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{{About|the city in India|the railway station in city|Ayodhya Junction railway station|other uses}} | {{About|the city in India|the railway station in city|Ayodhya Junction railway station|other uses}} | ||
{{Use Indian English}} | {{Use Indian English|date=November 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=May 2023}} | ||
{{Infobox settlement | {{Infobox settlement | ||
| name = Ayodhya | | name = Ayodhya | ||
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| governing_body = [[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]] | | governing_body = [[Ayodhya Municipal Corporation]] | ||
| leader_title = [[Mayor]] | | leader_title = [[Mayor]] | ||
| leader_name = Girish Pati Tripathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html|title=Meet Ayodhya's new mayor: A former UPSC aspirant and Mahant of a city mandir|work=Hindustan Times|accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref> | | leader_name = Girish Pati Tripathi<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/cities/lucknow-news/ayodhyas-new-mayor-girish-pati-tripathi-a-ex-upsc-aspirant-mahant-of-teen-kalash-tiwari-mandir-up-nagar-nigam-chunav-101683966283049.html|title=Meet Ayodhya's new mayor: A former UPSC aspirant and Mahant of a city mandir|work=Hindustan Times|date=13 May 2023 |accessdate=21 May 2023}}</ref> | ||
| leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | | leader_party = [[Bharatiya Janata Party|BJP]] | ||
| leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]] | | leader_title2 = [[Member of Parliament, Lok Sabha|Lok Sabha MP]] | ||
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Ayodhya was historically known as [[Sāketa|Saketa]]. The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five [[tirthankara]]s namely, [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Ajitanatha]], [[Abhinandananatha]], [[Sumatinath]] and [[Anantnath]], and associate it with the legendary [[Bharata Chakravarti]]. From the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city. | Ayodhya was historically known as [[Sāketa|Saketa]]. The early Buddhist and Jain canonical texts mention that the religious leaders [[Gautama Buddha]] and [[Mahavira]] visited and lived in the city. The Jain texts also describe it as the birthplace of five [[tirthankara]]s namely, [[Rishabhanatha]], [[Ajitanatha]], [[Abhinandananatha]], [[Sumatinath]] and [[Anantnath]], and associate it with the legendary [[Bharata Chakravarti]]. From the [[Gupta Empire|Gupta]] period onwards, several sources mention Ayodhya and Saketa as the name of the same city. | ||
The [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] of [[Kosala]] and setting of the great epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of the Ramayana|its many versions]]. Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya has been regarded as the first of the [[Sapta Puri|seven most important pilgrimage sites]] for Hindus.<ref name=AboutDistrict/> It is believed that a temple stood at the supposed [[Ram Janmabhoomi|birth spot of Rama]], which was demolished by the orders of either the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] or [[Aurangzeb]], and [[Babri Masjid|a mosque]] erected in its place.<ref name="MeenakshiJain2017">{{citation|last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya|year=2017|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-8-173-05579-9}}{{page needed}}</ref> In 1992, [[Ayodhya dispute|the dispute]] over the spot led to [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|the demolition]] of the mosque by Hindu mobs, who aimed to rebuild a grand temple of Rama at the site.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html |title=Ayodhya verdict: No place for fear, negativity in 'New India', says PM |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en }}</ref> A five-judge full bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] heard the title cases from August to October 2019 and ruled that the land belonged to the government per tax records, and ordered it to be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative {{convert|5|acre|ha}} of land to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]] to build [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|a mosque]] in lieu of the demolished [[Babri Masjid|Babri mosque]]. The construction of [[Ram Mandir]] commenced in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir highlights: Celebration, lamps, fireworks light up the nation as it witnesses a historic day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ayodhya-ram-mandir-bhoomi-pujan-live-updates-muhurat-photos-narendra-modi-yogi-adityanath-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-kar-sevak-hindu-temple-ram-janmabhoomi-photo-869583.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |language=en}}</ref> | The [[Ayodhya (Ramayana)|legendary city of Ayodhya]], popularly identified as the present-day Ayodhya, is the birthplace of the Hindu deity [[Rama]] of [[Kosala]] and setting of the great epic ''[[Ramayana]]'' and [[Versions of the Ramayana|its many versions]]. Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama, Ayodhya has been regarded as the first of the [[Sapta Puri|seven most important pilgrimage sites]] for Hindus.