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{{Short description|Sikh martyr (1682–1757)}} | {{Short description|Sikh martyr (1682–1757)}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=April 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=April 2018}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| image | | image = Baba Deep Singh fresco from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar.jpg | ||
| name | | caption = 19th century fresco painting of Baba Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar | ||
| birth_date | | name = Baba Deep Singh | ||
| birth_place = Pahuwind, [[ | | birth_date = {{Birth date|1682|01|26|df=yes}} | ||
| death_date | | birth_place = [[Pahuwind]], [[Tarn Taran Sahib|Tarn Taran]], [[Punjab]], [[Mughal Empire]] | ||
| death_place = [[Golden Temple]] | | death_date = {{death date and age|1757|11|13|1682|01|26|df=yes}} | ||
| known_for | | death_place = [[Golden Temple, Amritsar]] | ||
| known_for = {{Ubl | |||
| First Head of [[Shaheedan Misl]] | | First Head of [[Shaheedan Misl]] | ||
| First Head of [[Damdami Taksal]] | | First Head of [[Damdami Taksal]] | ||
| Line 16: | Line 17: | ||
| [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=400|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | | [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)]]<ref name="sarsa">{{cite book|url=http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|title=Dictionary of Battles and Sieges|page=400|author=Jacques, Tony|year=2006|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=978-0-313-33536-5|access-date=15 September 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150626120848/http://m.friendfeed-media.com/6e9ec7f58014456d2d5fd015cc8af9d2974509c0|archive-date=26 June 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
}} | }} | ||
}} | }} | ||
{{Sikhism sidebar}} | {{Sikhism sidebar}} | ||
'''Baba Deep Singh''' (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among [[Sikh]]s as one of the most hallowed [[martyr]]s in [[Sikhism]] | '''Baba Deep Singh''' (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among [[Sikh]]s as one of the most hallowed [[martyr]]s in [[Sikhism]]. He is remembered for his [[sacrifice]] and devotion to the teachings of the [[Sikh Gurus]]. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of [[Shaheedan Misl|Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal]] – an order of the Khalsa military established by [[Nawab Kapur Singh]], the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The [[Damdami Taksal]] also state that he was the first head of their order.<ref name="Daily Excelsior.com">[https://web.archive.org/web/20040721100805/http://www.dailyexcelsior.com/01dec19/state.htm#2 Damdami Taksal opens shop to provide religious literature]. Daily Excelsior.com</ref> | ||
== Early life == | == Early life == | ||
Baba Deep Singh was born on 26 January 1682 to his father Bhagta, and his mother Jioni. He lived in the village of Pahuwind in [[Amritsar district]]. He was born into a [[Sandhu]] [[Jat | Baba Deep Singh Ji was born on 26 January 1682 to his father Bhagta, and his mother Jioni. He lived in the village of Pahuwind in [[Amritsar district]]. He was born into a [[Sandhu]] [[Jat Sikh]] family.<ref>{{cite book|last=Bhagata|first=Siṅgha|title=A History of the Sikh Misals|publisher=Publication Bureau, Punjabi University|year=1993|page= 241|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BihuAAAAMAAJ&q=sandhu+jat|quote=Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the ''pargana'' of Amritsar ...}}</ref> | ||
He went to [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Vaisakhi]] in | He went to [[Anandpur Sahib]] on the day of [[Vaisakhi]] in 1700, where he was baptised into [[Khalsa]] by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, through the ''Khande di Pahul'' or [[Amrit Sanchar]] (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From [[Bhai Mani Singh]], he learnt reading and writing [[Gurmukhi]] and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at [[Talwandi Sabo]] in 1705, where he helped [[Bhai Mani Singh]] in making copies of the scripture [[Guru Granth Sahib]].<ref>[http://www.sikhismguide.org/babadeepsingh.aspx Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150618195754/http://www.sikhismguide.org/babadeepsingh.aspx |date=18 June 2015 }}. SikhismGuide. Retrieved on 2017-07-09.</ref> | ||
== Warrior == | == Warrior == | ||
| Line 37: | Line 37: | ||
Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]]s desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time ''baba'' Deep Singh reached [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him. | Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the [[Demographics of Afghanistan|Afghan]]s desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time ''baba'' Deep Singh reached [[Tarn Taran Sahib]], ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him. | ||
== Death == | == Death == | ||
[[File:Akali Deep Singh.jpg|left|thumb|Akali Baba Deep Singh leading his men against the Afghans. Early 20th century Sikh painting.]] | |||
Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] by the [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]]. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|Battle of Amritsar]] on 13 November 1757,<ref>''History of the Sikhs, Volume I'' by [[Khushwant Singh]].</ref> and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.<ref name=deol>{{cite book| last = Deol| first = Harnik| title = Religion and Nationalism in India| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| location = London and New York| isbn = 9780415201087| no-pp = true| page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}</ref> | Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]] by the [[military of Afghanistan|Afghan army]]. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the [[Battle of Amritsar (1757)|Battle of Amritsar]] on 13 November 1757,<ref>''History of the Sikhs, Volume I'' by [[Khushwant Singh]].</ref> and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.<ref name=deol>{{cite book| last = Deol| first = Harnik| title = Religion and Nationalism in India| publisher = Routledge| year = 2000| location = London and New York| isbn = 9780415201087| no-pp = true| page = The case of Punjab; 189 }}</ref> | ||
There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other.<ref name=deol/> In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of [[Amritsar]] did he stop and finally die.<ref>Brosius, Christiane. ''Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism''. 2005, page 40.</ref> According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his 15 | There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other.<ref name=deol/> In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of [[Amritsar]] did he stop and finally die.<ref>Brosius, Christiane. ''Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism''. 2005, page 40.</ref> According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his {{cvt|15|kg}}{{citation needed|date=January 2020}} [[Khanda (sword)|Khanda]] "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|title=Shaheed Baba Deep Singh|publisher=Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7.|access-date=2009-06-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090602004008/http://www.sikh-history.com/sikhhist/warriors/deep.html|archive-date=2 June 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref> | ||
The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mahajan|first= Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title= Muslim Rule in India |publisher= S.Chand |year= 1970 |location= New Delhi |no-pp= true|page= Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240}}</ref> | The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.<ref>{{cite book |last= Mahajan|first= Vidya Dhar |author-link=Vidya Dhar Mahajan |title= Muslim Rule in India |publisher= S.Chand |year= 1970 |location= New Delhi |no-pp= true|page= Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240}}</ref> | ||
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==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
==Further reading== | |||
*{{cite book |last=McLeod |first=W. H. |author-link=W. H. McLeod |title=Popular Sikh Art |year=1991 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-562791-6 |pages=38–39, 78 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ByXWAAAAMAAJ}} | |||
*{{cite book |last=Thāpar |first=K.S. |editor-last=Singh |editor-first=Harbans |editor-link=Harbans Singh |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A–D |volume=1 |year=2002 |publisher=[[Punjabi University]] |isbn=978-81-7380-100-6 |pages=587–588 |edition=4th |entry=DĪP SIṄGH SHAHĪD, BĀBĀ (1682-1757)}} | |||
*{{cite book |author=Gupta, Hari Ram |author-link=Hari Ram Gupta |title=History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls |year=2001 |orig-year=1982 |publisher=[[Munshiram Manoharlal]] |isbn=978-81-215-0165-1 |pages=121–124 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=S1wwAQAAIAAJ}} | |||
