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{{short description|Sikh | {{short description|Sikh leader in the period of Sikh Confederacy}}{{Not to be confused with|Jassa Singh Ahluwalia}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=December 2020}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}} | {{Use Indian English|date=December 2020}} | ||
{{Infobox person | {{Infobox person | ||
| image = | | name = Jassa Singh Ramgarhia | ||
| caption = Jassa Singh Ramgharia | | image = Jassa Singh Ramgharia 1760.jpg | ||
| birth_date | | caption = Jassa Singh Ramgharia, c.1780 painting | ||
| death_date | | birth_date = 5 May 1723 | ||
| known_for | | birth_place = Ichogill, [[Lahore]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sikh_Courier_International.html?id=PKbXAAAAMAAJ#jassa+singh+ramgarhia+ichogill|title=Sikh Courier International|date=18 December 1999|publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain|accessdate=18 December 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://books.google.com/books/about/Sikh_Courier_International.html?id=PKbXAAAAMAAJ#jassa+singh+ramgarhia+5+may+1723|title=Sikh Courier International|date=18 December 1999|publisher=Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain|accessdate=18 December 2022|via=Google Books}}</ref> | ||
| successor | | death_date = {{death year and age|1803|1723}} | ||
| known_for = * [[Sardar]] of the [[Ramgarhia | Ramgarhia Misl]] | |||
* [[Sikh raids on Delhi]] | |||
| successor = [[Jodh Singh Ramgarhia]] who ceded his territories to [[Ranjit Singh|Maharaja Ranjit Singh]]; [[Baghel Singh]] | |||
| father = Bhagwan Singh | |||
| relatives = Hardas Singh (grandfather) | |||
}} | }} | ||
[[File:Ram Rauni.jpg|thumb|One of the very rare photographs taken of Qila Ram Rauni of Ramgarh.]] | [[File:Ram Rauni.jpg|thumb|One of the very rare photographs taken of Qila Ram Rauni of Ramgarh.]] | ||
[[File:Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia.jpg|thumb|Jassa Singh Ramgharia seated upon his throne, 20th century painting]] | |||
'''Jassa Singh Ramgarhia''' (1723–1803) was a prominent [[Sikh]] leader during the period of the [[Sikh Confederacy]]. He was the | '''Jassa Singh Ramgarhia''' (1723–1803) was a prominent [[Sikh]] leader during the period of the [[Sikh Confederacy]]. He was the founder of the [[Ramgarhia Misl]], | ||
==Early life== | ==Early life== | ||
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was born into a Sikh family<ref>History of the Sikhs Vol. 4: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misis | Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was born into a Sikh family<ref>History of the Sikhs Vol. 4: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misis | ||
Pg 276 hari ram gupta {{ISBN|978-8121501651}}</ref> with surname [[Bhamra|Bhambra]] in 1723. According to [[W. H. McLeod]],<ref name="mcleod">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00mcle |url-access=limited |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2005 |orig-year=1995 |isbn=0-8108-5088-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00mcle/page/n132 102]}}</ref> his birthplace was the village of Ichogil, near [[Lahore]], whilst H. S. Singha<ref name="singha">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |first=H. S. |last=Singha |edition=2nd |publisher=Hemkunt |year=2005 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |page=111}}</ref> refers only to Lahore and [[Purnima Dhavan]]<ref name="dhavan60">{{cite book |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=OUP USA |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |year=2011 |location=USA |page=60 |isbn=978-0199756551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFvyzStjpf8C&pg=PA81}}</ref> mentions origins in either [[Guga (Punjab)|Guga]] or [[Sur Singh]], both near [[Amritsar]]. There is agreement among the