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{{short description|Demarcation line between India and Pakistan over the disputed region of Kashmir}}
{{Short description|Demarcation line between India and Pakistan in the disputed region of Kashmir}}
{{pp-30-500|small=yes}}
 
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{EngvarB|date=January 2021}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2016}}
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[[Image:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|alt=The United Nations map of the Line of Control |[[United Nations]] map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near [[Siachen Glacier]].|302x302px]]
[[Image:Un-kashmir-jammu.png|thumb|alt=The United Nations map of the Line of Control |[[United Nations]] map of the Line of Control. The LoC is not defined near [[Siachen Glacier]].|302x302px]]


The '''Line of Control''' ('''LoC''') is a military control line between the [[India]]n and [[Pakistan]]i controlled parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the [[de facto]] border. It was established as part of the [[Simla Agreement]] at the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.'</ref> Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original [[Karachi Agreement|1949 cease-fire line]].
The '''Line of Control''' ('''LoC''') is a military control line between the [[India]]n{{hyphen}} and [[Pakistan]]i{{hyphen}}controlled parts of the former [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|princely state of Jammu and Kashmir]]—a line which does not constitute a legally recognized international boundary, but serves as the [[de facto]] border. It was established as part of the [[Simla Agreement]] at the end of the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]]. Both nations agreed to rename the ceasefire line as the "Line of Control" and pledged to respect it without prejudice to their respective positions.<ref>{{harvnb|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}: 'With particular reference to Kashmir, they agreed that: ... in J&K, the Line of Control resulting from the ceasefire of December 17, 1971, shall be respected by both sides without prejudice to the recognised position of either side.'</ref> Apart from minor details, the line is roughly the same as the original [[Karachi Agreement|1949 cease-fire line]].


The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into [[Azad Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as [[NJ9842]], beyond which lies the [[Siachen Glacier]], which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, [[Akhnoor]]), lies the border between [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=10}}
The part of the former princely state under Indian control is divided into the union territories of [[Jammu and Kashmir (union territory)|Jammu and Kashmir]] and [[Ladakh]]. The Pakistani-controlled section is divided into [[Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]] and [[Gilgit–Baltistan]]. The northernmost point of the Line of Control is known as [[NJ9842]], beyond which lies the [[Siachen Glacier]], which became a bone of contention in 1984. To the south of the Line of Control, (Sangam, Chenab River, [[Akhnoor]]), lies the border between [[Punjab, Pakistan|Pakistani Punjab]] and the Jammu province, which has an ambiguous status: India regards it as an "international boundary", and Pakistan calls it a "working border".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=10}}


Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as [[Aksai Chin]]. Lying further to the east, it is known as the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=20}}
Another ceasefire line separates the Indian-controlled state of Jammu and Kashmir from the Chinese-controlled area known as [[Aksai Chin]]. Lying further to the east, it is known as the [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC).{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=20}}
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== Background ==
== Background ==
{{main|Kashmir conflict}}
{{main|Kashmir conflict}}
After the [[partition of India]], present day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] – India because of the ruler's accession to the country, and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim majority population. The [[First Kashmir War]] in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through [[UN mediation of Kashmir|UN mediation]]. Both sides agreed on a [[Karachi Agreement|ceasefire line]].{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=4-7}}
After the [[partition of India]], present-day India and Pakistan contested the princely state of [[Jammu and Kashmir (princely state)|Jammu and Kashmir]] – India because of the ruler's accession to the country, and Pakistan by virtue of the state's Muslim-majority population. The [[First Kashmir War]] in 1947 lasted more than a year until a ceasefire was arranged through [[UN mediation of Kashmir|UN mediation]]. Both sides agreed on a [[Karachi Agreement| ceasefire line]].{{sfn|Wirsing| 1998|p=4-7}}


