and participates in all of its [[List of specialized agencies of the United Nations|specialised agencies]] and organisations. India has contributed troops to [[United Nations peacekeeping]] efforts in [[Korea]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |title=The Role of India in the Korean War* |access-date=21 February 2015 |archive-date=13 February 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150213194704/http://ias.sagepub.com/content/13/2/21.abstract |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=8 February 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140111101749/http://congress.aks.ac.kr/korean/files/2_1358402525.pdf |archive-date=11 January 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Egypt and the [[Democratic Republic of Congo|Congo]] in its earlier years and in Somalia, Angola, Haiti, Liberia, Lebanon and Rwanda in recent years, and more recently in the [[Ethnic violence in South Sudan (2011–present)|South Sudan conflict]].<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-africa-25456862 |title=BBC News Indian UN peacekeepers killed in S Sudan attack |publisher=BBC News |date=20 December 2013 |access-date=21 February 2015}}</ref> India has been [[List of members of the United Nations Security Council|a member]] of the [[United Nations Security Council|UN Security Council]] for eight terms (a total of 16 years).<ref>{{cite web|title=Fact Check: This is not India's first time as UNSC chief|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/amp/fact-check/story/fact-check-this-is-not-indias-first-time-as-unsc-chief-1837646-2021-08-06|access-date=27 August 2021|website=India Today|language=en}}</ref> India is a member of the [[G4 states|G4]] group of nations who back each other in seeking a permanent seat on the security council and advocate in favour of [[Reform of the United Nations Security Council|the reformation of the UNSC]]. India is also part of the [[Group of 77]].


;World Trade Organization
;World Trade Organization


Described by the WTO's former chief, [[Pascal Lamy]], as one of the organisation's "big brothers",<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-is-among-big-brothers-of-wto-pascal-lamy/articleshow/3373292.cms |title=India is among 'big brothers' of WTO: Pascal Lamy |work=The Economic Times |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> India was instrumental in bringing down the [[Doha Development Round]] of talks in 2008.<ref name=nixes>{{cite news|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/india-nixes-wto-deal-to-cut-tariffs/article4222319/ |title=India nixes WTO deal to cut tariffs |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> It has played an important role in representing as many as 100 developing nations during WTO summits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/28/business/EU-WTO-Trade-Talks.php |title=EU WTO Trade Talks |work=International Herald Tribune |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>
Described by the WTO's former chief, [[Pascal Lamy]], as one of the organisation's "big brothers",<ref>{{cite news|url= https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/economy/foreign-trade/india-is-among-big-brothers-of-wto-pascal-lamy/articleshow/3373292.cms |title=India is among 'big brothers' of WTO: Pascal Lamy |work=The Economic Times |date=17 August 2008 |access-date=15 August 2020}}</ref> India was instrumental in bringing down the [[Doha Development Round]] of talks in 2008.<ref name=nixes>{{cite news|url= https://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/india-nixes-wto-deal-to-cut-tariffs/article4222319/ |title=India nixes WTO deal to cut tariffs |access-date=15 August 2020 |date=30 July 2008 |work=The Globe and Mail}}</ref> It has played an important role in representing as many as 100 developing nations during WTO summits.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.iht.com/articles/ap/2008/07/28/business/EU-WTO-Trade-Talks.php |title=EU WTO Trade Talks |work=International Herald Tribune |date=29 March 2009 |access-date=21 November 2009}}</ref>