<ref name=AboutDistrict/> It is believed that a temple stood at the supposed [[Ram Janmabhoomi|birth spot of Rama]], which was demolished by the orders of either the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Babur]] or [[Aurangzeb]], and [[Babri Masjid|a mosque]] erected in its place.<ref name="MeenakshiJain2017">{{citation|last=Jain |first=Meenakshi |title=The Battle for Rama – Case of the Temple at Ayodhya|year=2017|publisher=Aryan Books International|isbn=978-8-173-05579-9}}{{page needed|date=December 2021}}</ref> In 1992, [[Ayodhya dispute|the dispute]] over the spot led to [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|the demolition]] of the mosque by Hindu mobs, who aimed to rebuild a grand temple of Rama at the site.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-sc-ruling-in-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-ayodhya-land-dispute-case-today-hindus-muslim-119110900133_1.html |title=Ayodhya verdict: No place for fear, negativity in 'New India', says PM |work=[[Business Standard]] |language=en |date=9 November 2019}}</ref> A five-judge full bench of the [[Supreme Court of India|Supreme Court]] heard the title cases from August to October 2019 and ruled that the land belonged to the government per tax records, and ordered it to be handed over to a trust to build a Hindu temple. It also ordered the government to give an alternative {{convert|5|acre|ha}} of land to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]] to build [[Ayodhya Mosque, Dhannipur|a mosque]] in lieu of the demolished [[Babri Masjid|Babri mosque]]. The construction of [[Ram Mandir]] commenced in August 2020.<ref>{{cite news |title=Ayodhya Ram Mandir highlights: Celebration, lamps, fireworks light up the nation as it witnesses a historic day |url=https://www.deccanherald.com/national/ayodhya-ram-mandir-bhoomi-pujan-live-updates-muhurat-photos-narendra-modi-yogi-adityanath-babri-masjid-ram-mandir-kar-sevak-hindu-temple-ram-janmabhoomi-photo-869583.html |access-date=15 August 2020 |work=[[Deccan Herald]] |date=5 August 2020 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
== Etymology and names == | == Etymology and names == | ||
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"Saketa" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources.{{sfn|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997|p=22}} According to [[Vaman Shivram Apte]], the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Saha'' (with) and ''Aketen'' (houses or buildings). The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the word may be derived from the roots ''sa'' and ''ketu'' ("with banner"); the variant name ''saketu'' is attested in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}} | "Saketa" is the older name for the city, attested in Sanskrit, Jain, Buddhist, Greek and Chinese sources.{{sfn|Lutgendorf, Imagining Ayodhya|1997|p=22}} According to [[Vaman Shivram Apte]], the word "Saketa" is derived from the Sanskrit words ''Saha'' (with) and ''Aketen'' (houses or buildings). The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is called Saketa "because of its magnificent buildings which had significant banners as their arms".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} According to [[Hans T. Bakker]], the word may be derived from the roots ''sa'' and ''ketu'' ("with banner"); the variant name ''saketu'' is attested in the ''[[Vishnu Purana]]''.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya, Part 1|1984|p=12}} | ||
The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as [[Oudh State]].{{Citation needed}} | The older name in English was "Oudh" or "Oude", and the princely state it was the capital of until 1856 is still known as [[Oudh State]].{{Citation needed|date=July 2021}} | ||
Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala kingdom]] in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is famous as ''su-kośala'' "because of its prosperity and good skill".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} | Ayodhya was stated to be the capital of the ancient [[Kosala Kingdom|Kosala kingdom]] in the ''[[Ramayana]]''. Hence it was also referred to as "Kosala". The ''Adi Purana'' states that Ayodhya is famous as ''su-kośala'' "because of its prosperity and good skill".{{sfn|Kunal, Ayodhya Revisited|2016|p=5}} | ||
The cities of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] (Thailand), and [[Yogyakarta]] (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ayodhya & Ayutthaya |first1=K |last1=Subrahmanyam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorduyn|first=Jacobus|title=The Etymology of the Name of Yogyakarta|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272|journal=Archipel|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2272}}</ref> | The cities of [[Ayutthaya (city)|Ayutthaya]] (Thailand), and [[Yogyakarta]] (Indonesia), are named after Ayodhya.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 December 2018 |title=Ayodhya & Ayutthaya |first1=K |last1=Subrahmanyam |url=https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/blogs/the-speaking-tree/ayodhya-ayutthaya/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Economic Times]] |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Noorduyn|first=Jacobus|date=1986|title=The Etymology of the Name of Yogyakarta|url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/arch_0044-8613_1986_num_31_1_2272|journal=Archipel|volume=31|issue=1|pages=87–96|doi=10.3406/arch.1986.2272}}</ref> | ||