After another [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War|Kashmir War]] in 1965, and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] (which saw [[Bangladesh]] become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing [[Simla Agreement]] in 1972, both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" (LoC) and observe it as a de facto border that armed action should not violate. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}<ref name="MEA_site">{{cite web|date=2 July 1972|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|url-status=live|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.|publisher=|accessdate=27 September 2013|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117165259/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5541%2FSimla+Agreement}}</ref> The [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFVs), however their role decreased after 1971.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=110–111}} In 2000, US President [[Bill Clinton]] referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|date=23 March 2000|title=Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|date=11 March 2000|title='Most dangerous place'|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825134326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
After another [[1965 Indo-Pakistani War|Kashmir War]] in 1965, and the [[Indo-Pakistani War of 1971]] (which saw [[Bangladesh]] become independent), only minor modifications had been effected in the original ceasefire line. In the ensuing [[Simla Agreement]] in 1972, both countries agreed to convert the ceasefire line into a "Line of Control" (LoC) and observe it as a de facto border that armed action should not violate. The agreement declared that "neither side shall seek to alter it unilaterally, irrespective of mutual differences and legal interpretations".{{sfn|Wirsing|1998|p=13}}<ref name="MEA_site">{{cite web|date=2 July 1972|title=Simla Agreement|url=http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl/5541/Simla+Agreement|url-status=live|work=Ministry of External Affairs, Government of India.|publisher=|accessdate=27 September 2013|archive-date=17 January 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160117165259/http://www.mea.gov.in/bilateral-documents.htm?dtl%2F5541%2FSimla+Agreement}}</ref> The [[United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan]] (UNMOGIP) had the role of investigating ceasefire violations (CFVs), however their role decreased after 1971.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=110–111}} In 2000, US President [[Bill Clinton]] referred to the Indian subcontinent and the Kashmir Line of Control, in particular, as one of the most dangerous places in the world.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Marcus|first=Jonathan|date=23 March 2000|title=Analysis: The world's most dangerous place?|newspaper=[[BBC News]]|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|access-date=25 August 2021|archive-date=16 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916030451/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/687021.stm|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|last=Krishnaswami|first=Sridhar|date=11 March 2000|title='Most dangerous place'|language=en-IN|work=[[The Hindu]]|url=https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-access=subscription|access-date=25 August 2021|issn=0971-751X|archive-date=25 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210825134326/https://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-miscellaneous/tp-others/most-dangerous-place/article28005434.ece|url-status=live}}</ref>
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Trade points include: Chakothi – Salamabad and Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh). The ordinance passed in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|others=Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department.|title=The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance, 2011 (AJK Ordinance No. XXXII of 2011)|url=http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=|via=nasirlawsite.com|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630082530/http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=1 January 2013|title=Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India–Pakistan Line of Control (LoC)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881715605237|journal=[[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]|language=en|volume=50|issue=1–2|pages=71–91|doi=10.1177/0020881715605237|s2cid=157985090|issn=0020-8817|url-access=limited|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170855/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020881715605237|url-status=live}}</ref>  
Trade points include: Chakothi – Salamabad and Rawalakot (Titrinote) – Poonch (Chakkan-da-Bagh). The ordinance passed in 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|others=Azad Government of the State of Jammu and Kashmir, Law, Justice, Parliamentary Affairs and Human Rights Department.|title=The Azad Jammu and Kashmir Cross LoC Travel and Trade Authority Ordinance, 2011 (AJK Ordinance No. XXXII of 2011)|url=http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=|via=nasirlawsite.com|archive-date=30 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200630082530/http://nasirlawsite.com/laws/ajkcross.htm}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Singh|first=Priyanka|date=1 January 2013|title=Prospects of Travel and Trade across the India–Pakistan Line of Control (LoC)|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0020881715605237|journal=[[International Studies (journal)|International Studies]]|language=en|volume=50|issue=1–2|pages=71–91|doi=10.1177/0020881715605237|s2cid=157985090|issn=0020-8817|url-access=limited|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170855/https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0020881715605237|url-status=live}}</ref>  