sources that he was of [[Tarkhan (tribe)|Tarkhan]]<ref>Sikhs and Sikhism, WH Mcleod, pg102</ref> origin and was originally named Jassa Singh Thokar | Pg 276 hari ram gupta {{ISBN|978-8121501651}}</ref> with surname [[Bhamra|Bhambra]] in 1723. According to [[W. H. McLeod]],<ref name="mcleod">{{cite book |title=Historical Dictionary of Sikhism |url=https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00mcle |url-access=limited |first=W. H. |last=McLeod |edition=2nd |publisher=Scarecrow Press |year=2005 |orig-year=1995 |isbn=0-8108-5088-5 |page=[https://archive.org/details/historicaldictio00mcle/page/n132 102]}}</ref> his birthplace was the village of Ichogil, near [[Lahore]], whilst H. S. Singha<ref name="singha">{{cite book |title=The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism |first=H. S. |last=Singha |edition=2nd |publisher=Hemkunt |year=2005 |orig-year=2000 |isbn=81-7010-301-0 |page=111}}</ref> refers only to Lahore and [[Purnima Dhavan]]<ref name="dhavan60">{{cite book |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=OUP USA |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |year=2011 |location=USA |page=60 |isbn=978-0199756551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFvyzStjpf8C&pg=PA81}}</ref> mentions origins in either [[Guga (Punjab)|Guga]] or [[Sur Singh]], both near [[Amritsar]]. His father was named Bhagwan Singh, who himself was the son of Hardas Singh.<ref>{{Cite web |title=ANNALS OF THE RAMGARHIA SARDARS |url=http://www.sikh-heritage.co.uk/postgurus/ramgarhia2/ram%20Jassa%20Singh.htm |access-date=2022-08-23 |website=www.sikh-heritage.co.uk}}</ref> There is agreement among the sources that he was of [[Tarkhan (tribe)|Tarkhan]]<ref>Sikhs and Sikhism, WH Mcleod, pg102{{full citation needed|date=August 2021}}</ref> origin and was originally named Jassa Singh Thokar (Jassa Singh the Carpenter).<ref name="mcleod" /><ref name="singha"/><ref name="dhavan60" /> He had four brothers - Jai Singh, [[Khushal Singh Ramgarhia|Khushal Singh]], Mali Singh Ramgarhia and [[Tara Singh Ramgarhia|Tara Singh]] - and became head of the family when his father, Giani Bhagwan Singh, died.<ref name="diplomat">Warrior-diplomat: Jassa Singh Ramgarhia - Harbans Singh Virdi</ref>{{Page needed|date=January 2014}} | ||
Jassa Singh rose to command the Sikh misl that became later known as Ramgarhia and built a fort called [[Ram Rauni]] and [[Ramgarhia Bunga]] (watchtower) at Amritsar. He joined forces with [[Adina Beg]], who appointed him a [[risaldar]] (commander), but switche Beg's siege and, in 1752, rebuilt the damaged fort. The edifice was renamed Ramgarh, from which he took his new name.<ref name="mcleod" /><ref name="Hawks">{{cite book |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799 |publisher=OUP USA |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |year=2011 |location=USA |page=81 |isbn=978-0199756551 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aFvyzStjpf8C&pg=PA81}}</ref>{{efn|The suffix ''-garh'' is translated as ''fort''.}} | |||
Jassa Singh's policies were in contrast to those of other misl leaders. The large size of Jassa Singh’s territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh Misls. They did not want him to become too powerful and the ruler of a big region. At the height of his power, Jassa Singh's territory in the Bari Doab included Batala, [[Kaldnaur]], Dinanagar, Sri Hargobindpur, Shahpur Kandi, Gurdaspur, Qadian, Ghuman, Matteval, and in the Jalandhar Doab, Urmur Tanda, Sarih, Miani, Garhdivala and Zahura. In the hills Kangra, [[Nurpur]], [[Mandi]] and [[Chamba]] paid him a tribute of two lakh of rupees. | |||
==Military career== | |||
In 1758, After the death of [[Adina Beg]] he collaborate with Jai Singh Kanhaiya, He capture [[Sri Hargobindpur]], and Miani and established his headquarters at Sri Hargobindpur | |||
