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Androcentrism: Difference between revisions
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{{short description|Practice of placing | {{short description|Practice of placing the masculine point of view at the center of one's worldview}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2019}} | ||
'''Androcentrism''' ([[Ancient Greek]], ἀνήρ, "man, male"<ref name="Liddell & Scott">{{cite book | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry G. | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | last3 = Stuart Jones | first3 = Henry | others = Roderick McKenzie | author-link1 = Henry Liddell | author-link2 = Robert Scott (philologist) | author-link3 = Henry Stuart Jones | title = A Greek–English Lexicon | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1940 | oclc = 499596825 | title-link = A Greek–English Lexicon }}</ref>) is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a [[masculine]] point of view at the center of one's [[world view]], culture, and history, thereby culturally marginalizing [[femininity]]. The related adjective is ''androcentric'', while the practice of placing the [[feminine]] point of view at the center is ''[[gynocentric]]''. | '''Androcentrism''' ([[Ancient Greek]], ἀνήρ, "man, male"<ref name="Liddell & Scott">{{cite book | last1 = Liddell | first1 = Henry G. | last2 = Scott | first2 = Robert | last3 = Stuart Jones | first3 = Henry | others = Roderick McKenzie | author-link1 = Henry Liddell | author-link2 = Robert Scott (philologist) | author-link3 = Henry Stuart Jones | title = A Greek–English Lexicon | publisher = Clarendon Press | location = Oxford | year = 1940 | oclc = 499596825 | title-link = A Greek–English Lexicon }}</ref>) is the practice, conscious or otherwise, of placing a [[masculine]] point of view at the center of one's [[world view]], culture, and history, thereby culturally marginalizing [[femininity]]. The related adjective is ''androcentric'', while the practice of placing the [[feminine]] point of view at the center is ''[[gynocentric]]''. | ||
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Three studies by Mykol Hamilton show that there is not only a male → people bias but also a people → male bias.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hamilton | first = Mykol C. | title = <nowiki>Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: people = male, male = people</nowiki> | journal = [[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–402 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00415.x | date = November 1991 | s2cid = 143533483 }}</ref> In other words, a masculine bias remains even when people are exposed to only gender neutral language (although the bias is lessened). In two of her studies, half of the participants (after exposure to gender neutral language) had male-biased imagery but the rest of the participants displayed no gender bias at all. In her third study, only males showed a masculine-bias (after exposure to gender neutral language) – females showed no gender bias. Hamilton asserted that this may be due to the fact that males have grown up being able to think more easily than females of "any person" as generic "he," since "he" applies to them. Further, of the two options for neutral language, neutral language that explicitly names women (e.g., "he or she") reduces androcentrism more effectively than neutral language that makes no mention of gender whatsoever (e.g., "human").<ref>{{cite journal | last = Khosroshahi | first = Fatemeh | title = Penguins don't care, but women do: A social identity analysis of a Whorfian problem | journal = [[Language in Society]] | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–525 | doi = 10.1017/S0047404500013889 | date = December 1989 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = April H. | last2 = LaFrance | first2 = Marianne | title = Who counts as human? Antecedents to androcentric behavior | journal = [[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]] | volume = 76 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 682–693 | doi = 10.1007/s11199-016-0648-4 | date = June 2017 | s2cid = 148460313 }}</ref> | Three studies by Mykol Hamilton show that there is not only a male → people bias but also a people → male bias.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Hamilton | first = Mykol C. | title = <nowiki>Masculine bias in the attribution of personhood: people = male, male = people</nowiki> | journal = [[Psychology of Women Quarterly]] | volume = 15 | issue = 3 | pages = 393–402 | doi = 10.1111/j.1471-6402.1991.tb00415.x | date = November 1991 | s2cid = 143533483 }}</ref> In other words, a masculine bias remains even when people are exposed to only gender neutral language (although the bias is lessened). In two of her studies, half of the participants (after exposure to gender neutral language) had male-biased imagery but the rest of the participants displayed no gender bias at all. In her third study, only males showed a masculine-bias (after exposure to gender neutral language) – females showed no gender bias. Hamilton asserted that this may be due to the fact that males have grown up being able to think more easily than females of "any person" as generic "he," since "he" applies to them. Further, of the two options for neutral language, neutral language that explicitly names women (e.g., "he or she") reduces androcentrism more effectively than neutral language that makes no mention of gender whatsoever (e.g., "human").<ref>{{cite journal | last = Khosroshahi | first = Fatemeh | title = Penguins don't care, but women do: A social identity analysis of a Whorfian problem | journal = [[Language in Society]] | volume = 18 | issue = 4 | pages = 505–525 | doi = 10.1017/S0047404500013889 | date = December 1989 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Bailey | first1 = April H. | last2 = LaFrance | first2 = Marianne | title = Who counts as human? Antecedents to androcentric behavior | journal = [[Sex Roles (journal)|Sex Roles]] | volume = 76 | issue = 11–12 | pages = 682–693 | doi = 10.1007/s11199-016-0648-4 | date = June 2017 | s2cid = 148460313 }}</ref> | ||
