Tipu Sultan: Difference between revisions

{{for|the Bangladeshi cricketer|Tipu Sultan (cricketer)}}

| image        = TipuSultanPic.jpg

| successor    = [[Krishnaraja Wodeyar III]] (as Wodeyar ruler)

| mother      = Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa|

| birth_place  = [[Devanahalli]], present-day [[Bangalore Rural district|Bangalore]], Karnataka

| death_place  = [[Srirangapatna]], present-day [[Mandya]], Karnataka

'''Tipu Sultan''' (born ''' Sultan Fateh Ali Sahab Tipu''',<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/7-lesser-known-facts-you-should-know-about-tipu-sultan/1/433548.html |title=Tipu Sultan's 216th death anniversary: 7 unknown facts you should know about the Tiger of Mysore : Listicles: Microfacts |publisher=Indiatoday.intoday.in |date=4 May 2015 |access-date=13 November 2015 |archive-date=16 November 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151116055952/http://indiatoday.intoday.in/education/story/7-lesser-known-facts-you-should-know-about-tipu-sultan/1/433548.html |url-status=dead }}</ref> 1 December 1751&nbsp;– 4 May 1799),<ref name=N18_20210719>{{Cite web|date=2021-07-19|title=Rewriting History: How I Discovered the True Birth Date of Tipu Sultan|url=https://www.news18.com/news/opinion/rewriting-history-how-i-discovered-the-true-birth-date-of-tipu-sultan-3980294.html|access-date=2021-07-22|website=News18|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Olikara|first=Nidhin G.|title=New light on Tipu Sultan|url=https://frontline.thehindu.com/the-nation/history-new-light-on-tipu-sultan-persian-manuscript-in-british-library-london-helps-correct-birth-date/article36133828.ece|access-date=2021-08-28|website=Frontline|date=28 August 2021 |language=en}}</ref> also known as the '''Tiger of Mysore''',<ref>{{cite journal|last=Cavendish|first=Richard|title=Tipu Sultan killed at Seringapatam|journal=History Today|date=4 May 1999|volume=49|issue=5|url=http://www.historytoday.com/richard-cavendish/tipu-sultan-killed-seringapatam|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref> was the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] based in [[South India]]. He was a pioneer of [[rocket artillery]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Colley |first1=Linda |title=Going Native, Telling Tales: Captivity, Collaborations and Empire |journal=Past & Present |date=2000 |issue=168 |page=190 |jstor=651308 |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/651308 |issn=0031-2746}}</ref><ref name=DalrymplePg243>Dalrymple, p. 243</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Jamil |first1=Arish |title=Why Mysore? The Idealistic and Materialistic Factors Behind Tipu Sultan's War Rocket Success |url=http://history.emory.edu/home/documents/endeavors/volume5/gunpowder-age-v-jamil.pdf |website=Emory Endeavors in World History - Volume 5 |publisher=Emory College of Arts and Science |access-date=21 May 2022}}</ref> He introduced a number of administrative innovations during his rule, including a new coinage system and calendar,{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=399}} and a new land revenue system, which initiated the growth of the [[Mysore silk]] industry.<ref name="Global Silk Industry">{{cite book |author=Datta, R.K.|title=Global Silk Industry: A Complete Source Book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8U1lmEGEdgC |year=2007 |publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-313-0087-9 |page=17 }}</ref> He expanded the iron-cased [[Mysorean rockets]] and commissioned the military manual ''[[Fathul Mujahidin]]''. He deployed the rockets against advances of British forces and their allies during the [[Anglo-Mysore Wars]], including the [[Battle of Pollilur (1780)|Battle of Pollilur]] and [[Siege of Srirangapatna (1799)|Siege of Srirangapatna]].<ref name=Narasimha/>

[[File:Tippu Birthplace.jpg|thumb|Tippu's birthplace, [[Devanahalli]].]]

[[File:Tipu Sultan, Indian warrior Emperor of Mysore.gif|thumb|right|Tipu Sultan confronts his opponents during the [[Siege of Seringapatam (1792)|Siege of Srirangapatna]].]]