Between 2005 and 2017, and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14,000, while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=114–115}} Crossing legally for civilians is not easy. A number of documents are required and verified by both countries, including proof of family on the other side.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} Even a short-term, temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 August 2021|title=Indian,Pakistani troops exchange sweets along LoC in Kashmir on Pak's I-Day|work=[[Business Standard India]]|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826121019/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 June 2021|title=India, Pakistan forces exchange Eid sweets for first time since Pulwama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=26 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan hold brigade commanders-level meet to discuss peace at LoC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26}}</ref> On 21&nbsp;October 2008, for the first time in 61 years, cross-LoC trade was conducted between the two sides.{{Sfn|Hafeez|2014|p=80}} Trade across the LoC is barter trade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naseem|first=Ishfaq|date=11 January 2017|title=Kashmir's Cross-Border Barter Trade|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=[[The Diplomat]]|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115213/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taneja|first1=Nisha|last2=Bimal|first2=Samridhi|date=2015|title=Revisiting India Pakistan Cross-LoC Trade|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481356|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=50|issue=6|pages=21–23|jstor=24481356|issn=0012-9976|quote=Two key features form the core of the LOC trading arrangement: (i) barter exchange, and (ii) zero customs duty.|via=JSTOR|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115213/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481356|url-status=live}}</ref> In ten years, trade worth nearly [[Pakistani rupee|PKR]] 11,446 crore or {{INRConvert|5000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} has passed through the Chakothi – Salamabad crossing.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehsan|first=Mir|date=2018-05-29|title=Border business: Where Kashmir unites India, Pakistan via trade|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Salamadad (Uri)|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html}}</ref>
Between 2005 and 2017, and according to Travel and Trade Authority figures, Muzaffarabad, Indian Kashmiris crossing over into Pakistan was about 14,000, while about 22,000 have crossed over to the Indian side.{{sfnp|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018|loc=114–115}} Crossing legally for civilians is not easy. A number of documents are required and verified by both countries, including proof of family on the other side.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} Even a short-term, temporary crossing invites interrogation by government agencies.{{Sfn|Zakaria|2018|p=71}} The Indian and Pakistani military use these crossing points for flag meetings and to exchange sweets during special occasions and festivals.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=14 August 2021|title=Indian, Pakistani troops exchange sweets along LoC in Kashmir on Pak's I-Day|work=[[Business Standard India]]|agency=PTI|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|access-date=26 August 2021|archive-date=26 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210826121019/https://www.business-standard.com/article/current-affairs/indian-pakistani-troops-exchange-sweets-along-loc-in-kashmir-on-pak-s-i-day-121081401349_1.html|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=22 June 2021|title=India, Pakistan forces exchange Eid sweets for first time since Pulwama|url=https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=[[The Times of India]]|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/india/india-pakistan-forces-exchange-eid-sweets-for-first-time-since-pulwama/articleshow/84623826.cms}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Bhalla|first=Abhishek|date=26 March 2021|title=India, Pakistan hold brigade commanders-level meet to discuss peace at LoC|url=https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26|url-status=live|access-date=29 August 2021|website=[[India Today]]|archive-date=29 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210829081203/https://www.indiatoday.in/india/story/india-pak-hold-brigade-commanders-level-meet-to-discuss-peace-at-loc-1784055-2021-03-26}}</ref> On 21&nbsp;October 2008, for the first time in 61 years, cross-LoC trade was conducted between the two sides.{{Sfn|Hafeez|2014|p=80}} Trade across the LoC is barter trade.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Naseem|first=Ishfaq|date=11 January 2017|title=Kashmir's Cross-Border Barter Trade|url=https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=[[The Diplomat]]|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115213/https://thediplomat.com/2017/01/kashmirs-cross-border-barter-trade/}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Taneja|first1=Nisha|last2=Bimal|first2=Samridhi|date=2015|title=Revisiting India Pakistan Cross-LoC Trade|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481356|journal=[[Economic and Political Weekly]]|volume=50|issue=6|pages=21–23|jstor=24481356|issn=0012-9976|quote=Two key features form the core of the LOC trading arrangement: (i) barter exchange, and (ii) zero customs duty.|via=JSTOR|access-date=3 September 2021|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115213/https://www.jstor.org/stable/24481356|url-status=live}}</ref> In ten years, trade worth nearly [[Pakistani rupee|PKR]] 11,446 crore or {{INRConvert|5000|c|lk=on|year=2018}} has passed through the Chakothi – Salamabad crossing.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Ehsan|first=Mir|date=2018-05-29|title=Border business: Where Kashmir unites India, Pakistan via trade|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html|url-status=live|access-date=3 September 2021|website=[[Hindustan Times]]|location=Salamadad (Uri)|archive-date=3 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210903115214/https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/border-business-where-kashmir-unites-india-pakistan-via-trade/story-0QtjXon1LAd4MupcEk3N7N.html}}</ref>
==== Chilliana – Teetwal ====
==== Chilliana – Teetwal ====
{{Multiple image
{{Multiple image
| image1 = Neelumvalleyborder.jpg
| image1 = Neelumvalleyborder.jpg
| image2 = Azad Kashmire of Pakistan Side.jpg
| image2 = Pakistan-occupied Kashmire of Pakistan Side.jpg
| footer = Neelam Valley and the Chilliana – Teetwal border crossing.
| footer = Neelam Valley and the Chilliana – Teetwal border crossing.
| caption1 = August 2015
| caption1 = August 2015
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==== Tattapani – Mendhar ====
==== Tattapani – Mendhar ====
The fourth border crossing between [[Tatta Pani|Tattapani]] and [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]] was opened on 14&nbsp;November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-11-15|title=Fourth Kashmir crossing opens|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170856/https://www.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens}}</ref>
The fourth border crossing between [[Tatta Pani, Pakistan-occupied Kashmir|Tattapani]] and [[Mendhar Tehsil|Mendhar]] was opened on 14&nbsp;November 2005.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2005-11-15|title=Fourth Kashmir crossing opens|url=http://beta.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens|url-status=live|access-date=26 August 2021|website=[[Dawn (newspaper)|DAWN]]|archive-date=12 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211012170856/https://www.dawn.com/news/165637/fourth-kashmir-crossing-opens}}</ref>