== History == | == History == | ||
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Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the [[Babri mosque]] was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (mispronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Awadh Archives in Ayodhya|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592|access-date=31 August 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> | Under [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] rule, the [[Babri mosque]] was constructed in Ayodhya. The city was the capital of the province of [[Awadh]] (mispronounced as "Oudh" by the British), which is also believed to be a variant of the name "Ayodhya".<ref>{{Cite web|last=Service|first=Tribune News|title=Awadh Archives in Ayodhya|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/features/awadh-archives-in-ayodhya-140592|access-date=31 August 2021|website=Tribuneindia News Service|language=en}}</ref> | ||
After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}{{better source needed}} | After the death of Aurangzeb in 1707 AD, the central Muslim rule weakened, and Awadh became virtually independent, with Ayodhya as its capital. However, the rulers became increasingly dependent on the local Hindu nobles, and control over the temples and pilgrimage centres was relaxed.{{sfn|Bakker, Ayodhya: A Hindu Jerusalem|1991}}{{better source needed|date=August 2020}} | ||
[[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|right|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map]] | [[File:United Provinces 1903.gif|thumb|right|[[United Provinces of Agra and Oudh]], showing 'Ajodhia', 1903 map]] | ||
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{{See also|Ayodhya dispute}} | {{See also|Ayodhya dispute}} | ||
A movement was launched in 1984 by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing [[Hindu nationalist]] rally turned into a riot, leading to the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the Babri mosque]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Amy Chua|title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – And Why They Fall|page=[https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0/page/182 182]|year=2007|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-51284-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0}}</ref> A makeshift temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] for ''[[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram Lalla]]'', infant Rama was constructed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623012141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2004 |title=Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya |work=[[The Hindu]] |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.{{citation needed}} | A movement was launched in 1984 by the [[Vishva Hindu Parishad]] party to reclaim the Babri mosque site for a Rama temple. In 1992, a right wing [[Hindu nationalist]] rally turned into a riot, leading to the [[demolition of the Babri Masjid|demolition of the Babri mosque]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Amy Chua|title=Day of Empire: How Hyperpowers Rise to Global Dominance – And Why They Fall|page=[https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0/page/182 182]|year=2007|publisher=Doubleday|isbn=978-0-385-51284-8|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/dayofempirehowhy00chua_0}}</ref> A makeshift temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi]] for ''[[Ram Lalla Temple|Ram Lalla]]'', infant Rama was constructed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040623012141/http://www.hinduonnet.com/thehindu/2002/01/19/stories/2002011901441000.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=23 June 2004 |title=Ram Lalla deity to be taken to Ayodhya |work=[[The Hindu]] |date=19 January 2002 |access-date=30 September 2010}}</ref> Under the Indian government orders, no one was permitted near the site within 200 yards, and the gate was locked to the outside. Hindu pilgrims, however, began entering through a side door to offer worship.{{citation needed|date=August 2020}} | ||
In 2003, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |work=[[Rediff.com]] |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926043755/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm| archive-date= 26 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Evidence of temple found: ASI |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906030401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |archive-date=6 September 2003 }}</ref> Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Seema |last1=Chishti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm |title=Can Ayodhya dig settle the dispute? |work=BBC News |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> | In 2003, the [[Archaeological Survey of India]] (ASI) carried out an excavation at the mosque site to determine if it was built over the ruins of a temple. The excavation uncovered pillar bases indicating a temple had been in existence under the mosque.