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{{Short description|British Army officer & MP (1825-1892)}} | |||
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[[Lieutenant General]] '''Sir Lewis Pelly''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (14 November 1825 – 22 April 1892) was a [[British East India Company]] officer, and then an imperial army and political officer. At the end of his life, he was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament for [[Hackney North (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney North]], from 1885 to 1892. | [[Lieutenant General]] '''Sir Lewis Pelly''', {{postnominals|country=GBR|KCSI}} (14 November 1825 – 22 April 1892) was a [[British East India Company]] officer, and then an imperial army and political officer. At the end of his life, he was a [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] Member of Parliament for [[Hackney North (UK Parliament constituency)|Hackney North]], from 1885 to 1892. | ||
==Early years== | ==Early years== | ||
He was the son of [[John Hinde Pelly]] of Hyde House, Gloucestershire, and his wife Elizabeth Lewis. He was educated at [[Rugby School]]. [[Sir John Pelly, 1st Baronet|Sir John Henry Pelly]], [[Hudson's Bay Company#Governors|Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company]] and [[Governor of the Bank of England]], was his uncle.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Pelly, Lewis|volume=44}}</ref><ref name="Rich">{{cite book |last1=Rich |first1=Paul John |title=Creating the Arabian Gulf: The British Raj and the Invasions of the Gulf |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-2705-6 |page=227 |url=https://books.google. | He was the son of [[John Hinde Pelly]] of Hyde House, Gloucestershire, and his wife Elizabeth Lewis. He was educated at [[Rugby School]]. [[Sir John Pelly, 1st Baronet|Sir John Henry Pelly]], [[Hudson's Bay Company#Governors|Governor of the Hudson's Bay Company]] and [[Governor of the Bank of England]], was his uncle.<ref name="Dictionary">{{cite DNB|wstitle=Pelly, Lewis|volume=44}}</ref><ref name="Rich">{{cite book |last1=Rich |first1=Paul John |title=Creating the Arabian Gulf: The British Raj and the Invasions of the Gulf |date=2009 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-0-7391-2705-6 |page=227 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iWBTH2fsNgwC&pg=PA227 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
==First period in India== | ==First period in India== | ||
Pelly entered the East India Company service in 1840.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In 1841 he was commissioned in the [[Bombay Army]] as an ensign.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=21816|first=K. D.|last=Reynolds|title=Pelly, Sir Lewis}}</ref> He served in [[History of Sindh|Sind]] before its annexation. Appointed to the regimental staff in 1842, he was promoted to lieutenant in 1843.<ref name="Dictionary"/> | Pelly entered the East India Company service in 1840.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In 1841 he was commissioned in the [[Bombay Army]] as an ensign.<ref name="ODNB">{{cite ODNB|id=21816|first=K. D.|last=Reynolds|title=Pelly, Sir Lewis}}</ref> He served in [[History of Sindh|Sind]] before its annexation. Appointed to the regimental staff in 1842, he was promoted to lieutenant in 1843.<ref name="Dictionary"/> | ||
Moved to a political role in the system of [[British indirect rule]], Pelly in 1851–2 was posted to [[Baroda State]]. There he had a prosecuting role in [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]]'s corruption enquiry, | Moved to a political role in the system of [[British indirect rule]], Pelly in 1851–2 was posted to [[Baroda State]]. There he had a prosecuting role in [[Sir James Outram, 1st Baronet|James Outram]]'s corruption enquiry, assistant reader at the court of the [[Gaekwar]].<ref name="ODNB"/><ref name="Dictionary"/> He then transferred to the civil service of [[Sind Division]] until 1856, being promoted to captain in 1855.<ref name="Dictionary"/> | ||
