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{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=June 2018}} | ||
{{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} | {{Use Indian English|date=June 2018}} | ||
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Different names of Chaliyam: | Different names of Chaliyam: | ||
* Muslim navigators: al-Shaliat <ref>Henry Yule. ''Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Volume 1'' Taylor & Francis, 2017</ref> Chaliyam, at small port south of Kozhikode at the time, is not regularly mentioned under this name in the Arabic and Persian geographical literature. It does feature in Abu al-Fida's ''Taqwin al-Buldan'' (14th century). Two 14th-century Islamic tombstones are recorded at the site.<ref>Hall. ''Secondary Cities & Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, c. 1400-1800'' Lexington Books, 1955 </ref> | * Muslim navigators: al-Shaliat <ref name="ReferenceA">Henry Yule. ''Cathay and the Way Thither, Being a Collection of Medieval Notices of China, Volume 1'' Taylor & Francis, 2017</ref> Chaliyam, at small port south of Kozhikode at the time, is not regularly mentioned under this name in the Arabic and Persian geographical literature. It does feature in Abu al-Fida's ''Taqwin al-Buldan'' (14th century). Two 14th-century Islamic tombstones are recorded at the site.<ref>Hall. ''Secondary Cities & Urban Networking in the Indian Ocean Realm, c. 1400-1800'' Lexington Books, 1955</ref> | ||
* European navigators: Chale/Challe/Chalia or Chaly<ref | * European navigators: Chale/Challe/Chalia or Chaly<ref name="ReferenceA"/> | ||
* Saliyam: the home of the Saliya community. The Saliyas figure as the dominant weaving community in medieval South India. Presently, the Chaliya (Chaliyan or Saliya) is an Other Backward Class in [[Kerala State|Kerala]].<ref> | * Saliyam: the home of the Saliya community. The Saliyas figure as the dominant weaving community in medieval South India. Presently, the Chaliya (Chaliyan or Saliya) is an Other Backward Class in [[Kerala State|Kerala]].<ref>[https://www.keralapsc.gov.in/index.php?option=com_content&id=338&Itemid=198 Kerala Public Service Commission]</ref> | ||
Chaliyam is believed to be one of the location of the founding mosques of Kerala. As per this tradition, the ''qazi'' of the mosque established at Chaliyam was Taqy ud-Din.<ref>William Logan. ''Malabar: District Manual, Volume 1'' Asian Educational Services, 1887</ref> [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batutah]] seems to have visited Chaliyam in the 14th century. He describes the settlement: "I next came to the city of Shaliat, where the Shaliats are made and hence they derive their name. This is a fine city..."<ref | Chaliyam is believed to be one of the location of the founding mosques of Kerala. As per this tradition, the ''qazi'' of the mosque established at Chaliyam was Taqy ud-Din.<ref name="ReferenceB">William Logan. ''Malabar: District Manual, Volume 1'' Asian Educational Services, 1887</ref> [[Ibn Battuta|Ibn Batutah]] seems to have visited Chaliyam in the 14th century. He describes the settlement: "I next came to the city of Shaliat, where the Shaliats are made and hence they derive their name. This is a fine city..."<ref name="ReferenceB"/> The first railway line in Kerala was laid in 1861 from [[Tirur]] to Chaliyam through [[Tanur, Malappuram|Tanur]], [[Parappanangadi]], [[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Kadalundi]].<ref name="tps">{{Cite news|title=ആ ചൂളംവിളി പിന്നെയും പിന്നെയും...|url=https://www.mathrubhumi.com/malappuram/specials/50-years-of-malappuram/kerala-first-railway-line-tirur-to-beypore-1.3880175|date=17 June 2019|access-date=19 December 2020|work=Mathrubhumi}}</ref> | ||
Some sources allude to the presence [[Judaism|Jewish]] settlements (12th and 13th centuries) in Chaliyam.<ref> | Some sources allude to the presence [[Judaism|Jewish]] settlements (12th and 13th centuries) in Chaliyam.<ref>[http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/calicut Jewish Virtual Library]</ref> | ||
As per a peace agreement between Portuguese Viceroy Nuno da Cunha and the Samutiri of Kozhikode, a Portuguese fort was constructed at Chaliyam in 1531. The Fort Chaliyam was eventually besieged, captured and destroyed by the Kozhikode forces in 1571. A certain Portuguese officer called Attaide was in charge of the fort at this time.<ref> K. M. Panikkar. ''A History of Kerala 1498-1801''. pp. 102 | As per a peace agreement between Portuguese Viceroy Nuno da Cunha and the Samutiri of Kozhikode, a Portuguese fort was constructed at Chaliyam in 1531. The Fort Chaliyam was eventually besieged, captured and destroyed by the Kozhikode forces in 1571. A certain Portuguese officer called Attaide was in charge of the fort at this time.<ref name="ReferenceB"/><ref name="M. Panikkar. pp. 102">K. M. Panikkar. ''A History of Kerala 1498-1801''. pp. 102</ref> | ||
Chaliyam is also famous for the ''Khalasi''.<ref | Chaliyam is also famous for the ''Khalasi''.<ref name="M. Panikkar. pp. 102"/> | ||
