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(Removed the category Borders of Pakistan. Daulat Beg Oldi doesn't share a border with Pakistan)
 
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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2014}}
{{EngvarB|date=March 2022}}


{{Infobox settlement
{{Infobox settlement
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  | width = 300
  | width = 300
  | height = 290
  | height = 290
  | caption = <center>Daulat Beg Oldi and Depsang Plains<br/>
  | caption = <div class="center">Daulat Beg Oldi and Depsang Plains<br/>
(and the traditional customary boundary of China declared 1960).<ref name=declaration>{{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}, {{cite report |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |title=Chinese Report, Part 1 |pages=4–5}}<br/>
(and the "traditional customary boundary" declared by China in 1960).<ref name=declaration>{{citation |editor=India, Ministry of External Affairs |title=Report of the Officials of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AP4ruQEACAAJ |year=1962 |publisher=Government of India Press}}, {{cite report |url=http://www.archieve.claudearpi.net/maintenance/uploaded_pics/ORC_01-32_Part1.pdf |title=Chinese Report, Part 1 |pages=4–5}}<br/>
The location and terrain features of this traditional customary boundary line are now described as follows in three sectors, western, middle and eastern. ... The portion between Sinkiang and Ladakh for its entire length runs along the Karakoram Mountain range. Its specific location is as follows: From the Karakoram Pass it runs eastwards along the watershed between the tributaries of the Yarkand River on the one hand and the Shyok River on the other to a point approximately 78° 05' E, 35° 33' N, turns southwestwards and runs along a gully to approximately 78° 01' E, 35° 21' N; where it crosses the Chipchap River. It then turns south-east along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,845 (approximately 78° 12' E, 34° 57' N) and peak 6,598 (approximately 78° 13' E, 34° 54' N).
The location and terrain features of this traditional customary boundary line are now described as follows in three sectors, western, middle and eastern. ... The portion between Sinkiang and Ladakh for its entire length runs along the Karakoram Mountain range. Its specific location is as follows: From the Karakoram Pass it runs eastwards along the watershed between the tributaries of the Yarkand River on the one hand and the Shyok River on the other to a point approximately 78° 05' E, 35° 33' N, turns southwestwards and runs along a gully to approximately 78° 01' E, 35° 21' N; where it crosses the Chipchap River. It then turns south-east along the mountain ridge and passes through peak 6,845 (approximately 78° 12' E, 34° 57' N) and peak 6,598 (approximately 78° 13' E, 34° 54' N).
</ref></center>
</ref></div>
  | map-data = Q230830
  | map-data = Q230830
<!-- Karakoram Pass-->
<!-- Karakoram Pass-->
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  | mark-description36 =  Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
  | mark-description36 =  Declared in the ''Report of the Governments of India and the People's Republic of China on the Boundary Question'', 1960
}}
}}
Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) lies at the northeastern corner of the [[Karakoram Range]], at the northern edge of [[Depsang Plains]] at an elevation of {{convert|5100|m}}. The international border with China is 8&nbsp;km to the north and the [[Line of Actual Control]] with Chinese-controlled [[Aksai Chin]] is 9&nbsp;km to the east. Other than [[Siachen Glacier]] military bases, DBO is India's northernmost settlement.  The nearest civilian town is [[Murgo]] to the south, which has a small population of [[Balti people|Baltis]].<ref>{{Cite web
Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) lies at the northeastern corner of the [[Karakoram Range]], at the northern edge of [[Depsang Plains]] at an elevation of {{convert|5100|m}}. The international border with China is 8&nbsp;km to the north and the [[Line of Actual Control]] with Chinese-controlled [[Aksai Chin]] is 9&nbsp;km to the east. Other than [[Siachen Glacier]] military bases, DBO is India's northernmost settlement.  The nearest civilian town is [[Murgo]] to the south, which has a small population of [[Balti people|Baltis]].<ref>{{Cite news
| title = Chinese troops intrude into Indian territory in Ladakh, erect a tented post
| title = Chinese troops intrude into Indian territory in Ladakh, erect a tented post
| author = PTI
| author = PTI
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</ref>  In 1953, the Indian consulate in [[Kashgar]] was closed down. The Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] told the Parliament that the Chinese wish to treat [[Xinjiang]] as a "closed area". Subsequently, China built the Xinjiang–Tibet highway through [[Aksai Chin]].<ref>Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/we-shut-our-eyes-once-lets-not-do-so-again.html We shut our eyes once, let's not do so again], The Pioneer, 23 March 2017. {{ProQuest|1879722382}}</ref>
</ref>  In 1953, the Indian consulate in [[Kashgar]] was closed down. The Indian prime minister [[Jawaharlal Nehru]] told the Parliament that the Chinese wish to treat [[Xinjiang]] as a "closed area". Subsequently, China built the Xinjiang–Tibet highway through [[Aksai Chin]].<ref>Claude Arpi, [https://www.dailypioneer.com/2017/columnists/we-shut-our-eyes-once-lets-not-do-so-again.html We shut our eyes once, let's not do so again], The Pioneer, 23 March 2017. {{ProQuest|1879722382}}</ref>