In 1763, he sacked [[Kasur]] along with [[Jai Singh Kanhaiya]] and [[Hari Singh Dhillon]], the Ramgarhias and kanhaiyas share all their booty equally, on this occasion he tried to keep all the booty for himself, As a result his relationship with Jai singh Kanhaiya deteriorated.<ref>{{cite book|title=The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls |author=Hari Ram Gupta|isbn=81-215-0165-2|publisher=Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd}}</ref> | |||
In 1765, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]] invaded [[India]] for seventh time in the winter of 1764-1765, During this campaign he constantly harassed by [[Sikhs]], Qazi Nur Muhammad who was present in the Afghan army discribes the numbers of engagements between Sikhs and Afghans, a battle was fought on the western bank of the Satluj opposite Rupar, it was morning and the Afghan army was hardly gone 3km from the western bank of the [[Satluj]], when they attacked by the Sikhs, The Afghans immediately stopped marching and got into regular formation of battle, Ahmad Shah Durrani was in the center with 6,000 choice soldiers, Shah Vali Khan, Jahan Khan, Shah Pasand Khan, Anzala Khan and others at the head of 12,000 troops were on the right Nasir Khan with 12,000 Baluchis was on the left, The [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh Army)|Dal Khalsa]] also organised themselves in regular battle army | |||
[[Jassa Singh Ahluwalia]] ''fearlessly stood like a mountain'' in the center close by him was Jassa Singh ''Thokah, looking like a lion in stature,'' the Qazi says that Ramgarhia has his own flag and war drum<ref>{{cite book|title=History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies|publisher=Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd|first= Hari Ram |last=Gupta|authorlink= Hari Ram Gupta}}</ref> | |||
In 1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani Invaded India for the eight time, while ahamed shah was crossing river [[Beas]], his passage was obstructed by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia a fierce contest took place in which Ahluwalia was severely wounded he retired Cis-Satluj areas Ramgarhia who had succed [[Hari Singh Dhillon]] as a leader of Taruna Dal took command of [[Dal Khalsa (Sikh army)|Dal Khalsa]]<ref name="auto"> Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India:Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.</ref> | |||
In 1770, he led Plundering expedition into the hills, he defeated Raja Ghamand Chand, the most powerful hill Raja in battle of [[Talwara]] on the banks of river [[Beas]], Raja Ghamand Chand and other Raja's of hills become tributary to him, He realised tribute of about two lakhs of rupees from [[Kangra district|Kangra]] hill states.<ref name="auto"/> | |||
In 1778, Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya supported by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia attacked him and exiled him to the desert of [[Hansi]] and [[Hisar district|Hisar]]<ref>Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India:Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.</ref> | |||
== | ==Death and legacy== | ||
[[File:Statue of Jassa Singh Ramgharia.jpg|thumb|Statue of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia mounted on a horse and holding a sword]] | |||
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia died in 1803 at the age of 80 | |||
An [[equestrian statue]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://equestrianstatue.org/ramgarhia-jassa-singh/|title=Equestrian statue of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia in Amritsar, Punjab India|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia has been installed in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]]. | An [[equestrian statue]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://equestrianstatue.org/ramgarhia-jassa-singh/|title=Equestrian statue of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia in Amritsar, Punjab India|date=6 April 2016}}</ref> of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia has been installed in [[Amritsar]], [[Punjab]]. | ||
