|
|
| (One intermediate revision by the same user not shown) |
| Line 1: |
Line 1: |
| {{short description|Capital and largest city of the Netherlands}}
| |
| {{other uses}}
| |
|
| |
| {{Use British English|date=September 2016}}
| |
| {{Use dmy dates|date=August 2020}}
| |
| {{Infobox settlement | | {{Infobox settlement |
| <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> | | <!-- See Template:Infobox settlement for additional fields and descriptions --> |
| <!-- Name and transliteration -->| name = Amsterdam | | <!-- Name and transliteration --> |
| | settlement_type = [[Capital of the Netherlands|Capital city]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] | | | name = Amsterdam |
| <!-- Images, nicknames, motto -->| image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center | | | settlement_type = [[List of cities in the Netherlands by province|City]] and [[List of municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] |
| | photo1a = KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg
| | <!-- Images, nickname, motto --> |
| | photo2a = Amsterdam - Boat - 0635.jpg
| | | image_skyline = {{Photomontage|position=center |
| | photo2b = Concertgebouw 04.jpg
| | | photo1a = KeizersgrachtReguliersgrachtAmsterdam.jpg |
| | photo3a = Amsterdam - Rijksmuseum - panoramio - Nikolai Karaneschev.jpg
| | | photo2a = Amsterdam - Boat - 0635.jpg |
| | | photo2b = Concertgebouw 04.jpg |
| | | photo3a = Amsterdam - Rijksmuseum - panoramio - Nikolai Karaneschev.jpg |
| | size = 270 | | | size = 270 |
| | spacing = 2 | | | spacing = 2 |
| | color = #FFFFFF | | | color = #FFFFFF |
| | border = 0}} | | | border = 0 |
| | image_caption = From top down, left to right: [[Keizersgracht]], [[Canals of Amsterdam|canal]] in the [[Amsterdam-Centrum|Centrum]] borough, the [[Concertgebouw|Royal Concertgebouw]] and [[Rijksmuseum]] | | | foot_montage = Images, from top down, left to right: [[Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)|Grachtengordel]], one of [[Canals of Amsterdam|Amsterdam's canals]], [[Concertgebouw|Royal Concertgebouw]], [[Rijksmuseum]]}} |
| | image_alt = | | | image_alt = |
| | image_flag = Flag of Amsterdam.svg | | | image_caption = |
| | flag_size = 100x110px | | | image_flag = Flag of Amsterdam.svg |
| | flag_alt = | | | flag_size = 100x110px |
| | image_shield = Wapen van Amsterdam.svg | | | flag_alt = |
| | shield_size = 150x220px | | | image_shield = Wapen van Amsterdam.svg |
| | shield_alt = | | | shield_size = 100x170px |
| | nicknames = [[Mokum]], the [[Venice of the North]] | | | shield_alt = |
| | motto = [[Coat of arms of Amsterdam|Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig]] (''Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate'') | | | nickname = [[Mokum]], Damsko |
| <!-- Maps, coordinates -->| image_map = Amsterdam_location_map.svg | | | motto = [[Coat of arms of Amsterdam#Motto|Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig]] ''(Valiant, Steadfast, Compassionate)'' |
| | mapsize = 250px | | <!-- Maps, coordinates --> |
| | map_caption = Location of Amsterdam in the Netherlands
| | | image_map = Map - NL - Municipality code 0363 (2022).svg |
| | pushpin_map = Netherlands#Europe | | | map_alt = Highlighted position of Amsterdam in a municipal map of North Holland |
| | pushpin_map_caption = Location of Amsterdam in the Netherlands
| | | map_caption = Location in North Holland |
| | pushpin_relief = 1
| | | coordinates = {{coord|52|22|N|4|54|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} |
| | coordinates = {{coord|52|22|N|4|54|E|region:NL|display=inline,title}} | | | coordinates_footnotes = |
| | coordinates_footnotes = | | | subdivision_type = [[Country]] |
| | subdivision_type = [[List of sovereign states|Country]] | | | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] |
| | subdivision_name = [[Netherlands]] | | | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]] |
| | subdivision_type1 = [[Provinces of the Netherlands|Province]] | | | subdivision_name1 = {{flag|North Holland}} |
| | subdivision_name1 = [[North Holland]] | | | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> |
| | subdivision_type2 = [[List of regions of the Netherlands|Region]]
| | | parts_style = coll |
| | subdivision_name2 = [[Amsterdam metropolitan area]]
| | | parts = Eight districts |
| | parts_type = <!-- defaults to: Boroughs --> | | |p1=[[Amsterdam-Centrum|Centrum]] |
| | parts_style = coll | | | government_footnotes =<ref name="mayor_now">{{cite web |
| | parts = Eight districts | | |url = http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/city-of-amsterdam/city-government/portfolios-mayor-alderpersons |
| | p1 = [[Amsterdam-Centrum|Centrum]] | | |title = Portfolios: Mayor & Alderpersons |
| | seat_type = [[Seat of local government|City Hall]]
| | |publisher = Gemeente Amsterdam |
| | seat = [[Stopera]]
| | |accessdate = 18 February 2014 |
| | government_footnotes = <ref name="mayor_now">{{Cite web |title=Portfolios: Mayor & Alderpersons |url=http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/city-of-amsterdam/city-government/portfolios-mayor-alderpersons |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140228111659/http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/city-of-amsterdam/city-government/portfolios-mayor-alderpersons |archive-date=28 February 2014 |access-date=18 February 2014 |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam}}</ref> | | |url-status = dead |
| | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]] | | |archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20140228111659/http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/city-of-amsterdam/city-government/portfolios-mayor-alderpersons |
| | leader_party = | | |archivedate = 28 February 2014 |
| | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Amsterdam|Mayor]] | | |df = dmy-all |
| | leader_name = [[Femke Halsema]] ([[GroenLinks|GL]]) | | }}</ref> |
| <!-- Geographic information -->| total_type = [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|Municipality]]<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> | | | governing_body = [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|Municipal council]] |
| | unit_pref = Metric | | | leader_party = [[GreenLeft]] |
| | | leader_title = [[List of mayors of Amsterdam|Mayor]] |
| | | leader_name = [[Femke Halsema]] |
| | <!-- Geographic information --> |
| | | total_type = Municipality<!-- to set a non-standard label for total area and population rows --> |
| | | unit_pref = Metric |
| <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> | | <!-- ALL fields with measurements have automatic unit conversion --> |
| <!-- for references: use <ref> tags -->| area_footnotes = <ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref><ref name="tno_randstad">{{Cite techreport |author1=Anita Bouman–Eijs |author2=Thijmen van Bree |author3=Wouter Jonkhoff |author4=Olaf Koops |author5=Walter Manshanden |author6=Elmer Rietveld |url=https://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |title=De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief |language=nl |trans-title=Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally |date=17 December 2012 |publisher=[[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] |place=Delft |access-date=25 July 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |archive-date=3 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> | | <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |
| <!-- square kilometers -->| area_total_km2 = 219.32 | | | area_footnotes =<ref>{{Dutch municipality total area|dataref}}</ref><ref name="tno_randstad">{{cite techreport |
| | area_land_km2 = 165.76 | | |author1=Anita Bouman–Eijs |
| | area_water_km2 = 53.56 | | |author2=Thijmen van Bree |
| | area_blank1_title = [[Randstad]] | | |author3=Wouter Jonkhoff |
| | area_blank1_km2 = 3043 | | |author4=Olaf Koops |
| | elevation_footnotes = <ref name="AHN">{{Cite web |last=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |title=Postcodetool for 1012JS (Dam Square) |url=https://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |archive-date=21 September 2013 |access-date=18 February 2014 |website=Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |publisher=Het Waterschapshuis |language=nl}}</ref> | | |author5=Walter Manshanden |
| | elevation_m = −2 | | |author6=Elmer Rietveld |
| | elevation_min_m = <!-- Population, dcs --> | | |url=http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |
| | elevation_max_footnotes = <ref name="tno_randstad" /><ref name="cbs statline" /><ref name="CBS_muni">{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref name="CBS_urbanmetro">{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref> | | |title=De Top 20 van Europese grootstedelijke regio's 1995–2011; Randstad Holland in internationaal perspectief |
| | population_density_km2 = {{Dutch municipality population density|Amsterdam}} <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> | | |language=Dutch |
| | population_total = 872,680
| | |trans-title=Top 20 of European metropolitan regions 1995–2011; Randstad Holland compared internationally |
| | population_urban = 1,558,755 | | |date=17 December 2012 |
| | population_blank1_title = {{nowrap|[[Amsterdam metropolitan area|<abbr style="border-bottom: none;" title="Amsterdam metropolitan region">Metro region</abbr>]]}} | | |publisher=[[Netherlands Organisation for Applied Scientific Research|TNO]] |
| | population_blank1 = 2,480,394 | | |place=Delft |
| | population_blank2_title = [[Randstad]] | | |accessdate=25 July 2013 |
| | population_blank2 = 8,116,000 | | |archive-date=3 March 2014 |
| | population_demonym = Amsterdammer | | |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303212054/http://www.zuidvleugel.nl/sites/www.zuidvleugel.nl/files/article/downloads/top_20_europese_grootstedelijke_regios_1995_2011_tno_2012_r11155.pdf |
| <!-- Other information -->| postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] | | |url-status=dead |
| | postal_code = 1000–1183 | | }}</ref> |
| | area_code = 020 | | <!-- square kilometers --> |
| | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]] | | | area_total_km2 = 243.65 |
| | blank_name_sec2 = [[GeoTLD]] | | | area_land_km2 = 188.29 |
| | blank_info_sec2 = [[.amsterdam]] | | | area_water_km2 = 55.36 |
| | website = {{URL|1=https://www.amsterdam.nl}} | | | area_blank1_title = [[Randstad]] |
| | footnotes = | | | area_blank1_km2 = 3043 |
| | p2 = [[Amsterdam-Noord|Noord]] | | | elevation_footnotes =<ref name="AHN">{{cite web |
| | p3 = [[Amsterdam-West|West]] | | |url=http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |
| | p4 = [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]] | | |title=Postcodetool for 1012JS (Dam Square) |
| | p5 = [[Amsterdam-Zuid|Zuid]] | | |language=Dutch |
| | p6 = [[Amsterdam-Oost|Oost]] | | |author=<!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--> |
| | p7 = [[Amsterdam-Zuidoost|Zuidoost]] | | |work=Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |
| | p8 = [[Westpoort]] | | |publisher=Het Waterschapshuis |
| | elevation_max_m = | | |accessdate=18 February 2014 |
| | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] | | |url-status=dead |
| | utc_offset = +1 | | |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130921053543/http://www.ahn.nl/postcodetool |
| | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] | | |archivedate=21 September 2013 |
| | utc_offset_DST = +2 | | }}</ref> |
| | | elevation_m = −2 |
| | | elevation_min_m = |
| | <!-- Population, dcs --> |
| | | elevation_max_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |
| | | elevation_min_footnotes = <!-- for references: use <ref> tags --> |
| | | population_total = 904,704 |
| | | population_as_of = municipality 2022 (CBS); urban, Feb 2017 (CBS); metro 2014 (OIS Amsterdam); Randstad, 2011 |
| | | population_footnotes =<ref name="tno_randstad"/><ref name="CBS_muni">{{Dutch municipality population|dataref}}</ref><ref name="CBS_urbanmetro">{{Dutch municipality population urbanmetro|dataref}}</ref><ref name=cbs2013>{{cite web|url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T | title = CBS Amsterdam Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand}}</ref><ref name=osamsterdam2015>{{cite web|url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2015_evmra.pdf | title = Economische Verkenningen Metropool Regio Amsterdam}}</ref> |
| | | population_density_km2 = 4805 <!-- {{Dutch municipality population density|Amsterdam}} --> <!-- For automatic calculation: auto--> |
| | | population_urban = 1,351,587 |
| | | population_blank1_title = {{nowrap|[[Amsterdam Metropolitan Area|<abbr style="border-bottom: none;" title="Amsterdam metropolitan region">Metro region</abbr>]]}} |
| | | population_blank1 = 2,431,000 |
| | | population_blank2_title = [[Randstad]] |
| | | population_blank2 = 7,100,000 |
| | | population_demonym = Amsterdammer, A'dammer |
| | <!-- Other information --> |
| | | postal_code_type = [[Postal codes in the Netherlands|Postcode]] |
| | | postal_code = 1011–1109, 1381–1384 |
| | | area_code = 020, 0294 |
| | | area_code_type = [[Telephone numbers in the Netherlands|Area code]] |
| | | blank_name_sec2 = [[GeoTLD]] |
| | | blank_info_sec2 = [[.amsterdam]] |
| | | website = {{URL|1=http://www.amsterdam.nl}} |
| | | footnotes = |
| | |p2=[[Amsterdam-Noord|Noord]] |
| | |p3=[[Amsterdam-West|West]] |
| | |p4=[[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]] |
| | |p5=[[Amsterdam-Zuid|Zuid]] |
| | |p6=[[Amsterdam-Oost|Oost]] |
| | |p7=[[Amsterdam-Zuidoost|Zuidoost]] |
| | |p8=[[Westpoort]] |
| | | elevation_max_m = |
| | | timezone = [[Central European Time|CET]] |
| | | utc_offset = +1 |
| | | timezone_DST = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]] |
| | | utc_offset_DST = +2 |
| }} | | }} |
| | '''Amsterdam''' is the [[capital (city)|capital]] and largest [[city]] in the [[Europe]]an [[country]] of [[Netherlands|the Netherlands]]. Amsterdam is famous for its [[canal]]s and [[levee|dikes]]. Unlike in capitals of most other countries, the national [[government]], [[parliament]], [[Ministry (government department)|government ministries]], [[supreme court]], [[royal family]] and [[embassy|embassies]] are not in Amsterdam, but in [[The Hague]]. The only diplomatic offices present in Amsterdam are [[consulate]]s. |
|
| |
|
| '''Amsterdam''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|æ|m|s|t|ər|d|æ|m}}, {{IPAc-en|UKalso|ˌ|æ|m|s|t|ər|ˈ|d|æ|m}},<ref>{{Citation |last=Wells |first=John C. |title=Longman Pronunciation Dictionary |year=2008 |edition=3rd |publisher=Longman |isbn=9781405881180}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last=Roach |first=Peter |title=Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary |year=2011 |edition=18th |place=Cambridge |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521152532}}</ref> {{IPA-nl|ˌɑmstərˈdɑm|lang|Nl-Amsterdam.ogg}}) is the [[Capital of the Netherlands|capital]] and [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|most populous city]] of the [[Netherlands]] with a population of 872,680<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/37230ned/table?ts=1578685738191|title=CBS Statline|website=opendata.cbs.nl}}</ref> within the city proper, 1,558,755 in the [[City Region of Amsterdam|urban area]]<ref name="cbs statline">{{Cite web |title=Bevolking op 1 januari en gemiddeld; geslacht, leeftijd en regio |url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/#/CBS/nl/dataset/03759NED/table?ts=1551192262284 |access-date=1 March 2019 |website=CBS StatLine |language=nl}}</ref> and 2,480,394 in the [[Amsterdam metropolitan area|metropolitan area]].<ref name="osamsterdam2015">{{Cite web |title=Economische Verkenningen Metropool Regio Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2015_evmra.pdf}}</ref> Found within the [[Provinces of the Netherlands|province]] of [[North Holland]],<ref name="R2040">{{Cite web |title=Randstad2040; Facts & Figures (p.26) |url=http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/randstad/documenten-en-publicaties/brochures/2007/12/01/randstad-2040-facts-figures-wat-komt-er-op-de-randstad-af.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130112092111/http://www.rijksoverheid.nl/onderwerpen/randstad/documenten-en-publicaties/brochures/2007/12/01/randstad-2040-facts-figures-wat-komt-er-op-de-randstad-af.html |archive-date=12 January 2013 |publisher=[[Ministry of Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment (Netherlands)|VROM]] |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Ranstad Monitor 2017 |url=https://www.nl-prov.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/regio-randstad-monitor-2017.pdf |website=Ragio Ranstad}}</ref> Amsterdam is colloquially referred to as the "[[Venice of the North]]", attributed by the large number of canals which form a [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage Site]].
| | The city hosts two universities (the [[University of Amsterdam]] and the [[Free University Amsterdam]]) and an [[international]] [[airport]] "[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol Airport]]". About 2.2 million people live in the [[metropolitan area]]. The city of Amsterdam is the world's most multi-cultural city. It has people living there from 175 different countries. Like other big cities in the Netherlands and elsewhere in the world, Amsterdam is unfortunately subjected to many criminal activities. |
| | |
| Amsterdam was founded at the [[Amstel]], that was dammed to control flooding; the city's name derives from the Amstel dam.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam {{!}} History, Population, & Points of Interest |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Amsterdam |access-date=2021-01-05 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica |language=en}}</ref> Originating as a small fishing village in the late 12th century, Amsterdam became one of the most important ports in the world during the [[Dutch Golden Age]] of the 17th century, and became the leading centre for [[finance]] and [[trade]].<ref>[http://www.cambridge.org/catalogue/catalogue.asp?isbn=9780521845359&ss=exc Cambridge.org], Capitals of Capital -A History of International Financial Centres – 1780–2005, Youssef Cassis, {{ISBN|978-0-521-84535-9}}</ref> In the 19th and 20th centuries, the city expanded and many new neighborhoods and suburbs were planned and built. The 17th-century [[canals of Amsterdam]] and the 19–20th century [[Defence Line of Amsterdam]] are on the [[UNESCO World Heritage List]]. [[Sloten, Amsterdam|Sloten]], annexed in 1921 by the municipality of Amsterdam, is the oldest part of the city, dating to the 9th century.
| |
| | |
| [[List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam|Amsterdam's main attractions]] include its [[Canals of Amsterdam|historic canals]], the [[Rijksmuseum]], the [[Van Gogh Museum]], the [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam|Stedelijk Museum]], [[Hermitage Amsterdam]], the [[Concertgebouw]], the [[Anne Frank House]], the [[Nederlands Scheepvaartmuseum|Scheepvaartmuseum]], the [[Amsterdam Museum]], the [[Heineken Experience]], the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam]], [[Natura Artis Magistra]], [[Hortus Botanicus Amsterdam]], [[NEMO (museum)|NEMO]], the [[red-light district]] and many [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|cannabis coffee shop]]s. It drew more than 5 million international visitors in 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/4/AMSTERDAM/article/detail/3975968/2015/04/23/Amsterdam-verwelkomde-in-2014-ruim-5-miljoen-buitenlandse-toeristen.dhtml|title=Amsterdam verwelkomde in 2014 ruim 5 miljoen buitenlandse toeristen – Amsterdam – PAROOL}}</ref> The city is also well known for its nightlife and festival activity; with several of its nightclubs ([[Melkweg]], [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]]) among the world's most famous. Primarily known for its artistic heritage, elaborate canal system and narrow houses with gabled [[Facade|façades]]; well-preserved legacies of the city's 17th-century Golden Age. These characteristics are arguably responsible for attracting millions of Amsterdam's visitors annually. [[Cycling in the Netherlands|Cycling]] is key to the city's character, and there are numerous [[Cycling infrastructure|bike paths]].
| |
| | |
| The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] is considered the oldest "modern" securities market [[stock exchange]] in the world. As the commercial capital of the Netherlands and one of the top [[financial centre]]s in Europe, Amsterdam is considered an [[alpha-world city|alpha world city]] by the [[Globalization and World Cities]] (GaWC) study group. The city is also the cultural capital of the Netherlands.<ref>After Athens in 1888 and Florence in 1986, Amsterdam was in 1986 chosen as the [[European Capital of Culture]], confirming its eminent position in Europe and the Netherlands. See [http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm EC.europa.eu] for an overview of the European cities and capitals of culture over the years. {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081214194439/http://ec.europa.eu/culture/our-programmes-and-actions/doc443_en.htm |date=14 December 2008 }}</ref> Many large Dutch institutions have their headquarters in the city, including: the [[Philips]] conglomerate, [[AkzoNobel]], [[Booking.com]], [[TomTom]], and [[ING Group|ING]].<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/lists/2008/18/biz_2000global08_The-Global-2000-Netherlands_10Rank.html Forbes.com], [[Forbes Global 2000]] Largest Companies – Dutch rankings.</ref> Moreover, many of the world's largest companies are based in Amsterdam or have established their European headquarters in the city, such as leading technology companies [[Uber]], [[Netflix]] and [[Tesla, Inc.|Tesla]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2016-05-22/the-next-global-tech-hotspot-amsterdam-stakes-its-claim|title=The Next Global Tech Hotspot? Amsterdam Stakes Its Claim|date=22 May 2016|via=www.bloomberg.com}}</ref> In 2012, Amsterdam was ranked the second best city to live in by the [[Economist Intelligence Unit]] (EIU)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Best cities ranking and report |url=http://pages.eiu.com/rs/eiu2/images/EIU_BestCities.pdf}}</ref> and 12th globally on quality of living for environment and infrastructure by Mercer.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 May 2010 |title=Best cities in the world (Mercer) |url=http://www.citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101101121637/http://citymayors.com/features/quality_survey.html |archive-date=1 November 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=City Mayors}}</ref> The city was ranked 4th place globally as top tech hub in the Savills Tech Cities 2019 report (2nd in Europe),<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 February 2019 |title=Tech Cities in Motion – 2019 |url=https://www.savills.co.uk/research_articles/229130/274942-0 |publisher=Savills}}</ref> and 3rd in innovation by Australian innovation agency 2thinknow in their Innovation Cities Index 2009.<ref>{{Cite web |date=30 July 2009 |title=2thinknow Innovation Cities Global 256 Index – worldwide innovation city rankings |url=http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911231656/http://www.innovation-cities.com/2thinknow-innovation-cities-global-256-index/ |archive-date=11 September 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Innovation-cities.com}}</ref> The [[Port of Amsterdam]] is the fifth largest in Europe.<ref name="RPA Stat15">{{Cite press release |title=Port Statistics 2015 |date=May 2016 |publisher=Rotterdam Port Authority |url=https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/port-statistics-2015.pdf |access-date=9 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209204616/https://www.portofrotterdam.com/sites/default/files/port-statistics-2015.pdf |archive-date=9 February 2017 |url-status=live |page=6}}</ref> The [[KLM]] hub and Amsterdam's main airport, [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol|Schiphol]], is the Netherlands' busiest airport as well as the third busiest in [[Europe]] and 11th busiest airport in the world.<ref name="BestGlobal">{{Cite web|url=https://bestgloballogistics.nl/our-services/air-freight/|title=Air freight services and solutions}}</ref> The Dutch capital is considered one of the most multicultural cities in the world, with at least 177 nationalities represented.<ref>{{Cite web |date=26 February 2008 |title=Amsterdam world's most multicultural city. |url=https://www.wantedineurope.com/news/amsterdam-worldc292s-most-multicultural-city.html}}</ref>
| |
| | |
| A few of Amsterdam's notable residents throughout [[History of Amsterdam|history]] include: painters [[Rembrandt]] and [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]], the diarist [[Anne Frank]], and philosopher [[Baruch Spinoza]].