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm |title=Proof of temple found at Ayodhya: ASI report |work=[[Rediff.com]] |date=25 August 2003 |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100926043755/http://www.rediff.com/news/2003/aug/25ayo1.htm| archive-date= 26 September 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Evidence of temple found: ASI |url=http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |date=25 August 2003 |work=[[The Tribune (Chandigarh)]] |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030906030401/http://www.tribuneindia.com/2003/20030826/main6.htm |archive-date=6 September 2003 }}</ref> Besides Hindus, the Buddhist and Jain representatives claimed that their temples existed at the excavated site.<ref>{{cite news |first1=Seema |last1=Chishti |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/2848393.stm |title=Can Ayodhya dig settle the dispute? |work=BBC News |date=14 March 2003 |access-date=11 June 2012}}</ref> | ||
On 5 July 2005, [[2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack|five terrorists]] attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall. | On 5 July 2005, [[2005 Ram Janmabhoomi attack|five terrorists]] attacked the site of the makeshift Ramlalla temple in Ayodhya. All five were killed in the ensuing gunfight with security forces, and one civilian died in the bomb blast triggered as they attempted to breach the cordon wall. | ||
On 30 September 2010, the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]], one-third to the [[Nirmohi Akhara]] and one-third to the [[Hindu]] party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |title=Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101002110425/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |archive-date= 2 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rjbm.nic.in/ |title=High Court of Allahabad, Ram Janmbhoomi Babri Masjid Judgement, Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters |publisher=Rjbm.nic.in |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000743/http://rjbm.nic.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2010 }}</ref> The judgment, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |title=Ayodhya Verdict: Entire Disputed Site Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land |work=[[News18]] |first1=Pathikrit Sen |last1=Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court |work=[[NDTV]] |editor1-first=Arun |editor1-last=Nair |editor2-first=Vaibhav |editor2-last=Tiwari}}</ref> | On 30 September 2010, the [[Lucknow]] bench of the [[Allahabad High Court]] ruled that one-third of the disputed land should be given to the [[Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board]], one-third to the [[Nirmohi Akhara]] and one-third to the [[Hindu]] party for the shrine of "Ram Lalla" (infant Rama). The court further ruled that the area where the idols of Ram are present be given to Hindus in the final decree, while the rest of the land shall be divided equally by metes and bounds among the three parties.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |title=Ayodhya verdict: Allahabad High Court says divide land in 3 ways |work=[[NDTV]] |access-date=30 September 2010| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20101002110425/http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/ayodhya-verdict-allahabad-high-court-says-divide-land-in-3-ways-56063 |archive-date= 2 October 2010 | url-status= live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://rjbm.nic.in/ |title=High Court of Allahabad, Ram Janmbhoomi Babri Masjid Judgement, Decision of Hon'ble Special Full Bench Hearing Ayodhya Matters |publisher=Rjbm.nic.in |access-date=30 September 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101002000743/http://rjbm.nic.in/ |archive-date=2 October 2010 }}</ref> The judgment, along with evidences provided by the Archaeological Survey of India, upheld that the Babri Masjid was built after demolishing the Hindu temple, which is the birthplace of Rama, and that the mosque was not constructed according to the principles of Islam. The final verdict by the Supreme Court on the case ruled the disputed land in the favour of Hindus for the construction of Ram Mandir and ordered an alternative piece of land be given to the Muslim community for the construction of a mosque.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.news18.com/news/india/ayodhya-case-verdict-live-updates-ram-janmabhoomi-babri-masjid-ayodhya-mandir-news-samachar-supreme-court-uttar-pradesh-2379563.html |title=Ayodhya Verdict: Entire Disputed Site Goes to Hindus for Ram Mandir, Muslims to Get 5 Acres of Alternate Land |work=[[News18]] |date=10 November 2019 |first1=Pathikrit Sen |last1=Gupta}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |url=https://www.ndtv.com/india-news/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-land-dispute-case-supreme-court-verdict-at-10-3-2129704 |title=Ayodhya Verdict Live Updates: Disputed Land To Be Given For Temple Construction, Muslims To Get 5-Acre Plot In Ayodhya, Says Top Court |work=[[NDTV]] |date=10 November 2019 |editor1-first=Arun |editor1-last=Nair |editor2-first=Vaibhav |editor2-last=Tiwari}}</ref> | ||