In the [[Anglo-Persian War]] of 1856–7, Pelly was [[aide-de-camp]] to [[John Jacob (soldier)|General John Jacob]], and commanded a troop of cavalry. He was secretary to Sir James Outram during the occupation of [[Bushire]] and [[Kharg Island]].<ref name="Dictionary"/> In April 1858 he was in London, where he had his book on Jacob published, and met [[Herbert Spencer]] at [[John Chapman (publisher)|John Chapman]]'s house, 142 [[Strand, London|The Strand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=David |title=The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer |date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-06681-5 |page=86 |url=https://books.google. | In the [[Anglo-Persian War]] of 1856–7, Pelly was [[aide-de-camp]] to [[John Jacob (soldier)|General John Jacob]], and commanded a troop of cavalry. He was secretary to Sir James Outram during the occupation of [[Bushire]] and [[Kharg Island]].<ref name="Dictionary"/> In April 1858 he was in London, where he had his book on Jacob published, and met [[Herbert Spencer]] at [[John Chapman (publisher)|John Chapman]]'s house, 142 [[Strand, London|The Strand]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Duncan |first1=David |title=The Life and Letters of Herbert Spencer |date=21 November 2013 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-108-06681-5 |page=86 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2SZaAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
Pelly served as [[brigade major]] in the Frontier Force of the | Pelly served as [[brigade major]] in the Frontier Force of the [[Scinde Irregular Horse]], commanded by Jacob, in 1858.<ref name="ODNB"/> He was made a judge in [[Karachi]] in 1859.<ref name="Dictionary"/> | ||
==In Persia== | ==In Persia== | ||
Pelly was | Pelly was secretary of the British legation in [[Tehran]] at the court of [[Persia]] from 1859 to 1860: taking up the post, he rode to Tehran from [[Trabzon|Trebizond]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelly |first1=Sir Lewis |title=Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia, 1865 |date=1866 |publisher=Oleander |isbn=978-0-902675-64-3 |page=vi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozAKAQAAIAAJ&pg=PR6 |language=en}}</ref> He was then appointed [[chargé d'affaires]] there.<ref name="Dictionary"/> [[Sir Henry Rawlinson, 1st Baronet|Henry Rawlinson]] left the legation during this period, replaced as its head by Charles Alison.<ref name="Alder">{{cite journal |last1=Alder |first1=G. J. |title=The Key to India? Britain and the Herat Problem, 1830-1863: Part II |journal=Middle Eastern Studies |date=1974 |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=297–298 |jstor=4282538 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/4282538 |issn=0026-3206}}</ref> | ||
Alison sent Pelly on a special mission to [[Herat]], in line with Rawlinson's idea that a British | Alison sent Pelly on a special mission to [[Herat]], in line with Rawlinson's idea that a British agent there would counter Russian influence. In the aftermath of the [[Treaty of Paris (1857)|Treaty of Paris]] that had ended the Anglo-Persian conflict, the ruler there was [[Ahmed Khan of Herat|Ahmed Khan]] (Sultan Jan). Pelly departed to visit Sultan Jan in Herat, with a small party and six horses, in September 1860.<ref name="Alder"/> From Herat, he travelled on to [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]], [[Kandahar]] and [[Qalati Ghilji]].<ref name="Rich"/> | ||
==Roving political agent== | ==Roving political agent== | ||
In 1860 Pelly had travelled overland on a horse, in uniform, from Tehran most of the way to [[Calcutta]], a feat that impressed [[Sir Bartle Frere]].<ref name="Rich"/> Like Rawlinson, Frere was a leading advocate of the 1860s of a [[Forward Policy]] for British India; and in particular of a British Agent at Herat and other strategic hotspots.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. |title=Tournament of shadows : the great game and the race for empire in Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Abacus |location=London |isbn=0349113661 |pages=154 and 177 |url=https://books.google. | In 1860 Pelly had travelled overland on a horse, in uniform, from Tehran most of the way to [[Calcutta]], a feat that impressed [[Sir Bartle Frere]].<ref name="Rich"/> Like Rawlinson, Frere was a leading advocate of the 1860s of a [[Forward Policy]] for British India; and in particular of a British Agent at Herat and other strategic hotspots.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Meyer |first1=Karl E. |title=Tournament of shadows : the great game and the race for empire in Asia |date=2001 |publisher=Abacus |location=London |isbn=0349113661 |pages=154 and 177 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xv4XnQEACAAJ |language=en}}</ref> Frere took Pelly under his wing, and became a patron of his career.