Beypore Railway Station, incorrectly named, at Chaliyam was the terminus of the Madras Railway (South-West Line).<ref | Beypore Railway Station, incorrectly named, at Chaliyam was the terminus of the Madras Railway (South-West Line).<ref name="ReferenceB"/> | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
[[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | [[File:Periplous of the Erythraean Sea.svg|thumbnail|Names, routes and locations of the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'' (1st century CE)]] | ||
[[File:Chaliyam Harbour, Calicut.jpg|thumbnail|Chaliyam harbour]] | [[File:Chaliyam Harbour, Calicut.jpg|thumbnail|Chaliyam harbour]] | ||
The ancient maritime port of Tyndis is identified with [[Kadalundi]]-Chaliyam-[[Beypore]] region. [[Tyndis]] was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="hambada">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis. </ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373. </ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301. </ref> | The ancient maritime port of Tyndis is identified with [[Kadalundi]]-Chaliyam-[[Beypore]] region. [[Tyndis]] was a major center of trade, next only to [[Muziris]], between the Cheras and the [[Roman Empire]].<ref>Coastal Histories: Society and Ecology in Pre-modern India, Yogesh Sharma, Primus Books 2010</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] (1st century CE) states that the port of ''[[Tyndis]]'' was located at the northwestern border of ''Keprobotos'' ([[Chera dynasty]]).<ref name=":2">Gurukkal, R., & Whittaker, D. (2001). In search of Muziris. ''Journal of Roman Archaeology,'' ''14'', 334-350.</ref> The [[North Malabar]] region, which lies north of the port at ''[[Tyndis]]'', was ruled by the kingdom of [[Ezhimala]] during [[Sangam period]].<ref name="hambada">A. Shreedhara Menon, A Survey of Kerala History</ref> According to the ''[[Periplus of the Erythraean Sea]]'', a region known as ''[[Limyrike]]'' began at ''[[Kannur|Naura]]'' and ''[[Tyndis]]''. However the [[Ptolemy]] mentions only ''[[Tyndis]]'' as the ''[[Limyrike]]'''s starting point. The region probably ended at [[Kanyakumari]]; it thus roughly corresponds to the present-day [[Malabar Coast]]. The value of Rome's annual trade with the region was estimated at around 50,000,000 [[sesterces]].<ref>According to [[Pliny the Elder]], goods from India were sold in the Empire at 100 times their original purchase price. See [https://web.archive.org/web/20131106031753/http://www.cartage.org.lb/en/themes/BookLibrary/books/bibliographie/P/Plinyelder/elder/pliny-india.html]</ref> [[Pliny the Elder]] mentioned that ''[[Limyrike]]'' was prone by pirates.<ref>Bostock, John (1855). "26 (Voyages to India)". Pliny the Elder, The Natural History. London: Taylor and Francis.</ref> The [[Cosmas Indicopleustes]] mentioned that the ''[[Limyrike]]'' was a source of peppers.<ref>Indicopleustes, Cosmas (1897). Christian Topography. 11. United Kingdom: The Tertullian Project. pp. 358–373.</ref><ref>Das, Santosh Kumar (2006). The Economic History of Ancient India. Genesis Publishing Pvt Ltd. p. 301.</ref> | ||
According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and Chaliyam, were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] was died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> | According to the [[Legend of Cheraman Perumals]], the first Indian mosque was built in 624 AD at [[Kodungallur]] with the mandate of the last the ruler (the Cheraman Perumal) of [[Chera dynasty]], who converted to Islam during the lifetime of [[Muhammad|Prophet Muhammad]] (c. 570–632).<ref>{{cite book |author=Jonathan Goldstein |title=The Jews of China |publisher=M. E. Sharpe |year=1999|isbn=9780765601049 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8Z6DlzyT2vwC |page=123}}</ref><ref name="SimpsonKresse2008">{{cite book |author1=Edward Simpson|author2=Kai Kresse|title=Struggling with History: Islam and Cosmopolitanism in the Western Indian Ocean|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w0qHKA7zEaEC&pg=PA333|access-date=24 July 2012 |year=2008|publisher=Columbia University Press|isbn=978-0-231-70024-5|pages=333}}</ref><ref name="Kupferschmidt1987">{{cite book|author=Uri M. Kupferschmidt|title=The Supreme Muslim Council: Islam Under the British Mandate for Palestine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ChEVAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA458|access-date=25 July 2012|year=1987|publisher=Brill|isbn=978-90-04-07929-8|pages=458–459}}</ref><ref name="Raṇṭattāṇi2007">{{cite book|author=Husain Raṇṭattāṇi|title=Mappila Muslims: A Study on Society and Anti Colonial Struggles |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xlb5BrabQd8C&pg=PA179|access-date=25 July 2012|year=2007|publisher=Other Books|isbn=978-81-903887-8-8|pages=179–}}</ref> According to ''[[Qissat Shakarwati Farmad]]'', the [[Mosque|''Masjids'']] at [[Kodungallur]], [[Kollam]], Madayi, [[Barkur]], [[Mangalore]], [[Kasaragod]], [[Kannur]], [[Dharmadam]], [[Koyilandy|Panthalayini]], and Chaliyam, were built during the era of [[Malik Dinar]], and they are among the oldest ''Masjid''s in [[Indian Subcontinent]].<ref>Prange, Sebastian R. ''Monsoon Islam: Trade and Faith on the Medieval Malabar Coast.'' Cambridge University Press, 2018. 98.</ref> It is believed that [[Malik Dinar]] was died at [[Thalangara]] in [[Kasaragod]] town.<ref name="ch">Pg 58, Cultural heritage of [[Kerala]]: an introduction, A. Sreedhara Menon, East-West Publications, 1978</ref> | ||