| Line 40: | Line 52: | ||
*[[Nawab Kapur Singh]] | *[[Nawab Kapur Singh]] | ||
*[[Ramgarhia Bunga]] | *[[Ramgarhia Bunga]] | ||
==Notwes== | |||
{{notelist}} | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
{{Reflist}} | {{Reflist}} | ||
| Line 51: | Line 63: | ||
*{{cite book |title=A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469-1839 |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |author-link=Khushwant Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |pages=134, 140, 160, 178–181}} | *{{cite book |title=A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469-1839 |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |author-link=Khushwant Singh |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1991 |pages=134, 140, 160, 178–181}} | ||
*The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. ''(Date:2001, revised edition. {{ISBN|81-215-0165-2}})'' | *The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. ''(Date:2001, revised edition. {{ISBN|81-215-0165-2}})'' | ||
==External link== | |||
{{Commonscatinline}} | |||
{{Sikhism}} | {{Sikhism}} | ||
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[[Category:1723 births]] | [[Category:1723 births]] | ||
[[Category:1803 deaths]] | [[Category:1803 deaths]] | ||
[[Category:Ramgarhia people]] | |||
Latest revision as of 17:11, 18 December 2022
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia | |
|---|---|
| Error creating thumbnail: File missing Jassa Singh Ramgharia, c.1780 painting | |
| Born | 5 May 1723 |
| Died | 1803 (aged 79–80) |
| Known for | |
| Successor | Jodh Singh Ramgarhia who ceded his territories to Maharaja Ranjit Singh; Baghel Singh |
| Parent(s) |
|
| Relatives | Hardas Singh (grandfather) |
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia (1723–1803) was a prominent Sikh leader during the period of the Sikh Confederacy. He was the founder of the Ramgarhia Misl,
Early life[edit | edit source]
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia was born into a Sikh family[3] with surname Bhambra in 1723. According to W. H. McLeod,[4] his birthplace was the village of Ichogil, near Lahore, whilst H. S. Singha[5] refers only to Lahore and Purnima Dhavan[6] mentions origins in either Guga or Sur Singh, both near Amritsar. His father was named Bhagwan Singh, who himself was the son of Hardas Singh.[7] There is agreement among the sources that he was of Tarkhan[8] origin and was originally named Jassa Singh Thokar (Jassa Singh the Carpenter).[4][5][6] He had four brothers - Jai Singh, Khushal Singh, Mali Singh Ramgarhia and Tara Singh - and became head of the family when his father, Giani Bhagwan Singh, died.[9][page needed]
Jassa Singh rose to command the Sikh misl that became later known as Ramgarhia and built a fort called Ram Rauni and Ramgarhia Bunga (watchtower) at Amritsar. He joined forces with Adina Beg, who appointed him a risaldar (commander), but switche Beg's siege and, in 1752, rebuilt the damaged fort. The edifice was renamed Ramgarh, from which he took his new name.[4][10][lower-alpha 1]
Jassa Singh's policies were in contrast to those of other misl leaders. The large size of Jassa Singh’s territory aroused the jealousy of the other Sikh Misls. They did not want him to become too powerful and the ruler of a big region. At the height of his power, Jassa Singh's territory in the Bari Doab included Batala, Kaldnaur, Dinanagar, Sri Hargobindpur, Shahpur Kandi, Gurdaspur, Qadian, Ghuman, Matteval, and in the Jalandhar Doab, Urmur Tanda, Sarih, Miani, Garhdivala and Zahura. In the hills Kangra, Nurpur, Mandi and Chamba paid him a tribute of two lakh of rupees.