=== Sino-Indian border dispute ===
== Sino-Indian border dispute ==
[[File:1947 ROC claim line in Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ladakh border claimed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in a 1947 map.{{efn|Even though the map is of very low resolution, it is apparent that the [[Chip Chap River]] is shown entirely within Ladakh. Qaratagh-su, a stream that flows down from the Qaratagh Pass and joins the [[Karakash River]] is shown as the source of Karakash. {{harvtxt|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020|loc=Figure 1}} gives more detailed maps showing Samzungling and Galwan river as part of Ladakh.}}]]
[[File:1947 ROC claim line in Ladakh.jpg|thumb|right|260px|Ladakh border claimed by the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] in a 1947 map.{{efn|Even though the map is of very low resolution, it is apparent that the [[Chip Chap River]] is shown entirely within Ladakh. Qaratagh-su, a stream that flows down from the Qaratagh Pass and joins the [[Karakash River]] is shown as the source of Karakash. {{harvtxt|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020|loc=Figure 1}} gives more detailed maps showing Samzungling and Galwan river as part of Ladakh.}}]]
[[File:Depsang Bulge claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Chinese claim lines in the Depsang Plains: 1956 claim line in green, 1960 claim line in dark brown, 1962 ceasefire line in orange.{{efn|Map by the US Army Headqurters in 1962. In addition to the two claim lines, the blue line indicates the position in 1959, the purple line that in September 1962 prior to the Sino-Indian War, and the orange line, which largely coincides with the dark brown line, the position the end of the war. The dotted lines bound a 20-km demilitarisation zone proposed by China after the war.}}{{efn|The purple line's intersection with the Galwan valley indicates the location of a Chinese 'Day 9' post, whose domination by an Indian post on higher ground caused an "apogee of tension".}}]]
[[File:Depsang Bulge claim lines (1962).jpg|thumb|right|260px|Chinese claim lines in the Depsang Plains: 1956 claim line in green, 1960 claim line in dark brown, 1962 ceasefire line in orange.{{efn|Map by the US Army Headquarters in 1962. In addition to the two claim lines, the blue line indicates the position in 1959, the purple line that in September 1962 prior to the Sino-Indian War, and the orange line, which largely coincides with the dark brown line, the position the end of the war. The dotted lines bound a 20-km demilitarisation zone proposed by China after the war.}}{{efn|The purple line's intersection with the Galwan valley indicates the location of a Chinese 'Day 9' post, whose domination by an Indian post on higher ground caused an "apogee of tension".}}]]


The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], having faced a revolution in Tibet in 1911, apparently made secret plans to acquire Aksai Chin plateau in order to create a road link between Xinjiang and Tibet. These plans began to get manifested in public maps only towards the end of its rule.<ref>{{harvp|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963|pp=17–18}}: "As a part of India, it [Aksai Chin] formed an awkward salient projecting between Sinkiang and Tibet; to get rid of this salient must be an objective of Chinese policy whenever opportunity might offer".
The [[Republic of China (1912–1949)]], having faced a revolution in Tibet in 1911, apparently made secret plans to acquire Aksai Chin plateau in order to create a road link between Xinjiang and Tibet. These plans began to get manifested in public maps only towards the end of its rule.<ref>{{harvp|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963|pp=17–18}}: "As a part of India, it [Aksai Chin] formed an awkward salient projecting between Sinkiang and Tibet; to get rid of this salient must be an objective of Chinese policy whenever opportunity might offer".
</ref>
</ref>