==Former==
==Former==
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;Nepal
;Nepal
Kalapani village of India is claimed by [[Nepal]] and [[Susta territory|Susta]] village in [[Nawalparasi district]] of Nepal is claimed by India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory |title= As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The dispute between India and Nepal involves about {{cvt|75|km2|-1}} of area in Kalapani, where China, India, and Nepal meet. Indian forces occupied the area in 1962 after China and India fought their border war. Three villages are located in the disputed zone: Kuti [Kuthi, 30°19'N, 80°46'E], Gunji, and Knabe. India and Nepal disagree about how to interpret the 1816 Sugauli treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the Maha Kali River (Sarda River in India). The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on the hydroelectric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal regards the Limpiyadhura as the source; India claims the Lipu Lekh. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position. The countries have held several meetings about the dispute and discussed jointly surveying to resolve the issue.<ref>''The Kathmandu Post'', 16 July 1997, 2 July 1997, 31 May 1996;''The Hindustan Times'' (Delhi), 9 June 1997, p. 13; Xinhua 11 April 1997</ref> Although the Indo-Nepali dispute appears to be minor, it was aggravated in 1962 by tensions between China and India. Because the disputed area lies near the Sino-Indian frontier, it gains strategic value.<ref>[http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm International Boundary Consultants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407111722/http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm }}. Boundaries.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>
Kalapani village of India is claimed by [[Nepal]] and [[Susta territory|Susta]] village in [[Nawalparasi district]] of Nepal is claimed by India.<ref>{{cite web|url= https://scroll.in/article/831576/as-a-river-changed-its-course-a-village-on-the-india-nepal-border-became-disputed-territory |title= As a river changed its course, a village on the India-Nepal border became disputed territory|date= 19 March 2017|access-date=1 April 2019}}</ref> The dispute between India and Nepal involves about {{cvt|75|km2|-1}} of area in Kalapani, where China, India, and Nepal meet. Indian forces occupied the area in 1962 after China and India fought their border war. Three villages are located in the disputed zone: Kuti [Kuthi, 30°19'N, 80°46'E], Gunji, and Knabe. India and Nepal disagree about how to interpret the 1816 Sugauli treaty between the British East India Company and Nepal, which delimited the boundary along the Maha Kali River (Sarda River in India). The dispute intensified in 1997 as the Nepali parliament considered a treaty on the hydroelectric development of the river. India and Nepal differ as to which stream constitutes the source of the river. Nepal regards the Limpiyadhura as the source; India claims the Lipu Lekh. Nepal has reportedly tabled an 1856 map from the British India Office to support its position. The countries have held several meetings about the dispute and discussed jointly surveying to resolve the issue.<ref>''The Kathmandu Post'', 16 July 1997, 2 July 1997, 31 May 1996;''The Hindustan Times'' (Delhi), 9 June 1997, p. 13; Xinhua 11 April 1997</ref> Although the Indo-Nepali dispute appears to be minor, it was aggravated in 1962 by tensions between China and India. Because the disputed area lies near the Sino-Indian frontier, it gains strategic value.<ref>[http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm International Boundary Consultants] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070407111722/http://www.boundaries.com/India.htm |date=7 April 2007 }}. Boundaries.com. Retrieved 12 November 2011.</ref>


;Pakistan
;Pakistan
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==See also==
==See also==
{{Portal|India}}
 
 
 