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Kadalundi, [[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Parappanangadi]], were included in Southern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> [[Beypore]], [[Cheruvannur]], and [[Panniyankara]], on northern bank of [[Chaliyar]], became Northern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> | Kadalundi, [[Vallikkunnu]], and [[Parappanangadi]], were included in Southern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> [[Beypore]], [[Cheruvannur]], and [[Panniyankara]], on northern bank of [[Chaliyar]], became Northern Parappanad.<ref name="Logan"/> | ||
It is also known the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''Vettathunadu Swaroopam''), had assisted the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to build a fort at the island of Chaliyam, which was a part of Southern Parappanad, and was destructed during the [[Siege of Chale|Siege of Chaliyam]] in 1571.<ref name="askh"/> Feroke became a part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in late 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> Chaliyam became a part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in the late 18th century.<ref name="askh"/> Following the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and the subsequent [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], Chaliyam became a part of [[Malabar District]] under [[British Raj]].<ref name="askh"/> Chaliyam was included in [[Eranad]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] in the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram Revenue Division]] of Malabar District with its Taluk headquarters at [[Manjeri]].<ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref | It is also known the ruler of the [[Kingdom of Tanur]] (''Vettathunadu Swaroopam''), had assisted the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] to build a fort at the island of Chaliyam, which was a part of Southern Parappanad, and was destructed during the [[Siege of Chale|Siege of Chaliyam]] in 1571.<ref name="askh"/> Feroke became a part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in late 18th century CE.<ref name="askh"/> Chaliyam became a part of the [[Kingdom of Mysore]] in the late 18th century.<ref name="askh"/> Following the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and the subsequent [[Treaty of Seringapatam]], Chaliyam became a part of [[Malabar District]] under [[British Raj]].<ref name="askh"/> Chaliyam was included in [[Eranad]] [[Tehsil|Taluk]] in the [[Malappuram district|Malappuram Revenue Division]] of Malabar District with its Taluk headquarters at [[Manjeri]].<ref name="Logan"/><ref name="Malabar">{{Cite book|title=1951 census handbook - Malabar district|publisher=Government of Madras|year=1953|location=Chennai|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/6425/1/20493_1951_MAL.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=C.A. |first1=Innes |title=Madras District Gazetteers: Malabar and Anjengo |date=1908 |publisher=Government Press, Madras |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w806vgAACAAJ}}</ref> Following the formation of the state of [[Kerala]] in 1956, Chaliyam became a part of [[Tirurangadi]] [[Revenue block]] of [[Tirur Taluk]].<ref name="1961_kkd"/><ref name="c1971">{{Cite book|title=District Census Handbook - Malappuram (Part-C) - 1971|last=K. Narayanan|publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala|year=1972|location=Thiruvananthapuram|pages=3|url=http://lsi.gov.in:8081/jspui/bitstream/123456789/5714/1/51172_1971_MAL.pdf}}</ref> On 16 June 1969, [[Eranad Taluk]], Tirur Taluk, Tirurangadi, and Parappanangadi, were transferred to newly formed [[Malappuram district]].<ref name="c1971"/> However, three revenue villages of [[Tirur Taluk]], namely, Feroke, [[Ramanattukara]], and [[Kadalundi]], remained in Kozhikode district, as they were much closer to [[Kozhikode]] city centre.<ref name="c1971"/> However Kadalundi Nagaram beach (where [[Kadalundi River]] flows into Arabian Sea, a part of [[Vallikkunnu]] Grama Panchayat), [[Tenhipalam]], the centre of [[University of Calicut]], and [[Karippur]], the site of [[Calicut International Airport]], became parts of Malappuram.<ref name="c1971"/> Feroke, Ramanattukara, and Kadalundi are parts of Kozhikode Taluk and [[Kozhikode metropolitan area]].<ref name="c2011-kkd">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Kozhikode |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3204_PART_B_KOZHIKODE.pdf}}</ref><ref name="c2011-mlp">{{cite book |last1=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |title=District Census Handbook, Malappuram |publisher=Directorate of Census Operations, Kerala |location=Thiruvananthapuram |url=https://censusindia.gov.in/2011census/dchb/3205_PART_B_MALAPPURAM.pdf}}</ref> | ||
==Important landmarks== | ==Important landmarks== | ||