| |
| | |
| ==History==
| |
| {{Main|History of Amsterdam|Timeline of Amsterdam}}
| |
| ===Prehistory===
| |
| Due to its geographical location in what used to be wet [[Mire|peatland]], the founding of Amsterdam is of a younger age than the founding of other [[History of urban centers in the Low Countries|urban centers in the Low Countries]]. However, in and around the area of what later became Amsterdam, local farmers settled as early as three millennia ago. They lived along the prehistoric [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] river and upstream of its [[tributary]] Amstel. The prehistoric IJ was a shallow and quiet stream in peatland behind [[beach ridge]]s. This secluded area could grow there into an important local settlement center, especially in the late [[Bronze Age Europe|Bronze Age]], the [[Iron Age Europe|Iron Age]] and the [[Roman Empire|Roman Age]]. [[Neolithic]] and Roman artefacts have also been found downstream of this area, in the prehistoric [[Amstel]] bedding under Amsterdam's [[Damrak]] and [[Rokin]], such as shards of [[Bell Beaker culture]] [[pottery]] (2200-2000 BC) and a granite grinding stone (2700-2750 BC).<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gawronski |first=J |date=2017 |title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht |trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. |url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf |journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum |language=Dutch |location=Amsterdam |publisher=University of Amsterdam |volume=109 |access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 69-71.</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Below the Surface - Archeologische vondsten Noord/Zuidlijn Amsterdam|url=https://belowthesurface.amsterdam/en/vondsten|access-date=2021-02-25|website=belowthesurface.amsterdam}}</ref> But the location of these artefacts around the river banks of the Amstel probably point to a presence of a modest semi-permanent or seasonal settlement of the previous mentioned local farmers. A permanent settlement would not have been possible, since the river mouth and the banks of the Amstel in this period in time were too wet for permanent habitation.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gawronski |first=J |date=2017 |title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht |trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from an archaeological and landscape perspective. |url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf |journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum |language=Dutch |location=Amsterdam |publisher=University of Amsterdam |volume=109 |access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 62-63.</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Kranendonk |first1=P. |last2=Kluiving |first2=S. J. |last3=Troelstra |first3=S. R. |title=Chrono- and archaeostratigraphy and development of the River Amstel: results of the North/South underground line excavations, Amsterdam, the Netherlands |journal=Netherlands Journal of Geosciences |date=December 2015 |volume=94 |issue=4 |pages=333–352 |doi=10.1017/njg.2014.38 |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/netherlands-journal-of-geosciences/article/chrono-and-archaeostratigraphy-and-development-of-the-river-amstel-results-of-the-northsouth-underground-line-excavations-amsterdam-the-netherlands/9718B0A8C63F7B40ABAD0FD00B8BBE93 |access-date=25 May 2021 |language=en |issn=0016-7746}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| ===Etymology and founding===
| | The former city of [[Weesp]] has been part of Amsterdam since 24 March 2022. Because of this Amsterdam has about 905,000 people. |
| {{Hatnote|See also [[Names of European cities in different languages: A|Other names of Amsterdam]]}}
| |
| The origins of Amsterdam is linked to the development of the peatland called ''[[Amstelland|Amestelle]]'', meaning 'watery area', from ''[[wikt:Aa|Aa(m)]]'' 'river' + ''[[wikt:stelling|stelle]]'' 'site at a shoreline', 'river bank'.<ref name=":6">{{Cite web|title=Plaatsnamen en hun betekenis|url=http://www.volkoomen.nl/Plaatsnamen%20en%20hun%20betekenis.htm|access-date=2021-02-21|website=www.volkoomen.nl}}</ref> In this area, [[land reclamation]] started as early as the late 10th century.<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 October 2008 |title=Amsterdam 200 jaar ouder dan aangenomen |url=http://www.nu.nl/news/1801750/80/rss/%27Amsterdam_200_jaar_ouder_dan_aangenomen%27.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081025045803/http://www.nu.nl/news/1801750/80/rss/%27Amsterdam_200_jaar_ouder_dan_aangenomen%27.html |archive-date=25 October 2008 |access-date=22 October 2008 |publisher=Nu.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Amestelle was located along a side arm of the IJ. This side arm took the name from the eponymous land: [[Amstel]]. Amestelle was inhabited by farmers, who lived more inland and more upstream, where the land was not as wet as at the banks of the downstream river mouth. These farmers were starting the reclamation around upstream [[Ouderkerk aan de Amstel]], and later at the other side of the river at [[Amstelveen]]. The [[Van Amstel family]], known in documents by this name since 1019,<ref name=":6" /> held the stewardship in this northwestern nook of the ecclesiastical district of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Utrecht|bishop of Utrecht]]. The family later served also under the [[count of Holland]]. | |
|
| |
|
| A major turning point in the development of the Amstel river mouth is the [[All Saints' Flood (1170)|All Saint's Flood of 1170]]. In an extremely short period of time, the shallow river IJ turned into a wide estuary, which from then on offered the Amstel an open connection to the [[Zuiderzee]], [[IJssel]] and waterways further afield. This made the water flow of the Amstel more active, so excess water could be drained better. With drier banks, the downstream Amstel mouth became attractive for permanent habitation. Moreover, the river had grown from an insignificant peat stream into a junction of international waterways.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gawronski |first=J |date=2017 |title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht |trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from a landscape and archaeological perspective. |url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf |journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum |language=Dutch |location=Amsterdam |publisher=University of Amsterdam |volume=109 |access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 75-77.</ref> A settlement was built here immediately after the landscape change of 1170, and right from the start of its foundation it focused on traffic, production and trade; not on farming, as opposed to how communities had lived further upstream for the past 200 years and northward for thousands of years.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gawronski |first=J |date=2017 |title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht |trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from afrom a landscape and archaeological perspective. |url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf |journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum |language=Dutch |location=Amsterdam |publisher=University of Amsterdam |volume=109 |access-date=5 January 2021}}, pp. 84-85.</ref> The construction of a dam at the mouth of the Amstel, eponymously named [[Dam Square|Dam]], is historically estimated to have occurred between 1264 and 1275. The settlement first appeared in a document concerning a [[Road toll (historical)|road toll]] granted by the [[Floris V, Count of Holland|count of Holland Floris V]] to the residents ''apud Amestelledamme'' 'at the dam in the Amstel' or 'at the dam of Amstelland'.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Gawronski |first=J |date=2017 |title=Ontstaan uit een storm; De vroegste geschiedenis van Amsterdam archeologisch en landschappelijk belicht |trans-title=Born from a storm; The earliest history of Amsterdam from afrom a landscape and archaeological perspective. |url=https://www.theobakker.net/pdf/TX_Gawronski2017JbAmstelodamum_10.pdf |journal=Jaarboek van Het Genootschap Amstelodamum |language=Dutch |location=Amsterdam |publisher=University of Amsterdam |volume=109 |access-date=5 January 2021}}, p. 55.</ref> This allowed the inhabitants of the village to travel freely through the [[County of Holland]], paying no tolls at bridges, locks and dams.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The toll privilege of 1275 in the Amsterdam City Archives |url=http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/trade/toll_privilege/index.en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160106010052/http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/trade/toll_privilege/index.en.html |archive-date=6 January 2016 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl}}</ref> By 1327, the name had developed into ''Aemsterdam''.{{sfn|Berns|Daan|1993|p=91}}{{sfn|Mak|1994|pp=18–20}} | | == History == |
| | A [[dam]] was built in [[13th century]] in the river [[Amstel]] (that's why the city is called Amsterdam). The old [[harbor]] of the city, ''Damrak'', is now one of the busiest streets in the city. The city was for the first time mentioned in [[1275]] by count [[Floris V]], count of [[Holland]] and [[Zeeland (province)|Zeeland]] who gave the people of Amsterdam some more freedom. The city got its city rights probably in [[1306]]; at least soon after the year [[1300]]. The city became a major trading port pretty soon, with a successful trading route to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The city grew fast in the [[15th century]]. Because the city basically lies in [[swamp]], the builders of the city had to dig [[canal]]s to use the digging-ground for getting the living-ground higher. Homes were built on wooden poles, and the canals served as a pretty effective primitive [[sewer]]. |
|
| |
|
| ===Middle Ages===
| | The city was one of the first cities in Western Europe to be fairly [[democracy|democratic]]: Wealthy citizens chose the leaders of the city. Amsterdam declared war on the Spanish in [[1578]], during the [[Eighty Years' War]]. When the city of [[Antwerp]] fell to the Spanish in [[1585]], many people of Antwerp fled to Amsterdam. Antwerp was also a major trading city, and when its people moved to Amsterdam, they took their trading-networks with them. That's why Amsterdam became an even more important trading city after that. This launched the [[Dutch Golden Age]]. The number of people living in Amsterdam during the War rose from less than 30,000 in [[1570]] to over 100,000 in [[1622]]. That number would even rise to 200,000 near the end of the [[17th century]], making the city a very large city for its time (only [[London]] and [[Paris]] also had that many people). In the [[18th century]], the number of people living in Amsterdam fell back to 140,000, ending the Golden Age. |
| [[File:Amsterdam (6578772447).jpg|thumb|left|The [[Oude Kerk, Amsterdam|Oude Kerk]] was consecrated in 1306 CE.]]Amsterdam was granted [[City rights in the Low Countries|city rights]] in either 1300 or 1306.<ref name="amnlgeschedenis">{{Cite web |title=De geschiedenis van Amsterdam |url=http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/geschiedenis/de_geschiedenis_van#Stadsrechten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518134246/http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/geschiedenis/de_geschiedenis_van |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality of Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> From the 14th century on, Amsterdam flourished, largely from trade with the [[Hanseatic League]]. In 1345, an alleged [[Blessed Sacrament|Eucharistic miracle]] in [[Kalverstraat]] rendered the city an important place of [[pilgrimage]] until the [[Protestant Reformation|adoption of the Protestant faith]]. The Miracle devotion went underground but was kept alive. In the 19th century, especially after the jubilee of 1845, the devotion was revitalised and became an important national point of reference for Dutch Catholics. The ''[[Stille Omgang]]''—a silent walk or [[procession]] in civil attire—is the expression of the pilgrimage within the Protestant Netherlands since the late 19th century.<ref name="stilleomgang">{{Cite web |title=Mirakel van Amsterdam |url=http://www.trouw.nl/laatstenieuws/laatstenieuws/article936256.ece/Katholieken_verzameld_voor_Mirakel_van_Amsterdam |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090808045508/http://www.trouw.nl/laatstenieuws/laatstenieuws/article936256.ece/Katholieken_verzameld_voor_Mirakel_van_Amsterdam |archive-date=8 August 2009 |access-date=21 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> In the heyday of the Silent Walk, up to 90,000 pilgrims came to Amsterdam. In the 21st century, this has reduced to about 5000. | |
|
| |
|
| ===Conflict with Spain===
| | The [[19th century]] was the time for the first trains and trams in Amsterdam. The first [[Railway|train]] ran from Amsterdam to [[Haarlem]] in [[1839]]. The number of people was rising, with about 250,000 living in Amsterdam in [[1850]], and more than 500,000 in [[1900]]. Amsterdam was a heavy [[Industrial Revolution|industrialised]] city by then. Before the [[Second World War]], there were about 140,000 Jews living in Amsterdam. Most of those people did not survive the war. After the war, Amsterdam became a centre of tolerance and culture; to be different is not abnormal in Amsterdam. It is expected that Amsterdam will grow 12.6% until [[2025]]. It will then hold almost 900,000 people, and the metropolitan area will hold almost 2.5 million people by then.<ref>[http://www.nrc.nl/binnenland/article1934803.ece/Randstad_groeit%2C_platteland_krimpt Randstad groeit, platteland krimpt] {{in lang|nl}}</ref> |
| [[File:Bartholomeus van der Helst, Banquet of the Amsterdam Civic Guard in Celebration of the Peace of Münster.jpg|upright=1.5|thumb|Amsterdam citizens celebrating the [[Peace of Münster]], 30 January 1648. Painting by [[Bartholomeus van der Helst]]]] | |
| In the 16th century, the Dutch rebelled against [[Philip II of Spain]] and his successors. The main reasons for the uprising were the imposition of new taxes, the tenth penny, and the [[religious persecution]] of Protestants by the newly introduced [[Inquisition of the Netherlands|Inquisition]]. The revolt escalated into the [[Eighty Years' War]], which ultimately led to Dutch independence.<ref name="80yearswar">{{Cite web |title=Eighty Years' War |url=http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080512110316/http://dutchrevolt.leidenuniv.nl/nederlands/default.htm |archive-date=12 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Leiden University |language=nl}}</ref> Strongly pushed by [[Dutch Revolt]] leader [[William the Silent]], the [[Dutch Republic]] became known for its relative [[History of religion in the Netherlands|religious]] tolerance. [[History of the Jews in the Netherlands|Jews]] from the [[Iberian Peninsula]], [[Huguenot]]s from France, prosperous merchants and printers from [[Flanders]], and economic and religious refugees from the Spanish-controlled parts of the [[Low Countries]] found safety in Amsterdam. The influx of Flemish printers and the city's intellectual tolerance made Amsterdam a centre for the European [[freedom of the press|free press]].<ref>Case in point: After [[Galileo affair|his trial and sentencing]] in Rome in 1633, [[Galileo Galilei|Galileo]] chose [[Lodewijk Elzevir]] in Amsterdam to publish one of his finest works, ''[[Two New Sciences]]''. See Wade Rowland (2003), ''Galileo's Mistake, A new look at the epic confrontation between Galileo and the Church'', New York: [[Arcade Publishing]], {{ISBN|1-55970-684-8}}, p. 260.</ref>
| |
|
| |
|
| === Centre of the Dutch Golden Age === | | == Districts == |
| [[File:Emanuel de Witte - De binnenplaats van de beurs te Amsterdam.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Courtyard of the [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] by [[Emanuel de Witte]], 1653. The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] was the first [[stock exchange]] to introduce continuous trade in the early 17th century.<ref name="Braudel">{{Cite book |last=Braudel |first=Fernand |url=https://archive.org/details/civilizationcapi01brau |title=Civilization and capitalism 15th–18th century: The wheels of commerce |date=1983 |publisher=Harper & Row |isbn=978-0060150914 |location=New York |url-access=registration}}</ref>]] | | [[File:Amsterdamse stadsdelen 2010.png|thumb|Districts of Amsterdam|alt=|none]] |
| | Amsterdam consists of eight districts: |
|
| |
|
| The 17th century is considered Amsterdam's ''[[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age]]'', during which it became the wealthiest city in the western world.<ref>E. Haverkamp-Bergmann, Rembrandt; The Night Watch (New Jersey: [[Princeton University Press]], 1982), p. 57</ref> Ships sailed from Amsterdam to the [[Baltic Sea]], North America, and Africa, as well as present-day [[Indonesia]], [[India]], [[Sri Lanka]], and [[Brazil]], forming the basis of a worldwide trading network. Amsterdam's merchants had the largest share in both the [[Dutch East India Company]] and the [[Dutch West India Company]]. These companies acquired overseas possessions that later became [[Dutch Empire|Dutch colonies]].
| | # Centrum |
| | # Noord |
| | # West |
| | # Nieuw-West |
| | # Zuid |
| | # Oost |
| | #Zuidoost |
| | # Westpoort |
|
| |
|
| Amsterdam was Europe's most important point for the shipment of goods and was the leading [[Financial centre]] of the western world.<ref>[http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Amsterdam_l.html Amsterdam in the 17th century] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826132532/http://www.uncp.edu/home/rwb/Amsterdam_l.html |date=26 August 2009 }}, The University of [[North Carolina]] at Pembroke</ref> In 1602, the Amsterdam office of the international trading Dutch East India Company became the world's first [[stock exchange]] by trading in its own shares.<ref name="The oldest share">{{Cite web |title=The oldest share |url=http://www.oldest-share.com/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080509123937/http://www.oldest-share.com/ |archive-date=9 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> The Bank of Amsterdam started operations in 1609, acting as a full-service bank for Dutch merchant bankers and as a reserve bank.
| | == References == |
| | {{Commonscat}} |
| | * [https://www.amsterdam.nl/ Amsterdam] |
| | {{reflist}} |
|
| |
|
| === Decline and modernisation ===
| |
| Amsterdam's prosperity declined during the 18th and early 19th centuries. The [[Anglo-Dutch Wars|wars]] of the [[Dutch Republic]] with [[Kingdom of England|England]] and France took their toll on Amsterdam. During the [[Napoleonic Wars]], Amsterdam's significance reached its lowest point, with Holland being absorbed into the [[First French Empire|French Empire]]. However, the later establishment of the [[United Kingdom of the Netherlands]] in 1815 marked a turning point.
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Old-Amsterdam 1891-street-1.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|View of Vijzelstraat looking towards the [[Muntplein, Amsterdam|Muntplein]], 1891]]
| |
| The end of the 19th century is sometimes called Amsterdam's second Golden Age.<ref name="Amsterdam City Walks">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam through the ages -A medieval village becomes a global city |url=http://www.amsterdamcitywalks.com/english/agenda.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080501115531/http://www.amsterdamcitywalks.com/english/agenda.html |archive-date=1 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008}}</ref> New museums, a railway station, and the [[Concertgebouw]] were built; in this same time, the [[Industrial Revolution]] reached the city. The [[Amsterdam–Rhine Canal]] was dug to give Amsterdam a direct connection to the [[Rhine]], and the [[North Sea Canal]] was dug to give the port a shorter connection to the [[North Sea]]. Both projects dramatically improved commerce with the rest of Europe and the world. In 1906, [[Joseph Conrad]] gave a brief description of Amsterdam as seen from the seaside, in ''The Mirror of the Sea''.
| |
|
| |
| ===20th century–present===
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam photochrom2.jpg|thumb|left|Photochrom of Amsterdam's Dam Square at the beginning of the 20th century]]
| |
| Shortly before the First World War, the city started to expand again, and new suburbs were built. Even though the Netherlands remained neutral in this war, Amsterdam suffered a food shortage, and heating fuel became scarce. The shortages sparked riots in which several people were killed. These riots are known as the ''Aardappeloproer'' (Potato rebellion). People started looting stores and warehouses in order to get supplies, mainly food.<ref name="aardappeloproer">{{Cite web |title=Aardappeloproer – Legermuseum |url=http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004443/http://www.collectie.legermuseum.nl/sites/strategion/contents/i004516/arma39%20het%20aardappeloproer%20in%201917.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| On 1 January 1921, after a flood in 1916, the depleted municipalities of Durgerdam, Holysloot, Zunderdorp and [[Schellingwoude]], all lying north of Amsterdam, were, at their own request, annexed to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam city archives |url=https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006135130/https://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/ |archive-date=6 October 2014 |access-date=4 October 2014}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie |title=Historie |work=centaledorpenraad.nl |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140711234152/http://www.centraledorpenraad.nl/landelijk-noord/historie |archive-date=11 July 2014}}</ref> Between the wars, the city continued to expand, most notably to the west of the [[Jordaan]] district in the [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]] and surrounding neighbourhoods.
| |
|
| |
| [[Nazi Germany]] [[Battle of the Netherlands|invaded the Netherlands]] on 10 May 1940 and took control of the country. Some Amsterdam citizens sheltered Jews, thereby exposing themselves and their families to a high risk of being imprisoned or sent to concentration camps. More than 100,000 [[Dutch Jews]] were deported to [[Nazi concentration camps]], of whom some 60,000 lived in Amsterdam. In response, the Dutch Communist Party organized the [[February strike]] attended by 300,000 people to protest against the raids. Perhaps the most famous deportee was the young Jewish girl [[Anne Frank]], who died in the [[Bergen-Belsen concentration camp]].<ref name="deportation">{{Cite web |title=Deportation to camps |url=http://www.hollandscheschouwburg.nl/site_en/deportatie/kader.html |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Hollandsche Schouwburg}}</ref> At the end of the Second World War, communication with the rest of the country broke down, and food and fuel became scarce. Many citizens traveled to the countryside to forage. Dogs, cats, [[sugar|raw sugar]] beets, and [[tulip]] bulbs—cooked to a pulp—were consumed to stay alive.<ref name="hongerwinter">{{Cite web |title=Kou en strijd in een barre winter |url=http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080123174846/http://www.nos.nl/nosjournaal/dossiers/60jaarbevrijding/60jaar_hongerwinter.html#C |archive-date=23 January 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=NOS |language=nl}}</ref> Many trees in Amsterdam were cut down for fuel, and wood was taken from the houses, apartments and other buildings of deported Jews.
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Enorme menigte op de Amstellaan te Amsterdam Op de achtergrond de zgn wolkenkrabber, Bestanddeelnr 900-2830.jpg|right|thumb|upright=0.75|People celebrating the [[Liberation Day (Netherlands)|liberation of the Netherlands]] at the end of [[World War II]] on 8 May 1945]]
| |
| Many new suburbs, such as [[Osdorp]], [[Slotervaart (neighborhood)|Slotervaart]], [[Slotermeer]] and [[Geuzenveld]], were built in the years after the Second World War.<ref name="svgeschedenis">{{Cite web |title=Stadsdeel Slotervaart – Geschiedenis |url=http://www.slotervaart.amsterdam.nl/stadsdeel_in_beeld/geschiedenis |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080503180139/http://www.slotervaart.amsterdam.nl/stadsdeel_in_beeld/geschiedenis |archive-date=3 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
| These suburbs contained many public parks and wide-open spaces, and the new buildings provided improved housing conditions with larger and brighter rooms, gardens, and balconies. Because of the war and other events of the 20th century, almost the entire city centre had fallen into disrepair. As society was changing,{{clarify|date=January 2017}} politicians and other influential figures made plans to redesign large parts of it. There was an increasing demand for office buildings, and also for new roads, as the automobile became available to most people.<ref name="stadsherstel">{{Cite web |title=Stadsherstel Missie/Historie |url=http://www.stadsherstelamsterdam.nl/ |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> A [[Amsterdam Metro|metro]] started operating in 1977 between the new suburb of [[Bijlmermeer]] in the city's [[Amsterdam-Zuidoost|Zuidoost]] (southeast) exclave and the centre of Amsterdam. Further plans were to build a new highway above the metro to connect [[Amsterdam Centraal station|Amsterdam Centraal]] and the city centre with other parts of the city.
| |
|
| |
| The required large-scale demolitions began in Amsterdam's former Jewish neighborhood. Smaller streets, such as the Jodenbreestraat and Weesperstraat, were widened and almost all houses and buildings were demolished. At the peak of the demolition, the ''Nieuwmarktrellen'' ([[Nieuwmarkt Riots]]) broke out;<ref name="metrostad">{{Cite web |title=Typisch Metrostad |url=http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080610023117/http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=101459 |archive-date=10 June 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> the rioters expressed their fury about the demolition caused by the restructuring of the city.
| |
|
| |
| As a result, the demolition was stopped and the highway into the city's centre was never fully built; only the metro was completed. Only a few streets remained widened. The new city hall was built on the almost completely demolished Waterlooplein. Meanwhile, large private organizations, such as ''Stadsherstel Amsterdam'', were founded to restore the entire city centre. Although the success of this struggle is visible today, efforts for further restoration are still ongoing.<ref name="stadsherstel" /> The entire city centre has reattained its former splendour and, as a whole, is now a [[protected area]]. Many of its buildings have become monuments, and in July 2010 the [[Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)|Grachtengordel]] (the three concentric canals: Herengracht, Keizersgracht, and Prinsengracht) was added to the [[World Heritage Site|UNESCO World Heritage List]].<ref name="unesco">{{Cite web |title=Grachtengordel Amsterdam Werelderfgoed |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/kunst-cultuur/grachtengordel/ |access-date=5 August 2015 |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Canal Tour.jpg|thumb|left|The 17th-century [[Canals of Amsterdam]] were listed as [[UNESCO]] [[World Heritage site]]s in 2010,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Seventeenth-century canal ring area of Amsterdam inside the Singelgracht – UNESCO World Heritage Centre |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1349 |access-date=31 January 2012 |publisher=Whc.unesco.org}}</ref> contributing to Amsterdam's fame as the "[[Venice of the North]]".<ref name="Venice1">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamhotspots.nl |url=http://www.amsterdamhotspots.nl/architecture.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070404161938/http://www.amsterdamhotspots.nl/architecture.html |archive-date=4 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007}}</ref><ref name="Venice3">{{Cite web |title=World Executive City Guides – Amsterdam |url=http://www.worldexecutive.com/cityguides/amsterdam/ |access-date=19 April 2007}}</ref> Along with [[De Wallen]], the canals are the focal-point for tourists in the city.]]