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[India and the United Nations]]
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]]
* [[India and the Non-Aligned Movement]]
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* Bradnock, Robert W. '' India's Foreign Policy Since 1971'' (1990) 128pp; by a geographer
* Bradnock, Robert W. '' India's Foreign Policy Since 1971'' (1990) 128pp; by a geographer
* Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." ''India Quarterly'' 63.3 (2007): 51–83.
* Budhwar, Prem K. "India-Russia relations: Past, Present and the future." ''India Quarterly'' 63.3 (2007): 51–83.
* Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1–50. essays by seven experts.[http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303073210/http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf }}
* Budhwar, Prem K. et al. "India-Canada Relations: a Roller-Coaster Ride." ''Indian Foreign Affairs Journal'' 13.1 (2018): 1–50. essays by seven experts.[http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf online] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190303073210/http://www.associationdiplomats.org/publications/ifaj/Vol%2013/13.1/IFAJ-13.1-DEBATE.pdf |date=3 March 2019 }}
* Chacko, Priya. ''Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004'' (Routledge, 2013).
* Chacko, Priya. ''Indian foreign policy: the politics of postcolonial identity from 1947 to 2004'' (Routledge, 2013).
* Chakma, Bhumitra, ed. ''The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia'' (Ashgate, 2011).
* Chakma, Bhumitra, ed. ''The politics of nuclear weapons in South Asia'' (Ashgate, 2011).
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* Gould, Harold A. ''The South Asia story: The first sixty years of US relations with India and Pakistan'' (SAGE Publications India, 2010).
* Gould, Harold A. ''The South Asia story: The first sixty years of US relations with India and Pakistan'' (SAGE Publications India, 2010).
* Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/India-After-Gandhi-History-Democracy/dp/0060958588/  excerpt and text search]
* Guha, Ramachandra. ''India After Gandhi: The History of the World's Largest Democracy'' (2008) [https://www.amazon.com/India-After-Gandhi-History-Democracy/dp/0060958588/  excerpt and text search]
* Gupta, Surupa, et al. "Indian Foreign Policy under Modi: A New Brand or Just Repackaging?." ''International Studies Perspectives'' 20.1 (2019): 1–45. [https://www.academia.edu/download/60752956/eky008.pdf online]{{dead link|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Gupta, Surupa, et al. "Indian Foreign Policy under Modi: A New Brand or Just Repackaging?." ''International Studies Perspectives'' 20.1 (2019): 1–45. [https://www.academia.edu/download/60752956/eky008.pdf online]{{dead link|date=May 2023|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}
* Heimsath, Charles H.,  and Surjit Mansingh. ''Diplomatic History of Modern India'' (1971), major scholarly history [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim online]
* Heimsath, Charles H.,  and Surjit Mansingh. ''Diplomatic History of Modern India'' (1971), major scholarly history [https://archive.org/details/diplomatichistor0000heim online]
* Jain, B. M. ''Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006'' (2009)
* Jain, B. M. ''Global Power: India's Foreign Policy, 1947–2006'' (2009)
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* Michael, Arndt. ''India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Regional-Multilateralism-Critical-Asia-Pacific/dp/1137263113/ excerpt]
* Michael, Arndt. ''India's Foreign Policy and Regional Multilateralism'' (Palgrave Macmillan, 2013) [https://www.amazon.com/Foreign-Regional-Multilateralism-Critical-Asia-Pacific/dp/1137263113/ excerpt]
* Miller, Manjari Chatterjee, and Kate Sullivan de Estrada. "Pragmatism in Indian foreign policy: how ideas constrain Modi." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 27–49.  [http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2017/01/INTA93_1_03_Miller_Sullivan.pdf online]
* Miller, Manjari Chatterjee, and Kate Sullivan de Estrada. "Pragmatism in Indian foreign policy: how ideas constrain Modi." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 27–49.  [http://www.bu.edu/pardeeschool/files/2017/01/INTA93_1_03_Miller_Sullivan.pdf online]
* Mukherjee, Mithi. "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947–62." ''International History Review'' 32.2 (2010): 253–271.  [http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1811/1/A_World_of_Illusion_The_Legacy_of_Empir%20%281%29.pd  online free]{{Dead link|bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Mukherjee, Mithi. "'A World of Illusion': The Legacy of Empire in India's Foreign Relations, 1947–62." ''International History Review'' 32.2 (2010): 253–271.  [http://125.22.40.134:8082/jspui/bitstream/123456789/1811/1/A_World_of_Illusion_The_Legacy_of_Empir%20%281%29.pd  online free]{{Dead link|date=August 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}
* Muni, S. D. ''India's Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension'' (2009)
* Muni, S. D. ''India's Foreign Policy: The Democracy Dimension'' (2009)
* Pant, Harsh V., and Julie M. Super. "India's 'non-alignment' conundrum: a twentieth-century policy in a changing world." ''International Affairs'' 91.4 (2015): 747–764.
* Pant, Harsh V., and Julie M. Super. "India's 'non-alignment' conundrum: a twentieth-century policy in a changing world." ''International Affairs'' 91.4 (2015): 747–764.
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*  Shukla, Subhash. "Foreign Policy Of India Under Narasimha Rao Government" (PhD dissertation, U of Allahabad, 1999) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14466  online free], bibliography pp 488–523.
*  Shukla, Subhash. "Foreign Policy Of India Under Narasimha Rao Government" (PhD dissertation, U of Allahabad, 1999) [https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.14466  online free], bibliography pp 488–523.
* Singh, Sangeeta. "Trends in India's Foreign Policy: 1991–2009." (PhD dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, 2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230921/http://ir.amu.ac.in/11775/1/T10126.pdf online],  bibliography  pp 270–86.
* Singh, Sangeeta. "Trends in India's Foreign Policy: 1991–2009." (PhD dissertation, Aligarh Muslim University, 2016) [https://web.archive.org/web/20190328230921/http://ir.amu.ac.in/11775/1/T10126.pdf online],  bibliography  pp 270–86.
* Neoan, Eswaran. "Where is India headed? Possible future directions in Indian foreign policy." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 51–68.
* Sridharan, Eswaran. "Where is India headed? Possible future directions in Indian foreign policy." ''International Affairs'' 93.1 (2017): 51–68.
* Tharoor, Shashi. ''Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966-1977'' (1982) [https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstatepo0000thar/page/n5/mode/2up online]
* Tharoor, Shashi. ''Reasons of state: political development and India's foreign policy under Indira Gandhi, 1966-1977'' (1982) [https://archive.org/details/reasonsofstatepo0000thar/page/n5/mode/2up online]
{{refend}}
{{refend}}
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==External links==
==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080612/https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm Briefs on India's Bilateral Relations, Ministry of External Affairs]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170102080612/https://www.mea.gov.in/foreign-relations.htm Briefs on India's Bilateral Relations, Ministry of External Affairs]
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html Harvard University homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003013/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html }} India's Foreign Policy, [[Xenia Dormandy]]
* [http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html Harvard University homepage] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090417003013/http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17778/indias_foreign_policy.html |date=17 April 2009 }} India's Foreign Policy, [[Xenia Dormandy]]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831193028/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/in.html List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and India (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20090831193028/http://www.mrecic.gov.ar/portal/seree/ditra/in.html List of Treaties ruling relations Argentina and India (Argentine Foreign Ministry, in Spanish)]
* [http://www.ibsanews.com IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media]
* [http://www.ibsanews.com IBSA – India, Brazil, South Africa – News and Media]
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