Tipu Sultan was born on 10 November 1750 at [[Devanahalli]],<ref name=N18_20210719/>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}} in present-day [[Bangalore Rural district]], about {{convert|33|km|0|abbr=on}} north of [[Bangalore]] city. He was named "Tipu Sultan" after the saint Tipu Mastan Aulia of [[Arcot, Vellore|Arcot]]. Being illiterate, Hyder was very particular in giving his eldest son a prince's education and a very early exposure to military and political affairs. From the age of 17 Tipu was given independent charge of important diplomatic and military missions. He was his father's right arm in the wars from which Hyder emerged as the most powerful ruler of southern India.<ref>{{cite news |title=The history of South India is relatively unknown: Rajmohan Gandhi |url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/the-history-of-south-india-is-relatively-unknown-rajmohan-gandhi-118120900174_1.html |work=Business Standard India |date=9 December 2018}}</ref>

Tipu's father, [[Hyder Ali]], was a military officer in service to the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] who had become the ''de facto'' ruler of Mysore in 1761 while his mother Fatima Fakhr-un-Nisa was the daughter of Mir Muin-ud-Din, the governor of the fort of [[Kadapa]]. Hyder Ali appointed able teachers to give Tipu an early education in subjects like [[Urdu]], Persian, Arabic, [[Kannada]], [[beary]], [[Quran]], [[fiqh|Islamic jurisprudence]], [[Equestrianism|riding]], shooting and fencing.{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=6}}<ref name="AnwarH">{{cite book |author=Haroon, Anwar |title=Kingdom of Hyder Ali and Tipu Sultan |date=June 2013 |page=95 |isbn=9781483615349 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7y-KAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA95}}</ref><ref name="Wenger04">{{cite book |last1=Wenger |first1=Estefania |title=Tipu Sultan: A Biography |date=March 2017 |isbn=9789386367440 |page=4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rQQ1DgAAQBAJ }}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=The Sultan of Mysore – Tipu Sultan |url=https://www.karnataka.com/personalities/tipu-sultan/ |publisher=Karnataka.com |access-date=7 August 2019}}</ref>

===Early military service===

{{main|Second Anglo-Mysore War}}

In 1779, the British captured the French-controlled port of [[Mahé, India|Mahé]], which Tipu had placed under his protection, providing some troops for its defence. In response, Hyder launched an invasion of the Carnatic, with the aim of driving the British out of [[Madras]].<ref>{{cite book|title=A history of the British army, Volume 3|first=John William|last=Fortescue|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1GlKAAAAYAAJ&q=cornwallis%20medows%20mysore&pg=PA546|publisher=Macmillan|year=1902|pages=431–432}}</ref> During this campaign in September 1780, Tipu Sultan was dispatched by Hyder Ali with 10,000 men and 18 guns to intercept Colonel Baillie who was on his way to join Sir [[Hector Munro, 8th of Novar|Hector Munro]]. In the [[Battle of Pollilur]], Tipu decisively defeated Baillie. Out of 360 Europeans, about 200 were captured alive, and the sepoys, who were about 3800 men, suffered very high casualties. Munro was moving south with a separate force to join Baillie, but on hearing the news of the defeat he was forced to retreat to Madras, abandoning his artillery in a water tank at [[Kanchipuram]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|title=The Tiger and The Thistle – Tipu Sultan and the Scots in India|work=nationalgalleries.org|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061111064154/http://www.nationalgalleries.org/tipu/tipu311.htm|archive-date=11 November 2006}}</ref>

 

[[File:Daria-daulat-bagh.jpg|thumb|Tipu Sultan's summer palace at [[Srirangapatna]], Karnataka]]

===The Invasion of Travancore by Sultanate of Mysore (1766–1790)===

[[File:Tippu's cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces at the battle of [[Srirangapatna]] 1799]]

[[File:Tipu Sultan%27s cannon.jpg|thumb|left|Very small Cannon used by Tipu Sultan's forces now in Government Museum (Egmore), Chennai]]

{{Main|Franco-Indian alliances}}

 