In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of {{convert|5|acres|ha}} in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |title =Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders |work=[[The Times of India]] }}</ref> | In a judgement pronounced by a 5 judge bench of the Supreme Court of India on 9 November 2019, the land was handed over to the government to form a trust for the construction of a temple. The court instructed the government to also allot a plot of {{convert|5|acres|ha}} in Ayodhya to the Uttar Pradesh Sunni Central Waqf Board to construct a mosque/Masjid.<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/ayodhya-verdict-live-updates-supreme-court-verdict-on-ram-mandir-babri-masjid-dispute/liveblog/71978224.cms |title =Ayodhya verdict live: Country's unity strengthened after verdict, say religious leaders |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=10 November 2019}}</ref> | ||
Some South Koreans have identified the "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient [[Samgungnyusa]] legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]] came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/ |title=Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting |first1=Tarannum |last1=Manjul |work=[[The Indian Express]] }}</ref><ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |first1=V N |last1=Arora |work=[[The Times of India]] |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Festivities organized to honor Indian princess |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |work=[[India Abroad]] |first1=San Whan |last1=Ahn }}</ref> | Some South Koreans have identified the "Ayuta" mentioned in their ancient [[Samgungnyusa]] legend with Ayodhya. According to this legend, the ancient Korean princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]] came from Ayuta. In the 2000s, the local government of Ayodhya and South Korea acknowledged the connection and held a ceremony to raise a statue of the princess.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.indianexpress.com/news/korean-relative-of-kings-of-ayodhya-goes-on/569976/ |title=Korean relative of Kings of Ayodhya goes on evidence hunting |first1=Tarannum |last1=Manjul |work=[[The Indian Express]] |date=21 January 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811122813/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2004-09-12/india/27159136_1_saryu-monument-connection |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |first1=V N |last1=Arora |work=[[The Times of India]] |date=12 September 2004 |archive-date=11 August 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121105030814/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P1-79276360.html |archive-date=5 November 2012 |title=Festivities organized to honor Indian princess |date=12 May 2000 |via=[[HighBeam Research]] |work=[[India Abroad]] |first1=San Whan |last1=Ahn }}</ref> | ||
==== Ram temple ==== | ==== Ram temple ==== | ||
{{Main|Ram Mandir}} | {{Main|Ram Mandir}} | ||
On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi|what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram]].<ref>{{Cite news |title=Ram temple bhoomi pujan: Ceremony starts at 12.30 pm, PM to offer prayers to idol, address gathering| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/ |first1=Avaneesh |last1=Mishra |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Golden chapter, says PM Modi after laying foundation stone for Ram temple |editor1-first=Aloke |editor1-last=Tikku }}</ref> It is planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a {{convert|500|acre|km2|adj=on}} site next to the [[Faizabad]]-[[Gorakhpur]] highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/ |title=Ayodhya breaks ground today |first1=Rakesh |last1=Sinha |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> | On 5 August 2020, the prime minister of India, [[Narendra Modi]], laid the ceremonial foundation stone for a new temple at [[Ram Janmabhoomi|what is believed to be the birthplace of the god, Ram]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 August 2020 |title=Ram temple bhoomi pujan: Ceremony starts at 12.30 pm, PM to offer prayers to idol, address gathering| url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-ceremony-starts-at-12-30-pm-pm-to-offer-prayers-to-idol-address-gathering-6539814/ |first1=Avaneesh |last1=Mishra |access-date=31 August 2021 |work=[[The Indian Express]]|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-lays-foundation-stone-for-ram-temple-in-ayodhya/story-6PtybMaVg4pvL92ufuBBbO.html |work=[[Hindustan Times]] |title=Golden chapter, says PM Modi after laying foundation stone for Ram temple |editor1-first=Aloke |editor1-last=Tikku |date=5 August 2020}}</ref> It is planned to build a new township, Navya Ayodhya, on a {{convert|500|acre|km2|adj=on}} site next to the [[Faizabad]]-[[Gorakhpur]] highway, which will have luxury hotels and apartment complexes.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://indianexpress.com/article/india/ayodhya-ram-temple-bhoomi-pujan-6539817/ |title=Ayodhya breaks ground today |date=5 August 2020 |first1=Rakesh |last1=Sinha |work=[[The Indian Express]]}}</ref> | ||
== Demographics == | == Demographics == | ||
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=== Ramkot === | === Ramkot === | ||
Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on "[[Ram Navami]]", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]], which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor [[Ashoka]], and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha Yajnya]] of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita.<ref>{{Cite news |title=माता सीता की कुल देवी के रूप में विराजमान हैं माँ छोटी देवकाली |url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/|access-date=31 August 2021 |first1=Satya |last1=Prakash |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |language=hindi}}</ref> | Ramkot is the main place of worship in Ayodhya, and the site of the ancient citadel of its namesake, standing on elevated ground in the western city. Although visited by pilgrims throughout the year, it attracts devotees from all over the world on "[[Ram Navami]]", the day of the birth of Rama. Ram Navami is celebrated with great pomp in the Hindu month of [[Chaitra]], which falls between March and April. Swarg Dwar is believed to be the site of cremation of Rama. Mani Parbat and Sugriv Parbat are ancient earth mounds, the first identified by a stupa built by the emperor [[Ashoka]], and the second is an ancient monastery. Treta ke Thakur is a temple standing at the site of the [[Ashvamedha|Ashvamedha Yajnya]] of Rama. Three centuries prior, the Raja of Kulu built a new temple here, which was improved by [[Ahilyabai Holkar]] of Indore in 1784, the same time the adjacent Ghats were built. The initial idols in black sandstone were recovered from Sarayu and placed in the new temple, which was known as Kaleram-ka-Mandir. Chhoti Devkali Mandir is the temple of goddess Ishani, or Durga, Kuldevi of Sita.<ref>{{Cite news |title=माता सीता की कुल देवी के रूप में विराजमान हैं माँ छोटी देवकाली |url=https://www.patrika.com/faizabad-news/chhoti-devkali-temple-in-ayodhya-3546162/|access-date=31 August 2021 |first1=Satya |last1=Prakash |work=[[Rajasthan Patrika]] |date=10 October 2018|language=hindi}}</ref> | ||
=== Nageshwarnath Temple === | === Nageshwarnath Temple === | ||
The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of [[Vikramaditya]]. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of [[Shivratri]] is celebrated here with great splendor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रामनगरी अयोध्या में आज महाशिवरात्रि पर भोले की बम-बम|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html|access-date=31 August 2021 |first1=Dharmendra |last1=Pandey |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> | The temple of Nageshwarnath was established by [[Kusha (Ramayana)|Kush]], son of Rama. Legend has it that Kush lost his armlet while bathing in the [[Sarayu River (Ayodhya)|Sarayu]], and it was retrieved by a Nag-Kanya who fell in love with him. As she was a devotee of Shiva, Kush built her this temple. It was the only temple to survive when Ayodhya was abandoned until the time of [[Vikramaditya]]. While the rest of city was in ruin and covered by dense forest, this temple allowed Vikramaditya to recognise the city. The festival of [[Shivratri]] is celebrated here with great splendor.<ref>{{Cite news |title=रामनगरी अयोध्या में आज महाशिवरात्रि पर भोले की बम-बम|url=https://www.jagran.com/uttar-pradesh/faizabad-maha-shivratri-huge-number-of-devotees-in-temples-of-ayodhya-17509578.html|access-date=31 August 2021 |date=13 February 2018 |first1=Dharmendra |last1=Pandey |work=[[Dainik Jagran]] |language=hi}}</ref> | ||
=== Other places of interest === | === Other places of interest === | ||
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=== Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok === | === Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok === | ||
The legendary princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who married king [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref> In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm|title=Korean memorial to Indian princess|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock], 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref> | The legendary princess [[Heo Hwang-ok]], who married king [[Suro of Geumgwan Gaya]] of Korea, is believed by some to be a native of Ayodhya.<ref>{{cite book |title=Samguk Yusa |author=[[Il-yeon]] (tr. by Ha Tae-Hung & Grafton K. Mintz) |publisher=Yonsei University Press |location=Seoul |isbn=89-7141-017-5 |year=1972}}</ref> In 2001, a [[Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok, Ayodhya|Memorial of Heo Hwang-ok]] was inaugurated by a Korean delegation, which included over a hundred historians and government representatives.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/asia-pacific/1205728.stm|title=Korean memorial to Indian princess|date=6 March 2001|via=news.bbc.co.uk}}</ref> In 2016, a Korean delegation proposed to develop the memorial. The proposal was accepted by the Uttar Pradesh chief minister [[Akhilesh Yadav]].<ref>[https://news.webindia123.com/news/Articles/India/20160301/2806883.html UP CM announces grand memorial of Queen Huh Wang-Ock], 1 March 2016, WebIndia123</ref> | ||
== Sister cities == | == Sister cities == | ||
[[File:Ayodhya Junction railway station, Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|[[Ayodhya Junction railway station]]]] | [[File:Ayodhya Junction railway station, Ayodhya.jpg|thumb|[[Ayodhya Junction railway station]]]] | ||
* {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gimhae]], South Korea | * {{flagicon|South Korea}} [[Gimhae]], South Korea | ||