While the Republic of China claims included the Aksai Chin proper, they stopped at the foot of the Karakoram mountains, leaving all the rivers that flow into the Shyok River within India, including the [[Chip Chap River]]. (See map.) Communist China also published the "Big Map of the People's Republic of China" in 1956 with a similar boundary, now called the [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Aksai Chin|1956 claim line]].<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=103}}: 'However, the ''"Big Map of the People's Republic of China"'' published in 1956, reverted to the alignment shown on the 1947 Kuomintang map. It is important to note that Chou En-lai, in a letter of December 17, 1959, stated that the 1956 map "correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector."'</ref><ref name=Hoffmann/>
While the Republic of China claims included the Aksai Chin proper, they stopped well behind the Karakoram mountains, leaving all the rivers that flow into the Shyok River within India, including the [[Chip Chap River]]. (See map.) Communist China also published the "Big Map of the People's Republic of China" in 1956 with a similar boundary, now called the [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Aksai Chin|1956 claim line]].<ref>{{harvp|Fisher, Rose & Huttenback, Himalayan Battleground|1963|p=103}}: 'However, the ''"Big Map of the People's Republic of China"'' published in 1956, reverted to the alignment shown on the 1947 Kuomintang map. It is important to note that Chou En-lai, in a letter of December 17, 1959, stated that the 1956 map "correctly shows the traditional boundary between the two countries in this sector."'</ref><ref name=Hoffmann/>


However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line further west, dissecting the Chip Chap River.<ref name=Hoffmann>{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|pp=76,&nbsp;93}}</ref> The Chinese said little by way of justification for this advancement other than to claim that it was their "traditional customary boundary" which was allegedly formed through a "long historical process". They claimed that the line was altered in the recent past only due to "British imperialism".{{efn|But the military justification for the advancement is not hard to see. The 1956 claim line ran along the watershed dividing the Shyok River basin and the Lingzitang lake basin. It conceded the strategic higher ground of the Karakoram Range to India. The 1960 claim line advanced it to the Karakoram ridge line despite the fact that it did not form a dividing line of watersheds.}}<ref>
However, in 1960 China advanced its claim line further west, dissecting the Chip Chap River.<ref name=Hoffmann>{{harvp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|pp=76,&nbsp;93}}</ref> The Chinese said little by way of justification for this advancement other than to claim that it was their "traditional customary boundary" which was allegedly formed through a "long historical process". They claimed that the line was altered in the recent past only due to "British imperialism".{{efn|But the military justification for the advancement is not hard to see. The 1956 claim line ran along the watershed dividing the Shyok River basin and the Lingzitang lake basin. It conceded the strategic higher ground of the Karakoram Range to India. The 1960 claim line advanced it to the Karakoram ridge line despite the fact that it did not form a dividing line of watersheds.}}<ref>
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Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.
Meanwhile, India continued to claim the entire Aksai Chin plateau.
===1960–1962===
A border post was established at Daulat Beg Oldi (DBO) in 1960 under the supervision of the [[Intelligence Bureau (India)|Intelligence Bureau]] (IB). By September 1961, the Chinese had established a post in the [[Chip Chap River|Chip Chap Valley]] about 4 miles east of the DBO post as well as roads leading to it.{{sfnp|Hoffmann, India and the China Crisis|1990|p=95}}{{sfnp|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1961|pp=350–351}} The Indian Army then set up posts at Burtsa, Qizil Langar, at a 'track junction' in the Depsang Plains and at Sultan Chushku. These were intended to block any further extension of Chinese roads. The Intelligence Bureau post at DBO was also reinforced with an Army unit.{{sfnp|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1961|pp=350–351}}
The DBO post was fired upon by Chinese forces during the [[Sino-Indian War]] on 21 July and 4 August 1962.<ref>{{citation |last=Deepak |first=B. R. |title=India and China: Foreign Policy Approaches and Responses |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Iko5DAAAQBAJ&pg=PT116 |year=2016 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-85563-46-1 |p=116}}</ref>