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Facey |first1=William |title=Riyadh, the Old City: From Its Origins Until the 1950s |date=1992 |publisher=Immel |isbn=978-0-907151-32-6 |page=192 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In 1861 Pelly went to the [[Comoros Islands]], where he was shipwrecked on Johanna ([[Anjouan]]);<ref name="Rich"/> and to [[Mozambique]]. In May 1861, he was part of the expedition which placed [[Bahrain]] under British tutelage, even if theoretically it was in the sphere of influence of Persia. | In 1861 Pelly went to the [[Comoros Islands]], where he was shipwrecked on Johanna ([[Anjouan]]);<ref name="Rich"/> and to [[Mozambique]]. In May 1861, he was part of the expedition which placed [[Bahrain]] under British tutelage, even if theoretically it was in the sphere of influence of Persia. | ||
Pelly was then appointed | Pelly was then appointed political agent and consul at [[Zanzibar]]. A deal brokered by [[Charles Canning, 1st Earl Canning]] separated the [[Sultanate of Zanzibar]] from the [[Sultanate of Oman]] came into effect in April 1861. It involved an annual subsidy from Zanzibar to Oman, the Canning Award agreed at the level of 40,000 [[Maria Theresa thaler]]s. The sum represented about 20% of Zanzibar's revenue from the [[Indian Ocean slave trade]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hall |first1=Richard |title=Empires of the Monsoon (Text Only) |date=28 April 2016 |publisher=HarperCollins Publishers |isbn=978-0-00-754704-3 |page=449 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3ZzhCwAAQBAJ |language=en}}</ref> In the years that followed, Imam [[Azzan bin Qais]] took power in Oman from [[Thuwaini bin Said]], and [[Majid bin Said of Zanzibar]] was reluctant to make the payments. Pelly took the side of Majid bin Said in the dispute.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jones |first1=Jeremy |last2=Ridout |first2=Nicholas |title=A History of Modern Oman |date=31 August 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-107-00940-0 |page=79 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zh5TCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA79 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
From Zanzibar, Pelly visited and reported on the [[Seychelle Islands]] in 1862. Next, he was transferred back to [[Persia]] as [[Persian Gulf Residency| | From Zanzibar, Pelly visited and reported on the [[Seychelle Islands]] in 1862. Next, he was transferred back to [[Persia]] as [[Persian Gulf Residency|political resident]] (1862 to 1872). On Frere's advice, he sought out [[Sir William Mackinnon, 1st Baronet|William Mackinnon]].<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=17618|first=John S.|last=Galbraith|title=Mackinnon, Sir William, baronet}}</ref> Frere and Mackinnon had been discussing possible new [[British India Steam Navigation Company]] shipping lines from Bombay, to the [[Red Sea]] and Zanzibar.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Munro |first1=J. Forbes |title=Shipping Subsidies and Railway Guarantees: William Mackinnon, Eastern Africa and the Indian Ocean, 1860-93 |journal=The Journal of African History |date=1987 |volume=28 |issue=2 |pages=215 |doi=10.1017/S0021853700029753 |jstor=181547 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/181547 |issn=0021-8537}}</ref> Mackinnon and Pelly then corresponded.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munro |first1=J. Forbes |title=Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823-93 |date=2003 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-935-5 |page=64 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6tSiRizBcC&pg=PA64 |language=en}}</ref> With [[William Mansfield, 1st Baron Sandhurst|William Mansfield]] and [[Matthew Sausse]], Pelly was in the small group of well-placed British imperial staff who took up advantageous offers of British India Steam Navigation stock from Mackinnon in the 1860s.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munro |first1=J. Forbes |title=Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823-93 |date=2003 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-935-5 |page=105 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6tSiRizBcC&pg=PA105 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