Military career[edit | edit source]
In 1758, After the death of Adina Beg he collaborate with Jai Singh Kanhaiya, He capture Sri Hargobindpur, and Miani and established his headquarters at Sri Hargobindpur
In 1763, he sacked Kasur along with Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Hari Singh Dhillon, the Ramgarhias and kanhaiyas share all their booty equally, on this occasion he tried to keep all the booty for himself, As a result his relationship with Jai singh Kanhaiya deteriorated.[11]
In 1765, Ahmad Shah Durrani invaded India for seventh time in the winter of 1764-1765, During this campaign he constantly harassed by Sikhs, Qazi Nur Muhammad who was present in the Afghan army discribes the numbers of engagements between Sikhs and Afghans, a battle was fought on the western bank of the Satluj opposite Rupar, it was morning and the Afghan army was hardly gone 3km from the western bank of the Satluj, when they attacked by the Sikhs, The Afghans immediately stopped marching and got into regular formation of battle, Ahmad Shah Durrani was in the center with 6,000 choice soldiers, Shah Vali Khan, Jahan Khan, Shah Pasand Khan, Anzala Khan and others at the head of 12,000 troops were on the right Nasir Khan with 12,000 Baluchis was on the left, The Dal Khalsa also organised themselves in regular battle army Jassa Singh Ahluwalia fearlessly stood like a mountain in the center close by him was Jassa Singh Thokah, looking like a lion in stature, the Qazi says that Ramgarhia has his own flag and war drum[12]
In 1767, Ahmad Shah Durrani Invaded India for the eight time, while ahamed shah was crossing river Beas, his passage was obstructed by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia and Jassa Singh Ramgarhia a fierce contest took place in which Ahluwalia was severely wounded he retired Cis-Satluj areas Ramgarhia who had succed Hari Singh Dhillon as a leader of Taruna Dal took command of Dal Khalsa[13]
In 1770, he led Plundering expedition into the hills, he defeated Raja Ghamand Chand, the most powerful hill Raja in battle of Talwara on the banks of river Beas, Raja Ghamand Chand and other Raja's of hills become tributary to him, He realised tribute of about two lakhs of rupees from Kangra hill states.[13]
In 1778, Jai Singh Kanhaiya and Haqiqat Singh Kanhaiya supported by Jassa Singh Ahluwalia attacked him and exiled him to the desert of Hansi and Hisar[14]
Death and legacy[edit | edit source]
Jassa Singh Ramgarhia died in 1803 at the age of 80 An equestrian statue[15] of Sardar Jassa Singh Ramgharia has been installed in Amritsar, Punjab.
See also[edit | edit source]
Notwes[edit | edit source]
- ↑ The suffix -garh is translated as fort.
References[edit | edit source]
- ↑ "Sikh Courier International". Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain. 18 December 1999. Retrieved 18 December 2022 – via Google Books.
- ↑ "Sikh Courier International". Sikh Cultural Society of Great Britain. 18 December 1999. Retrieved 18 December 2022 – via Google Books.
- ↑ History of the Sikhs Vol. 4: The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Misis Pg 276 hari ram gupta ISBN 978-8121501651
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 McLeod, W. H. (2005) [1995]. Historical Dictionary of Sikhism (2nd ed.). Scarecrow Press. p. 102. ISBN 0-8108-5088-5.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Singha, H. S. (2005) [2000]. The Encyclopaedia of Sikhism (2nd ed.). Hemkunt. p. 111. ISBN 81-7010-301-0.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. USA: OUP USA. p. 60. ISBN 978-0199756551.
- ↑ "ANNALS OF THE RAMGARHIA SARDARS". www.sikh-heritage.co.uk. Retrieved 23 August 2022.
- ↑ Sikhs and Sikhism, WH Mcleod, pg102[full citation needed]
- ↑ Warrior-diplomat: Jassa Singh Ramgarhia - Harbans Singh Virdi
- ↑ Dhavan, Purnima (2011). When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699-1799. USA: OUP USA. p. 81. ISBN 978-0199756551.
- ↑ Hari Ram Gupta. The Sikhs Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of the Sikh Misls. Munshilal Manoharlal Pvt.Ltd. ISBN 81-215-0165-2.
- ↑ Gupta, Hari Ram. History Of The Sikhs Vol II Evolution of Sikh Confederacies. Munshilal Manohorlal, Pvt Ltd.
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India:Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
- ↑ Singha, Bhagata (1993). A History of the Sikh Misals. Patiala, India:Publication Bureau, Punjabi University.
- ↑ "Equestrian statue of Jassa Singh Ramgarhia in Amritsar, Punjab India". 6 April 2016.
Further reading[edit | edit source]
- "The heritage of the Sikhs" by Harbans Singh
- Singh, Khushwant (1991). A History of the Sikhs, Volume 1: 1469-1839. Oxford University Press. pp. 134, 140, 160, 178–181.
- The Sikh Commonwealth or Rise and Fall of Sikh Misls. (Date:2001, revised edition. ISBN 81-215-0165-2)