*{{cite book |last=Fenech |first=Louis E. |title=Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love" |year=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-564947-5 |pages=35, 39, 42, 44, 95–9, 100, 168, 169, 197–8, 233, 264, 272 |edition=1st |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FI3XAAAAMAAJ}} | |||
*{{cite book |last1=Fenech |first1=Louis E. |last2=Singh |first2=Pashaura |author2-link=Pashaura Singh (Sikh scholar) |editor1-last=Raj |editor1-first=Selva J. |editor2-last=Harman |editor2-first=William P. |title=Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia |year=2006 |publisher=[[State University of New York#SUNY Press|State University of New York Press]] |isbn=978-0-7914-6707-7 |pages=210–211 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ov2oltTLinkC&pg=PA210 |chapter=Vows in the Sikh Tradition}} | |||
*{{cite book |last=Chopra |first=Radhika |title=Amritsar 1984: A City Remembers |year=2018 |publisher=[[Lexington Books]] |isbn=978-1-4985-7105-0 |pages=7–8, 55, 68–69 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1oVuDwAAQBAJ}} | |||
==External links== | ==External links== | ||
Latest revision as of 01:08, 2 July 2023
Baba Deep Singh | |
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 19th century fresco painting of Baba Deep Singh from Gurdwara Baba Atal, Amritsar | |
| Born | 26 January 1682 |
| Died | 13 November 1757 (aged 75) |
| Known for |
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| Part of a series on |
| Sikhism |
|---|
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Baba Deep Singh (26 January 1682 – 13 November 1757) is revered among Sikhs as one of the most hallowed martyrs in Sikhism. He is remembered for his sacrifice and devotion to the teachings of the Sikh Gurus. Baba Deep Singh was the first head of Misl Shaheedan Tarna Dal – an order of the Khalsa military established by Nawab Kapur Singh, the then head of Sharomani Panth Akali Buddha Dal. The Damdami Taksal also state that he was the first head of their order.[2]
Early life[edit]
Baba Deep Singh Ji was born on 26 January 1682 to his father Bhagta, and his mother Jioni. He lived in the village of Pahuwind in Amritsar district. He was born into a Sandhu Jat Sikh family.[3]
He went to Anandpur Sahib on the day of Vaisakhi in 1700, where he was baptised into Khalsa by Guru Gobind Singh Ji, through the Khande di Pahul or Amrit Sanchar (ceremonial initiation into Khalsa). As a youth, he spent considerable time in close companionship of Guru Gobind Singh Ji, learning weaponry, riding and other martial skills. From Bhai Mani Singh, he learnt reading and writing Gurmukhi and the interpretation of the Gurus' words. After spending two years at Anandpur, he returned to his village in 1702, before he was summoned by Guru Gobind Singh Ji at Talwandi Sabo in 1705, where he helped Bhai Mani Singh in making copies of the scripture Guru Granth Sahib.[4]
Warrior[edit]
Misldar[edit]
In 1709, Baba Deep Singh joined Banda Singh Bahadur during the Battle of Sadhaura and the Battle of Chappar Chiri. In 1733, Nawab Kapur Singh appointed him a leader of an armed squad (jatha). On the Vaisakhi of 1748, at the meeting of the Sarbat Khalsa in Amritsar, the 65 jathas of the Dal Khalsa were reorganized into twelve Misls. Baba Deep Singh was entrusted with the leadership of the Shaheed Misl.
The Demolition of the Harmandir Sahib[edit]
In April 1757, Ahmad Shah Durrani raided Northern India for the fourth time. While he was on his way back to Kabul from Delhi with young men and women as captives, the Sikhs made a plan to relieve him of the valuables and free the captives. The squad of Baba Deep Singh was deployed near Kurukshetra. His squad freed a large number of prisoners and raided Durrani's considerable treasury. On his arrival in Lahore, Durrani, embittered by his loss, ordered the demolition of the Harmandir Sahib (the "Golden Gurudwara"). The shrine was blown up and the sacred pool filled with the entrails of slaughtered animals. Durrani assigned the Punjab region to his son, Prince Timur Shah, and left him a force of ten thousand men under General Jahan Khan.
Baba Deep Singh, 75 years old, felt that it was up to him to atone for the sin of having let the Afghans desecrate the shrine. He emerged from scholastic retirement and declared to a congregation at Damdama Sahib that he intended to rebuild the temple. Five hundred men came forward to go with him. Baba Deep Singh offered prayers before starting for Amritsar: "May my head fall at the Darbar Sahib." As he went from hamlet to hamlet, many villagers joined him. By the time baba Deep Singh reached Tarn Taran Sahib, ten miles from Amritsar, over five thousand Sikhs armed with hatchets, swords, and spears accompanied him.