The [[Persian Gulf Telegraph Cable]] was planned and laid in the years leading up to 1864. Pelly was involved in surveys, of the north end of the Gulf, and on the proposed route.<ref name="Harris">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Christina Phelps |title=The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864 |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=1969 |volume=135 |issue=2 |page=170 |doi=10.2307/1796823 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1796823 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report No. 73 of 1864 by Lewis Pelly on his journey from Bandar Abbas to Cape Jask reconnoitering the route of the proposed telegraph line [ | The [[Persian Gulf Telegraph Cable]] was planned and laid in the years leading up to 1864. Pelly was involved in surveys, of the north end of the Gulf, and on the proposed route.<ref name="Harris">{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Christina Phelps |title=The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864 |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=1969 |volume=135 |issue=2 |page=170 |doi=10.2307/1796823 |jstor=1796823 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1796823 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Report No. 73 of 1864 by Lewis Pelly on his journey from Bandar Abbas to Cape Jask reconnoitering the route of the proposed telegraph line [7r] (13/20) |url=https://www.qdl.qa/en/archive/81055/vdc_100023172338.0x00000e |website=Qatar Digital Library |language=English |date=5 June 2014}}</ref> The plan approved in 1862, by Colonel Patrick Stewart, would connect [[Al-Faw|Fao]] by the [[Shatt al Arab]] to Karachi.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Harris |first1=Christina Phelps |title=The Persian Gulf Submarine Telegraph of 1864 |journal=The Geographical Journal |date=1969 |volume=135 |issue=2 |page=170 |doi=10.2307/1796823 |jstor=1796823 |url=https://doi.org/10.2307/1796823 |issn=0016-7398}}</ref> Pelly caused some confusion by a proposal for radical change in British arrangements, organised around a centre on the [[Musandam Peninsula]].<ref name="Harris"/> | ||
Pelly officially visited [[Riyadh]] in 1865 to meet with the ruler of the [[Second Saudi State]], [[Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud|Faisal bin Turki]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Abdullah Mohammad Sindi|title=The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud|url=http://www.social-sciences-and-humanities.com/PDF/house_of_saud.pdf|work=Social sciences and humanities|accessdate=25 January 2021}}</ref> At this point, he counted as the chief political resident in the Persian Gulf area, and was keen to promote trade. He made an inland journey to the [[Nejd]], and an associated map.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foliard |first1=Daniel |title=Dislocating the Orient: British Maps and the Making of the Middle East, 1854-1921 |date=13 April 2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45133-6 |page=33 |url=https://books.google. | Pelly officially visited [[Riyadh]] in 1865 to meet with the ruler of the [[Second Saudi State]], [[Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah Al Saud|Faisal bin Turki]].<ref>{{cite web|author=Abdullah Mohammad Sindi|title=The Direct Instruments of Western Control over the Arabs: The Shining Example of the House of Saud|url=http://www.social-sciences-and-humanities.com/PDF/house_of_saud.pdf|work=Social sciences and humanities|accessdate=25 January 2021}}</ref> At this point, he counted as the chief political resident in the Persian Gulf area, and was keen to promote trade. He made an inland journey to the [[Nejd]], and an associated map.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Foliard |first1=Daniel |title=Dislocating the Orient: British Maps and the Making of the Middle East, 1854-1921 |date=13 April 2017 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=978-0-226-45133-6 |page=33 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=M5YtDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA33 |language=en}}</ref> On the return sea journey from Bushire, heading for [[Muscat]] on the SS ''Berenice'', captain Edwin Dawes, the vessel caught fire, and the passengers and crew made for [[Sheikh Shoeyb Island]] in lifeboats.<ref>{{cite news |title=The Burning of H. M. Steamer Berenice |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0002194/18661226/047/0003 |work=Sun (London) |date=26 December 1866|page=3}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Her Majesty's Steamer Berenice destroyed by fire |url=https://blogs.bl.uk/untoldlives/2020/12/her-majestys-steamer-berenice-destroyed-by-fire.html |website=blogs.bl.uk |language=en}}</ref> Pelly published an account of his journey. | ||