| |
| In the 21st century, the Amsterdam city centre has attracted large numbers of tourists: between 2012 and 2015, the annual number of visitors rose from 10 to 17 million. Real estate prices have surged, and local shops are making way for tourist-oriented ones, making the centre unaffordable for the city's inhabitants.<ref>{{Cite news |date=27 July 2016 |title=Amsterdam als koelkastmagneetje |trans-title=Amsterdam as a fridge magnet |work=[[De Groene Amsterdammer]] |url=https://www.groene.nl/artikel/amsterdam-als-koelkastmagneetje}}</ref> These developments have evoked comparisons with [[Venice (Italy)|Venice]], a city thought to be overwhelmed by the tourist influx.<ref>{{Cite news |date=28 January 2016 |title=Winkelomzet in Amsterdamse binnenstad explodeerde in 2015 |work=Het Parool |url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/30/ECONOMIE/article/detail/4233984/2016/01/28/Winkelomzet-in-Amsterdamse-binnenstad-explodeerde-in-2015.dhtml |url-status=dead |access-date=22 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160203133439/http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/30/ECONOMIE/article/detail/4233984/2016/01/28/Winkelomzet-in-Amsterdamse-binnenstad-explodeerde-in-2015.dhtml |archive-date=3 February 2016}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Construction of a new metro line connecting the part of the city north of the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] to its southern part was started in 2003. The project was controversial because its cost had exceeded its budget by a factor three by 2008,<ref>{{Cite news |date=17 April 2008 |title=Geschiedenis van een debacle |work=Het Parool}}</ref> because of fears of damage to buildings in the centre, and because construction had to be halted and restarted multiple times.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Werk aan Amsterdamse Noord-Zuidlijn hervat |url=http://static.nos.nl/nosjournaal/artikelen/2009/8/19/190809_noordzuid_adam.html |access-date=22 June 2016 |website=NOS.nl}}</ref> The new metro line was completed in 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Bouw Noord/Zuidlijn is voltooid: metrostations en lijn klaar om proef te draaien |url=https://www.at5.nl/artikelen/177226/bouw-noordzuidlijn-is-voltooid-metrostations-en-lijn-klaar-om-proef-te-draaien |access-date=16 September 2018 |website=at5.nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Since 2014, renewed focus has been given to urban regeneration and renewal, especially in areas directly bordering the city centre, such as [[Frederik Hendrikbuurt]]. This urban renewal and expansion of the traditional centre of the city—with the construction on artificial islands of the new eastern [[IJburg]] neighbourhood—is part of the Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 initiative.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Plan Openbare Ruimte Frederik Hendrikbuurt |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/publish/pages/285098/plan_openbare_ruimte_versie_4.pdf |access-date=26 September 2016 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Structural Vision Amsterdam 2040 |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/wonen-leefomgeving/structuurvisie/structural-vision-am/ |access-date=26 September 2016 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Geography==
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam with North Sea Canal by Sentinel-2, 2018-06-30.jpg|alt=|260px|thumb|Satellite picture of Amsterdam and North Sea Canal]]
| |
| [[File:Gem-Amsterdam-OpenTopo.jpg|260px|thumb|Topographic map of Amsterdam]]
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam-centrum-OpenTopo.jpg|260px|thumb|Large-scale map of the city centre of Amsterdam, including sightseeing markers, {{as of|2017|April||lc=y}}.]]
| |
| Amsterdam is located in the Western Netherlands, in the province of [[North Holland]], the capital of which is not Amsterdam, but rather [[Haarlem]]. The river [[Amstel]] ends in the city centre and connects to a large number of canals that eventually terminate in the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]]. Amsterdam is about {{convert|2|m|ft|abbr=off}} [[above mean sea level|below sea level]].<ref name="elevation">{{Cite web |title=Actueel Hoogtebestand Nederland |url=http://www.ahn.nl/ |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> The surrounding land is flat as it is formed of large [[polder]]s. A man-made forest, [[Amsterdamse Bos]], is in the southwest. Amsterdam is connected to the [[North Sea]] through the long [[North Sea Canal]].
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam is intensely urbanised, as is the [[Amsterdam metropolitan area]] surrounding the city. Comprising {{convert|219.4|km2|1|abbr=on}} of land, the [[city limits|city proper]] has 4,457 inhabitants per km<sup>2</sup> and 2,275 houses per km<sup>2</sup>.<ref name="density">{{Cite web |title=Kerncijfers Amsterdam 2007 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2007_jaarboek_hoofdstuk_01.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004554/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2007_jaarboek_hoofdstuk_01.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> Parks and [[nature reserve]]s make up 12% of Amsterdam's land area.<ref name="12percent">{{Cite web |title=Openbare ruimte en groen: Inleiding |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/feitenencijfers/24112/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080624164359/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/feitenencijfers/24112/ |archive-date=24 June 2008 |access-date=18 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Water===
| |
| Amsterdam has more than {{convert|100|km|mi|-1|abbr=on}} of [[Canals of Amsterdam|canals]], most of which are navigable by boat. The city's three main canals are the Prinsengracht, Herengracht and Keizersgracht.
| |
|
| |
| In the [[Middle Ages]], Amsterdam was surrounded by a moat, called the [[Singel]], which now forms the innermost ring in the city, and gives the city centre a horseshoe shape. The city is also served by a [[Port of Amsterdam|seaport]]. It has been compared with [[Venice]], due to its division into about 90 islands, which are linked by more than 1,200 bridges.<ref>{{Cite web |date=16 June 2008 |title=Adventure |url=http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-amsterdam.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140709051911/http://geography.howstuffworks.com/europe/geography-of-amsterdam.htm |archive-date=9 July 2014 |access-date=17 June 2014}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| === Climate ===
| |
| [[File:Nieuwendammerdijk, Amsterdam, North Holland, Netherlands - panoramio (3).jpg|thumb|left|[[Nieuwendammerdijk en Buiksloterdijk]], [[Amsterdam-Noord]], winter 2010]]
| |
| Amsterdam has an [[oceanic climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cfb'')<ref name="Amsterdam,+North+Holland,+Netherlands&units=|title=Amsterdam, Netherlands Climate Classification July Köppen (Weatherbase)|website=Weatherbase|access-date=2 2019}}</ref">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam, Netherlands Köppen Climate Classification (Weatherbase) |url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/weather-summary.php3?s=4260&cityname=Amsterdam,+North+Holland,+Netherlands&units= |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Weatherbase}}</ref> strongly influenced by its proximity to the [[North Sea]] to the west, with prevailing westerly winds. While winters are cool and summers warm, temperatures vary year by year. There can occasionally be cold, snowy winters and hot, humid summers.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam, as well as most of the North Holland province, lies in [[United States Department of Agriculture|USDA]] [[Hardiness zone]] 8b. Frosts mainly occur during spells of easterly or northeasterly winds from the inner European continent. Even then, because Amsterdam is surrounded on three sides by large bodies of water, as well as having a significant [[Urban heat island|heat-island effect]], nights rarely fall below {{convert|-5|°C|0|abbr=on}}, while it could easily be {{convert|−12|°C|0|abbr=on}} in Hilversum, {{convert|25|km|0|abbr=on}} southeast.
| |
|
| |
| Summers are moderately warm with a number of hot days every month. The average daily high in August is {{convert|22.1|°C|0|abbr=on}}, and {{convert|30|°C|abbr=on}} or higher is only measured on average on 2.5 days, placing Amsterdam in AHS Heat Zone 2. The record extremes range from {{convert|-19.7|°C|abbr=on}} to {{convert|36.3|°C|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=06240: Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (Netherlands) |url=https://www.ogimet.com/cgi-bin/gsynres?ind=06240&ano=2019&mes=7&day=25&hora=18&min=0&ndays=30 |access-date=25 July 2019 |publisher=OGIMET}}</ref><ref name="Extreme temps">{{Cite web |title=Extreme temperatures around the world |url=http://www.mherrera.org/temp.htm |access-date=2 March 2012 |publisher=Herrera, Maximiliano}}</ref>
| |
| Days with more than {{convert|1|mm|2|abbr=on}} of [[precipitation]] are common, on average 133 days per year.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam's average annual precipitation is {{convert|838|mm|0|abbr=on}}.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stationsdata station Schiphol 1981–2010 |url=http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_240.pdf |access-date=10 September 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute}}</ref> A large part of this precipitation falls as light rain or brief showers. Cloudy and damp days are common during the cooler months of October through March.
| |
|
| |
| {{clear}}
| |
| {{Weather box
| |
| | collapsed = yes
| |
| |location = [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]]
| |
| |metric first = Yes
| |
| |single line = Yes
| |
| | Jan record high C = 14.0
| |
| | Feb record high C = 16.6
| |
| | Mar record high C = 24.1
| |
| | Apr record high C = 28.0
| |
| | May record high C = 31.5
| |
| | Jun record high C = 33.2
| |
| | Jul record high C = 36.3
| |
| | Aug record high C = 34.5
| |
| | Sep record high C = 31.0
| |
| | Oct record high C = 25.3
| |
| | Nov record high C = 18.2
| |
| | Dec record high C = 15.5
| |
| |year record high C = 36.3
| |
| | Jan high C = 5.8
| |
| | Feb high C = 6.3
| |
| | Mar high C = 9.6
| |
| | Apr high C = 13.5
| |
| | May high C = 17.4
| |
| | Jun high C = 19.7
| |
| | Jul high C = 22.0
| |
| | Aug high C = 22.1
| |
| | Sep high C = 18.8
| |
| | Oct high C = 14.5
| |
| | Nov high C = 9.7
| |
| | Dec high C = 6.4
| |
| |year high C =
| |
| | Jan mean C = 3.3
| |
| | Feb mean C = 3.4
| |
| | Mar mean C = 6.1
| |
| | Apr mean C = 9.1
| |
| | May mean C = 12.9
| |
| | Jun mean C = 15.4
| |
| | Jul mean C = 17.6
| |
| | Aug mean C = 17.5
| |
| | Sep mean C = 14.7
| |
| | Oct mean C = 11.0
| |
| | Nov mean C = 7.1
| |
| | Dec mean C = 4.0
| |
| |year mean C =
| |
| | Jan low C = 0.8
| |
| | Feb low C = 0.5
| |
| | Mar low C = 2.6
| |
| | Apr low C = 4.6
| |
| | May low C = 8.2
| |
| | Jun low C = 10.8
| |
| | Jul low C = 13.0
| |
| | Aug low C = 12.8
| |
| | Sep low C = 10.6
| |
| | Oct low C = 7.5
| |
| | Nov low C = 4.2
| |
| | Dec low C = 1.5
| |
| |year low C =
| |
| | Jan record low C = -16.3
| |
| | Feb record low C = -19.7
| |
| | Mar record low C = -16.7
| |
| | Apr record low C = -4.7
| |
| | May record low C = -1.1
| |
| | Jun record low C = 2.3
| |
| | Jul record low C = 5.0
| |
| | Aug record low C = 5.0
| |
| | Sep record low C = 2.0
| |
| | Oct record low C = -3.4
| |
| | Nov record low C = -8.1
| |
| | Dec record low C = -14.8
| |
| |year record low C = -19.7
| |
| |precipitation colour = green
| |
| | Jan precipitation mm = 66.6
| |
| | Feb precipitation mm = 50.6
| |
| | Mar precipitation mm = 60.6
| |
| | Apr precipitation mm = 40.9
| |
| | May precipitation mm = 55.6
| |
| | Jun precipitation mm = 66.0
| |
| | Jul precipitation mm = 76.5
| |
| | Aug precipitation mm = 85.9
| |
| | Sep precipitation mm = 82.4
| |
| | Oct precipitation mm = 89.6
| |
| | Nov precipitation mm = 87.2
| |
| | Dec precipitation mm = 76.3
| |
| |year precipitation mm = 838.2
| |
| |unit precipitation days = 1 mm
| |
| | Jan precipitation days = 12
| |
| | Feb precipitation days = 10
| |
| | Mar precipitation days = 11
| |
| | Apr precipitation days = 9
| |
| | May precipitation days = 10
| |
| | Jun precipitation days = 10
| |
| | Jul precipitation days = 10
| |
| | Aug precipitation days = 10
| |
| | Sep precipitation days = 12
| |
| | Oct precipitation days = 13
| |
| | Nov precipitation days = 13
| |
| | Dec precipitation days = 13
| |
| |year precipitation days = 132
| |
| | Jan snow cm = 6.2
| |
| | Feb snow cm = 6.1
| |
| | Mar snow cm = 0.9
| |
| | Apr snow cm = 3
| |
| | May snow cm = 0
| |
| | Jun snow cm = 0
| |
| | Jul snow cm = 0
| |
| | Aug snow cm = 0
| |
| | Sep snow cm = 0
| |
| | Oct snow cm = 0
| |
| | Nov snow cm = 0.4
| |
| | Dec snow cm = 5.6
| |
| |year snow cm = 22.2
| |
| | Jan snow days = 6
| |
| | Feb snow days = 6
| |
| | Mar snow days = 4
| |
| | Apr snow days = 2
| |
| | May snow days = 0
| |
| | Jun snow days = 0
| |
| | Jul snow days = 0
| |
| | Aug snow days = 0
| |
| | Sep snow days = 0
| |
| | Oct snow days = 0
| |
| | Nov snow days = 3
| |
| | Dec snow days = 5
| |
| |year snow days =
| |
| |Jan humidity = 88
| |
| |Feb humidity = 86
| |
| |Mar humidity = 83
| |
| |Apr humidity = 78
| |
| |May humidity = 76
| |
| |Jun humidity = 78
| |
| |Jul humidity = 79
| |
| |Aug humidity = 80
| |
| |Sep humidity = 83
| |
| |Oct humidity = 86
| |
| |Nov humidity = 89
| |
| |Dec humidity = 90
| |
| | Jan sun = 63.2
| |
| | Feb sun = 87.5
| |
| | Mar sun = 126.3
| |
| | Apr sun = 182.7
| |
| | May sun = 221.9
| |
| | Jun sun = 205.7
| |
| | Jul sun = 217.0
| |
| | Aug sun = 197.0
| |
| | Sep sun = 139.4
| |
| | Oct sun = 109.1
| |
| | Nov sun = 61.7
| |
| | Dec sun = 50.5
| |
| |year sun = 1662.0
| |
| | Jan uv =1
| |
| | Feb uv =1
| |
| | Mar uv =2
| |
| | Apr uv =4
| |
| | May uv =5
| |
| | Jun uv =6
| |
| | Jul uv =6
| |
| | Aug uv =5
| |
| | Sep uv =4
| |
| | Oct uv =2
| |
| | Nov uv =1
| |
| | Dec uv =0
| |
| |source = [[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] (1981–2010 normals, snowy days normals for 1971–2000)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige gemiddelden, tijdvak 1981–2010 |url=http://www.klimaatatlas.nl/tabel/stationsdata/klimtab_8110_240.pdf |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=[[Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute]] |language=nl}}</ref>(1971–2000 extremes)<ref>{{Cite web |title=Klimaattabel Schiphol, langjarige extremen, tijdvak 1971–2000 |url=http://www.knmi.nl/klimatologie/normalen1971-2000/per_station/stn240/5-extremen/240_extremen.pdf |access-date=9 September 2013 |publisher=Royal Netherlands Meteorological Institute |language=nl}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and Weather Atlas (UV index)<ref>{{Cite web |last=d.o.o |first=Yu Media Group |title=Amsterdam, Netherlands – Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast |url=https://www.weather-atlas.com/en/netherlands/amsterdam-climate |access-date=2 July 2019 |website=Weather Atlas}}</ref>
| |
| |date=June 2014}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Demographics==
| |
| ===Historical population===
| |
| {{Historical populations
| |
| |title=Estimated population, 1300–1564
| |
| |cols=2
| |
| |percentages = pagr
| |
| |1300|1000
| |
| |1400|4700
| |
| |1514|11000
| |
| |1546|13200
| |
| |1557|22200
| |
| |1564|30900
| |
| |source=Bureau Monumentenzorg en Archeologie (1300)<ref name="BMA Gesch1">{{Cite web |title=History of Amsterdam, The Early History |url=http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070402012355/http://www.bma.amsterdam.nl/adam/uk/intro/gesch1.html |archive-date=2 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Bureau Monumenten & Archeologie (Office of Monuments and Archeology)}}</ref><br />{{Harvnb|Ramaer|1921|pp=11–12, 181}} (1400 and 1564)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Dillen|1929|pp=xxv–xxvi}} (1514, 1546 and 1557)
| |
| }}
| |
| In 1300, Amsterdam's population was around 1,000 people.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Bairoch |first=Paul |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Cg7JYZO_nEMC&pg=PA140 |title=Cities and Economic Development: From the Dawn of History to the Present |date=18 June 1991 |publisher=University of Chicago Press |isbn=9780226034669 |pages=140}}</ref> While many towns in Holland experienced population decline during the 15th and 16th centuries, Amsterdam's population grew,<ref name=":1">{{Cite web |last=Paping |first=Richard |date=September 2014 |title=General Dutch population development 1400–1850 |url=https://www.rug.nl/research/portal/files/15865622/articlesardinie21sep2014.pdf |website=University of Groningen |page=12{{en dash}}13}}</ref> mainly due to the rise of the profitable [[Baltic maritime trade (c. 1400–1800)|Baltic maritime trade]] after the Burgundian victory in the [[Dutch–Hanseatic War]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Bogucka |first=M. |title=The Interactions of Amsterdam and Antwerp with the Baltic region, 1400–1800. The Baltic and Amsterdam in the First Half of the 17th Century |date=1983 |pages=51–57 |editor-last=Wieringa |editor-first=W. J. |series=Werken |publisher=Springer Netherlands |doi=10.1007/978-94-017-5952-6_7 |isbn=9789401759526}}</ref> Still, the population of Amsterdam was only modest compared to the towns and cities of [[County of Flanders|Flanders]] and [[Duchy of Brabant|Brabant]], which comprised the most urbanised area of the Low Countries.<ref>Henk van Nierop, "Amsterdam", ''Oxford Bibliographies Online''. 28 March 2018. {{DOI|10.1093/OBO/9780195399301-0106}}; and Jessica Dijkman, ''Shaping Medieval Markets: The Organisation of Commodity Markets in Holland, c.1200 – c. 1450'' (Leiden: Brill, 2011). {{ISBN|9789004201484}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| {{Historical populations
| |
| |title=Historical population in 10-year intervals, 1590–present<!--All data refers to the estimate on 31 December of the said year-->
| |
| |cols=2
| |
| |1590|41362
| |
| |1600|59551
| |
| |1610|82742
| |
| |1620|106500
| |
| |1630|135439
| |
| |1640|162388
| |
| |1650|176873
| |
| |1660|192767
| |
| |1670|206188
| |
| |1680|219098
| |
| |1690|224393
| |
| |1700|235224
| |
| |1710|239149
| |
| |1720|241447
| |
| |1730|239866
| |
| |1740|237582
| |
| |1750|233952
| |
| |1760|240862
| |
| |1770|239056
| |
| |1780|228938
| |
| |1790|214473
| |
| |1800|203485
| |
| |1810|201347
| |
| |1820|197831
| |
| |1830|206383
| |
| |1840|214367
| |
| |1850|223700
| |
| |1860|244050
| |
| |1870|279221
| |
| |1880|323784
| |
| |1890|417539
| |
| |1900|520602
| |
| |1910|573983
| |
| |1920|647427
| |
| |1930|757386
| |
| |1940|800594
| |
| |1950|835834
| |
| |1960|869602
| |
| |1970|831463
| |
| |1980|716967
| |
| |1990|695221
| |
| |2000|731289
| |
| |2010|767773
| |
| |2020|872380
| |
| |source={{Harvnb|Nusteling|1985|p=240}} (1590–1670)<br />{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}} (1680–1880)<br />[https://api.data.amsterdam.nl/dcatd/datasets/bx_HyaOipADV-Q/purls/12 Department for Research, Information and Statistics] (1890–present)<!--Van Leeuwen and Oeppen use data from the Municipal Bureau of Statistics (precursor to the Department for Research, Information and Statistics) for their estimates from the year 1811 onward, and as a consequence, their data corresponds to official census data. Van Leeuwen and Oeppen's estimations begin to diverge from the official data from 1896 onward, however, as they, for the purpose of their article, do not include the population of the annexed territory of the neighboring municipality of Nieuwer-Amstel in their estimates (see Van Leeuwen and Oeppen (1993:69)).-->}}
| |
|
| |
| This changed when, during the [[Dutch Revolt]], many people from the Southern Netherlands fled to the North, especially after [[Fall of Antwerp|Antwerp fell to Spanish forces]] in 1585. Jewish people from Spain, Portugal and Eastern Europe similarly settled in Amsterdam, as did Germans and Scandinavians.<ref name=":1" /> In thirty years, Amsterdam's population more than doubled between 1585 and 1610.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Prak |first=Maarten |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XjTSBgAAQBAJ&pg=PA252 |title=The Dutch Republic in the Seventeenth Century: The Golden Age |date=22 September 2005 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316342480 |pages=252}}</ref> By 1600, its population was around 50,000.<ref name=":0" /> During the 1660s, Amsterdam's population reached 200,000.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Liedtke |first1=Walter A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EZxWaNlQKiYC&pg=PA197 |title=Vermeer and the Delft School |last2=Vermeer |first2=Johannes |last3=Plomp |first3=Michiel |last4=Rüger |first4=Axel |date=2001 |publisher=Metropolitan Museum of Art |isbn=9780870999734 |pages=197}}</ref> The city's growth levelled off and the population stabilised around 240,000 for most of the 18th century.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Schmidt |first=Freek |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8yAvDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT106 |title=Passion and Control: Dutch Architectural Culture of the Eighteenth Century |date=28 July 2017 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781134797042}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| In 1750, Amsterdam was the [[List of largest European cities in history|fourth largest city in Western Europe]], behind London (676,000), Paris (560,000) and Naples (324,000).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Hood |first=Clifton |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F9obDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA14 |title=In Pursuit of Privilege: A History of New York City's Upper Class and the Making of a Metropolis |date=8 November 2016 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=9780231542951 |pages=14}}</ref> This was all the more remarkable as Amsterdam was neither the capital city nor the seat of government of the [[Dutch Republic]], which itself was a much smaller state than England, France or the [[Ottoman Empire]]. In contrast to those other metropolises, Amsterdam was also surrounded by large towns such as [[Leiden]] (about 67,000), [[Rotterdam]] (45,000), [[Haarlem]] (38,000) and [[Utrecht]] (30,000).{{sfn|Frijhoff|Prak|2005|p=9}}
| |
|
| |
| The city's population declined in the early 19th century,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Engeli |first1=Christian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lJ5PAAAAMAAJ |title=Modern urban history research in Europe, USA, and Japan: a handbook |last2=Matzerath |first2=Horst |date=1989 |publisher=Berg |isbn=9780854960408}}</ref> dipping under 200,000 in 1820.<ref>{{Harvnb|Van Leeuwen|Oeppen|1993|p=87}}</ref> By the second half of the 19th century, industrialisation spurred renewed growth.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Floud |first1=Roderick |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0J_jBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA15 |title=The Cambridge Economic History of Modern Britain: Volume 1, Industrialisation, 1700–1870 |last2=Humphries |first2=Jane |last3=Johnson |first3=Paul |date=9 October 2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316061152 |pages=15{{em dash}}16}}</ref> Amsterdam's population hit an all-time high of 872,000 in 1959,<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Mulder |first1=Eduardo F. J. De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I75mDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA152 |title=The Netherlands and the Dutch: A Physical and Human Geography |last2=Pater |first2=Ben C. De |last3=Fortuijn |first3=Joos C. Droogleever |date=28 July 2018 |publisher=Springer |isbn=9783319750736 |pages=152}}</ref> before declining in the following decades due to government-sponsored suburbanisation to so-called ''groeikernen'' (growth centres) such as [[Purmerend]] and [[Almere]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=van der Wouden |first=Ries |date=2016 |title=The Spatial Transformation of the Netherlands 1988{{em dash}}2015 |url=https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |url-status=dead |journal=The Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency (PBL) |volume=6 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190223131635/https://journals.library.tudelft.nl/index.php/iphs/article/download/1788/1790/ |archive-date=23 February 2019 |access-date=23 February 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Musterd |first1=Sako |last2=Ostendorf |first2=Wim |date=3 April 2008 |title=Integrated urban renewal in The Netherlands: a critical appraisal |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4211862/57564_283853.pdf |journal=Urban Research & Practice |volume=1 |issue=1 |pages=78–92 |doi=10.1080/17535060701795389 |issn=1753-5069 |s2cid=11761206|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal |last1=Tzaninis |first1=Yannis |last2=Boterman |first2=Willem |date=2 January 2018 |title=Beyond the urban–suburban dichotomy |journal=City |volume=22 |issue=1 |pages=43–62 |doi=10.1080/13604813.2018.1432143 |issn=1360-4813 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Between 1970 and 1980, Amsterdam experienced its sharp population decline, peaking at a net loss of 25,000 people in 1973.<ref name=":2" /> By 1985 the city had only 675,570 residents.<ref>{{Cite web |last=van Gent |first=W.P.C. |date=2008 |title=The context of neighbourhood regeneration in Western Europe. A comparative study of nine neighbourhoods undergoing physical and social economic regeneration |url=https://pure.uva.nl/ws/files/4266823/62178_294637.pdf |website=University of Amsterdam |page=148}}</ref> This was soon followed by [[reurbanization|reurbanisation]] and [[gentrification]],<ref name=":2" /><ref>{{Cite web |title=Gentrification in Amsterdam: Assessing the Importance of Context |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261842243 |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Population Space and Place}}</ref> leading to renewed population growth in the 2010s. Also in the 2010s, much of Amsterdam's population growth was due to immigration to the city.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam is expanding, mainly due to immigration |url=https://www.cbs.nl/en-gb/news/2017/45/amsterdam-is-expanding-mainly-due-to-immigration |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Statistics Netherlands}}</ref> Amsterdam's population failed to beat the expectations of 873,000 in 2019.
