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{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2021}} | ||
{{Infobox political party | {{Infobox political party | ||
| name | | name = Ghadar Party | ||
| colorcode | | colorcode = #CC0000 | ||
| logo | | logo = Ghadar Flag.png | ||
| logo_size | | logo_size = 150px | ||
| founded | | founded = {{start date and age|15 July 1913}} | ||
| dissolved | | dissolved = {{end date and age|January 1948}} | ||
| | | president = [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] | ||
| | | ideology = [[Indian independence movement|Indian independence]]<br>[[Indian nationalism]] | ||
| country = India | |||
| | | predecessor = {{nowrap|Pacific Coast Hindustan Association}} | ||
| | | colours = [[Red]], [[Saffron (color)|Saffron]], [[Green]] | ||
| | |||
| colours | |||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Ghadar Movement''' | The '''Ghadar Movement''' was an early 20th century, international political movement founded by [[expatriate Indians]] to overthrow [[British rule in India]].<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica">{{cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/232350/Ghadr|title=Ghadr (Sikh political organization)|publisher=Encyclopædia Britannica|access-date=18 September 2010}}</ref> The early movement was created by revolutionaries who lived and worked on the West Coast of the United States and Canada, but the movement later spread to India and Indian diasporic communities around the world. The official founding has been dated to a meeting on 15 July 1913 in [[Astoria, Oregon]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ogden |first1=Joanna |title=Ghadar, Historical Silences, and Notions of Belonging: Early 1900s Punjabis of the Columbia River |journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly |date=Summer 2012 |volume=113 |issue=2 |pages=164–197 |doi=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |jstor=10.5403/oregonhistq.113.2.0164 |s2cid=164468099 }}</ref> with the Ghadar headquarters and [[Hindustan Ghadar]] newspaper based in [[San Francisco]], California. | ||
Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917. | Following the outbreak of [[World War I]] in 1914, some Ghadar party members returned to Punjab to incite armed revolution for Indian Independence. Ghadarites smuggled arms into India and incited Indian troops to mutiny against the British. This uprising, known as the [[Ghadar Mutiny]], was unsuccessful, and 42 mutineers were executed following the [[Lahore Conspiracy Case trial]]. From 1914 to 1917 Ghadarites continued underground anti-colonial actions with the support of Germany and Ottoman Turkey, known as the [[Hindu–German Conspiracy]], which led to a sensational [[Hindu–German Conspiracy Trial|trial]] in San Francisco in 1917. | ||
Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]]. | Following the war's conclusion, the party in the United States fractured into a [[Communist]] and an Indian Socialist faction. The party was formally dissolved in 1948.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> Key participants in the Ghadar Movement included [[Bhai Parmanand]], [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]], [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]], [[Har Dayal]], [[Tarak Nath Das]], [[Bhagat Singh Thind]], [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]], [[Abdul Hafiz Mohamed Barakatullah]], [[Rashbehari Bose]], and [[Gulab Kaur]]. Although its attempts at overthrowing the British Raj were unsuccessful, the insurrectionary ideals of the Ghadar Party influenced members of the [[Indian Independence Movement]] opposed to Gandhian [[nonviolence]]. To carry out other revolutionary activities, "Swadesh Sevak Home" at Vancouver and United India House at Seattle was set-up.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Aspirant |first=Civil |date=2020-07-04 |title=203. Tarak Nath Das- Founder of Swadesh Sevak Home |url=https://civilaspirant.in/tarak-nath-das/ |access-date=2022-07-05 |website=Civil Aspirant |language=en-US}}</ref> | ||
== Etymology == | == Etymology == | ||
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Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Harish K. |title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy |date=1993 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |pages=17–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid. | Between 1903 and 1913 approximately 10,000 South Asians emigres entered North America, mostly from the rural regions of central Punjab.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Puri |first1=Harish K. |title=Ghadar Movement: ideology, organisation, and strategy |date=1993 |publisher=Guru Nanak Dev University |location=Amritsar |pages=17–18 |edition=2nd |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015037866715&view=1up&seq=10}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Ramnath |page=17}}</ref> About half the Punjabis had served in the British military. The [[Canadian government]] decided to curtail this influx with a series of laws, which were aimed at limiting the entry of South Asians into the country and restricting the political rights of those already in the country.<ref name=Strachan795>{{Harvnb|Strachan|2001|p=795}}</ref> Many migrants came to work in the fields, factories, and logging camps of Northern California and the Pacific Northwest, where they were exposed to [[labor unions]] and the ideas of the radical [[Industrial Workers of the World]] or IWW. The migrants of the Pacific Northwest banded together in Sikh [[gurdwaras]] and formed political Hindustani Associations for mutual aid. | ||
Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas. | Nationalist sentiments were also building around the world among South Asian emigres and students, where they could organize more freely than in [[British India]]. Several dozen students came to study at the University of Berkeley, some spurred by a scholarship offered by a wealthy Punjabi farmer. Revolutionary intellectuals like [[Har Dayal]] and [[Taraknath Das]] attempted to organize students and educate them in anarchist and nationalist ideas. | ||
[[File:Ghadr_Party_heroes_poster,1916.jpg|thumb|Ghadr Party heroes poster,1916]] | |||
RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> | RasBihari Bose on request from [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle]], an American trained Ghadar, who met Bose at Benares and requested him to take up the leadership of the coming revolution. But before accepting the responsibility, he sent Sachin Sanyal to the Punjab to assess the situation. Sachin returned very optimistic,<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindujagruti.org/articles/90.html|title=Rash Behari Bose : The Greatest Indian Revolutionary|website=Hindu Janajagruti Samiti}}</ref> in the United States and Canada with the aim to liberate India from [[British Raj|British rule]]. The movement began with a group of immigrants known as the Hindustani Workers of the Pacific Coast.<ref name="Encyclopædia Britannica"/> | ||
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# [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] (President) | # [[Sohan Singh Bhakna]] (President) | ||
# Kesar Singh (Vice-President) | # Kesar Singh (Vice-President) | ||
# [[Baba Jawala Singh]] (Vice-President) | |||
# [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] (Editor, Punjabi Gadar) | # [[Kartar Singh Sarabha]] (Editor, Punjabi Gadar) | ||
# [[ | # [[Pt. Kanshi Ram]] (Treasurer) | ||
# [[Munshi Ram]] (Organizing Secretary) | |||
# [[Lala Thaker Das]] (Dhuri) (Vice Secretary) | |||
# [[Lala Hardayal]] | |||
# [[Udham Singh]] | |||
# [[Bhai Parmanand]] | |||
# [[Tarak Nath Das]] | |||
# [[Vishnu Ganesh Pingle|V. G. Pingle]] | |||
# [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]] | # [[Bhagwan Singh Gyanee]] | ||
# [[Santokh Singh (Ghadarite)]] | |||
# [[Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)]] | # [[Balwant Singh (Ghadarite)]] | ||
# [[ | # [[Rehmat Ali (Ghadarite)]] | ||
# [[Harnam Singh Tundilat]] | # [[Harnam Singh Tundilat]] | ||
# [[G. D. Verma]] | # [[G. D. Verma]] | ||
# [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]] | # [[Nidhan Singh Chugha]] | ||
#[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]] | #[[Baba Chattar Singh Ahluwalia (Jethuwal)]] | ||
# [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari) | # [[Baba Harnam Singh]] (Kari Sari) | ||
# [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref> | # [[Mangu Ram Mugowalia]]<ref name="Georgia Straight Vancouvers News & Entertainment Weekly 2013">{{cite web | title=Manguram Muggowal, a former Ghadar Party member, later joined the Dalit [the proper term for so-called untouchables] emancipation movement. | website=Georgia Straight Vancouver's News & Entertainment Weekly | date=26 July 2013 | url=https://www.straight.com/news/404576/gurpreet-singh-bujha-singhs-sacrifice-proves-ghadar-struggle-didnt-end-indian-independence | access-date=7 October 2015}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=There were not many Scheduled Caste persons in the Ghadar movement, however; Mangoo Ram recalls only one other Chamar besides himself.|url=http://www.ambedkartimes.com/babu_manguram.htm}}</ref> | ||
# [[Karim Bakhsh]] | # [[Karim Bakhsh]] | ||
# [[ | # [[Amir Chand]] | ||
# [[Sant Baba Wasakha Singh]] | # [[Sant Baba Wasakha Singh]] | ||
# [[Maulavi Barkatullah]] | # [[Maulavi Barkatullah]] | ||
# [[Harnam Singh Saini]] | # [[Harnam Singh Saini]] | ||
# [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]] | # [[Pandurang Sadashiv Khankhoje]] | ||
# [[Ganda Singh|Ganda Singh Phangureh]] | # [[Ganda Singh|Ganda Singh Phangureh]] | ||
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# [[Prithvi Singh Azad|Baba Prithvi Singh Azad]] | # [[Prithvi Singh Azad|Baba Prithvi Singh Azad]] | ||
# [[Gulab Kaur]] | # [[Gulab Kaur]] | ||
# [[Ram Rakha|Pt. Ram Rakha]] | |||
# [[Sohanlal Pathak]] | |||
== See also == | == See also == | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
*[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party] | *[http://www.centralsikhmuseum.com/gallery/gadar-party/ A Gallery on Gadar Party] | ||
*[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] | *[http://www.saadigitalarchive.org/collection/gadar-party Ghadar Party materials in the South Asian American Digital Archive (SAADA)] | ||
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{{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | {{Ghadar Conspiracy}} | ||
{{Indian independence movement}} | {{Indian independence movement}} | ||
{{Indian Revolutionary Movement}} | |||
{{Sikh politics}} | {{Sikh politics}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | {{Authority control}} | ||