[[File:The East India Company Steam Ship of War 'Berenice' standing out of Bombay Harbour RMG PY8849.jpg|thumb|East India Company Steam Ship of War ''Berenice'', lost in 1865 when it caught fire with Lewis Pelly on board in the Persian Gulf]] | [[File:The East India Company Steam Ship of War 'Berenice' standing out of Bombay Harbour RMG PY8849.jpg|thumb|East India Company Steam Ship of War ''Berenice'', lost in 1865 when it caught fire with Lewis Pelly on board in the Persian Gulf]] | ||
The [[Qatari–Bahraini War]] broke out in 1867. When he was in a position to make a show of strength, in autumn 1868 Pelly sailed to Bahrain with the sloops [[HMS Daphne (1866)|HMS ''Daphne'']] and [[HMS Nymphe (1866)|HMS ''Nymphe'']], and the gunboats HMS ''Clyde'' and HMS ''Hugh Rose''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorimer |first1=J. G. |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia |date=2003 |publisher=Archive Editions |isbn=978-1-85207-030-4 |page=898|volume=2 |language=en}}</ref> The outcome by 6 September 1868 was that [[Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa]] was deposed, and his brother Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa became the ruler of Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Talal Toufic Farah |title=Protection and Politics in Bahrain 1869-1915 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33951/1/11015684.pdf |website=eprints.soas.ac.uk|date=1979|page=61 |publisher=University of London}}</ref> On 12 September, Pelly signed a treaty with [[Mohammed bin Thani]] which recognised the independence of [[Qatar]]. In October he went to Bombay in [[HMS Vigilant (1856)|HMS ''Vigilant'']].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Revolution in Musct |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/18681116/016/0003 |work=Homeward Mail from India, China and the East |date=16 November 1868|page=3}}</ref> | The [[Qatari–Bahraini War]] broke out in 1867. When he was in a position to make a show of strength, in autumn 1868 Pelly sailed to Bahrain with the sloops [[HMS Daphne (1866)|HMS ''Daphne'']] and [[HMS Nymphe (1866)|HMS ''Nymphe'']], and the gunboats HMS ''Clyde'' and HMS ''Hugh Rose''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lorimer |first1=J. G. |title=Gazetteer of the Persian Gulf, Oman and Central Arabia |date=2003 |publisher=Archive Editions |isbn=978-1-85207-030-4 |page=898|volume=2 |language=en}}</ref> The outcome by 6 September 1868 was that [[Muhammad bin Khalifa Al Khalifa]] was deposed, and his brother Ali bin Khalifa Al Khalifa became the ruler of Bahrain.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Talal Toufic Farah |title=Protection and Politics in Bahrain 1869-1915 |url=https://eprints.soas.ac.uk/33951/1/11015684.pdf |website=eprints.soas.ac.uk|date=1979|page=61 |publisher=University of London}}</ref> On 12 September, Pelly signed a treaty with [[Mohammed bin Thani]] which recognised the independence of [[Qatar]]. In October he went to Bombay in [[HMS Vigilant (1856)|HMS ''Vigilant'']].<ref>{{cite news |title=The Revolution in Musct |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0001712/18681116/016/0003 |work=Homeward Mail from India, China and the East |date=16 November 1868|page=3}}</ref> | ||
Pelly was promoted to major in 1861, lieutenant colonel in 1866, and colonel in 1871. | |||
===Anti-slavery mission=== | |||
In 1872–1873, Pelly accompanied Sir Bartle Frere in the anti-slavery mission to the east coast of Africa. Others on the expedition included [[George Percy Badger]] as Arabic interpreter, and [[Kazi Shahabudi]] from [[Kutch]], representing Indian traders with East Africa.<ref name="Dictionary"/><ref>{{cite book |last1=Martineau |first1=John |title=The Life and Correspondence of the Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., Etc |date=1895 |publisher=J. Murray |page=71 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSVnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA71 |language=en}}</ref> The investigation, on behalf of the [[Anti-Slavery International|Anti-Slavery Society]], had originally been intended by Frere to be led by Pelly, without Frere's participation.