| |
|
| |
| ===Immigration===
| |
|
| |
| In the 16th and 17th century, non-Dutch immigrants to Amsterdam were mostly [[Huguenot]]s, [[Flemish people|Flemings]], [[Sephardi Jews]] and [[Westphalia]]ns. Huguenots came after the [[Edict of Fontainebleau]] in 1685, while the Flemish Protestants came during the [[Eighty Years' War]]. The Westphalians came to Amsterdam mostly for economic reasons – their influx continued through the 18th and 19th centuries. Before the Second World War, 10% of the city population was [[History of the Jews in Amsterdam|Jewish]]. Just twenty percent of them survived the [[The Holocaust|Shoah]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=The Netherlands |url=https://encyclopedia.ushmm.org/content/en/article/the-netherlands |access-date=24 January 2019 |website=Holocaust Encyclopedia}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| The first mass immigration in the 20th century was by people from Indonesia, who came to Amsterdam after the independence of the [[Dutch East Indies]] in the 1940s and 1950s. In the 1960s [[Foreign worker|guest workers]] from Turkey, Morocco, Italy, and Spain emigrated to Amsterdam. After the independence of Suriname in 1975, a large wave of Surinamese settled in Amsterdam, mostly in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area. Other immigrants, including refugees [[Right of asylum|asylum seekers]] and [[Illegal immigration|illegal immigrants]], came from Europe, [[Americas|America]], Asia and Africa. In the 1970s and 1980s, many 'old' Amsterdammers moved to 'new' cities like [[Almere]] and [[Purmerend]], prompted by the third [[Land-use planning|planological]] bill of the Dutch Government. This bill promoted suburbanisation and arranged for new developments in so-called "groeikernen", literally ''cores of growth''. Young professionals and artists moved into neighborhoods [[De Pijp]] and the [[Jordaan]] abandoned by these Amsterdammers. The non-Western immigrants settled mostly in the [[Public housing|social housing]] projects in Amsterdam-West and the Bijlmer. Today, people of non-Western origin make up approximately one-fifth of the population of Amsterdam, and more than 30% of the city's children.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Half of young big-city dwellers have non-western background |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2006/2006-1995-wm.htm?RefererType=Favorite |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref><ref name="OS 4351">{{Cite web |title=Bevolking naar herkomstgroepering, 1 January 2001–2006 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807180418/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/4351/ |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Dienst Onderzoek en Statistiek (Research and Statistics Service) |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=26 April 2004 |title=Most foreign babies born in big cities |url=http://www.cbs.nl/en-GB/menu/themas/bevolking/publicaties/artikelen/archief/2004/2004-1443-wm.htm |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Cbs.nl}}</ref> Ethnic Dutch (as [[Dutch people|defined]] by the Dutch census) now make up a minority of the total population, although by far the largest one. Only one in three inhabitants under 15 is an ''autochthon'', or a person who has two parents of Dutch origin.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Terpstra |first=Jendra |date=28 March 2017 |title=Wit is de 'nieuwe minderheid' in grote steden |url=https://www.trouw.nl/home/wit-is-de-nieuwe-minderheid-in-grote-steden~ae48e435/ |access-date=30 June 2018 |website=Trouw.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Segregation along ethnic lines is clearly visible, with people of non-Western origin, considered a separate group by [[Statistics Netherlands]], concentrating in specific neighbourhoods especially in [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West|Nieuw-West]], [[Zeeburg]], [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] and in certain areas of [[Amsterdam-Noord]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics on a map |url=http://www.nrc.nl/nieuws/2012/02/14/statistiek-saai-cbs-cijfers-komen-tot-leven-op-een-kaart/ |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Statistics by Neighborhood |url=http://www.cbsinuwbuurt.nl/#pageLocation=index |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| {| class="wikitable" style="float:right;"
| |
| |+ City of Amsterdam (2018)<br />population by country of origin<br/>(includes 2nd generation immigrants)<ref name="auto">{{Cite web|url=https://opendata.cbs.nl/statline/|title=CBS Statline|website=opendata.cbs.nl}}</ref>
| |
| |-
| |
| ! Country or territory || Population
| |
| |-
| |
| |Netherlands || style="text-align:right;"|397,723 (46.57%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Morocco || style="text-align:right;"|19,156 (2.92%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Suriname || style="text-align:right;"|24,991 (2.91%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Turkey || style="text-align:right;"|21,525 (2.10%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Indonesia || style="text-align:right;"|25,117 (2.94%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Germany || style="text-align:right;"|18,771 (2.20%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |UK || style="text-align:right;"|13,374 (1.57%)
| |
| |-
| |
| | Dutch Caribbean || style="text-align:right;"|12,228 (1.43%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Ghana || style="text-align:right;"|12,184 (1.43%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |US || style="text-align:right;"|10,117 (1.18%)
| |
| |-
| |
| |Other || style="text-align:right;"|179,861 (29.05%)
| |
| |}
| |
| In 2000, Christians formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (8%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="religion">{{Cite web |title=Religie Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004546/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2006_ob_religie_5.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Bureau of Onderzoek en Statistiek: 'Geloven in Amsterdam' |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf |access-date=25 April 2012}}</ref> In 2015, [[Christians]] formed the largest [[Religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (28% of the population). The next largest religion was Islam (7.1%), most of whose followers were [[Sunni Islam|Sunni]].<ref name="auto"/>
| |
|
| |
| ===Religion===
| |
| {{Pie chart
| |
| |thumb = left
| |
| |caption = Religion in Amsterdam (2015)<ref name="random">{{Cite web |title=Kerkelijke gezindte en kerkbezoek naar gemeenten 2010–2015 |url=https://www.cbs.nl/-/media/_excel/2016/51/kerkelijke%20gezindte%20en%20kerkbezoek%20naar%20gemeenten.xlsx |publisher=Centraal Bureau voor de Statistiek}}</ref>
| |
| |label1 = [[Irreligion|Non affiliated]]
| |
| |value1 = 62.2
| |
| |color1 = WhiteSmoke
| |
| |label2 = [[Catholic Church]]
| |
| |value2 = 13.3
| |
| |color2 = DarkOrchid
| |
| |label3 = [[Islam in the Netherlands|Islam]]
| |
| |value3 = 7.1
| |
| |color3 = Green
| |
| |label4 = [[Protestant Church in the Netherlands]]
| |
| |value4 = 9.8
| |
| |color4 = DodgerBlue
| |
| |label5 = Other Christian denominations
| |
| |value5 = 5.9
| |
| |color5 = DeepSkyBlue
| |
| |label6 = [[Hinduism]]
| |
| |value6 = 1.1
| |
| |color6 = Orange
| |
| |label7 = [[Buddhism]]
| |
| |value7 = 1.0
| |
| |color7 = Yellow
| |
| |label8 = [[Judaism]]
| |
| |value8 = 0.7
| |
| |color8 = Blue
| |
| }}
| |
| In 1578, the largely Catholic city of Amsterdam joined the revolt against Spanish rule,<ref name=":3">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q9dALHk8-OUC&pg=PA558 |title=World and Its Peoples |date=2010 |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |isbn=9780761478904 |pages=558}}</ref> late in comparison to other major northern Dutch cities.<ref name=":4">{{Cite book |last=Esser |first=Raingard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kamfdUXkVsIC&pg=PA34 |title=The Politics of Memory: The Writing of Partition in the Seventeenth-Century Low Countries |date=17 February 2012 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004208070 |pages=34}}</ref> Catholic priests were driven out of the city.<ref name=":3" /> Following the Dutch takeover, all churches were converted to Protestant worship.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qyGSyhojZxcC&pg=PA58 |title=Let's Go Amsterdam 5th Edition |date=27 November 2007 |publisher=Macmillan |isbn=9780312374549 |pages=58}}</ref> [[Calvinism]] was declared the main religion;<ref name=":4" /> although Catholicism was not forbidden and priests allowed to serve, the [[Hierarchy of the Catholic Church|Catholic hierarchy]] was prohibited.{{Dubious|date=February 2019}} This led to the establishment of ''schuilkerken'', covert religious buildings that were hidden in pre-existing buildings. Catholics, some Jewish and dissenting Protestants worshiped in such buildings.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Stiefel |first=Barry L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s4hECgAAQBAJ&pg=PA67 |title=Jews and the Renaissance of Synagogue Architecture, 1450–1730 |date=6 October 2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=9781317320326 |pages=67}}</ref> A large influx of foreigners of many religions came to 17th-century Amsterdam, in particular [[Sephardi Jews|Sefardic Jews]] from Spain and Portugal,<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Israel |first=Jonathan |date=Fall 1989 |title=Sephardic Immigration into the Dutch Republic, 1595–1672 |journal=Studia Rosenthaliana |volume=23 |pages=45{{em dash}}53 |jstor=41481727}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Warshawsky |first=Matthew D. |date=July 2018 |title="All True, All Holy, All Divine": Jewish Identity in the Polemics and Letters of Isaac Orobio de Castro, a Former Portuguese New Christian in 1600s Amsterdam |journal=Journal of Jewish Identities |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=267{{em dash}}283 |doi=10.1353/jji.2018.0017 |quote=During the 1600s, Amsterdam stood out from these other locales as a center of settlement by people of Sephardic, or Iberian Jewish |s2cid=165686842}}</ref> [[Huguenot]]s from France,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Marshall |first=John |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dRb-P3HRuvkC&pg=PA17 |title=John Locke, Toleration and Early Enlightenment Culture |date=30 March 2006 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9780521651141 |pages=17}}</ref> [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], [[Mennonites]], as well as Protestants from across the Netherlands.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Terpstra |first=Nicholas |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5OZBCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA174 |title=Religious Refugees in the Early Modern World: An Alternative History of the Reformation |date=23 July 2015 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=9781316351901}}</ref> This led to the establishment of many non-Dutch-speaking churches.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}} In 1603, the Jewish received permission to practice their religion. In 1639, the first synagogue was consecrated.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Stiefel |first=Barry |date=1 January 2011 |title=The Architectural Origins of the Great Early Modern Urban Synagogue |journal=The Leo Baeck Institute Year Book |volume=56 |issue=1 |pages=105–134 |doi=10.1093/leobaeck/ybr006 |issn=0075-8744 |doi-access=free}}</ref> The Jews came to call the town [[Jerusalem of the West]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=Geert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YFXrynNBj_0C&pg=PA108 |title=Amsterdam: A brief life of the city |date=30 September 2010 |publisher=Random House |isbn=9781409000853 |pages=108}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| As they became established in the city, other [[Christian denomination]]s used converted Catholic chapels to conduct their own services. The oldest English-language church congregation in the world outside the United Kingdom is found at the [[Begijnhof, Amsterdam|Begijnhof]].{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/002498262...|title=A Short historical sketch of the English Reformed Church, Bagynhof, Amsterdam : along with an account of the tercentennial celebrations held on the 1st and 3rd February, 1907}}</ref> Regular services there are still offered in English under the auspices of the [[Church of Scotland]].<ref name="englishchurch">{{Cite web |title=English Reformed Church Amsterdam |url=http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050124020021/http://home.tiscali.nl/~t451501/ercadam/content/history.htm |archive-date=24 January 2005 |access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> Being Calvinists, the Huguenots soon integrated into the [[Dutch Reformed Church]], though often retaining their own congregations. Some, commonly referred by the moniker 'Walloon', are recognizable today as they offer occasional services in French.{{Citation needed|date=February 2019}}
| |
|
| |
| In the second half of the 17th century, Amsterdam experienced an influx of [[Ashkenazi Jews|Ashkenazim]], Jews from [[Central Europe|Central and Eastern Europe]]. Jews often fled the [[pogrom]]s in those areas. The first Ashkenazis who arrived in Amsterdam were [[refugee]]s from the [[Khmelnytsky Uprising]] in Ukraine and the [[Thirty Years' War]], which devastated much of Central Europe. They not only founded their own synagogues, but had a strong influence on the 'Amsterdam dialect' adding a large [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] local vocabulary.<ref name=":5">{{Cite web |title=History of Jews in Amsterdam |url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/history-of-jews-in-amsterdam |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=Jewish Virtual Library}}</ref> Despite an absence of an official Jewish [[ghetto]], most Jews preferred to live in the eastern part of the old medieval heart of the city. The main street of this Jewish neighbourhood was the Jodenbreestraat. The neighbourhood comprised the [[Waterlooplein]] and the [[Nieuwmarkt]].<ref name=":5" /><ref name="Jodenbuurt Amsterdam">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse wijken |url=http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125140019/http://www.amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/wijken |archive-date=25 January 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Buildings in this neighbourhood fell into disrepair after the Second World War;<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=In Anne Frank's childhood neighborhood, the buildings do not forget |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/in-anne-franks-childhood-neighborhood-the-buildings-do-not-forget/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref> a large section of the neighbourhood was demolished during the construction of the metro system. This led to riots, and as a result the original plans for large-scale reconstruction were abandoned.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Duin |first=Leen van |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i6SKP1ss_ckC&pg=PA69 |title=The Urban Project: Architectural Intervention in Urban Areas |date=2009 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9781586039998}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1PkSAQAAMAAJ |title=The Jewish Week and the American Examiner |date=12 January 1974 |publisher=Jewish Week and the American Examiner, Incorporated}}</ref> The neighbourhood was rebuilt with smaller-scale residence buildings on the basis of its original layout.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Lebovic |first=Matt |title=New cultural quarter resurrects Amsterdam's Jewish past |url=http://www.timesofisrael.com/new-cultural-quarter-resurrects-amsterdams-jewish-past/ |access-date=23 February 2019 |website=The Times of Israel}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Westerkerk Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|The [[Westerkerk]] in the Centrum borough, one of Amsterdam's best-known churches]]
| |
| Catholic churches in Amsterdam have been constructed since the restoration of the episcopal hierarchy in 1853.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Pope Pius IX|date=4 March 1853|editor-last=de Martinis|editor-first=Raffaele|title=Ex qua die arcano|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vp0sAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA158|journal=Iuris Pontificii de Propaganda Fide: Pars Prima, Complectens Bullas, Brevia Acta S.S. A Congregationis Institutione Ad Praesens Iuxta Temporis Seriem Disposita|language=la|location=Rome|publisher=Ex Typographia Polyglotta|publication-date=1894|volume=6|issue=1|pages=158–161|oclc=3342505}} Translated in {{Cite book |title=Further papers regarding the relation of foreign states with the Court of Rome: presented to the House of Commons by command of Her Majesty, in pursuance of their address of June 14, 1853 |publisher=Harrison and Son |year=1853 |location=London |pages=61–65 |chapter=XIIIb: the apostolic letters of the most holy Lord Pius IX, by Divine Providence, pope, by which letters the episcopal hierarchy was re-established in Holland |oclc=80498785 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jw1DAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA61}}</ref> One of the principal architects behind the city's Catholic churches, [[Pierre Cuypers|Cuypers]], was also responsible for the Amsterdam Centraal station and the [[Rijksmuseum]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Maeyer |first=Jan de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7VsLdTWjlnoC&pg=PA191 |title=Renaissance de L'enluminure Médiévale: Manuscrits Et Enluminures Belges Du XIXe Siègle Et Leur Contexte Européen |date=2007 |publisher=Leuven University Press |isbn=9789058675910 |pages=191}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Jong |first1=Taeke M. de |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eHlB4n_A86cC&pg=PA118 |title=Ways to Study and Research: Urban, Architectural, and Technical Design |last2=Voordt |first2=D. J. M. van der |date=2002 |publisher=IOS Press |isbn=9789040723322 |pages=118}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| In 1924, the [[Catholic Church]] hosted the [[Eucharistic congress|International Eucharistic Congress]] in Amsterdam;<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Kirkfleet |first=C. J. |date=April 1926 |title=International Eucharistic Congresses |journal=The Catholic Historical Review |volume=12 |issue=1 |pages=59–65 |jstor=25012268}}</ref> numerous Catholic [[prelate]]s visited the city, where festivities were held in churches and stadiums.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z5cOAQAAIAAJ |title=Illinois Catholic Historical Review |date=1925 |publisher=Illinois Catholic Historical Society.}}</ref> Catholic processions on the public streets, however, were still forbidden under law at the time.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HZYEAAAAMAAJ |title=Catholic World |date=1924 |publisher=Paulist Fathers |pages=845}}</ref> Only in the 20th century was Amsterdam's relation to Catholicism normalised,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Arab |first=Pooyan Tamimi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yFi6DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA173 |title=Amplifying Islam in the European Soundscape: Religious Pluralism and Secularism in the Netherlands |date=9 February 2017 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |isbn=9781474291446 |pages=173}}</ref> but despite its far larger [[population size]], the episcopal see of the city was placed in the provincial town of [[Haarlem]].<ref name="Diocese of Haarlem">{{Cite web |title=Diocese of Haarlem |url=http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080614173747/http://www.catholic-hierarchy.org/diocese/dhaar.html |archive-date=14 June 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Catholic Hierarchy}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Historically, Amsterdam has been predominantly Christian, in 1900 Christians formed the largest [[religious denomination|religious group]] in the city (70% of the population), [[Dutch Reformed Church]] formed 45% of the city population, while the Catholic Church formed 25% of the city population.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20130724083310/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2001_factsheets_5.pdf Geloven in Amsterdam]</ref>
| |
| In recent times, religious demographics in Amsterdam have been changed by immigration from former colonies. [[Hinduism]] has been introduced from the Hindu diaspora from Suriname<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Swamy |first=Priya |date=17 November 2017 |title=Valuing flexible citizenship: producing Surinamese Hindu citizens at a primary school in The Hague |journal=Citizenship Studies |volume=21 |issue=8 |pages=1052–1066 |doi=10.1080/13621025.2017.1361905 |issn=1362-1025 |doi-access=free}}</ref> and several distinct branches of Islam have been brought from various parts of the world.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Avest |first1=K. H. (Ina) Ter |last2=Wingerden |first2=M. (Marjoke) Rietveld-van |date=2 September 2017 |title=Half a century of Islamic education in Dutch schools |journal=British Journal of Religious Education |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=293–302 |doi=10.1080/01416200.2015.1128391 |issn=0141-6200 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Islam is now the largest non-Christian religion in Amsterdam.<ref name="random" /> The large community of Ghanaian immigrants have established African churches,<ref>{{Cite book |last=Kessel |first=Ineke van |title=Merchants, Missionaries & Migrants: 300 Years of Dutch-Ghanaian Relations |date=2002 |publisher=KIT Publishers |isbn=9789988550776 |chapter=Ghanaian churches in the Netherlands: Religion mediating a tense relationship |chapter-url=https://openaccess.leidenuniv.nl/bitstream/handle/1887/9656/ASC-1267364-025.pdf?sequence=1}}</ref> often in parking garages in the [[Bijlmermeer|Bijlmer]] area.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u46fAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA179 |title=Religion, Ethnicity and Transnational Migration between West Africa and Europe |date=15 May 2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004271562 |pages=179}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Diversity and immigration===
| |
| Amsterdam experienced an influx of religions and cultures after the Second World War. With 180 different nationalities,<ref>[http://www.ois.amsterdam.nl/nieuwsarchief/2014/amsterdam-groeit-door Onderzoek, Informatie en Statistiek], Gemeente Amsterdam</ref> Amsterdam is home to one of the widest varieties of nationalities of any city in the world.<ref>Quest, issue of March 2009</ref> The proportion of the population of immigrant origin in the city proper is about 50%<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam in cijfers 2010 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120318161044/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/7003/ |archive-date=18 March 2012 |access-date=25 April 2012 |publisher=Os.amsterdam.nl}}</ref> and 88% of the population are Dutch citizens.<ref>{{Cite web |date=25 November 2014 |title=Inwoneraantal Amsterdam blijft groeien – Gemeente Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20141125150238/http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/organisatie-diensten/dbi/nieuws/2010/juni/inwoneraantal/ |archive-date=25 November 2014}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam has been one of the municipalities in the Netherlands which provided immigrants with extensive and free [[Dutch language|Dutch-language]] courses, which have benefited many immigrants.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Dutch for foreigners |url=http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402143501/http://intt.uva.nl/dutch-for-foreigners/dutch-for-foreigners.html |archive-date=2 April 2015 |website=INTT |publisher=University of Amsterdam}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Cityscape and architecture==
| |
| {{see also|List of tallest buildings in Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Cityscape.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|View of the city centre looking southwest from the Oosterdokskade}}]]
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam in 1538.JPG|upright=1.5|thumb|A 1538 painting by [[Cornelis Anthonisz]] showing a bird's-eye view of Amsterdam. The famous [[Canals of Amsterdam|Grachtengordel]] had not yet been established.]]
| |
| Amsterdam fans out south from the [[Amsterdam Centraal station]] and [[Damrak]], the main street off the station. The oldest area of the town is known as [[De Wallen]] (English: "The Quays"). It lies to the east of Damrak and contains the city's famous red-light district. To the south of De Wallen is the old Jewish quarter of Waterlooplein.
| |
|
| |
| The medieval and colonial age [[canals of Amsterdam]], known as ''grachten'', embraces the heart of the city where homes have interesting gables. Beyond the Grachtengordel are the former working-class areas of [[Jordaan]] and de Pijp. The [[Museumplein]] with the city's major museums, the [[Vondelpark]], a 19th-century park named after the Dutch writer [[Joost van den Vondel]], as well as the [[Plantage (Amsterdam)|Plantage]] neighbourhood, with the [[Natura Artis Magistra|zoo]], are also located outside the Grachtengordel.
| |
|
| |
| Several parts of the city and the surrounding urban area are [[polder]]s. This can be recognised by the suffix ''-meer'' which means ''lake'', as in [[Aalsmeer]], [[Bijlmermeer]], [[Haarlemmermeer]] and [[Watergraafsmeer]].
| |
|
| |
| ===Canals===
| |
| {{Main|Canals of Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Town Houses on Canal in Amsterdam - Nov 1977.jpg|left|thumb|Singel Canal – November 1977]]
| |
| The Amsterdam canal system is the result of conscious [[Urban planning|city planning]].<ref name="canals">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse Grachten |url=http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/grachten |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080320060143/http://amsterdam.nl/stad_in_beeld/werkstukken/grachten |archive-date=20 March 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> In the early 17th century, when immigration was at a peak, a comprehensive plan was developed that was based on four concentric half-circles of canals with their ends emerging at the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] bay. Known as the [[Grachtengordel]], three of the canals were mostly for residential development: the Herengracht (where "Heren" refers to ''Heren Regeerders van de stad Amsterdam'', ruling lords of Amsterdam, whilst ''[[gracht]]'' means canal, so that the name can be roughly translated as "Canal of the Lords"), Keizersgracht (Emperor's Canal) and Prinsengracht (Prince's Canal).<ref>{{Cite web |title=SHVriendenwandeling2017web1.pdf |url=https://www.stadsherstel.nl/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/SHVriendenwandeling2017web1.pdf |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180409171642/https://www.stadsherstel.nl/ul/cms/fck-uploaded/SHVriendenwandeling2017web1.pdf |archive-date=9 April 2018 |access-date=9 April 2018 |publisher=stadsherstel}}</ref> The fourth and outermost canal is the [[Singelgracht]], which is often not mentioned on maps because it is a collective name for all canals in the outer ring. The Singelgracht should not be confused with the oldest and innermost canal, the [[Singel]].