=== 1962–present ===
=== 1962–present ===
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| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border/1/267744.html
| url = http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/china-india-china-incursion-indo-china-border/1/267744.html
| title = India is no Pushover
| title = India is no Pushover
| access-date = 7 May 2013}}</ref> a location in the Indian military's "DBO sector."  In reference to their own perception of the LAC's location, India initially claimed that the Chinese camp was 10&nbsp;km on their side, later revising this to a 19&nbsp;km claim,<ref name="Indian LAC perception">{{cite news
| access-date = 7 May 2022}}</ref> a location in the Indian military's "DBO sector."  In reference to their own perception of the LAC's location, India initially claimed that the Chinese camp was 10&nbsp;km on their side, later revising this to a 19&nbsp;km claim,<ref name="Indian LAC perception">{{cite news
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/india/38842635_1_pla-troops-indian-military-delegation-lt-general-b-s-jaswal
| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/india/38842635_1_pla-troops-indian-military-delegation-lt-general-b-s-jaswal
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/india/38842635_1_pla-troops-indian-military-delegation-lt-general-b-s-jaswal
| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130430035158/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2013-04-26/india/38842635_1_pla-troops-indian-military-delegation-lt-general-b-s-jaswal
| url-status = dead
| url-status = dead
| archive-date = 30 April 2013
| archive-date = 30 April 2013
| work = [[The Times of India]]
| title = China's Ladakh Incursion Well-planned
| title = China's Ladakh Incursion Well-planned
| access-date = 7 May 2013
| access-date = 7 May 2013
}}</ref> and claimed that Chinese military helicopters had violated Indian airspace during the incident.<ref>{{cite news
| work=The Times of India}}</ref> and claimed that Chinese military helicopters had violated Indian airspace during the incident.<ref>{{cite news
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
  |title=China's Helicopters Violate Indian Airspace
  |title=China's Helicopters Violate Indian Airspace
  |access-date=7 May 2013
  |access-date=7 May 2013
  |url-status=dead
  |url-status=dead
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
|url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513104344/http://www.hindustantimes.com/India-news/JAndK/China-s-helicopters-violate-Indian-airspace/Article1-1049762.aspx
  |archive-date=13 May 2013
  |archive-date=13 May 2013
}}</ref> In early May, both sides withdrew their units further back.
}}</ref> In early May, both sides withdrew their units further back.
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[[File:China India western border 88.jpg|thumb|Daulat Beg Oldi shown in the northernmost part of [[Ladakh]] (1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map).]]
[[File:China India western border 88.jpg|thumb|Daulat Beg Oldi shown in the northernmost part of [[Ladakh]] (1988 [[Central Intelligence Agency|CIA]] map).]]


The [[Indian Army]] maintains helipads and a gravel airstrip here, the highest airstrip in the world. Routine sorties are carried out using [[An-32]] aircraft to provide relief and supplies to the troops stationed nearby.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{
The [[Indian Army]] maintains helipads and a gravel airstrip here, the highest airstrip in the world. Routine sorties are carried out using [[An-32]] aircraft to provide relief and supplies to the troops stationed nearby.<ref name="economictimes.indiatimes.com">{{cite news |url=http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=3088577 |title=IAF Aircraft lands at the highest airstrip in the world |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=3 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121003094608/http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=3088577 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The base was established during the Sino-Indian conflict in 1962, with the first landing by Squadron Leader C.K.S Raje who set a record for the world's highest aircraft landing at the time. It was operated with American-supplied [[C-82 Packet|Fairchild Packets]] from 1962 to 1966, when
cite news|url = http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshowarchive.cms?msid=3088577 | title = IAF Aircraft lands at the highest airstrip in the world| date = 31 May 2008|access-date = 31 May 2008| work=The Times of India}}</ref> The base was established during the Sino-Indian conflict in 1962, with the first landing by Squadron Leader C.K.S Raje who set a record for the world's highest aircraft landing at the time. It was operated with American-supplied [[C-82 Packet|Fairchild Packets]] from 1962 to 1966, when
it had to be closed down suddenly when an earthquake caused loosening of the surface soil, making the area unsuitable for fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_reopens_old_airbase_in_Ladakh_region/rssarticleshow/3088683.cms
it had to be closed down suddenly when an earthquake caused loosening of the surface soil, making the area unsuitable for fixed-wing aircraft.<ref>{{cite news| url = http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/IAF_reopens_old_airbase_in_Ladakh_region/rssarticleshow/3088683.cms
|title=IAF reopens old airbase in Ladakh region |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India}}</ref> Work was undertaken to make the airfield operational again, and was marked on 31 May 2008, when an [[Indian Air Force]] [[An-32]] landed.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/india/27753377_1_air-base-iaf-plans-air-maintenance |title=IAF reopens old air base near China border |date=31 May 2008 |access-date=31 May 2008 |work=The Times of India |archive-date=22 October 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121022112111/http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/india/27753377_1_air-base-iaf-plans-air-maintenance |url-status=dead}}</ref>
| title = IAF reopens old airbase in Ladakh region| date = 31 May 2008|access-date = 31 May 2008| work=The Times of India}}</ref> Work was undertaken to make the airfield operational again, and was marked on 31 May 2008, when an [[Indian Air Force]] [[An-32]] landed.<ref>{{
cite news| url = http://articles.timesofindia.indiatimes.com/2008-05-31/india/27753377_1_air-base-iaf-plans-air-maintenance | title = IAF reopens old air base near China border| date = 31 May 2008| access-date = 31 May 2008| work=The Times of India}}</ref>