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Martineau |first1=John |title=The Life and Correspondence of the Sir Bartle Frere, Bart., G.C.B., F.R.S., Etc |date=1895 |publisher=J. Murray |page=69 |volume=2 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tSVnAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA69 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Frere in Muscat and Zanzibar was unable to negotiate an end to the Zanzibar slave trade, but [[John Kirk (explorer)|John Kirk]], consul in Zanzibar, did so shortly thereafter.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Munro |first1=J. Forbes |title=Maritime Enterprise and Empire: Sir William Mackinnon and His Business Network, 1823-93 |date=2003 |publisher=Boydell Press |isbn=978-0-85115-935-5 |page=161 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Dm6tSiRizBcC&pg=PA161 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
Frere in Muscat and Zanzibar was unable to negotiate an end to the Zanzibar slave trade | |||
==Second period in India== | ==Second period in India== | ||
On 21 June 1873, Pelly was appointed | On 21 June 1873, Pelly was appointed agent to the governor general of [[Rajputana]], remaining in this post until 1878.<ref name="Dictionary"/> This was the period of the [[Baroda Crisis]]. The embattled [[Robert Phayre (Indian Army officer)|Robert Phayre]], resident in Baroda, was the apparent victim of an attempted poisoning in November 1874, on the orders of its ruler [[Malhar Rao Gaekwad]]; but was unwilling to resign. He was replaced by Pelly later that month.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=22088|first=James|last=Lunt|title=Phayre, Sir Robert}}</ref> Pelly had Malhar Rao arrested in January 1875, and tried by a commission. The outcome was inconclusive, but Malhar Rao was deposed.<ref name="ODNB"/> Pelly was knighted (K.C.B.) in 1877.<ref>{{cite book |title=Debrett's illustrated baronetage and knightage (and companionage) of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland |date=1880 |page=574 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNsNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PA574 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
In January 1877 Pelly met the ''[[sadr-i a'zam]]'' Sayyid Nur Muhammad Shah representing the [[ | [[Robert Bulwer-Lytton, 1st Earl of Lytton|Lord Lytton]] arrived in India in 1876, as incoming viceroy, and it was proposed to sent Pelly to [[Kabul]] as envoy; but this offer was rejected by the [[Emir of Afghanistan]].<ref>{{cite book |title=The Pall Mall Budget: Being a Weekly Collection of Articles Printed in the Pall Mall Gazette from Day to Day, with a Summary of News |date=1879 |page=263 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=V7w_AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA263 |language=en}}</ref> Lytton had Pelly write to the emir, who found reasons against the proposed "Pelly mission", which would have been an unpopular concession. In particular, he argued that [[Konstantin Petrovich von Kaufmann]] for Russia could also demand a mission.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Lee |first1=Jonathan L. |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |date=15 December 2018 |publisher=Reaktion Books |isbn=978-1-78914-019-4 |page=341 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=asR9DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT341 |language=en}}</ref> In January 1877 Pelly met the ''[[sadr-i a'zam]]'' Sayyid Nur Muhammad Shah representing the emir, [[Sher Ali Khan]], in [[Peshawar]]. He stated that the admission of British agents to Afghanistan was a prerequisite for talks.<ref>{{cite book |title=Cassell's Illustrated History of the Russo-Turkish War: From December, 1878, to the ratification of peace : including a history of Cyprus, and of the Afghan war |date=1880 |publisher=Cassell, Petter & Galpin |page=422 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UyRRPKMnKfIC&pg=PA422 |language=en}}</ref> The discussions led nowhere, and Pelly, who had [[plenipotentiary]] powers, was told to withdraw from them in March.<ref name="ODNB"/> Nur Muhammad was by then seriously ill, and he died on 26 March.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Great Britain Parliament House of Commons Afghan Committee Sub-committee on Afghan and Central Asian Questions |title=Causes of the Afghan War: Being a Selection of the Papers Laid Before Parliament with a Connecting Narrative and Comment |date=1879 |publisher=Chatto and Windus |page=122 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=40OvWypyAQ0C&pg=PA122 |language=en}}</ref> The [[Second Anglo-Afghan War]] began the following year.<ref name="ODNB"/> | ||