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Herengracht-december-2.jpg|thumb|Herengracht]]
| |
| [[File:Prinsengracht towads Lekkeresluis from Bridge Prinsenstraat 2016-09-12.jpg|thumb|Prinsengracht]]
| |
| The canals served for defense, [[Water resource management|water management]] and transport. The defenses took the form of a moat and [[Earthworks (engineering)|earthen dikes]], with gates at transit points, but otherwise no masonry [[superstructure]]s.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taverne |first=E. R. M. |title=In 't land van belofte, in de nieuwe stadt: ideaal en werkelijkheid van de stadsuitleg in de Republiek, 1580–1680 (In the land of promise, in the kinky city: ideal and reality of the city lay-out in the [Dutch] Republic, 1580–1680) |publisher=Schwartz |year=1978 |isbn=978-90-6179-024-2 |location=Maarssen}}</ref> The original plans have been lost, so historians, such as Ed Taverne, need to speculate on the original intentions: it is thought that the considerations of the layout were purely practical and defensive rather than ornamental.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Sako Musterd |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5UaM50-E-wwC&pg=PA33 |title=Amsterdam Human Capital |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-90-5356-595-7 |page=33}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Construction started in 1613 and proceeded from west to east, across the breadth of the layout, like a gigantic [[Windscreen wiper|windshield wiper]] as the historian [[Geert Mak]] calls it – and not from the centre outwards, as a popular myth has it. The canal construction in the southern sector was completed by 1656. Subsequently, the construction of residential buildings proceeded slowly. The eastern part of the concentric canal plan, covering the area between the Amstel river and the IJ bay, has never been implemented. In the following centuries, the land was used for parks, senior citizens' homes, theatres, other public facilities, and waterways without much planning.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mak |first=G. |title=Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam |publisher=Uitgeverij Atlas |year=1995 |isbn=978-90-450-1232-2 |location=Amsterdam/Antwerp}}</ref> Over the years, several canals have been filled in, becoming streets or squares, such as the [[Nieuwezijds Voorburgwal]] and the [[Spui (Amsterdam)|Spui]].<ref name="filledincanals">{{Cite web |title=Dempingen en Aanplempingen |url=http://www.onderdekeizerskroon.nl/wschoonenberg/dempingen.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080518172457/http://www.onderdekeizerskroon.nl/wschoonenberg/dempingen.html |archive-date=18 May 2008 |access-date=21 May 2008 |publisher=Walther Schoonenberg |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Expansion===
| |
| {{Main|Expansion of Amsterdam since the 19th century}}
| |
| [[File:Brug 127 in de Lijnbaansgracht over de Egelantiersgracht foto 4.jpg|left|thumb|The [[Egelantiersgracht]] lies west of the [[Grachtengordel]], in the [[Jordaan]] neighbourhood.]]
| |
| After the development of Amsterdam's canals in the 17th century, the city did not grow beyond its borders for two centuries. During the 19th century, [[Samuel Sarphati]] devised a plan based on the grandeur of Paris and London at that time. The plan envisaged the construction of new houses, public buildings and streets just outside the [[Grachtengordel (Amsterdam)|Grachtengordel]]. The main aim of the plan, however, was to improve public health. Although the plan did not expand the city, it did produce some of the largest public buildings to date, like the ''Paleis voor Volksvlijt''.<ref name="joodsmuseum">{{Cite web |title=Samuel Sarphati |url=http://www.jhm.nl/personen.aspx?naam=Sarphati%2C%20Samuel |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Joods Historisch Museum Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="zgsarphati">{{Cite web |title=Uitbreidingsplan Sarphati |url=http://www.zorggroep-amsterdam.nl/pagina.php?id=124 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Zorggroep Amsterdam |language=nl}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref><ref name="jlgsarphati">{{Cite web |title=Samuel Sarphati |url=http://www.jlgrealestate.com/Samuel_Sarphati/Sarphatipark/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090805203131/http://www.jlgrealestate.com/Samuel_Sarphati/Sarphatipark/ |archive-date=5 August 2009 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=JLG Real Estate |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Following Sarphati, civil engineers Jacobus van Niftrik and Jan Kalff designed an entire ring of 19th-century neighbourhoods surrounding the city's centre, with the city preserving the ownership of all land outside the 17th-century limit, thus firmly controlling development.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Niftrik's plan at the Amsterdam City Archives |url=http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/maps/plan_van_niftrik/index.en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110724143743/http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/maps/plan_van_niftrik/index.en.html |archive-date=24 July 2011 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl}}</ref> Most of these neighbourhoods became home to the working class.<ref name="oudzuid">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam Oud-Zuid |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/oudzuid/index.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080113182449/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/oudzuid/index.html |archive-date=13 January 2008 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=BMZ |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| In response to overcrowding, two plans were designed at the beginning of the 20th century which were very different from anything Amsterdam had ever seen before: ''Plan Zuid'' (designed by the architect [[Hendrik Petrus Berlage|Berlage]]) and ''West''. These plans involved the development of new neighbourhoods consisting of housing blocks for all social classes.<ref name="archiefberlage">{{Cite web |title=Berlage's Expansion Plan |url=http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/planning/uitbreidingsplan_berlage/index.en.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.is/20130112133013/http://stadsarchief.amsterdam.nl/english/amsterdam_treasures/planning/uitbreidingsplan_berlage/index.en.html |archive-date=12 January 2013 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Stadsarchief Amsterdam}}</ref><ref name="bmzberlage">{{Cite web |title=Plan-Berlage |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/intro/topo7.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060514181847/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/intro/topo7.html |archive-date=14 May 2006 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Bureau Monumentenzorg Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| After the Second World War, large new neighbourhoods were built in the western, southeastern, and northern parts of the city. These new neighbourhoods were built to relieve the city's shortage of living space and give people affordable houses with modern conveniences. The neighbourhoods consisted mainly of large housing blocks located among green spaces, connected to wide roads, making the neighbourhoods easily accessible by [[Car|motor car]]. The western suburbs which were built in that period are collectively called the Westelijke Tuinsteden. The area to the southeast of the city built during the same period is known as the Bijlmer.<ref name="bijlmer">{{Cite web |title=Westelijke Tuinsteden |url=http://www.ymere.nl/ymere/template.asp?mnid=1&subid=35&cntid=119 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050220211611/http://www.ymere.nl/ymere/template.asp?mnid=1&subid=35&cntid=119 |archive-date=20 February 2005 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Ymere |language=nl}}</ref><ref name="westelijketuinsteden">{{Cite web |title=Ontwerp Westelijke Tuinsteden |url=http://www.archex.info/nederlands/nederland/amsterdam_westelijke_tuinsteden.html |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080611221726/http://www.archex.info/nederlands/nederland/amsterdam_westelijke_tuinsteden.html |archive-date=11 June 2008 |access-date=5 June 2008 |publisher=Archex.info |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Architecture===
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Scheepvaarthuis 002.JPG|thumb|left|The [[Scheepvaarthuis]], by architects [[Johan van der Mey]], [[Michel de Klerk]], [[Piet Kramer]] is characteristic of the architecture of the [[Amsterdam School]].]]
| |
| Amsterdam has a rich [[History of architecture|architectural history]]. The oldest building in Amsterdam is the [[Oude Kerk, Amsterdam|Oude Kerk]] (English: Old Church), at the heart of the Wallen, consecrated in 1306.<ref name="Oude Kerk">{{Cite web |title=Oude Kerk official website |url=http://www.oudekerk.nl/ |access-date=10 June 2009}}</ref> The oldest wooden building is ''Het Houten Huys''<ref name="houtenhuys">{{Cite web |title=Houten Huys |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/huizen/beg34.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071226022822/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/huizen/beg34.html |archive-date=26 December 2007 |access-date=19 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> at the [[Begijnhof, Amsterdam|Begijnhof]]. It was constructed around 1425 and is one of only two existing wooden buildings. It is also one of the few examples of [[Gothic architecture]] in Amsterdam. The oldest stone building of the Netherlands, The Moriaan is built in [['s-Hertogenbosch]].
| |
|
| |
| In the 16th century, wooden buildings were razed and replaced with brick ones. During this period, many buildings were constructed in the [[architectural style]] of the [[The Renaissance|Renaissance]]. Buildings of this period are very recognisable with their [[Crow-stepped gable|stepped gable]] façades, which is the common Dutch Renaissance style. Amsterdam quickly developed its own [[Renaissance architecture]]. These buildings were built according to the principles of the architect [[Hendrick de Keyser]].<ref name="dekeyser">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse renaissance in de stijl van Hendrick de Keyser |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/renaiss3.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127014006/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/renaiss3.html |archive-date=27 November 2007 |access-date=19 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> One of the most striking buildings designed by Hendrick de Keyser is the [[Westerkerk]]. In the 17th century [[baroque architecture]] became very popular, as it was elsewhere in Europe. This roughly coincided with Amsterdam's [[Dutch Golden Age|Golden Age]]. The leading architects of this style in Amsterdam were [[Jacob van Campen]], [[Philips Vingboons]] and [[Daniël Stalpaert|Daniel Stalpaert]].<ref name="holclass">{{Cite web |title=Hollands Classicisme |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/holclass.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070202200016/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/holclass.html |archive-date=2 February 2007 |access-date=21 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| [[File:BegijnhofAmsterdamNederlandPanorama.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Begijnhof, Amsterdam|Begijnhof]] is one of the oldest [[hofje]]s in Amsterdam.]]
| |
| [[File:Öffentliche Bibliothek und Konservatorium Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|right|The [[Openbare Bibliotheek Amsterdam]] and [[Conservatorium van Amsterdam]], two examples of 21st-century architecture in the centre of the city]]
| |
| Philip Vingboons designed splendid merchants' houses throughout the city. A famous building in [[baroque|baroque style]] in Amsterdam is the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam|Royal Palace]] on [[Dam Square]]. Throughout the 18th century, Amsterdam was heavily influenced by [[Culture of France|French culture]]. This is reflected in the architecture of that period. Around 1815, architects broke with the baroque style and started building in different neo-styles.<ref name="neostijl">{{Cite web |title=Neo-stijlen |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/neostijl.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070819204630/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/neostijl.html |archive-date=19 August 2007 |access-date=19 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> Most Gothic style buildings date from that era and are therefore said to be built in a [[Gothic Revival architecture|neo-gothic]] style. At the end of the 19th century, the [[Art Nouveau|Jugendstil]] or [[Art Nouveau]] style became popular and many new buildings were constructed in this architectural style. Since Amsterdam expanded rapidly during this period, new buildings adjacent to the city centre were also built in this style. The houses in the vicinity of the [[Museumplein|Museum Square]] in Amsterdam Oud-Zuid are an example of Jugendstil. The last style that was popular in Amsterdam before the [[Modern history|modern era]] was [[Art Deco]]. Amsterdam had its own version of the style, which was called the [[Amsterdam School|Amsterdamse School]]. Whole districts were built this style, such as the ''Rivierenbuurt''.<ref name="aschool">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdamse School |url=http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/aschool.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071027144316/http://www.bmz.amsterdam.nl/adam/nl/aschool.html |archive-date=27 October 2007 |access-date=21 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> A notable feature of the façades of buildings designed in Amsterdamse School is that they are highly decorated and ornate, with oddly shaped windows and doors.
| |
|
| |
| The old city centre is the focal point of all the architectural styles before the end of the 19th century.
| |
| Jugendstil and Georgian are mostly found outside the city's centre in the neighbourhoods built in the early
| |
| 20th century, although there are also some striking examples of these styles in the city centre.
| |
| Most historic buildings in the city centre and nearby are houses, such as the famous merchants' houses lining the canals.
| |
|
| |
| ===Parks and recreational areas===
| |
| {{main|List of parks in Amsterdam|List of squares in Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam map indicating parks - 01.png|thumb|{{unbulleted list
| |
| | A: [[Vondelpark]]
| |
| | B: [[Beatrixpark]]
| |
| | C: [[Sarphatipark]]
| |
| | D: [[Oosterpark (Amsterdam)|Oosterpark]]
| |
| | E: [[Park Frankendael]]
| |
| | F: [[Rembrandtpark]]
| |
| | G: [[Westerpark (park)|Westerpark]]
| |
| | H: [[Flevopark]]
| |
| | I: [[Amsterdamse Bos]]
| |
| | J: [[Amstelpark]]
| |
| | K: [[Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)|Hortus Botanicus]]
| |
| | L: [[Wertheimerpark]]
| |
| | M: [[Martin Luther Kingpark]]
| |
| | N: [[Sloterpark]]
| |
| }}
| |
| ]]
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam has many parks, open spaces, and squares throughout the city. The [[Vondelpark]], the largest park in the city, is located in the [[Amsterdam Oud-Zuid|Oud-Zuid]] neighbourhood and is named after the 17th-century Amsterdam author [[Joost van den Vondel]]. Yearly, the park has around 10 million visitors. In the park is an open-air theatre, a playground and several [[horeca]] facilities. In the [[Amsterdam-Zuid|Zuid]] borough, is the Beatrixpark, named after [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Queen Beatrix]]. Between Amsterdam and [[Amstelveen]] is the [[Amsterdamse Bos]] ("Amsterdam Forest"), the largest recreational area in Amsterdam. Annually, almost 4.5 million people visit the park, which has a size of 1.000 hectares and is approximately three times the size of [[Central Park]].<ref>[http://www.amsterdamsebos.amsterdam.nl/algemene_onderdelen/english_site Amsterdamse Bos – English site] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100519151059/http://www.amsterdamsebos.amsterdam.nl/algemene_onderdelen/english_site |date=19 May 2010 }}. [[Government of Amsterdam|City of Amsterdam]]. Retrieved on 27 November 2008.</ref> The [[Amstelpark]] in the [[Amsterdam-Zuid|Zuid]] borough houses the Rieker windmill, which dates to 1636. Other parks include the [[Sarphatipark]] in the [[De Pijp]] neighbourhood, the [[Oosterpark (Amsterdam)|Oosterpark]] in the [[Amsterdam-Oost|Oost]] borough and the [[Westerpark (park)|Westerpark]] in the [[Westerpark (neighbourhood)|Westerpark]] neighbourhood. The city has three beaches: Nemo Beach, Citybeach "Het stenen hoofd" (Silodam) and Blijburg, all located in the Centrum borough.
| |
|
| |
| The city has many open squares (''plein'' in Dutch). The namesake of the city as the site of the original dam, [[Dam Square]], is the main city square and has the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam|Royal Palace]] and [[National Monument (Amsterdam)|National Monument]]. [[Museumplein]] hosts various museums, including the [[Rijksmuseum]], [[Van Gogh Museum]], and [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam|Stedelijk Museum]]. Other squares include [[Rembrandtplein]], [[Muntplein, Amsterdam|Muntplein]], [[Nieuwmarkt]], [[Leidseplein]], [[Spui (Amsterdam)|Spui]] and [[Waterlooplein]]. Also, near to Amsterdam is the [[Nekkeveld estate]] conservation project.
| |
|
| |
| ==Economy==
| |
| [[File:20151120 BeursvanBerlage 002-6972.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]], the oldest stock exchange in the world]]
| |
| [[File:ZuidasAmsterdamNederland2011.jpg|thumb|left|250px|The [[Zuidas]], the city's main business district]]
| |
| Amsterdam is the financial and business capital of the Netherlands.<ref name="ez">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam – Economische Zaken |url=http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?menu=24&page=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080608143058/http://www.ez.amsterdam.nl/page.php?page=6&menu=24 |archive-date=8 June 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
| According to the 2007 European Cities Monitor (ECM) – an annual location survey of Europe's leading companies carried out by global real estate consultant [[Cushman & Wakefield]] – Amsterdam is one of the top European cities in which to locate an [[international business]], ranking fifth in the survey.<ref name="eubusiness">{{Cite web |title=European Cities Monitor 2007 |url=http://www.iamsterdam.com/press_room/press_releases_0/2007/european_cities |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080108130938/http://www.iamsterdam.com/press_room/press_releases_0/2007/european_cities |archive-date=8 January 2008 |access-date=11 June 2008 |publisher=I Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> with the survey determining [[London]], [[Paris]], [[Frankfurt]] and [[Barcelona]] as the four European cities surpassing Amsterdam in this regard.
| |
|
| |
| A substantial number of large corporations and banks' headquarters are located in the Amsterdam area, including: [[AkzoNobel]], [[Heineken International]], [[ING Group]], [[ABN AMRO]], [[TomTom]], [[Delta Lloyd Group]], [[Booking.com]] and [[Philips]].
| |
| Although many small offices remain along the [[Canals of Amsterdam|historic canals]], centrally based companies have increasingly relocated outside [[Amsterdam-Centrum|Amsterdam's city centre]]. Consequently, the [[Zuidas]] (English: South Axis) has become the new financial and legal hub of Amsterdam,<ref name="zuidas">{{Cite web |title=Zuidas |url=http://www.zuidas.nl/smartsite.dws?id=1044&curindex=2 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071224035945/http://www.zuidas.nl/smartsite.dws?id=1044&curindex=2 |archive-date=24 December 2007 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> with the country's five largest law firms and several subsidiaries of large consulting firms, such as [[Boston Consulting Group]] and [[Accenture]], as well as the [[World Trade Center (Amsterdam)|World Trade Centre (Amsterdam)]] located in the [[Zuidas]] district. In addition to the Zuidas, there are three smaller [[Central business district|financial districts]] in Amsterdam:
| |
|
| |
| * around [[Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station]]. Where one can find the offices of several newspapers, such as ''[[De Telegraaf]].'' as well as those of [[Deloitte]], the [[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf]] (municipal public transport company), and the [[Tax and Customs Administration|Dutch tax offices]] (''Belastingdienst'');
| |
| * around the [[Johan Cruyff Arena]] in [[Amsterdam Zuidoost]], with the headquarters of [[ING Group]];
| |
| * around the [[Amsterdam Amstel railway station|Amstel railway station]] in the [[Amsterdam-Oost]] district to the east of the historical city. Amsterdam's [[List of tallest buildings and structures in the world|tallest building]], the [[Rembrandt Tower]], is located here.<ref name="rembrandtoren">{{Cite web |title=Rembrandt Tower |url=http://www.emporis.com/en/wm/ci/bu/sk/li/?id=100759&bt=2&ht=2&sro=0 |access-date=22 May 2008}}</ref> As are the headquarters of [[Philips]], the Dutch multinational conglomerate.<ref name="philips">{{Cite web |title=Philips |url=http://www.philips.nl/about/index.page |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080527081538/http://www.philips.nl/about/index.page |archive-date=27 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| The adjoining municipality of [[Amstelveen]] is the location of [[KPMG|KPMG International's]] global headquarters. Other non-Dutch companies have chosen to settle in communities surrounding Amsterdam since they allow [[Freehold (law)|freehold]] property ownership, whereas Amsterdam retains [[ground rent]].
| |
|
| |
| The [[Amsterdam Stock Exchange]] (AEX), now part of [[Euronext]], is the world's oldest stock exchange and, due to [[Brexit]], has overtaken [[London Stock Exchange|LSE]] as the largest bourse in Europe.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2368308-amsterdam-na-brexit-ineens-beurshoofdstad-van-europa.html|title=Amsterdam na Brexit ineens beurshoofdstad van Europa|trans-title=Amsterdam after Brexit suddenly bourse capital of Europe|language=Dutch|date=11 February 2021|access-date=23 February 2021}}</ref> It is near [[Dam Square]] in the city centre.
| |
|
| |
| ===Port of Amsterdam===
| |
| The [[Port of Amsterdam]] is the fourth-largest port in Europe, the 38th largest port in the world and the second-largest port in the Netherlands by metric tons of cargo. In 2014 the Port of Amsterdam had a cargo throughput of 97,4 million tons of cargo, which was mostly [[bulk cargo]].
| |
| Amsterdam has the biggest cruise port in the Netherlands with more than 150 cruise ships every year.
| |
| In 2019 the new lock in IJmuiden opened; since then, the port has been able to grow to 125 million tonnes in capacity.
| |
|
| |
| ===Tourism===
| |
| {{Main|List of tourist attractions in Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Wim Sonneveld tour boat, Rederij Lovers, Amsterdam-9218.jpg|thumb|Boats give tours of the city, such as this one in front of the [[EYE Film Institute Netherlands]].]]