{{Clear}}
{{Clear}}
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*{{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_R5DwAAQBAJ|title=The Line of Control: Travelling with the Indian and Pakistani Armies|publisher=[[Penguin Random House India]]|year=2018|isbn=9789353053529|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018}}}} ''(print version)''
*{{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-_R5DwAAQBAJ|title=The Line of Control: Travelling with the Indian and Pakistani Armies|publisher=[[Penguin Random House India]]|year=2018|isbn=9789353053529|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, The Line of Control|2018}}}} ''(print version)''
*— {{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|title=Line on Fire: Ceasefire Violations and India–Pakistan Escalation Dynamics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=9780199095476|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018}}}} ''(e-book version)''
*— {{Cite book|last=Jacob|first=Happymon|title=Line on Fire: Ceasefire Violations and India–Pakistan Escalation Dynamics|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|year=2018|isbn=9780199095476|ref={{sfnref|Jacob, Line on Fire|2018}}}} ''(e-book version)''
*{{Cite book|last=Zakaria|first=Anam|title=Between the Great Divide: A Journey into Pakistan-Administered Kashmir|publisher=[[Harper Collins]]|year=2018|isbn=9789352779475|location=India|author-link=Anam Zakaria}}
*{{Cite book|last=Zakaria|first=Anam|title=Between the Great Divide: A Journey into Pakistan-Administered Kashmir|publisher=[[HarperCollins]]|year=2018|isbn=9789352779475|location=India|author-link=Anam Zakaria}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Hafeez|first=Mahwish|date=2014|title=The Line of Control (LoC) Trade: A Ray of Hope|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48527555|journal=Strategic Studies|publisher=[[Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad]]|volume=34|issue=1|pages=74–93|jstor=48527555|issn=1029-0990|via=JSTOR}}
*{{Cite journal|last=Hafeez|first=Mahwish|date=2014|title=The Line of Control (LoC) Trade: A Ray of Hope|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/48527555|journal=Strategic Studies|publisher=[[Institute of Strategic Studies Islamabad]]|volume=34|issue=1|pages=74–93|jstor=48527555|issn=1029-0990|via=JSTOR}}
*{{Citation|last1=Arora|first1=RK|title=Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: Implementation Challenges|date=November 2016|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ORF_OccasionalPaper_100_CIBMS.pdf|others=Occasional Paper No. 100|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|last2=Kumar|first2=Manoj}}
*{{Citation|last1=Arora|first1=RK|title=Comprehensive Integrated Border Management System: Implementation Challenges|date=November 2016|url=https://www.orfonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/ORF_OccasionalPaper_100_CIBMS.pdf|others=Occasional Paper No. 100|publisher=[[Observer Research Foundation]]|last2=Kumar|first2=Manoj}}
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{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}
{{Pakistan Armed Forces}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Line Of Control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Line Of Control}}
[[Category:History of Azad Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Pakistan-occupied Kashmir]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:History of Gilgit-Baltistan]]
[[Category:Diplomacy regarding the Kashmir conflict]]
[[Category:Diplomacy regarding the Kashmir conflict]]
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