==Later life== | ==Later life== | ||
In 1878 Pelly returned to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In 1885, by now a lieutenant general, he was elected as [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for the newly created [[Hackney North (UK Parliament constituency)|North Hackney constituency]]. | [[File:Grave of Lewis Pelly.jpg|thumb|The grave of Lewis Pelly at St Katharine's [[Merstham]]|alt=A dilapidated kerb surround style grave with a tablet and a fallen cross headstone.]] | ||
In 1878 Pelly returned to the United Kingdom.<ref name="Dictionary"/> In 1885, by now a lieutenant general, he was elected as [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative]] [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for the newly created [[Hackney North (UK Parliament constituency)|North Hackney constituency]].<ref name="ODNB"/> In 1886 he attended the Annual General Meeting of the [[National Society for Women's Suffrage]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Women's Suffrage |url=https://www.britishnewspaperarchive.co.uk/viewer/bl/0000174/18860716/013/0002 |work=Morning Post |date=16 July 1886|page=2}}</ref> | |||
Pelly became a director of the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gjersø |first1=Jonas Fossli |title= | Pelly became a director of the [[Imperial British East Africa Company]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gjersø |first1=Jonas Fossli |title='Continuity of Moral Policy': A Reconsideration of British Motives for the Partition of East Africa in light of Anti-Slave Trade Policy and Imperial Agency, 1878-96. |url=http://etheses.lse.ac.uk/3202/1/Gjerso_Continuity_of_Moral_Policy.pdf |website=etheses.lse.ac.uk|page=252|date=2015 |publisher=London School of Economics and Political Science}}</ref> On 8 March 1892 [[J. G. Swift MacNeill]] objected in Parliament to votes made by Pelly, [[William Burdett-Coutts]] and [[John Henry Puleston]], directors and shareholders in the Imperial British East Africa Company, on a grant for a survey to be made from the East African coast to Lake Victoria Nyanza of a railway route.<ref>{{cite web |title=SUPPLY—COMMITTEE. (Hansard, 8 March 1892) |url=https://api.parliament.uk/historic-hansard/commons/1892/mar/08/supply-committee |website=api.parliament.uk}}</ref> MacNeill's motion was successful, and the "distinction of degree" of self-interest involved in this "Mombasa railway" instance of disallowal of votes persisted in parliamentary practice.<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Platt|first1=D. C. M.|date=1 October 1961|title=The Commercial and Industrial Interests of Ministers of the Crown|journal=Political Studies|volume=9|issue=3|pages=272|doi=10.1111/j.1467-9248.1961.tb00767.x|s2cid=143502773}}</ref> | ||
Pelly died in [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] on 22 April 1892, and is buried at [[Merstham]] in Surrey. | Pelly died in [[Falmouth, Cornwall|Falmouth]] on 22 April 1892, and is buried adjacent to [[Rutherford Alcock]] at [[Merstham]] in Surrey. | ||
==Honours== | ==Honours== | ||
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==Family== | ==Family== | ||
In 1878 Pelly married Amy Henrietta Lowder, who was born in 1847 at [[Calne]] in [[Wiltshire]] to the Rev. John Samuel Lowder.<ref name="Rich"/> Her father was an Anglican chaplain in [[Shanghai]], and died by drowning in 1849. Her mother Lucy Windsor then in 1862 married [[Rutherford Alcock]] as his second wife.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=293|first=J. A. G.|last=Roberts|title=Alcock, Sir (John) Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{acad|id=LWDR836J|name=Lowder, John}}</ref> | [[File:Lady Pelly Notman & Sandham.jpg|thumb|Amy Lady Pelly, 1880 photograph]] | ||
In 1878 Pelly married Amy Henrietta Lowder, who was born in 1847 at [[Calne]] in [[Wiltshire]] to the Rev. John Samuel Lowder.<ref name="Rich"/> Her father was an Anglican chaplain in [[Shanghai]], and died by drowning in 1849. Her mother Lucy Windsor then in 1862 married [[Rutherford Alcock]] as his second wife.<ref>{{cite ODNB|id=293|first=J. A. G.|last=Roberts|title=Alcock, Sir (John) Rutherford}}</ref><ref>{{acad|id=LWDR836J|name=Lowder, John}}</ref> She died on 31 May 1924, in [[Eccleston Street]], London.<ref>{{cite book |editor-last1=Ruxton |editor-first1=Ian |title=The Diaries of Sir Ernest Satow, 1921-1926 - Volume Two (1924-1926) |date=16 August 2019 |publisher=Lulu.com |isbn=978-0-359-14630-7 |page=66 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HtOmDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA66 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