| |
| [[File:Brug 97 in de Spiegelgracht over de Lijnbaansgracht foto 1.jpg|thumb|Spiegelgracht]]
| |
| Amsterdam is one of the most popular tourist destinations in Europe, receiving more than 5.34 million international visitors annually, this is excluding the 16 million day-trippers visiting the city every year.<ref name="ams2009">{{Cite web |year=2009 |title=Key Figures Amsterdam 2009: Tourism |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/13871/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110501140135/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/13871/ |archive-date=1 May 2011 |access-date=30 September 2009 |publisher=City of Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics}}</ref> The number of visitors has been growing steadily over the past decade. This can be attributed to an increasing number of European visitors. Two-thirds of the hotels are located in the city's centre.<ref name="Maps of the Netherlands">{{Cite web |date=June 2020 |title=Tourist Map Amsterdam |url=https://kaartnederland.net/images/cities/Amsterdam_tourisme_plattegrond.jpg}}</ref> Hotels with 4 or 5 stars contribute 42% of the total beds available and 41% of the overnight stays in Amsterdam. The room occupation rate was 85% in 2017, up from 78% in 2006.<ref name="Dutch Hotel City Index 2019">{{Cite web |date=June 2019 |title=Dutch Hotel City Index 2019 |url=https://www.hospitalitynet.org/file/152008684.pdf}}</ref><ref name="TourismReport">{{Cite web |last1=Fedorova, T |last2=Meijer, R |date=January 2007 |title=Toerisme in Amsterdam 2006/2007 |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2008_toerisme_in_amsterdam.pdf |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080528004444/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/pdf/2008_toerisme_in_amsterdam.pdf |archive-date=28 May 2008 |access-date=22 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref> The majority of tourists (74%) originate from Europe. The largest group of non-European visitors come from the United States, accounting for 14% of the total.<ref name="TourismReport" /> Certain years have a theme in Amsterdam to attract extra tourists. For example, the year 2006 was designated "Rembrandt 400", to celebrate the 400th birthday of [[Rembrandt|Rembrandt van Rijn]]. Some hotels offer special arrangements or activities during these years. The average number of guests per year staying at the four campsites around the city range from 12,000 to 65,000.<ref name="TourismReport" />
| |
|
| |
| ====De Wallen (Red-light district)====
| |
| {{Anchor|Red light district}}
| |
| {{Main|De Wallen}}
| |
| [[File:Red-light district of Amsterdam by day. 2012.JPG|thumb|left|[[De Wallen]], Amsterdam's [[Red-light district]], offers activities such as legal [[Prostitution in the Netherlands|prostitution]] and a number of [[Coffeeshop (Netherlands)|coffee shops]] that sell [[Cannabis (drug)|cannabis]]. It is one of the main tourist attractions.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=csX0f7AVM3gC&pg=PA705 |title=Sex and Society |publisher=Marshall Cavendish |year=2010 |isbn=978-0-7614-7908-6 |pages=705–}}</ref>]]
| |
| De Wallen, also known as Walletjes or Rosse Buurt, is a designated area for [[Prostitution in the Netherlands|legalised prostitution]] and is Amsterdam's largest and best-known [[red-light district]]. This neighbourhood has become a famous attraction for tourists. It consists of a network of canals, streets, and alleys containing several hundred small, one-room apartments rented by [[sex worker]]s who offer their services from behind a window or glass door, typically illuminated with red lights. In recent years, the city government has been closing and repurposing the famous red-light district windows in an effort to clean up the area and reduce the amount of party and sex tourism.
| |
|
| |
| ===Retail===
| |
| Shops in Amsterdam range from large high-end department stores such as [[De Bijenkorf]] founded in 1870 to small speciality shops. Amsterdam's high-end shops are found in the streets [[P.C. Hooftstraat]]<ref name="hoof_cite">{{Cite web |title=PC Hooftstraat World's Third Nicest Shopping Street |url=https://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/2160-amsterdams-pc-hooftstraat-worlds-third-best-shopping-street |website=dutchamsterdam}}</ref> and ''Cornelis Schuytstraat'', which are located in the vicinity of the [[Vondelpark]]. One of Amsterdam's busiest high streets is the narrow, medieval [[Kalverstraat]] in the heart of the city. Other shopping areas include the ''Negen Straatjes'' and Haarlemmerdijk and Haarlemmerstraat. ''Negen Straatjes'' are nine narrow streets within the ''Grachtengordel'', the concentric canal system of Amsterdam. The Negen Straatjes differ from other shopping districts with the presence of a large diversity of privately owned shops. The Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk were voted best shopping street in the Netherlands in 2011. These streets have as the ''Negen Straatjes'' a large diversity of privately owned shops. However, as the ''Negen Straatjes'' are dominated by fashion stores, the Haarlemmerstraat and Haarlemmerdijk offer a wide variety of stores, just to name some specialities: candy and other food-related stores, lingerie, sneakers, wedding clothing, interior shops, books, Italian deli's, racing and mountain bikes, skatewear, etc.
| |
|
| |
| The city also features a large number of open-air markets such as the [[Albert Cuyp Market]], Westerstraat-markt, Ten Katemarkt, and [[Dappermarkt]]. Some of these markets are held daily, like the Albert Cuypmarkt and the Dappermarkt. Others, like the Westerstraatmarkt, are held every week.
| |
|
| |
| ===Fashion===
| |
| [[File:AmsterdamBikeGirl.png|thumb|An Amsterdammer waits for a traffic light to change at the Muntplein in the heart of Amsterdam.]]
| |
| Several fashion brands and designers are based in Amsterdam. Fashion designers include [[Iris van Herpen]],<ref>{{Cite news |last=Gregory |first=Alice |date=8 April 2015 |title=Iris van Herpen's Intelligent Design |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2015/04/08/t-magazine/iris-van-herpen-designer-interview.html |access-date=23 February 2019 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> [[Mart Visser]], [[Viktor & Rolf]], [[Marlies Dekkers]] and [[Frans Molenaar]]. Fashion models like [[Yfke Sturm]], [[Doutzen Kroes]] and Kim Noorda started their careers in Amsterdam. Amsterdam has its garment centre in the World Fashion Center. Fashion photographers [[Inez and Vinoodh|Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin]] were born in Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Phillips |first=Sarah |date=7 July 2010 |title=Photographers Inez van Lamsweerde and Vinoodh Matadin's best shot |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2010/jul/08/my-best-shot-inez-lamsweered-vinoodh-matadin |access-date=23 February 2019 |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Culture==
| |
| {{more citations needed|section|date=October 2019}}<!--performing arts and nightlife sections have no citations-->
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam rijkmuseum.JPG|thumb|The [[Rijksmuseum]] houses [[Rembrandt]]'s ''[[The Night Watch]]''.]]
| |
| [[File:Van Gogh Museum by night Amsterdam 2017.jpg|thumb|The [[Van Gogh Museum]] houses the world's largest collection of [[Vincent van Gogh|Van Gogh]]'s paintings and letters.]]
| |
| [[File:De nieuwe vleugel van het Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|The [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam]] is an international museum dedicated to modern and contemporary art and design.]]
| |
| During the later part of the 16th-century, Amsterdam's Rederijkerskamer ([[Chamber of rhetoric]]) organised contests between different Chambers in the reading of poetry and drama.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Stein |first1=Robert |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d1DfcrqKI6sC&q=chamber+of+rhetoric+amsterdam+competitions&pg=PA56 |title=Networks, Regions and Nations: Shaping Identities in the Low Countries, 1300–1650 |last2=Pollmann |first2=Judith |date=2010 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004180246 |pages=56}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Ridder-Symoens |first1=Hilde De |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5as7lUR44UAC&q=chamber+of+rhetoric+amsterdam&pg=PA215 |title=Education and learning in the Netherlands, 1400–1600 [electronic resource]: essays in honour of Hilde de Ridder-Symoens |last2=Goudriaan |first2=Koen |last3=Moolenbroek |first3=J. J. Van |last4=Tervoort |first4=Ad |date=2004 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004136441 |pages=215}}</ref> In 1637, [[Schouwburg]], the first theatre in Amsterdam was built, opening on 3 January 1638.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Schouwburg {{!}} theatre, Amsterdam, Netherlands |url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Schouwburg |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Encyclopedia Britannica}}</ref> The first ballet performances in the Netherlands were given in Schouwburg in 1642 with the ''Ballet of the Five Senses''.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Craine |first1=Debra |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=42g8Hp-xA48C&q=Schouwburg+ballet+performances+%221642%22&pg=PA321 |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Dance |last2=Mackrell |first2=Judith |date=19 August 2010 |publisher=OUP Oxford |isbn=9780199563449 |pages=321}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Bloemendal |first1=Jan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_mc0_nllkTEC&q=%22Schouwburg%22+%22ballet%22+%221642%22&pg=PA143 |title=Joost Van Den Vondel (1587–1679): Dutch Playwright in the Golden Age |last2=Korsten |first2=Frans-Willem |date=25 November 2011 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004217539 |pages=143}}</ref> In the 18th century, French theatre became popular. While Amsterdam was under the influence of German music in the 19th century there were few national opera productions;<ref>{{Cite web|title=Amsterdam Otelleri|url=https://www.otelfirsati.com/otel/yurtdisi-otelleri/amsterdam-otelleri|access-date=2021-08-24|website=www.otelfirsati.com}}</ref> the Hollandse Opera of Amsterdam was built in 1888 for the specific purpose of promoting Dutch opera.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Grout |first1=Donald Jay |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l_b2vIXHsUkC&q=Amsterdam+opera&pg=PA541 |title=A short history of opera |last2=Hermine Weigel Williams |publisher=Columbia University Press |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-231-11958-0 |page=541 |access-date=11 January 2010}}</ref> In the 19th century, popular culture was centred on the Nes area in Amsterdam (mainly [[vaudeville]] and [[music hall|music-hall]]).{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} An improved [[metronome]] was invented in 1812 by [[Dietrich Nikolaus Winkel]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Eveleth |first=Rose |title=Was Beethoven's Metronome Wrong? |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/was-beethovens-metronome-wrong-9140958/ |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Smithsonian}}</ref> The [[Rijksmuseum]] (1885) and [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam|Stedelijk Museum]] (1895) were built and opened.<ref>{{Cite web |title=History of the Rijksmuseum – Organisation |url=https://www.rijksmuseum.nl/en/organisation/history-of-the-rijksmuseum |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Rijksmuseum}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Queen Opens the Stedelijk |url=https://www.stedelijk.nl/en/news/queen-opens-the-stedelijk |access-date=24 February 2019 |website=Stedelijk museum}}</ref> In 1888, the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra|Concertgebouworkest]] orchestra was established.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Cressman |first=Darryl |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2fS9CwAAQBAJ&q=Royal+Concertgebouw+Orchestra+1888&pg=PA137 |title=Building musical culture in Nineteenth-century Amsterdam: the concertgebouw |date=15 March 2016 |publisher=Amsterdam University Press |isbn=9789048528462 |pages=137}}</ref> With the 20th century came cinema, radio and television.{{Citation needed|date=June 2008}} Though most studios are located in [[Hilversum]] and [[Aalsmeer]], Amsterdam's influence on programming is very strong. Many people who work in the television industry live in Amsterdam. Also, the headquarters of the Dutch [[SBS 6|SBS Broadcasting Group]] is located in Amsterdam.<ref name="sbs6">{{Cite web |title=Contact SBS 6 |url=http://www.sbs6.nl/web/show/id=78637/langid=43 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080524054324/http://www.sbs6.nl/web/show/id%3D78637/langid%3D43 |archive-date=24 May 2008 |access-date=19 May 2008 |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Museums===
| |
| The most important museums of Amsterdam are located on the [[Museumplein]] (Museum Square), located at the southwestern side of the Rijksmuseum. It was created in the last quarter of the 19th century on the grounds of the former [[Internationale Koloniale en Uitvoerhandel Tentoonstelling|World's fair]]. The northeastern part of the square is bordered by the large Rijksmuseum. In front of the Rijksmuseum on the square itself is a long, rectangular pond. This is transformed into an ice rink in winter.<ref name="ijsbaan">{{Cite web |title=Feestelijke opening ijsbaan Museumplein |url=http://www.evenementnieuws.nl/nieuws/3900/Feestelijke+opening+ijsbaan+Museumplein.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081226160156/http://evenementnieuws.nl/nieuws/3900/Feestelijke%2Bopening%2Bijsbaan%2BMuseumplein.html |archive-date=26 December 2008 |access-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=Evenementennieuws |language=nl}}</ref> The northwestern part of the square is bordered by the Van Gogh Museum, House of Bols Cocktail & Genever Experience and Coster Diamonds. The southwestern border of the Museum Square is the Van Baerlestraat, which is a major thoroughfare in this part of Amsterdam. The Concertgebouw is located across this street from the square. To the southeast of the square are several large houses, one of which contains the American consulate. A [[Multi-storey car park|parking garage]] can be found underneath the square, as well as a supermarket. The Museumplein is covered almost entirely with a lawn, except for the northeastern part of the square which is covered with gravel. The current appearance of the square was realised in 1999, when the square was remodelled. The square itself is the most prominent site in Amsterdam for festivals and outdoor concerts, especially in the summer. Plans were made in 2008 to remodel the square again because many inhabitants of Amsterdam are not happy with its current appearance.<ref name="museumpleinfacelift">{{Cite web |title=Museumplein krijgt facelift |url=http://www.topstad.amsterdam.nl/nieuws/museumplein_krijgt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090807174714/http://www.topstad.amsterdam.nl/nieuws/museumplein_krijgt |archive-date=7 August 2009 |access-date=30 May 2008 |publisher=Gemeente Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Rembrandt.JPG|thumb|left|upright=0.8|[[Rembrandt]] monument on [[Rembrandtplein]]]]
| |
| The [[Rijksmuseum]] possesses the largest and most important collection of classical [[Dutch art]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Home Page |url=http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/?lang=en |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081103074636/http://www.rijksmuseum.nl/?lang=en |archive-date=3 November 2008 |access-date=25 October 2008 |publisher=Rijksmuseum Amsterdam}}</ref>
| |
| It opened in 1885. Its collection consists of nearly one million objects.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Rijksmuseum |url=http://www.aviewoncities.com/amsterdam/rijksmuseum.htm |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917054130/http://www.aviewoncities.com/amsterdam/rijksmuseum.htm |archive-date=17 September 2008 |access-date=25 October 2008 |website=Amsterdam |publisher=A view on cities}}</ref> The artist most associated with Amsterdam is [[Rembrandt]], whose work, and the work of his pupils, is displayed in the Rijksmuseum. Rembrandt's masterpiece ''[[The Night Watch]]'' is one of the top pieces of art of the museum. It also houses paintings from artists like [[Bartholomeus van der Helst]], [[Johannes Vermeer]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Ferdinand Bol]], [[Aelbert Cuyp|Albert Cuyp]], [[Jacob van Ruisdael]] and [[Paulus Potter]]. Aside from paintings, the collection consists of a large variety of [[Decorative arts|decorative art]]. This ranges from [[Delftware]] to giant doll-houses from the 17th century. The architect of the [[Gothic Revival architecture|gothic revival]] building was P.J.H. Cuypers. The museum underwent a 10-year, 375 million euro renovation starting in 2003. The full collection was reopened to the public on 13 April 2013 and the Rijksmuseum has remained the most visited museum in Amsterdam with 2.2 million visitors in 2016 and 2.16 million in 2017.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Total number of visitors of the Rijksmuseum in the Netherlands in 2014 to 2017 (in millions) |url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/646065/attendance-at-the-rijksmuseum-in-the-netherlands/ |access-date=7 August 2018 |publisher=Statista}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Van Gogh lived in Amsterdam for a short while and there is a [[Van Gogh Museum|museum dedicated to his work]]. The museum is housed in one of the few modern buildings in this area of Amsterdam. The building was designed by [[Gerrit Rietveld]]. This building is where the permanent collection is displayed. A new building was added to the museum in 1999. This building, known as the performance wing, was designed by Japanese architect [[Kisho Kurokawa]]. Its purpose is to house temporary exhibitions of the museum.<ref name="vangogh3">{{Cite web |title=Architectuur Van Gogh Museum Amsterdam |url=http://architectuur.org/rietveld02.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516145157/http://www.architectuur.org/rietveld02.php |archive-date=16 May 2008 |access-date=1 June 2008 |publisher=Architectuur.org |language=nl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Gogh Museum – The Building |url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=213&lang=en§ion=sectie_museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130513220627/http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=213&lang=en§ion=sectie_museum |archive-date=13 May 2013 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Van Gogh Museum}}</ref> Some of Van Gogh's most famous paintings, like ''[[The Potato Eaters]]'' and ''[[Sunflowers (series of paintings)|Sunflowers]]'', are in the collection.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Van Gogh Museum – Permanent Collection |url=http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=425&lang=en§ion=sectie_museum |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140819222554/http://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/vgm/index.jsp?page=425&lang=en§ion=sectie_museum |archive-date=19 August 2014 |access-date=7 August 2014 |publisher=Van Gogh Museum}}</ref> The Van Gogh museum is the second most visited museum in Amsterdam, not far behind the Rijksmuseum in terms of the number of visits, being approximately 2.1 million in 2016,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Historic number of visitors since the opening of Van Gogh Museum. |url=https://www.vangoghmuseum.nl/en/news-and-press/press-releases/record-number-of-visitors-in-2016 |access-date=5 April 2019 |publisher=Van Gogh Museum}}</ref> for example.
| |
|
| |
| Next to the Van Gogh museum stands the [[Stedelijk Museum Amsterdam|Stedelijk Museum]]. This is Amsterdam's most important museum of modern art. The museum is as old as the square it borders and was opened in 1895. The permanent collection consists of works of art from artists like [[Piet Mondrian]], [[Karel Appel]], and [[Kazimir Malevich]]. After renovations lasting several years, the museum opened in September 2012 with a new composite extension that has been called 'The Bathtub' due to its resemblance to one.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam contains many other museums throughout the city. They range from small museums such as the [[Verzetsmuseum]] (Resistance Museum), the [[Anne Frank House]], and the [[Rembrandt House Museum]], to the very large, like the [[Tropenmuseum]] (Museum of the Tropics), [[Amsterdam Museum]] (formerly known as Amsterdam Historical Museum), [[Hermitage Amsterdam]] (a dependency of the [[Hermitage Museum]] in Saint Petersburg) and the [[Joods Historisch Museum]] (Jewish Historical Museum). The modern-styled [[NEMO (museum)|Nemo]] is dedicated to child-friendly science exhibitions.
| |
|
| |
| ===Music===
| |
| {{See|List of songs about Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Coldplay perform "Adventure of a Lifetime", Amsterdam Arena, June 2016 (5).jpg|thumb|[[Coldplay]] performing at the [[Johan Cruyff Arena|Amsterdam Arena]], 2016]]
| |
| Amsterdam's musical culture includes a large collection of songs that treat the city nostalgically and lovingly. The 1949 song "Aan de Amsterdamse grachten" ("On the canals of Amsterdam") was performed and recorded by many artists, including [[John Kraaijkamp Sr.]]; the best-known version is probably that by [[Wim Sonneveld]] (1962). In the 1950s [[Johnny Jordaan]] rose to fame with "[[Geef mij maar Amsterdam]]" ("I prefer Amsterdam"), which praises the city above all others (explicitly Paris); Jordaan sang especially about his own neighbourhood, the [[Jordaan]] ("Bij ons in de Jordaan"). Colleagues and contemporaries of Johnny include [[Tante Leen]] and [[Manke Nelis]]. Another notable Amsterdam song is "[[Amsterdam (Jacques Brel song)|Amsterdam]]" by [[Jacques Brel]] (1964).<ref name="lijflied finale">{{Cite news |date=5 October 2011 |title=Amsterdams lijflied: de finale |language=nl |work=[[Het Parool]] |url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/7024/AMSTERDAMS-LIJFLIED/article/detail/2948441/2011/10/05/Amsterdams-lijflied-de-finale.dhtml |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> A 2011 poll by Amsterdam newspaper ''[[Het Parool]]'' that Trio Bier's "Oude Wolf" was voted "Amsterdams lijflied".<ref>{{Cite news |date=12 October 2011 |title=Amsterdams Lijflied: Stadsbewoners leven als oude wolven – AMSTERDAMS LIJFLIED – PAROOL |language=nl |work=[[Het Parool]] |url=http://www.parool.nl/parool/nl/7024/AMSTERDAMS-LIJFLIED/article/detail/2965125/2011/10/12/Amsterdams-Lijflied-Stadsbewoners-leven-als-oude-wolven.dhtml |access-date=8 May 2013}}</ref> Notable Amsterdam bands from the modern era include the [[Osdorp Posse]] and [[The Ex (band)|The Ex]].
| |
|
| |
| [[AFAS Live]] (formerly known as the Heineken Music Hall) is a concert hall located near the [[Johan Cruyff Arena]] (known as the Amsterdam Arena until 2018). Its main purpose is to serve as a podium for pop concerts for big audiences. Many famous international artists have performed there. Two other notable venues, [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]] and the [[Melkweg]] are located near the [[Leidseplein]]. Both focus on broad programming, ranging from [[indie rock]] to [[hip hop music|hip hop]], [[Rhythm and blues|R&B]], and other popular genres. Other more subcultural music venues are [[OCCII]], [[OT301]], De Nieuwe Anita, Winston Kingdom, and Zaal 100. [[Jazz]] has a strong following in Amsterdam, with the [[Bimhuis]] being the premier venue. In 2012, [[Ziggo Dome]] was opened, also near Amsterdam Arena, a state-of-the-art indoor music arena.
| |
|
| |
| [[AFAS Live]] is also host to many [[electronic dance music]] festivals, alongside many other venues. [[Armin van Buuren]] and [[Tiesto]], some of the worlds leading [[Trance music|Trance]] DJ's hail from the Netherlands and frequently perform in Amsterdam. Each year in October, the city hosts the Amsterdam Dance Event (ADE) which is one of the leading electronic music conferences and one of the biggest club festivals for electronic music in the world, attracting over 350,000 visitors each year.<ref>{{Cite news |date=9 June 2015 |title=ADE vorig jaar het best bezochte festival van Nederland |language=nl |work=[[Het Parool]] |url=http://www.parool.nl/kunst-en-media/ade-vorig-jaar-het-best-bezochte-festival-van-nederland~a4066485/ |access-date=3 May 2017}}</ref> Another popular dance festival is 5daysoff, which takes place in the venues [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]] and [[Melkweg]]. In the summertime, there are several big outdoor dance parties in or nearby Amsterdam, such as Awakenings, [[Dance Valley]], [[Mysteryland|Mystery Land]], Loveland, A Day at the Park, Welcome to the Future, and Valtifest.
