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The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 September 2022}}</ref> The early movement was created by conspirators who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogden |first1=Joanna |title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=164–197 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.
The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> The early movement was created by revolutionaries who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogden |first1=Joanna |title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=164–197 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California.


Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence.  Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.
Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence.  Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917.
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In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>
In 1914, Kasi Ram Joshi a member of the party from Haryana, returned to India from America. On 15 March 1915 he was hanged by the colonial government.<ref name=sarasnew1>[http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf Haryana Samvad] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180827125256/http://haryanasamvad.gov.in/store/document/11%2012%201%20HARYANA%20SAMVAD%20NOV-%20JAN%202017-2018%20FOR%20for%20web.pdf |date=2018-08-27 }}, Jan 2018.</ref>


The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed|date=July 2022}}
The Ghadar party commanded a loyal following the province of [[Punjab region|Punjab]], but many of its most prominent activists were forced into exile to Canada and the United States. It ceased to play an active role in Indian politics after.{{citation needed|date=July 2020}}


[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu|thumb|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]
[[File:The Independent Hindustan Volume I Number 4.djvu|thumb|Periodical Independent Hindustan]]
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#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]  
#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]]  
# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari)
# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>
# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref>
# [[Karim Bakhsh]]
# [[Karim Bakhsh]]
# [[Amir Chand]]
# [[Amir Chand]]
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==External links==
==External links==
{{Commons category}}
 
*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party]
*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)]
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