In 1794, with the support of French Republican officers, Tipu allegedly helped found the [[Jacobin Club of Mysore]] for 'framing laws comfortable with the laws of the Republic'. He planted a Liberty Tree and declared himself Citizen Tipoo.<ref>{{cite book|last=Roychoudhury|first=Upendrakishore|title=White Mughals|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=H7BCr-QIWGIC&pg=PA101|date=April 2004|publisher=Penguin Books India|isbn=978-0-14-303046-1|page=101}}</ref> In a 2005 paper, historian Jean Boutier argued that the club's existence, and Tipu's involvement in it, was fabricated by the East India Company in order to justify British military intervention against Tipu.<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Les "lettres de créances" du corsaire Ripaud. Un "club jacobin" à Srirangapatnam (Inde), mai-juin 1797|journal=Les Indes Savantes|url=https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/halshs-00007971/document?_x_tr_sl=fr&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en&_x_tr_pto=nui,sc|last=Boutier|first=Jean|date=2005}}</ref>

{{Main|Fourth Anglo-Mysore War}}

 

 

[[Horatio Nelson]] defeated [[François-Paul Brueys D'Aigalliers]] at the [[Battle of the Nile]] in Egypt in 1798. Three armies marched into Mysore in 1799—one from [[Bombay]] and two British, one of which included Arthur Wellesley.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Francis |first1=P. Sempa |title=Wellington in India: A Great Commander in Embryo |url=https://thediplomat.com/2015/05/wellington-in-india-a-great-commander-in-embryo/ |website=thediplomat.com |access-date=16 September 2020}}</ref> They besieged the capital [[Srirangapatna]] in the [[Fourth Mysore War]].<ref>The Parliamentary Register; Or, History of the Proceedings and Debates of the [House of Lords and House of Commons]-J. Almon, 1793</ref> There were more than 60,000 soldiers of the British East India Company, approximately 4,000 Europeans and the rest Indians; while Tipu Sultan's forces numbered only 30,000. The betrayal by Tipu Sultan's ministers in working with the British and weakening the walls to make an easy path for the British.<ref name="hindu"/><ref name="Sunderlal 2018 p. 364">{{cite book | last=Sunderlal | first=Pandit | title=How India Lost Her Freedom | publisher=SAGE Publications | year=2018 | isbn=978-93-5280-642-3 | url=https://books.google.com/books?id=E4lIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA364 | access-date=20 January 2022 | page=364}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan lead British General Harris to exclaim "now india is ours".<ref name="Moienuddin2000">{{cite book | author =Mohammad Moienuddin | title =Sunset at Srirangapatam: After the Death of Tipu Sultan | year =2000 | publisher =Sangam Books | isbn =978-0-86311-850-0 | oclc =48995204 | url =https://books.google.com/books?id=tBFWAAAAYAAJ&q=exclaim}}</ref>

Tipu Sultan was killed at the Hoally (Diddy) Gateway, which was located {{convert|300|yd|m}} from the N.E. Angle of the Srirangapatna Fort.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.bl.uk/onlinegallery/onlineex/apac/other/019wdz000000138u00000000.html|title= View of the Hoally Gateway, where Tipu Sultan was killed, Seringapatam (Mysore)|access-date=14 June 2009|publisher=British Library Online Gallery}}</ref> He was buried the next afternoon at the [[Gumbaz, Seringapatam|Gumaz]], next to the grave of his father. Many members of the British East India Company believed that [[Nawab of Carnatic]] [[Umdat Ul-Umra]] secretly provided assistance to Tipu Sultan during the war and sought his deposition after 1799.{{Citation needed|date= April 2018}} These five men include Mir Sadiq, Purnaiya, two military commanders Saiyed Saheb and Qamaruddin, and Mir Nadim, commandant of the fort of Seringapatam. The episode of treachery as narrated by Hasan starts with the disobedience of Tipu’s instructions.<ref>{{Cite web|title= A Revaluation of tales of concerning Tipu Sultan's defeat|url=https://dailytimes.com.pk/323998/a-re-evaluation-of-tales-of-betrayal-concerning-Tipu-Sultan's-defeat|first=Ayesha |last=Rafiq|date=November 20, 2018|publisher=Daily Times|access-date=13 July 2022}}</ref> When he died there were jubilant celebrations in Britain, with authors, playwrights and painters creating works to celebrate it.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter |title=Seven things you may not have known about Tipu Sultan, India's first freedom fighter |last=Brittlebank |first=Kate |date=22 July 2016 |archive-date=19 March 2022 |publisher=Scroll.in |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220319184846/https://scroll.in/article/812199/seven-things-you-may-not-have-known-about-tipu-sultan-indias-first-freedom-fighter}}</ref> The death of Tipu Sultan was celebrated with declaration of public holiday in britain.<ref name="te Deum">{{cite book |author= Anjali Sengupta |date= 1984 |title= Cameos of Twelve European Women in India, 1757-1857 |publisher= Ṛddhi-India |pages= 11 |oclc= 13531696 |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=hHwtAAAAMAAJ&q=tipu+public+holiday}}</ref>