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Concertgebouw.jpg|thumb|The [[Concertgebouw]] or Royal Concert Hall houses performances of the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]] and other musical events.]]
| |
| Amsterdam has a world-class symphony orchestra, the [[Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra]]. Their home is the [[Concertgebouw]], which is across the Van Baerlestraat from the Museum Square. It is considered by critics to be a [[List of concert halls|concert hall]] with some of the best [[acoustics]] in the world. The building contains three halls, Grote Zaal, Kleine Zaal, and Spiegelzaal. Some nine hundred concerts and other events per year take place in the Concertgebouw, for a public of over 700,000, making it one of the most-visited concert halls in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Facts & Figures |url=http://www.concertgebouw.nl/facts-figures |access-date=24 February 2014 |publisher=Concertgebouw NV}}</ref> The opera house of Amsterdam is located adjacent to the city hall. Therefore, the two buildings combined are often called the [[Stopera]], (a word originally coined by protesters against it very construction: ''Stop the Opera[-house]''). This huge modern complex, opened in 1986, lies in the former Jewish neighbourhood at ''Waterlooplein'' next to the river [[Amstel]]. The ''Stopera'' is the home base of [[Dutch National Opera]], [[Dutch National Ballet]] and the [[Holland Symfonia]]. [[Muziekgebouw aan 't IJ]] is a concert hall, which is located in the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ]] near the central station. Its concerts perform mostly [[20th-century classical music|modern classical music]]. Located adjacent to it, is the ''[[Bimhuis]]'', a concert hall for improvised and [[Jazz]] music.
| |
|
| |
| ===Performing arts===
| |
| [[File:Stadsschouwburg amsterdam.jpg|thumb|[[Stadsschouwburg]], Amsterdam's best known theatre]]
| |
| Amsterdam has three main theatre buildings.
| |
|
| |
| The [[Stadsschouwburg]] at the [[Leidseplein]] is the home base of [[Toneelgroep Amsterdam]]. The current building dates from 1894. Most plays are performed in the Grote Zaal (Great Hall). The normal program of events encompasses all sorts of theatrical forms. The Stadsschouwburg is currently being renovated and expanded. The third theatre space, to be operated jointly with next door [[Melkweg]], will open in late 2009 or early 2010.
| |
|
| |
| The [[Stopera|Dutch National Opera and Ballet]] (formerly known as ''Het Muziektheater''), dating from 1986, is the principal opera house and home to [[Dutch National Opera]] and [[Dutch National Ballet]]. [[Carré Theatre|Royal Theatre Carré]] was built as a permanent circus theatre in 1887 and is currently mainly used for musicals, [[cabaret]] performances, and pop concerts.
| |
|
| |
| The recently re-opened DeLaMar Theater houses more commercial plays and musicals. A new theatre has also moved into the Amsterdam scene in 2014, joining other established venues: Theater Amsterdam is located in the west part of Amsterdam, on the Danzigerkade. It is housed in a modern building with a panoramic view over the harbour. The theatre is the first-ever purpose-built venue to showcase a single play entitled ANNE, the play based on Anne Frank's life.
| |
|
| |
| On the east side of town, there is a small theatre in a converted bathhouse, the [[Badhuistheater]]. The theatre often has English programming.
| |
|
| |
| The Netherlands has a tradition of cabaret or ''kleinkunst'', which combines music, storytelling, commentary, theatre and comedy. Cabaret dates back to the 1930s and artists like [[Wim Kan]], [[Wim Sonneveld]] and [[Toon Hermans]] were pioneers of this form of art in the Netherlands. In Amsterdam is the Kleinkunstacademie (English: Cabaret Academy) and [https://nederlied.nl/ Nederlied] Kleinkunstkoor (English: Cabaret Choir). Contemporary popular artists are [[Youp van 't Hek]], [[Freek de Jonge]], [[Herman Finkers]], [[Hans Teeuwen]], [[Theo Maassen]], [[Herman van Veen]], [[Najib Amhali]], [[Raoul Heertje]], [[Jörgen Raymann]], [[Brigitte Kaandorp]] and [[Comedytrain]]. The English spoken comedy scene was established with the founding of [[Boom Chicago]] in 1993. They have their own theatre at Leidseplein.
| |
|
| |
| === Nightlife ===
| |
| {{multiple image
| |
| | align = right
| |
| | image1 = DeWolff Paradiso.jpg
| |
| | width1 = 200
| |
| | alt1 =
| |
| | caption1 = DeWolff performing at [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]]
| |
| | image2 = Amsterdam Magere Brug.jpg
| |
| | width2 = 200
| |
| | alt2 =
| |
| | caption2 = The [[Magere Brug]] or "Skinny Bridge" over the [[Amstel]] at night
| |
| | footer =
| |
| }}
| |
| Amsterdam is famous for its vibrant and diverse nightlife. Amsterdam has many ''[[bar (establishment)|cafés]]'' (bars). They range from large and modern to small and cosy. The typical ''Bruine Kroeg'' (brown ''café'') breathe a more old fashioned atmosphere with dimmed lights, candles, and somewhat older clientele. These brown cafés mostly offer a wide range of local and international artisanal beers. Most ''cafés'' have terraces in summertime. A common sight on the Leidseplein during summer is a square full of terraces packed with people drinking beer or wine. Many restaurants can be found in Amsterdam as well. Since Amsterdam is a multicultural city, a lot of different ethnic restaurants can be found. Restaurants range from being rather luxurious and expensive to being ordinary and affordable. Amsterdam also possesses many [[discothèque]]s. The two main nightlife areas for tourists are the [[Leidseplein]] and the [[Rembrandtplein]]. The [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]], [[Melkweg]] and Sugar Factory are cultural centres, which turn into discothèques on some nights. Examples of discothèques near the Rembrandtplein are the Escape, Air, John Doe and Club Abe. Also noteworthy are Panama, Hotel Arena (East), TrouwAmsterdam and Studio 80. In recent years '24-hour' clubs opened their doors, most notably Radion De School, Shelter and Marktkantine. [[Bimhuis]] located near the Central Station, with its rich programming hosting the best in the field is considered one of the best jazz clubs in the world. The Reguliersdwarsstraat is the main street for the [[LGBT]] community and nightlife.
| |
|
| |
| ===Festivals===
| |
| {{multiple image
| |
| | align = right
| |
| | image1 = Queen's Day in Amsterdam 2013 (8697415382).jpg
| |
| | width1 = 200
| |
| | alt1 =
| |
| | caption1 = [[Koningsdag|Queen's Day]] in Amsterdam on 2013
| |
| | image2 = Amsterdam's Canals.jpg
| |
| | width2 = 200
| |
| | alt2 =
| |
| | caption2 = People dressed in orange on the [[canals of Amsterdam]] in 2010 during [[Koningsdag]] or King's Day
| |
| | footer =
| |
| }}
| |
| In 2008, there were 140 festivals and events in Amsterdam.<ref name="festivals">{{Cite news |date=17 May 2008 |title=Amsterdam kans op 'evenementenstad' |language=nl |trans-title=Amsterdam has a chance to be an 'event city' |work=[[AT5|AT5 Nieuws]] |location=Amsterdam |url=http://www.at5.nl/artikelen/8239/amsterdam-kans-op-evenementenstad |access-date=10 May 2012 |quote=''Naast de prijs van nationale evenementenstad is Koninginnedag voorgedragen als het publieksevenement van het jaar.'' (In addition to the prize for national event city, [[Koninginnedag|Queens Day]] is nominated as the public event of the year.)}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Famous festivals and events in Amsterdam include: ''[[Koningsdag]]'' (which was named ''Koninginnedag'' until the crowning of King Willem-Alexander in 2013) (King's Day – Queen's Day); the [[Holland Festival]] for the performing arts; the yearly [[Prinsengrachtconcert]] (classical concerto on the Prinsen canal) in August; the '[[Stille Omgang]]' (a silent Roman Catholic evening procession held every March); [[Amsterdam Gay Pride]]; The [[Cannabis Cup]]; and the [[Uitmarkt]]. On Koningsdag—that is held each year on 27 April—hundreds of thousands of people travel to Amsterdam to celebrate with the city's residents. The entire city becomes overcrowded with people buying products from the ''freemarket,'' or visiting one of the many music concerts.
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Gay Pride 2013 boat no37 Hot Spot Cafe pic7.JPG|thumb|left|One of the decorated boats participating in the 2013 Canal Parade of the [[Amsterdam Gay Pride]]]]
| |
| The yearly Holland Festival attracts international artists and visitors from all over Europe. [[Amsterdam Gay Pride]] is a yearly local LGBT parade of boats in Amsterdam's canals, held on the first Saturday in August.<ref name="gaypride">{{Cite web |title=Gay Pride in Amsterdam |url=http://amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=10073 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080601054009/http://www.amsterdam.nl/?ActItmIdt=10073 |archive-date=1 June 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Municipality Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> The annual Uitmarkt is a three-day cultural event at the start of the cultural season in late August. It offers previews of many different artists, such as musicians and poets, who perform on [[Podium|podia]].<ref name="uitmarkt">{{Cite web |title=Uitmarkt in Amsterdam |url=http://www.iamsterdam.com/visiting_exploring/culture/annual_cultural_0/uitmarkt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080131104219/http://www.iamsterdam.com/visiting_exploring/culture/annual_cultural_0/uitmarkt |archive-date=31 January 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=IAmsterdam}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Sports==
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam is home of the ''[[Eredivisie]]'' football club [[AFC Ajax]]. The stadium [[Johan Cruyff Arena]] is the home of Ajax. It is located in the [[Amsterdam Zuidoost|south-east]] of the city next to the new [[Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station]]. Before moving to their current location in 1996, Ajax played their regular matches in the now demolished [[De Meer Stadion]] in the eastern part of the city<ref>{{Cite web |title=De Meer |url=http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id=47960 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081116070239/http://english.ajax.nl/web/show/id%3D47960 |archive-date=16 November 2008 |access-date=8 November 2008 |website=Stadiums |publisher=AFC Ajax}}</ref> or in the [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympic Stadium]].
| |
| In 1928, Amsterdam hosted the [[1928 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]]. The [[Olympic Stadium (Amsterdam)|Olympic Stadium]] built for the occasion has been completely restored and is now used for cultural and sporting events, such as the [[Amsterdam Marathon]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Athletics |url=http://www.olympischstadion.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=98 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081221134507/http://www.olympischstadion.nl/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=22&Itemid=98 |archive-date=21 December 2008 |access-date=8 November 2008 |website=Olympisch Stadion Amsterdam |publisher=SOSA |format=in Dutch}}</ref> In 1920, Amsterdam assisted in hosting some of the [[Sailing at the 1920 Summer Olympics|sailing]] events for the [[1920 Summer Olympics|Summer Olympics]] held in neighbouring [[Antwerp]], Belgium by hosting events at [[IJ (Amsterdam)|Buiten IJ]].
| |
| [[File:Feyenoord tegen Ajax 1-0. Nummer 26 Israel in duel met Cruyff.jpg|thumb|[[AFC Ajax]] player [[Johan Cruyff]], 1967]]
| |
| The city holds the [[Dam tot Damloop|Dam to Dam Run]], a {{convert|16|km|adj=on|0}} race from Amsterdam to [[Zaandam]], as well as the [[Amsterdam Marathon]]. The ice hockey team [[Amstel Tijgers]] play in the [[Jaap Eden]] ice rink. The team competes in the Dutch ice hockey premier league. [[Long track speed skating|Speed skating]] championships have been held on the 400-meter lane of this ice rink.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam holds two [[American football]] franchises: the [[Amsterdam Crusaders]] and the Amsterdam Panthers. The [[Amsterdam Pirates]] baseball team competes in the [[Honkbal Hoofdklasse|Dutch Major League]]. There are three [[field hockey]] teams: Amsterdam, Pinoké and Hurley, who play their matches around the [[Wagener Stadium]] in the nearby city of [[Amstelveen]]. The basketball team [[MyGuide Amsterdam]] competes in the Dutch premier division and play their games in the Sporthallen Zuid.<ref>{{Cite web |date=7 September 2009 |title=Over Sporthallen Zuid: Referenties |url=http://www.sporthallenzuid.amsterdam.nl/over_sporthallen/referenties |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100803000725/http://www.sporthallenzuid.amsterdam.nl/over_sporthallen/referenties |archive-date=3 August 2010 |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Sporthallenzuid.amsterdam.nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| There is one rugby club in Amsterdam, which also hosts sports training classes such as RTC (Rugby Talenten Centrum or Rugby Talent Centre) and the National Rugby stadium.
| |
|
| |
| Since 1999, the city of Amsterdam honours the best sportsmen and women at the [[Amsterdam Sportsman of the year|Amsterdam Sports Awards]]. Boxer [[Raymond Joval]] and field hockey midfielder [[Carole Thate]] were the first to receive the awards, in 1999.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam hosted the [[World Gymnaestrada]] in 1991 and will do so again in 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |title=FIG allocates 2023 World Gymnaestrada to Amsterdam |url=http://aroundtherings.com/site/A__75784/Title__FIG-allocates-2023-World-Gymnaestrada-to-Amsterdam/292/Articles |access-date=20 February 2019 |publisher=Around The Rings}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Politics==
| |
| {{Main|Government of Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Femke Halsema 2.jpg|thumb|upright=0.9|[[Femke Halsema]] has been the [[List of mayors of Amsterdam|Mayor of Amsterdam]] since 2018.]]
| |
| The city of Amsterdam is a [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] under the Dutch Municipalities Act. It is governed by a directly elected [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal council]], a [[College van burgemeester en wethouders|municipal executive board]] and a [[Burgemeester|mayor]]. Since 1981, the [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] of Amsterdam has gradually been divided into semi-autonomous [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|boroughs]], called ''stadsdelen'' or 'districts'. Over time, a total of 15 boroughs were created. In May 2010, under a major reform, the number of [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|Amsterdam boroughs]] was reduced to eight: [[Amsterdam-Centrum]] covering the city centre including the [[Canals of Amsterdam|canal belt]], [[Amsterdam-Noord]] consisting of the neighbourhoods north of the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ lake]], [[Amsterdam-Oost]] in the east, [[Amsterdam-Zuid]] in the south, [[Amsterdam-West]] in the west, [[Amsterdam Nieuw-West]] in the far west, [[Amsterdam Zuidoost]] in the southeast, and [[Westpoort (Amsterdam)|Westpoort]] covering the [[Port of Amsterdam]] area.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam City Districts |url=http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/amsterdam-city-districts |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140820014532/http://www.iamsterdam.com/en-GB/living/about-amsterdam/amsterdam-city-districts |archive-date=20 August 2014 |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Iamsterdam.com}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===City government===
| |
| {{Main|Boroughs of Amsterdam|Municipal council (Netherlands)}}
| |
| As with all Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is governed by a directly elected [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal council]], a [[College van burgemeester en wethouders|municipal executive board]] and a government appointed<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maria Smith |date=15 February 2018 |title=Electing a mayor in the Netherlands |url=https://dutchreview.com/news/politics/electing-a-mayor-in-the-netherlands |access-date=15 February 2018 |publisher=DutchReview.com}}</ref> [[Burgemeester|mayor]] (''burgemeester''). The mayor is a member of the municipal executive board, but also has individual responsibilities in maintaining public order. On 27 June 2018, [[Femke Halsema]] (former member of [[House of Representatives (Netherlands)|House of Representatives]] for [[GroenLinks]] from 1998 to 2011) was appointed as the first woman to be [[List of mayors of Amsterdam|Mayor of Amsterdam]] by the [[King's Commissioner]] of [[North Holland]] for a six-year term after being nominated by the Amsterdam [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal council]] and began serving a six-year term on 12 July 2018. She replaces [[Eberhard van der Laan]] ([[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]]) who was the Mayor of Amsterdam from 2010 until his death in October 2017. After the [[Dutch municipal elections, 2014|2014 municipal council elections]], a governing majority of [[Democrats 66|D66]], [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] and [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]] was formed – the first coalition without the [[Labour Party (Netherlands)|Labour Party]] since [[World War II]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Britt Slegers |date=12 June 2014 |title=Three-party coalition in Amsterdam |url=http://www.nltimes.nl/2014/06/12/three-party-coalition-amsterdam-pvda/ |access-date=13 August 2014 |website=NL Times}}</ref> Next to the [[Burgemeester|Mayor]], the [[College van burgemeester en wethouders|municipal executive board]] consists of eight ''wethouders'' ('alderpersons') appointed by the [[Municipal council (Netherlands)|municipal council]]: four [[Democrats 66|D66]] alderpersons, two [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy|VVD]] alderpersons and two [[Socialist Party (Netherlands)|SP]] alderpersons.<ref>{{Cite web |title=College van burgemeester en wethouders |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/gemeente/college/ |access-date=13 August 2014 |publisher=City of Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| On 18 September 2017, it was announced by [[Eberhard van der Laan]] in an open letter to Amsterdam citizens that [[Kajsa Ollongren]] would take up his office as acting Mayor of Amsterdam with immediate effect due to ill health.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2193622-zieke-amsterdamse-burgemeester-van-der-laan-legt-werk-neer.html/ |title='Zorg goed voor onze stad en voor elkaar' |work=nos.nl |date=18 September 2017 |access-date=27 June 2021 |url-status=live}}</ref> Ollongren was succeeded as acting Mayor by Eric van der Burg on 26 October 2017 and by [[Jozias van Aartsen]] on 4 December 2017.
| |
|
| |
| [[File:Amsterdamse stadsdelen 2010.png|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Boroughs of Amsterdam]]]]
| |
| Unlike most other Dutch municipalities, Amsterdam is subdivided into eight [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|boroughs]], called ''stadsdelen'' or 'districts', a system that was implemented gradually in the 1980s to improve local governance. The [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|boroughs]] are responsible for many activities that had previously been run by the central city. In 2010, the number of [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|Amsterdam boroughs]] reached fifteen. Fourteen of those had their own district council (''deelraad''), elected by a popular vote. The fifteenth, [[Westpoort]], covers the harbour of Amsterdam and had very few residents. Therefore, it was governed by the central municipal council.
| |
|
| |
| Under the borough system, municipal decisions are made at borough level, except for those affairs pertaining to the whole city such as major infrastructure projects, which are the jurisdiction of the central municipal authorities. In 2010, the [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|borough]] system was restructured, in which many smaller boroughs merged into larger boroughs. In 2014, under a reform of the Dutch Municipalities Act, the [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|Amsterdam boroughs]] lost much of their autonomous status, as their district councils were abolished.
| |
|
| |
| The municipal council of Amsterdam voted to maintain the borough system by replacing the district councils with smaller, but still directly elected district committees (''bestuurscommissies''). Under a municipal ordinance, the new district committees were granted responsibilities through delegation of regulatory and executive powers by the central municipal council.
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Amstel.jpg|thumb|800px|center|{{center|View of the [[Stopera]] (left), behind the [[Blauwbrug]] (blue bridge), where the Amsterdam city hall and opera house are located, and the [[Hermitage Amsterdam|Hermitage Museum]] (right) on the [[Amstel]]}}]]
| |
|
| |
| ===Metropolitan area===
| |
| [[File:Police Headquarters, Amsterdam.jpg|thumb|Police headquarters of Amsterdam]]
| |
| "Amsterdam" is usually understood to refer to the [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] of Amsterdam. Colloquially, some areas within the municipality, such as the town of [[Durgerdam]], may not be considered part of Amsterdam.
| |
|
| |
| [[Statistics Netherlands]] uses three other definitions of Amsterdam: metropolitan agglomeration Amsterdam (''Grootstedelijke Agglomeratie Amsterdam'', not to be confused with ''Grootstedelijk Gebied Amsterdam'', a synonym of ''Groot Amsterdam''), Greater Amsterdam (''Groot Amsterdam'', a [[COROP]] region) and the urban region Amsterdam (''Stadsgewest Amsterdam'').<ref name="auto"/> The Amsterdam Department for Research and Statistics uses a fourth conurbation, namely the ''Stadsregio Amsterdam'' ('City Region of Amsterdam'). The city region is similar to Greater Amsterdam but includes the municipalities of [[Zaanstad]] and [[Wormerland]]. It excludes [[Graft-De Rijp]].
| |
|
| |
| The smallest of these areas is the [[Municipalities of the Netherlands|municipality]] of Amsterdam with a population of 802,938 in 2013.<ref name="cbs2013">{{Cite web |title=CBS Amsterdam Bevolkingsontwikkeling; regio per maand |url=http://statline.cbs.nl/StatWeb/publication/?DM=SLNL&PA=37230ned&D1=0,17&D2=39,66,88,121&D3=(l-4)-l&VW=T}}</ref> The conurbation had a population of 1,096,042 in 2013.<ref name="cbs2013" /> It includes the municipalities of Zaanstad, Wormerland, Oostzaan, Diemen and Amstelveen only, as well as the municipality of Amsterdam.<ref name="cbs2013" /> Greater Amsterdam includes 15 municipalities,<ref name="cbs2013" /> and had a population of 1,293,208 in 2013.<ref name="cbs2013" /> Though much larger in area, the population of this area is only slightly larger, because the definition excludes the relatively populous municipality of [[Zaanstad]]. The largest area by population, the [[Amsterdam Metropolitan Area]] (Dutch: Metropoolregio Amsterdam), has a population of 2,33 million.<ref name="dosamsterdam">{{Cite web |title=Dienst onderzoek & statistiek Amsterdam |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/8187/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130614030427/http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/8187/ |archive-date=14 June 2013}}</ref> It includes for instance Zaanstad, Wormerland, Muiden, Abcoude, Haarlem, Almere and Lelystad but excludes Graft-De Rijp. Amsterdam is part of the conglomerate metropolitan area [[Randstad]], with a total population of 6,659,300 inhabitants.<ref name="randstad">{{Cite web |date=October 2008 |title=Population |url=http://www.os.amsterdam.nl/tabel/2008_mutatiestatistiek_stand.xls |access-date=8 March 2009 |website=Themes |publisher=City of Amsterdam |format=in Dutch}}{{dead link|date=May 2016|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| Of these various metropolitan area configurations, only the ''Stadsregio Amsterdam'' (City Region of Amsterdam) has a formal governmental status. Its responsibilities include regional spatial planning and the metropolitan public transport concessions.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stadsregio Amsterdam: English Information |url=http://www.stadsregioamsterdam.nl/algemene-onderdelen/english-information/ |access-date=12 August 2014 |publisher=Stadsregio Amsterdam}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===National capital===
| |
| {{main|Capital of the Netherlands}}
| |
| [[File:King Willem-Alexander, Princess Beatrix en Queen Maxima.jpg|thumb|[[Willem-Alexander of the Netherlands|King Willem-Alexander]], [[Beatrix of the Netherlands|Princess Beatrix]], and [[Queen Máxima of the Netherlands|Queen Máxima]] greeting Amsterdammers from the [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam]] during Willem-Alexanders inauguration in 2013]]
| |
| Under the [[Constitution of the Netherlands|Dutch Constitution]], Amsterdam is the [[capital of the Netherlands]]. Since the 1983 constitutional revision, the constitution mentions "Amsterdam" and "capital" in chapter 2, article 32: The king's confirmation by oath and his coronation take place in "the capital Amsterdam" ("''de hoofdstad Amsterdam''").<ref name="capital-constitution">{{Cite web |last=Dutch Wikisource |title=Grondwet voor het Koninkrijk der Nederlanden |trans-title=Constitution for the Kingdom of the Netherlands |url=http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Grondwet_voor_het_Koninkrijk_der_Nederlanden |access-date=3 July 2013 |at=[http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Nederlandse_grondwet/Hoofdstuk_2#Artikel_32 Chapter 2, Article 32] |language=nl |quote=... de hoofdstad Amsterdam ...}}</ref> Previous versions of the constitution only mentioned "the city of Amsterdam" ("''de stad Amsterdam''").<ref>{{Cite web |title=Previous versions of the constitution |url=http://nl.wikisource.org/wiki/Nederlandse_grondwet |access-date=10 October 2010 |publisher=Nl.wikisource.org |language=nl}}</ref> For a royal investiture, therefore, the [[States General of the Netherlands]] (the Dutch Parliament) meets for a ceremonial joint session in Amsterdam. The ceremony traditionally takes place at the [[Nieuwe Kerk (Amsterdam)|Nieuwe Kerk]] on [[Dam Square]], immediately after the former monarch has signed the act of abdication at the nearby [[Royal Palace of Amsterdam]]. Normally, however, the Parliament sits in [[The Hague]], the city which has historically been the seat of the [[Politics of the Netherlands|Dutch government]], the [[Monarchy of the Netherlands|Dutch monarchy]], and the [[Supreme Court of the Netherlands|Dutch supreme court]]. Foreign embassies are also located in The Hague.
| |
|
| |
| ===Symbols===
| |
| {{Main|Coat of arms of Amsterdam|Flag of Amsterdam}}
| |
| The coat of arms of Amsterdam is composed of several historical elements. First and centre are three [[Saltire|St Andrew's crosses]], aligned in a vertical band on the city's shield (although Amsterdam's [[patron saint]] was [[Saint Nicholas]]). These St Andrew's crosses can also be found on the city shields of neighbours [[Amstelveen]] and [[Ouder-Amstel]]. This part of the coat of arms is the basis of the [[flag of Amsterdam]], flown by the city government, but also as [[civil ensign]] for ships registered in Amsterdam. Second is the [[Imperial Crown of Austria]]. In 1489, out of gratitude for services and loans, [[Maximilian I, Holy Roman Emperor|Maximilian I]] awarded Amsterdam the right to adorn its coat of arms with the [[King of the Romans|king's]] crown. Then, in 1508, this was replaced with Maximilian's [[imperial crown]] when he was crowned [[Holy Roman Emperor]]. In the early years of the 17th century, Maximilian's crown in Amsterdam's coat of arms was again replaced, this time with the crown of [[Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Rudolph II]], a crown that became the Imperial [[Austrian Crown Jewels|Crown of Austria]]. The lions date from the late 16th century, when city and province became part of the [[Dutch Republic|Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]. Last came the city's official motto: ''Heldhaftig, Vastberaden, Barmhartig'' ("Heroic, Determined, Merciful"), bestowed on the city in 1947 by [[Wilhelmina of the Netherlands|Queen Wilhelmina]], in recognition of the city's bravery during the Second World War.