In 1882, the couple were living at 1, [[Eaton Square]], [[London]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed & Official Classes |date=1882 |publisher=Kelly & Co. |page=400 |url=https://books.google. | In 1882, the couple were living at 1, [[Eaton Square]], [[London]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Kelly's Handbook to the Titled, Landed & Official Classes |date=1882 |publisher=Kelly & Co. |page=400 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=JdYNAAAAQAAJ&pg=PT400 |language=en}}</ref> They had no children.<ref name="ODNB"/> | ||
==Publications== | ==Publications== | ||
*''The Views and Opinions of Brigadier General John Jacob K.C.B.'' (1858)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=John |title=The Views and Opinions of Brigadier General John Jacob K.C.B. ... Collected and Edited by ... L. Pelly |date=1858 |url=https://books.google. | *''Our North West Frontier'' (1858), pamphlet<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ward |first1=Thomas Humphry |title=Men of the Time: A Dictionary of Contemporaries, Containing Biographical Notices of Eminent Characters of Both Sexes |date=1887 |publisher=G. Routledge & Sons |page=822 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vucZAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA822 |language=en}}</ref> | ||
*''Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia, 1865'', 1866 text reprinted with an introduction by [[Robin Leonard Bidwell]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelly |first1=Sir Lewis |title=Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia, 1865 |date=1866 |publisher=Oleander |isbn=978-0-902675-64-3 |url=https://books.google. | *''The Views and Opinions of Brigadier General John Jacob K.C.B.'' (1858)<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jacob |first1=John |title=The Views and Opinions of Brigadier General John Jacob K.C.B. ... Collected and Edited by ... L. Pelly |date=1858 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WODaSoLLQnIC |language=en}}</ref> | ||
*''The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain'' (1879, 2 vols.), <ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelly |first1=Sir Lewis |last2=Wollaston |first2=Arthur Naylor |title=The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain|volume=I |date=1879 |publisher=W. H. Allen |url=https://books.google. | *''Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia, 1865'', 1866 text reprinted with an introduction by [[Robin Leonard Bidwell]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelly |first1=Sir Lewis |title=Report on a Journey to Riyadh in Central Arabia, 1865 |date=1866 |publisher=Oleander |isbn=978-0-902675-64-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ozAKAQAAIAAJ |language=en}}</ref> | ||
*''The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain'' (1879, 2 vols.),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Pelly |first1=Sir Lewis |last2=Wollaston |first2=Arthur Naylor |title=The Miracle Play of Hasan and Husain|volume=I |date=1879 |publisher=W. H. Allen |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jf6SIKYYdDoC |language=en}}</ref> English translation from the Persian of 37 [[ta'zieh]] dramas, revised and with notes by [[Arthur Naylor Wollaston]]. Pelly's translations followed those by [[Aleksander Chodźko]], into French.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Carlson |first1=Marvin |title=Theatre & Islam |date=2019 |publisher=Macmillan International Higher Education |isbn=978-1-352-00561-5 |page=22 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DHyGDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA22 |language=en}}</ref> | |||
==References== | ==References== | ||
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[[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War]] | [[Category:British military personnel of the Anglo-Persian War]] | ||
[[Category:British Indian Army generals]] | [[Category:British Indian Army generals]] | ||
[[Category:Burials in Surrey]] | |||