The [[Indian Air Force]] first landed transports here between 1962 and 1965 and then after a gap for 43 years, the IAF started landing at DBO in 2008. In a significant demonstration of its capabilities, the Indian Air Force landed a [[C-130J Super Hercules]] transport aircraft in Daulat Beg Oldie on 20 August 2013, thirty kilometers from where the [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident]] took place in April 2013. This landing could qualify as a world record for a medium-lift aircraft landing at this altitude.<ref>{{cite news|title=IAF's C-130J transporter lands near India-China border|url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iaf-s-c-130j-transporter-lands-near-india-china-border-113082000835_1.html|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=Business Standard|date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=10 reasons why IAF's C-130J Super Hercules landing in Daulat Beg Oldie, Ladakh is important|url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-air-force-super-hercules-c-103j-landing-daulat-beg-oldie-ladakh-china/1/300410.html|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=India Today|date=20 August 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=In show of strength to China, Air Force lands C 130J-30 at Daulat Beg Oldie|url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-show-of-strength-to-china-air-force-lands-c-130j-30-at-daulat-beg-oldie-408107?curl=1377023374|access-date=20 August 2013|newspaper=NDTV|date=20 August 2013}}</ref>
The [[Indian Air Force]] first landed transports here between 1962 and 1965 and then after a gap for 43 years, the IAF started landing at DBO in 2008. In a significant demonstration of its capabilities, the Indian Air Force landed a [[C-130J Super Hercules]] transport aircraft in Daulat Beg Oldie on 20 August 2013, thirty kilometers from where the [[2013 Daulat Beg Oldi Incident]] took place in April 2013. This landing could qualify as a world record for a medium-lift aircraft landing at this altitude.<ref>{{cite news |title=IAF's C-130J transporter lands near India-China border |url=http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-ians/iaf-s-c-130j-transporter-lands-near-india-china-border-113082000835_1.html |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=Business Standard |date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=10 reasons why IAF's C-130J Super Hercules landing in Daulat Beg Oldie, Ladakh is important |url=http://indiatoday.intoday.in/story/indian-air-force-super-hercules-c-103j-landing-daulat-beg-oldie-ladakh-china/1/300410.html |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=India Today |date=20 August 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=In show of strength to China, Air Force lands C 130J-30 at Daulat Beg Oldie |url=http://www.ndtv.com/article/india/in-show-of-strength-to-china-air-force-lands-c-130j-30-at-daulat-beg-oldie-408107?curl=1377023374 |access-date=20 August 2013 |newspaper=NDTV |date=20 August 2022}}</ref>


=== DS-DBO Road ===
=== DS-DBO Road ===
In 2001, the Indian government decided to construct a motorable road from Leh to Daulat Beg Oldi. The road was completed in 2019. The 255-km is [[Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road]] (DS-DBO Road) runs at elevations between 4,000–5,000 metres (13,000–16,000&nbsp;ft). It follows the old winter caravan route via the Shyok River valley till [[Murgo]] and then via the Burtsa Nala and Depsang Plains. The travel time is said to be six hours.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332|title=India completes vital Ladakh road}}</ref>
In 2001, the Indian government decided to construct a motorable road from Leh to Daulat Beg Oldi. The road was completed in 2019. The 255-km is [[Darbuk-Shyok-DBO Road]] (DS-DBO Road) runs at elevations between 4,000 and 5,000 metres (13,000–16,000&nbsp;ft). It follows the old winter caravan route via the Shyok River valley going via [[Murgo]], Burtsa Nala and Depsang Plains. The travel time is said to be six hours.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.tribuneindia.com/news/archive/nation/india-completes-vital-ladakh-road-762332 |title=India completes vital Ladakh road}}</ref>