** The mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |first=V N |last=Arora |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> | ** The mayors of Ayodhya and Gimhae signed a sister city bond in March 2001, based on Ayodhya's identification as the birthplace of the legendary queen [[Heo Hwang-ok]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/South-Koreas-Ayodhya-connection/articleshow/847880.cms |title=South Korea's Ayodhya connection |date=12 September 2004 |first=V N |last=Arora |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
* {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Janakpur]], Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |title=MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> | * {{flagicon|Nepal}} [[Janakpur]], Nepal.<ref>{{cite web |title=MoU on Twinning arrangements between Kathmandu-Varanasi, Janakpur-Ayodhya and Lumbini-Bodh Gaya as sister cities |url=https://pib.gov.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=112053 |website=pib.gov.in |access-date=8 March 2020}}</ref> | ||
** Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms |title=PM Narendra Modi signs 10 agreements with Nepal, inaugurates bus service |work=The Times of India |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Ayodhya is the birthplace of [[Rama]] and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, [[Sita]]. | ** Ayodhya and Janakpur became sister cities in November 2014.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/PM-Narendra-Modi-signs-10-agreements-with-Nepal-inaugurates-bus-service/articleshow/45278008.cms |title=PM Narendra Modi signs 10 agreements with Nepal, inaugurates bus service |work=The Times of India |date=26 November 2014 |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> Ayodhya is the birthplace of [[Rama]] and Janakpur is the birthplace of his consort, [[Sita]]. | ||
== Transportation == | == Transportation == | ||
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Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including [[Lucknow]] ({{cvt|130|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Gorakhpur]] ({{cvt|140|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Prayagraj]] ({{cvt|160|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Varanasi]] ({{cvt|200|km|disp=sqbr}}) and [[Delhi]] ({{cvt|636|km|disp=sqbr}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | Ayodhya is connected by road to several major cities and towns, including [[Lucknow]] ({{cvt|130|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Gorakhpur]] ({{cvt|140|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Prayagraj]] ({{cvt|160|km|disp=sqbr}}), [[Varanasi]] ({{cvt|200|km|disp=sqbr}}) and [[Delhi]] ({{cvt|636|km|disp=sqbr}}).<ref>{{Cite web |title=How to Reach {{!}} District Ayodhya – Government of Uttar Pradesh {{!}} India |url=https://ayodhya.nic.in/how-to-reach/ |access-date=31 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and [[Janakpur]] (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit.<ref>{{cite news |title=Modi, Oli Jointly Inaugurate Janakpur-Ayodhya Direct Bus Service |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857 |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> | A direct bus service has been started between Ayodhya and [[Janakpur]] (birthplace of Sita), in Nepal as a part of Ramayana circuit.<ref>{{cite news |date=11 May 2018 |title=Modi, Oli Jointly Inaugurate Janakpur-Ayodhya Direct Bus Service |work=Outlook |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/website/story/pm-modi-to-embark-on-2-day-nepal-visit-today-will-flag-off-bus-from-janakpuri-to/311857 |access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> | ||
=== Rail === | === Rail === | ||
The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Mughal Sarai on the Lucknow main route with [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] and [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] railway stations. | The city is on the broad gauge Northern Railway line on Mughal Sarai on the Lucknow main route with [[Ayodhya Junction railway station|Ayodhya Junction]] and [[Ayodhya Cantt railway station|Ayodhya Cantt]] railway stations. | ||
Ramayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit<ref>{{Cite web |title=Explained: The Ramayan Railway Circuit That Will Retrace The Epic In 8,000 Kms Journey |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> | Ramayana Circuit Train : Special Train that runs from Delhi to main sites of the Ramayana Circuit<ref>{{Cite web |date=28 May 2022 |title=Explained: The Ramayan Railway Circuit That Will Retrace The Epic In 8,000 Kms Journey |url=https://www.outlookindia.com/national/explained-the-ramayan-railway-circuit-that-will-retrace-the-epic-in-8-000-kms-journey-news-199034 |access-date=12 December 2022 |website=www.outlookindia.com/ |language=en}}</ref> | ||
=== Flight === | === Flight === | ||
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{{refend}} | {{refend}} | ||
== External links =={{EB1911 poster|Ajodhya}} | == External links == | ||
{{Sister project links}}{{EB1911 poster|Ajodhya}} | |||
* | |||
{{Ramayana}} | {{Ramayana}} | ||
{{Hindu holy cities}} | {{Hindu holy cities}} | ||
{{Faizabad district}} | {{Faizabad district}} | ||
{{Authority control}} | |||
[[Category:Ayodhya| ]] | [[Category:Ayodhya| ]] | ||