Feminist anthropologist Sally Slocum argues that there has been a longstanding male bias in anthropological thought as evidenced by terminology used when referring to society, culture, and humankind. According to Slocum, "All too often the word 'man' is used in such an ambiguous fashion that it is impossible to decide whether it refers to males or just the human species in general, including both males and females."<ref>Slocum, Sally (2012) [1975], "[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kou0uQAACAAJ Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology]", in {{cite book | | Feminist anthropologist Sally Slocum argues that there has been a longstanding male bias in anthropological thought as evidenced by terminology used when referring to society, culture, and humankind. According to Slocum, "All too often the word 'man' is used in such an ambiguous fashion that it is impossible to decide whether it refers to males or just the human species in general, including both males and females."<ref>Slocum, Sally (2012) [1975], "[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=Kou0uQAACAAJ Woman the gatherer: male bias in anthropology]", in {{cite book | editor1-last = McGee | editor1-first = R. Jon | editor2-last = Warms | editor2-first = Richard L. | title = Anthropological theory: an introductory history | date = 11 July 2011 | pages = 399–407 | publisher = McGraw-Hill | location = New York | isbn = 9780078034886 }}</ref> | ||
Men's language will be judged as the 'norm' and anything that women do linguistically will be judged negatively against this.<ref>Mooney, A., & Evans, B. (2019). Language, Power, and Society: An Introduction.</ref> The speech of a socially subordinate group will be interpreted as linguistically inadequate against that used by socially dominant groups.<ref>Wolfram, W. and Schilling-Estes, N. (1998) American English: Dialect and Variation. Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell.</ref> It has been found that women use more hedges and qualifiers than men. Feminine speech has been viewed as more tentative and has been deemed powerless speech. This is based on the view that masculine speech is the standard. | |||
== Generic male symbols == | == Generic male symbols == | ||
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==See also== | ==See also== | ||
* [[Honorary male]] | * [[Honorary male]] | ||
* [[Male supremacy]] | * [[Male supremacy]] | ||
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* {{cite book | last = Keller | first = Evelyn | author-link = Evelyn Fox Keller | title = Reflections on gender and science | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780300032918 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/reflectionsongen00kell }} | * {{cite book | last = Keller | first = Evelyn | author-link = Evelyn Fox Keller | title = Reflections on gender and science | publisher = Yale University Press | location = New Haven | year = 1985 | isbn = 9780300032918 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/reflectionsongen00kell }} | ||
* Ginzberg, Ruth (1989), "[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gQQkAvU4S1oC&pg=PA69 Uncovering gynocentric science]", in {{cite book | editor-last = Tuana | editor-first = Nancy | title = Feminism and science | pages = [https://archive.org/details/feminismscience0000unse/page/69 69–84] | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | isbn = 9780253205254 | year = 1989 | url = https://archive.org/details/feminismscience0000unse/page/69 }} | * Ginzberg, Ruth (1989), "[https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=gQQkAvU4S1oC&pg=PA69 Uncovering gynocentric science]", in {{cite book | editor-last = Tuana | editor-first = Nancy | title = Feminism and science | pages = [https://archive.org/details/feminismscience0000unse/page/69 69–84] | publisher = Indiana University Press | location = Bloomington | isbn = 9780253205254 | year = 1989 | url = https://archive.org/details/feminismscience0000unse/page/69 }} | ||
* {{cite book | | * {{cite book | editor1-last = Harding | editor1-first = Sandra | editor2-last = Hintikka | editor2-first = Merrill B. | editor-link1 = Sandra Harding | title = Discovering reality: feminist perspectives on epistemology, metaphysics, methodology, and philosophy of science | publisher = Kluwer Boston | location = Dordrecht, Holland Boston Hingham, Massachusetts | year = 1983 | isbn = 9789027714961 }} | ||
* {{cite book | last = Harding | first = Sandra | author-link = Sandra Harding | title = The science question in feminism | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca London | year = 1986 | url = https://archive.org/details/sciencequestioni00hard | isbn = 9780335153596 | url-access = registration }} | * {{cite book | last = Harding | first = Sandra | author-link = Sandra Harding | title = The science question in feminism | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca London | year = 1986 | url = https://archive.org/details/sciencequestioni00hard | isbn = 9780335153596 | url-access = registration }} | ||
* {{cite book | last = Harding | first = Sandra | author-link = Sandra Harding | title = Whose science? Whose knowledge?: thinking from women's lives | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca, New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 9780801497469 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/whosesciencewhos00hard }} | * {{cite book | last = Harding | first = Sandra | author-link = Sandra Harding | title = Whose science? Whose knowledge?: thinking from women's lives | publisher = Cornell University Press | location = Ithaca, New York | year = 1991 | isbn = 9780801497469 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/whosesciencewhos00hard }} | ||