==India-China Border Meeting point==
==India-China Border Meeting point==
{{Further|Border Personnel Meeting point#Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian}}
{{Further |Border Personnel Meeting point#Daulat Beg Oldi - Tianwendian}}
Daulat Beg Oldi – [[Tianwendian]] is the highest of the five officially agreed [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s between the [[Indian Army]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies, which helps in defusing stand-offs.<ref name=n18>{{cite web|url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-armies-decide-to-improve-ties-at-functional-level-1184462.html|title=Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level|website=News18|access-date=September 14, 2017}}</ref> The first meeting at this location was held on August 1, 2015 ([[PLA Day]]).  The events included a Chinese cultural program and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion of [[Indian Independence Day]] and celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture, [[Gatka]] martial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]].<ref>{{cite news|url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-border-meeting-point-at-daulat-beg-oldie-in-ladakh-sector/|title=New Indo-China border meeting point at Daulat Beg Oldie in Ladakh sector|date=Aug 15, 2015|first=Adil|last=Akhzer|newspaper=The Indian Express|access-date=April 26, 2016}}</ref> The first ceremonial BPM ever held on New Year's Day was here in 2016.<ref name=n18/>
Daulat Beg Oldi – [[Tianwendian]] is the highest of the five officially agreed [[Border Personnel Meeting point]]s between the [[Indian Army]] and the [[People's Liberation Army]] of China for regular consultations and interactions between the two armies, which helps in defusing stand-offs.<ref name=n18>{{cite web |url=http://www.news18.com/news/india/indian-chinese-armies-decide-to-improve-ties-at-functional-level-1184462.html |title=Indian, Chinese armies decide to improve ties at functional level |website=News18 |date=2 January 2016 |access-date=September 14, 2022}}</ref> The first meeting at this location was held on August 1, 2015 ([[PLA Day]]).  The events included a Chinese cultural programme and other ceremonies meant to improve relations. Later in the month, India hosted a delegation from the PLA on the occasion of [[Indian Independence Day]] and celebrated with traditional songs and dances from Indian culture, [[Gatka]] martial arts, and motorcycle acrobatics performed by the [[Indian Army Corps of Signals]].<ref>{{cite news |url=http://indianexpress.com/article/india/india-others/new-border-meeting-point-at-daulat-beg-oldie-in-ladakh-sector/ |title=New Indo-China border meeting point at Daulat Beg Oldie in Ladakh sector |date=Aug 15, 2015 |first=Adil |last=Akhzer |newspaper=The Indian Express |access-date=April 26, 2022}}</ref> The first ceremonial BPM ever held on New Year's Day was here in 2016.<ref name=n18/>


A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.<ref>{{cite news|title=India, China hold meet in Ladakh on Independence Day|url=http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/|access-date=November 19, 2017|work=India at Melbourne|date=August 16, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030357/http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/|archive-date=December 1, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>
A meeting hut was constructed approximately a year after the meeting point was opened.<ref>{{cite news |title=India, China hold meet in Ladakh on Independence Day |url=http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/ |access-date=November 19, 2017 |work=India at Melbourne |date=August 16, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171201030357/http://indiaatmelbourne.com.au/india/india-china-hold-meet-in-ladakh-on-independence-day/ |archive-date=December 1, 2017 |url-status=dead}}</ref>


== See also ==
== See also ==
 
*[[Fukche Advanced Landing Ground]]
; Military bases
*[[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[India-China Border Roads#Border airport and ALG projects|List of ALGs]]
*[[Depsang Plains]]
* [[List of Indian Air Force stations]]
*[[Thoise]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute#Command|India-China military deployment on LAC]]
*[[Tianwendian]]
* [[Sino-Indian border dispute#List of disputed areas|List of disputed India-China areas]]
*[[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[Siachen Base Camp (India)]]
* [[Tianwendian]]
 