; Mughal Empire

On a personal level, Tipu was a devout Muslim, saying his prayers daily and paying special attention to mosques in the area.<ref>{{Cite journal |jstor = 4397149|title = Tipu Sultan: Giving 'The Devil' His Due|journal = Economic and Political Weekly|volume = 25|issue = 52|pages = 2835–2837|last1 = Yadav|first1 = Bhupendra|year = 1990}}</ref> Regular endowments were made during this period to about 156 Hindu temples,<ref name="chetty2">A. Subbaraya Chetty "Tipu's endowments to Hindus and Hindu institutions" in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']]</ref> including the famed [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangapatna|Ranganathaswami Temple]] at [[Srirangapatna]].<ref name="pande">{{cite book|title=Aurangzeb and Tipu Sultan: Evaluation of Their Religious Policies|author=Pande, B. N. |publisher=[[University of Michigan]]|year=1996|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FgbXAAAAMAAJ|isbn=9788185220383}}</ref> Many sources mention the appointment of Hindu officers in Tipu's administration{{sfn|Hasan|2005|pp=357–358}} and his land grants and endowments to Hindu temples,<ref name="padiga3">[[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']], p. 118</ref><ref name="A. Subbaraya Chetty 2002">A. Subbaraya Chetty, "Tipu's endowments to Hindus", pp. 111–115 in [[Tipu Sultan#Confronting|''Confronting Colonialism'']].</ref>{{sfn|Hasan|2005|p=360}} which are cited as evidence for his religious tolerance.

{{Main|Captivity of Kodavas at Seringapatam}}

 

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The coinage of Tipu Sultan is one of most complex and fascinating series struck in India during the 18th century. Local South India coinage had been struck in the area that became [[Mysore]] since ancient times, with the first gold coinage introduced about the 11th century (the elephant [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]]), and other pagodas continuing through the following centuries. These [[Pagoda (coin)|pagoda]] were always in the South Indian style until the reign of [[Hyder Ali|Haidar Ali]] (1761–1782), who added pagodas with Persian legends, plus a few very rare gold mohurs and silver rupees, always in the name of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] emperor [[Shah Alam II]] plus the Arabic letter "ح" as the first letter of his name. His successor, Tipu Sultan, continued to issue [[Pagoda (coin)|pagodas]], mohurs and [[rupee]]s, with legends that were completely new. As for copper, the new large [[paisa]] was commenced by Haidar Ali in AH1195, two years before his death, with the elephant on the obverse, the mint on the reverse, and was continued throughout the reign of Tipu Sultan, who added other denominations. Tipu Sultan introduced a set of new [[Persian language|Persian]] names for the various denominations, which appear on all of the gold and silver coins and on some of the copper. They were:

[[File:Double paisa of Tipu Sultan.jpg|thumb|right|Among his many innovations, Tipu introduced new coin denominations and new coin types, including this handsome copper double paisa weighing over 23&nbsp;gm. The coin on the left also contains the emblem of the [[Kingdom of Mysore|Sultanate of Mysore]].]]

Tipu Sultan is also admired as a hero in [[Pakistan]]. [[Prime Minister of Pakistan|Pakistan Prime Minister]] [[Imran Khan]] has said that he admires Tipu Sultan as a freedom fighter.<ref>{{cite news|title=Pakistan PM Imran pays tribute to Tipu Sultan on his death anniversary|url=https://www.thehindu.com/news/international/pakistan-pm-imran-pays-tribute-to-tipu-sultan-on-his-death-anniversary/article27039000.ece|work=The Hindu|date=5 May 2019}}</ref>