Death[edit]
Baba Deep Singh had vowed to avenge the desecration of the Golden Temple by the Afghan army. In 1757, he led an army to defend the Golden Temple. The Sikhs and the Afghans clashed in the Battle of Amritsar on 13 November 1757,[5] and in the ensuing conflict Baba Deep Singh was decapitated.[6]
There are two accounts of Baba Deep Singh's death. According to one popular version, Baba Deep Singh continued to fight after having been completely decapitated, slaying his enemies with his head in one hand and his sword in the other.[6] In this version, only upon reaching the sacred city of Amritsar did he stop and finally die.[7] According to the second version, he was mortally wounded with a blow to the neck, but not completely decapitated. After receiving this blow, a Sikh reminded Baba Deep Singh, "You had resolved to reach the periphery of the pool." On hearing the talk of the Sikh, he held his head with his left hand and removing the enemies from his way with the strokes of his 15 kg (33 lb)[citation needed] Khanda "with his right hand, reached the periphery of Harmandir Sahib where he breathed his last. The Singhs celebrated the Bandhi-Sor Divas of 1757 A.D. in Harmandir Sahib".[8]
The Sikhs recovered their prestige by defeating the Afghan army and the latter were forced to flee.[9]
The spot where Baba Deep Singh's head fell is marked in the Golden Temple complex, and Sikhs from around the world pay their respects there. Baba Deep Singh's Khanda (double-edged sword), which he used in his final battle, is still preserved at Akal Takht, first of the five centers of temporal Sikh authority.
In popular culture[edit]
Anokhe Amar Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji, an Indian historical biographical film by Jaswinder Chahal was released in 2006.[10]
References[edit]
- ↑ Jacques, Tony (2006). Dictionary of Battles and Sieges. Greenwood Press. p. 400. ISBN 978-0-313-33536-5. Archived from the original on 26 June 2015. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
- ↑ Damdami Taksal opens shop to provide religious literature. Daily Excelsior.com
- ↑ Bhagata, Siṅgha (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Publication Bureau, Punjabi University. p. 241.
Deep Singh Shahid, a Sandhu Jat and resident of the village of Pohuwind of the pargana of Amritsar ...
- ↑ Shaheed Baba Deep Singh Ji Archived 18 June 2015 at the Wayback Machine. SikhismGuide. Retrieved on 2017-07-09.
- ↑ History of the Sikhs, Volume I by Khushwant Singh.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Deol, Harnik (2000). Religion and Nationalism in India. London and New York: Routledge. The case of Punjab; 189. ISBN 9780415201087.
- ↑ Brosius, Christiane. Empowering Visions: The Politics of Representation in Hindu Nationalism. 2005, page 40.
- ↑ "Shaheed Baba Deep Singh". Santokh Singh Jagdev – Bed Time Stories-7. Archived from the original on 2 June 2009. Retrieved 16 June 2009.
- ↑ Mahajan, Vidya Dhar (1970). Muslim Rule in India. New Delhi: S.Chand. Rise and Growth of Sikh Power;240.
- ↑ "Anokhe Shahhed Baba Deep Singh". MX Player.
Further reading[edit]
- McLeod, W. H. (1991). Popular Sikh Art. Oxford University Press. pp. 38–39, 78. ISBN 978-0-19-562791-6.
- Thāpar, K.S. (2002). "DĪP SIṄGH SHAHĪD, BĀBĀ (1682-1757)". In Singh, Harbans (ed.). The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism: A–D. Vol. 1 (4th ed.). Punjabi University. pp. 587–588. ISBN 978-81-7380-100-6.
- Gupta, Hari Ram (2001) [1982]. History of the Sikhs. Vol. IV: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. Munshiram Manoharlal. pp. 121–124. ISBN 978-81-215-0165-1.
- Fenech, Louis E. (2000). Martyrdom in the Sikh Tradition: Playing the "game of Love" (1st ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 35, 39, 42, 44, 95–9, 100, 168, 169, 197–8, 233, 264, 272. ISBN 978-0-19-564947-5.
- Fenech, Louis E.; Singh, Pashaura (2006). "Vows in the Sikh Tradition". In Raj, Selva J.; Harman, William P. (eds.). Dealing with Deities: The Ritual Vow in South Asia. State University of New York Press. pp. 210–211. ISBN 978-0-7914-6707-7.
- Chopra, Radhika (2018). Amritsar 1984: A City Remembers. Lexington Books. pp. 7–8, 55, 68–69. ISBN 978-1-4985-7105-0.