; Borders
* [[Actual Ground Position Line]] (AGPL)
* [[India–Pakistan border|India–Pakistan International Border]] (IB)
* [[Line of Control]] (LoC)
* [[Line of Actual Control]] (LAC)
* [[Sir Creek]] (SC)
* [[Borders of China]]
* [[Borders of India]]
*
; Conflicts
* [[Kashmir conflict]]
* [[Siachen conflict]]
* [[Sino-Indian War|Sino-Indian conflict]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of China|List of disputed territories of China]]
* [[List of disputed territories of India]]
* [[:Category:Territorial disputes of Pakistan|List of disputed territories of Pakistan]]
* [[Depsang Plains]]
* [[Northern Areas]]
* [[Siachen Glacier]]
* [[Trans-Karakoram Tract]]
 
; Operations
* [[Operation Meghdoot]], by India
* [[Operation Rajiv]], by India
* [[Operation Safed Sagar]], by India
 
; Other related topics
* [[India-China Border Roads]]
* [[List of extreme points of India]]
* [[Sino-Pakistan Agreement]] for transfer of Trans-Karakoram Tract to China
* [[Defence Institute of High Altitude Research]]
* [[Indian Astronomical Observatory]]


== Notes ==
== Notes ==
Line 554: Line 521:
* {{citation |last=Kler |first=Gurdip Singh |title=Unsung Battles of 1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hciHTVUILb4C&pg=PA110 |year=1995 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-09-7 |ref={{sfnref|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1962|1995}}}}
* {{citation |last=Kler |first=Gurdip Singh |title=Unsung Battles of 1962 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hciHTVUILb4C&pg=PA110 |year=1995 |publisher=Lancer Publishers |isbn=978-1-897829-09-7 |ref={{sfnref|Kler, Unsung Battles of 1962|1995}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hudson |first=G. F. |chapter=Aksai Chin |title=Far Eastern Affairs |series=St. Antony's Papers |volume=14 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1963 |chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160 |ref={{sfnref|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}}}
* {{citation |last=Hudson |first=G. F. |chapter=Aksai Chin |title=Far Eastern Affairs |series=St. Antony's Papers |volume=14 |publisher=Chatto & Windus |location=London |year=1963 |chapter-url=http://pahar.in/?wpfb_dl=20160 |ref={{sfnref|Hudson, Aksai Chin|1963}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=590–604 |issn=0306-8374 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756 |ref={{sfnref|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2020}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Karackattu |first1=Joe Thomas |title=The Corrosive Compromise of the Sino-Indian Border Management Framework: From Doklam to Galwan |journal=Asian Affairs |volume=51 |issue=3 |year=2020 |pages=590–604 |issn=0306-8374 |doi=10.1080/03068374.2020.1804726 |s2cid=222093756 |ref={{sfnref|Karackattu, The Corrosive Compromise|2022}}}}
* {{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}
* {{citation |first=B. N. |last=Mullik |title=My Years with Nehru: The Chinese Betrayal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QGRuAAAAMAAJ |year=1971 |publisher=Allied Publishers |ref={{sfnref|Mullik, The Chinese Betrayal|1971}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2015}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Sandhu |first1=P. J. S. |last2=Shankar |first2=Vinay |last3=Dwivedi |first3=G. G. |title=1962: A View from the Other Side of the Hill |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=boBNCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=Vij Books India Pvt Ltd |isbn=978-93-84464-37-0 |ref={{sfnref|Sandhu, Shankar & Dwivedi, 1962 from the Other Side of the Hill|2022}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |year=1967 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-6555-8 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967}}}}
* {{citation |last1=Van Eekelen |first1=Willem Frederik |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8eTzBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163 |year=1967 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-94-017-6555-8 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|1967}}}}
** {{citation |last=Van Eekelen |first=Willem |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30431-4 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|2015}}}}
** {{citation |last=Van Eekelen |first=Willem |title=Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China: A New Look at Asian Relationships |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3nsCgAAQBAJ |year=2015 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=978-90-04-30431-4 |ref={{sfnref|Van Eekelen, Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute|2022}}}}


{{Ladakh}}
{{Ladakh}}
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