| |
|
| |
| ==Transport==
| |
| {{Main|Transport in Amsterdam}}
| |
|
| |
| ===Metro, tram and bus===
| |
| {{main|Amsterdam Metro|Trams in Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam - Keizersgracht - 1316.jpg|thumb|A tram crossing the Keizersgracht]]
| |
| [[File:NoordZuidLijn Metrostation Europaplein hnapel 004.jpg|thumb|The [[Amsterdam Metro]] is a mixed subway and above ground [[Rapid Transit|rapid transit system]] consisting of five lines.]]
| |
| Currently, there are sixteen [[Trams in Amsterdam|tram routes]] and five [[Amsterdam Metro|metro routes]]. All are operated by municipal public transport operator [[Gemeentelijk Vervoerbedrijf]] (GVB), which also runs the city bus network.
| |
|
| |
| Four fare-free GVB ferries carry pedestrians and cyclists across the [[IJ (Amsterdam)|IJ lake]] to the [[Boroughs of Amsterdam|borough]] of [[Amsterdam-Noord]], and two fare-charging ferries run east and west along the harbour. There are also privately operated water taxis, a water bus, a boat sharing operation, electric rental boats and canal cruises, that transport people along Amsterdam's waterways.
| |
|
| |
| Regional buses, and some suburban buses, are operated by [[Connexxion]] and [[Egged (company)|EBS]]. International coach services are provided by [[Eurolines]] from [[Amsterdam Amstel railway station]], [[IDBUS]] from [[Amsterdam Sloterdijk railway station]], and [[Megabus (Europe)|Megabus]] from the Zuiderzeeweg in the east of the city.
| |
|
| |
| In order to facilitate easier transport to the centre of Amsterdam, the city has various P+R Locations where people can park their car at an affordable price and transfer to one of the numerous public transport lines.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Parkeren + Reizen (P+R) Amsterdam – I amsterdam |url=https://www.iamsterdam.com/nl/op-bezoek/parkeren/parkeren-en-verder-reizen |website=www.iamsterdam.com}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Car===
| |
| Amsterdam was intended in 1932 to be the hub, a kind of [[Kilometre Zero]], of the [[List of motorways in the Netherlands|highway system of the Netherlands]],<ref name="Autosnelweg 1930">{{Cite web |title=Autosnelweg.nl – Geschiedenis Autosnelwegen in Nederland |url=http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/gs04.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070310145952/http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/gs04.htm |archive-date=10 March 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Autosnelweg.nl |language=nl}}</ref> with freeways numbered One to Eight planned to originate from the city.<ref name="Autosnelweg 1930" /> The outbreak of the Second World War and shifting priorities led to the current situation, where only roads [[A1 motorway (Netherlands)|A1]], [[A2 motorway (Netherlands)|A2]], and [[A4 motorway (Netherlands)|A4]] originate from Amsterdam according to the original plan. The [[A3 motorway (Netherlands)|A3]] to [[Rotterdam]] was cancelled in 1970 in order to conserve the [[Groene Hart]]. Road [[A8 motorway (Netherlands)|A8]], leading north to [[Zaandam]] and the [[A10 motorway (Netherlands)|A10]] [[Beltway|Ringroad]] were opened between 1968 and 1974.<ref name="Autosnelweg 1970">{{Cite web |title=Autosnelweg.nl – Geschiedenis Autosnelwegen in Nederland |url=http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/gs07.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070316030152/http://www.autosnelwegen.nl/asw/gs07.htm |archive-date=16 March 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |publisher=Autosnelweg.nl |language=nl}}</ref> Besides the A1, A2, A4 and A8, several freeways, such as the [[A7 motorway (Netherlands)|A7]] and [[A6 motorway (Netherlands)|A6]], carry traffic mainly bound for Amsterdam.
| |
|
| |
| The [[A10 motorway (Netherlands)|A10 ringroad]] surrounding the city connects Amsterdam with the Dutch [[List of motorways in the Netherlands|national network of freeways]]. [[Interchange (road)|Interchanges]] on the A10 allow cars to enter the city by transferring to one of the 18 ''city roads'', numbered S101 through to S118. These city roads are regional roads without [[grade separation]], and sometimes without a [[central reservation]]. Most are accessible by cyclists. The S100 ''Centrumring'' is a smaller ringroad circumnavigating the city's centre.
| |
|
| |
| In the city centre, driving a car is discouraged. Parking fees are expensive, and many streets are closed to cars or are [[One-way traffic|one-way]].<ref name="Fiets">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam Fietst |url=http://www.fiets.amsterdam.nl/live/main.asp?name=pagina&item_id=807 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070806175414/http://www.fiets.amsterdam.nl/live/main.asp?name=pagina&item_id=807 |archive-date=6 August 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |language=nl}}</ref> The local government sponsors [[carsharing]] and [[carpool]]ing initiatives such as ''Autodelen'' and ''Meerijden.nu''.<ref name="cars">{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam.nl – Auto |url=http://www.amsterdam.nl/verkeer_vervoer/auto |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070405100219/http://www.amsterdam.nl/verkeer_vervoer/auto |archive-date=5 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |language=nl}}</ref> The local government has also started removing parking spaces in the city, with the goal of removing 10,000 spaces (roughly 1,500 per year) by 2025<ref>{{Cite web |last=Koops |first=Ruben |date=2019-03-28 |title=Ruim 10.000 parkeerplaatsen verdwijnen voor 2025 |url=https://www.parool.nl/gs-b8496335 |access-date=2020-04-10 |website=Het Parool |language=nl-NL}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===National rail===
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam Central Station1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.15|[[Amsterdam Centraal station]], the city's main train station]]
| |
| Amsterdam is served by ten [[Railway stations in the Netherlands#A|stations]] of the [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]] (Dutch Railways).<ref name="Stationsweb">{{Cite web |title=Stationsweb-Noord Holland |url=http://stationsweb.brinkster.net/stationlijst.asp?prov=noord-holland |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070429173930/http://stationsweb.brinkster.net/stationlijst.asp?prov=noord-holland |archive-date=29 April 2007 |access-date=19 April 2007 |language=nl}}</ref> Five are intercity stops: [[Sloterdijk (Amsterdam)|Sloterdijk]], [[Amsterdam Zuid railway station|Zuid]], [[Amsterdam Amstel railway station|Amstel]], [[Amsterdam Bijlmer ArenA railway station|Bijlmer ArenA]] and [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Amsterdam Centraal]]. The stations for local services are: [[Amsterdam Lelylaan railway station|Lelylaan]], [[Amsterdam RAI railway station|RAI]], [[Amsterdam Holendrecht railway station|Holendrecht]], [[Amsterdam Muiderpoort railway station|Muiderpoort]] and [[Amsterdam Science Park railway station|Science Park]]. [[Amsterdam Centraal railway station|Amsterdam Centraal]] is also an international railway station. From the station there are regular services to destinations such as Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czechia, Denmark, France, Germany, Hungary, Poland, Russia, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. Among these trains are international trains of the [[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]] (Amsterdam-Berlin), the [[Eurostar]] (Amsterdam-Brussels-London), [[Thalys]] (Amsterdam-Brussels-Paris/Lille), and [[Intercity-Express]] (Amsterdam–Cologne–Frankfurt).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Train to Amsterdam – London to Amsterdam – Eurostar |url=https://www.eurostar.com/uk-en/train/netherlands/amsterdam |website=www.eurostar.com}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Discover our train destinations |url=https://www.nsinternational.nl/en/train-destinations-nsinternational |access-date=16 March 2019 |publisher=[[Nederlandse Spoorwegen]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=UK |first=DVV Media |title=Eurostar undertakes detailed planning for London – Amsterdam service |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/high-speed/single-view/view/eurostar-plans-details-of-london-amsterdam-service.html}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ===Airport===
| |
| [[File:Schiphol Airport Pier D (7325966610).jpg|thumb|left|[[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] ranks as Europe's third-busiest airport for passenger traffic.]]
| |
| [[Amsterdam Airport Schiphol]] is less than 20 minutes by train from [[Amsterdam Centraal station]] and is served by domestic and international intercity trains, such as [[Thalys]], [[Eurostar]] and Intercity Brussel. Schiphol is the largest airport in the Netherlands, the third-largest in Europe, and the 14th-largest in the world in terms of passengers. It handles over 68 million passengers per year and is the home base of four airlines, [[KLM]], [[Transavia]], [[Martinair]] and [[Arkefly]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Maslen |first=Richard |date=21 July 2014 |title=easyJet to open Amsterdam Base in Spring 2015 |url=http://www.routesonline.com/news/29/breaking-news/242728/easyjet-to-open-amsterdam-base-in-spring-2015/ |publisher=UBM (UK) Ltd}}</ref> {{as of|2014}}, Schiphol was the fifth [[World's busiest airports by international passenger traffic|busiest airport in the world]] measured by international passenger numbers.<ref name="passengerrank">{{Cite web |title=International passenger Rankings |url=http://www.aci.aero/Data-Centre/Monthly-Traffic-Data/International-Passenger-Rankings/12-months |access-date=3 June 2014 |publisher=ACI Airports Council International}}</ref> This airport is 4 meters below sea level.<ref>{{Cite web |last=awesomeamsterdam |date=16 October 2015 |title=10 FUN FACTS ABOUT AMSTERDAM |url=https://awesomeamsterdam.com/10-fun-facts-about-amsterdam/ |access-date=16 January 2019 |website=AWESOME AMSTERDAM}}</ref> Although Schiphol is internationally known as Amsterdam Schiphol Airport it actually lies in the neighbouring municipality of Haarlemmermeer, southwest of the city.
| |
|
| |
| ===Cycling===
| |
| {{main|Cycling in Amsterdam}}
| |
| [[File:Amsterdam - Bicycles - 1058.jpg|thumb|Police bicyclist crossing a bridge over the Prinsengracht]]
| |
| Amsterdam is one of the most bicycle-friendly large cities in the world and is a centre of [[bicycle culture]] with good facilities for cyclists such as bike paths and [[Bicycle stand|bike racks]], and several guarded bike storage garages (''fietsenstalling'') which can be used.
| |
|
| |
| According to the most recent figures published by Central Bureau of Statistics (CBS), in 2015 the 442.693 households (850.000 residents) in Amsterdam together owned 847.000 bicycles – 1.91 bicycle per household. Previously, wildly different figures were arrived at using a [[Wisdom of the crowd]] approach.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Amsterdam, City of Bikes |url=http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/68-amsterdam-city-of-bikes |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190829080011/http://www.dutchamsterdam.nl/68-amsterdam-city-of-bikes |archive-date=29 August 2019 |access-date=11 November 2019 |publisher=DutchAmsterdam.nl}}</ref> Theft is widespread{{mdash}}in 2011, about 83,000 bicycles were stolen in Amsterdam.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Research and Statistics Division |title=Core Numbers in Graphics: Fewer Bicycle Thefts |url=http://stadstat.osamsterdam.nl/programakkoord.pl?onderwerp=ov&cache_version=6 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080822155119/http://stadstat.osamsterdam.nl/programakkoord.pl?onderwerp=ov&cache_version=6 |archive-date=22 August 2008 |access-date=4 October 2008 |website=Safety and Nuissance |publisher=City of Amsterdam |language=nl}}</ref> Bicycles are used by all socio-economic groups because of their convenience, Amsterdam's small size, the {{convert|400|km|0|abbr=off}} of bike paths,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Cycling in Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdamtips.com/tips/cycling-in-amsterdam.php |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100917063831/http://amsterdamtips.com/tips/cycling-in-amsterdam.php |archive-date=17 September 2010 |access-date=11 August 2010 |publisher=amsterdamtips.com}}</ref> the flat terrain, and the inconvenience of driving an automobile.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Tagliabue |first=John |date=20 June 2013 |title=The Dutch Prize Their Pedal Power, but a Sea of Bikes Swamps Their Capital |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2013/06/21/world/europe/a-sea-of-bikes-swamps-amsterdam-a-city-fond-of-pedaling.html}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Education==
| |
| [[File:Agnietenkapel Gate.jpg|thumb|left|The Agnietenkapel Gate at the [[University of Amsterdam]], founded in 1632 as the Athenaeum Illustre]]
| |
| Amsterdam has two universities: the [[University of Amsterdam]] (''Universiteit van Amsterdam'', UvA), and the ''[[Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam]]'' (VU). Other institutions for higher education include an [[art school]] – [[Gerrit Rietveld Academie]], a [[Hogeschool|university of applied sciences]] – the [[Hogeschool van Amsterdam]], and the [[Amsterdamse Hogeschool voor de Kunsten]]. Amsterdam's [[International Institute of Social History]] is one of the world's largest documentary and research institutions concerning [[social history]], and especially the [[labor history (discipline)|history of the labour movement]]. Amsterdam's [[Hortus Botanicus (Amsterdam)|Hortus Botanicus]], founded in the early 17th century, is one of the oldest botanical gardens in the world,<ref name="Hortus">{{Cite web |title=Hortus Botanicus official website |url=http://www.dehortus.nl/Index.asp |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090831051745/http://www.dehortus.nl/Index.asp |archive-date=31 August 2009 |access-date=10 June 2009 |publisher=2009 de Hortus}}</ref> with many old and rare specimens, among them the [[coffee|coffee plant]] that served as the parent for the entire [[coffee culture]] in Central and South America.<ref name="he">{{Cite web |title=Higher Education in Amsterdam |url=http://www.amsterdam.info/universities/ |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704195020/http://www.amsterdam.info/universities/ |archive-date=4 July 2008 |access-date=4 June 2008 |publisher=Amsterdam.info}}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| There are over 200 primary schools in Amsterdam.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.amsterdam.nl/onderwijs-jeugd/basisonderwijs/stedelijk/ |title=Stedelijk Toelatingsbeleid |language=Dutch |publisher=Municipality of Amsterdam |date=2015 |access-date=20 July 2015}}</ref> Some of these primary schools base their teachings on particular pedagogic theories like the various [[Maria Montessori|Montessori]] schools. The biggest Montessori high school in Amsterdam is the [[Montessori Lyceum Amsterdam]]. Many schools, however, are based on religion. This used to be primarily Roman Catholicism and various Protestant denominations, but with the influx of Muslim immigrants, there has been a rise in the number of Islamic schools. Jewish schools can be found in the southern suburbs of Amsterdam.
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam is noted for having five independent grammar schools (Dutch: gymnasia), the [[Vossius Gymnasium]], [[Barlaeus Gymnasium]], St. [[Ignatius Gymnasium]], [[Het 4e Gymnasium]] and the Cygnus Gymnasium where a classical curriculum including [[Latin]] and [[Ancient Greek|classical Greek]] is taught. Though believed until recently by many to be an anachronistic and elitist concept that would soon die out, the gymnasia have recently experienced a revival, leading to the formation of a fourth and fifth grammar school in which the three aforementioned schools participate. Most secondary schools in Amsterdam offer a variety of different levels of education in the same school. The city also has various colleges ranging from art and design to politics and economics which are mostly also available for students coming from other countries.
| |
|
| |
| Schools for foreign nationals in Amsterdam include the [[Amsterdam International Community School]], [[British School of Amsterdam]], [[Albert Einstein International School Amsterdam]], [[Lycée Vincent van Gogh La Haye-Amsterdam]] primary campus (French school), [[International School of Amsterdam]], and the [[Japanese School of Amsterdam]].
| |
|
| |
| ==Notable people==
| |
| {{main|List of people from Amsterdam}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Media==
| |
| Amsterdam is a prominent centre for national and international media. Some locally based newspapers include ''[[Het Parool]]'', a national daily paper; ''[[De Telegraaf]]'', the largest Dutch daily newspaper; the daily newspapers ''[[Trouw]]'', ''[[de Volkskrant]]'' and ''[[NRC Handelsblad]]''; ''[[De Groene Amsterdammer]]'', a weekly newspaper; the free newspapers ''[[Metro (Dutch newspaper)|Metro]]'' and ''[[The Holland Times]]'' (printed in English).
| |
|
| |
| Amsterdam is home to the second-largest Dutch commercial TV group [[SBS Broadcasting Group]], consisting of TV-stations [[SBS 6]], [[Net 5]] and [[Veronica (TV channel)|Veronica]]. However, Amsterdam is not considered 'the media city of the Netherlands'. The town of [[Hilversum]], {{convert|30|km|abbr=off}} south-east of Amsterdam, has been crowned with this unofficial title. Hilversum is the principal centre for radio and television broadcasting in the Netherlands. [[Radio Netherlands Worldwide|Radio Netherlands]], heard worldwide via shortwave radio since the 1920s, is also based there. Hilversum is home to an extensive complex of audio and television studios belonging to the national broadcast production company NOS, as well as to the studios and offices of all the Dutch public broadcasting organisations and many commercial TV production companies.
| |
|
| |
| In 2012, the music video of Far East Movement, 'Live My Life', was filmed in various parts of Amsterdam.
| |
|
| |
| Also, several movies were filmed in Amsterdam, such as [[James Bond]]'s [[Diamonds Are Forever (film)|Diamonds Are Forever]], [[Ocean's Twelve]], [[Girl with a Pearl Earring (film)|Girl with a Pearl Earring]] and [[The Hitman's Bodyguard]]. Amsterdam is also featured in [[John Green (author)|John Green]]'s book ''[[The Fault in Our Stars]]'', which has been made into [[The Fault in Our Stars (film)|a film]] as well that partly takes place in Amsterdam.
| |
|
| |
| ==Housing==
| |
|
| |
|
| |
| From the late 1960s onwards many buildings in Amsterdam have been [[Squatting|squatted]] both for housing and for using as social centres.<ref name="Owens">{{Cite book |last=Owens |first=Lynn |title=Cracking the Movement: Narrating the Decline of the Amsterdam Squatters' Movement |date=2009 |publisher=Pennsylvania State University |isbn=9780271034638 |location=Pennsylvania}}</ref> A number of these squats have legalised and become well known, such as [[OCCII]], [[OT301]], [[Paradiso (Amsterdam)|Paradiso]] and [[Vrankrijk]].
| |
|
| |
| ==Sister cities==
| |
| * [[Manchester]], [[United Kingdom]], 2007
| |
| * [[Zapopan]], [[Mexico]], 2011<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/ |title=Relaciones Internacionales |language=Spanish |website=zapopan.gob.mx |access-date=29 January 2021 |archive-date=3 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191003061614/http://www.zapopan.gob.mx/soy-turista/relaciones-internacionales/ |url-status=dead }}</ref>
| |
|
| |
| ==Notes and references==
| |
| ===Citations===
| |
| {{Reflist}}
| |
|
| |
| ===Literature===
| |
| * {{Cite book |last1=Berns |first1=Jan |title=Hij zeit wat: de Amsterdamse volkstaal |last2=Daan |first2=Jo |publisher=BZZTôH |year=1993 |isbn=978-9062917563 |location=The Hague}}
| |
| * {{Citation |last1=Frijhoff |first1=Willem |title=Geschiedenis van Amsterdam. Zelfbewuste stadsstaat 1650–1813 |year=2005 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=SUN |isbn=978-9058751386 |last2=Prak |first2=Maarten}}
| |
| * {{Citation |last=Mak |first=Geert |title=Een kleine geschiedenis van Amsterdam |year=1994 |place=Amsterdam & Antwerp |publisher=Atlas |isbn=978-9045019536}}
| |
| * Charles Caspers & Peter Jan Margry (2017), ''Het Mirakel van Amsterdam. Biografie van een betwiste devotie'' (Amsterdam, Prometheus).
| |
| * {{Citation |last=Nusteling |first=Hubert |title=Welvaart en werkgelegenheid in Amsterdam 1540–1860. Een relaas over demografie, economie en sociale politiek van een wereldstad |year=1985 |place=Amsterdam |publisher=De Bataafsche Leeuw |isbn=978-9067070829}}
| |
| * {{Citation |last=Ramaer |first=J.C. |title=Middelpunten der bewoning in Nederland, voorheen en thans |work=TAG 2e Serie |volume=38 |year=1921}}
| |
| * {{Citation |last=Van Dillen |first=J.G. |title=Bronnen tot de geschiedenis van het bedrijfsleven en het gildewezen van Amsterdam |year=1929 |place=The Hague}}
| |
| * {{Citation |last1=Van Leeuwen |first1=M. |title=Reconstructing the Demographic Regime of Amsterdam 1681–1920 |work=Economic and Social History in the Netherlands |volume=5 |pages=61–102 |year=1993 |last2=Oeppen |first2=J.E. |hdl=10622/09251669-1993-001}}
| |
|
| |
| ==Further reading==
| |
| {{Main|Bibliography of Amsterdam}}
| |
|
| |
| ==External links==
| |
| {{Sister project links |wikt=Amsterdam |commons=Amsterdam |n=category:Amsterdam |voy=Amsterdam |Amsterdam|b=no|q=no|species=no}}
| |
| * [https://www.amsterdam.nl/ Amsterdam.nl] – Official government site {{in lang|nl}}
| |
| * [https://www.iamsterdam.com/ I amsterdam] – Portal for international visitors
| |
| * [https://www.holland.com/global/Tourism/Cities-in-Holland/Amsterdam.htm Tourist information about Amsterdam] – Website of the Netherlands Board of Tourism and Conventions
| |
|
| |
| {{S-start|noclear=y}}
| |
| {{S-bef|before=[[Herning]], Denmark (1987)}}
| |
| {{S-ttl|title=[[World Gymnaestrada]] host city|years=1991}}
| |
| {{S-aft|after=[[Berlin]], Germany (1995)}}
| |
| {{S-bef|before=[[Dornbirn]], [[Austria]] (2019)}}
| |
| {{S-ttl|title=''[[World Gymnaestrada]] host city|years=2023''}}
| |
| {{S-aft|after=TBA}}
| |
| {{S-end}}
| |
|
| |
| <!-- Please note that not all directions need to be filled. Please also note that preferably only neighbouring municipalities or bodies of water should be used. -->{{Geographic location
| |
| |Centre = Amsterdam
| |
| |North = [[Oostzaan]], [[Landsmeer]]
| |
| |Northeast = [[Waterland]]
| |
| |East = ''[[IJmeer]]'' / [[Gooise Meren]]
| |
| |Southeast = [[Diemen]]<br/>[[Weesp]]
| |
| |South = [[Amstelveen]], [[Ouder-Amstel]], [[De Ronde Venen]] ([[Utrecht (province)|UT]])
| |
| |West = [[Haarlemmermeer]]
| |
| |Northwest = [[Zaanstad]]
| |
| }}
| |
| {{Amsterdam}}
| |
| {{Neighborhoods of Amsterdam}}
| |
| {{North Holland Province}} | | {{North Holland Province}} |
| {{Dutch capital cities}} | | {{European capitals}} |
| {{List of European capitals by region}}
| |
| {{Capital cities of the European Union}}
| |
| {{Navboxes
| |
| |title=Other topics
| |
| |list=
| |
| {{European Capital of Culture}}
| |
| {{Olympic Summer Games Host Cities}}
| |
| {{1928 Summer Olympic venues}}
| |
| {{Olympic venues cycling}}
| |
| {{World Book Capital}}
| |
| }} | |
| {{Authority control}} | | {{Authority control}} |
|
| |
|
| [[Category:Amsterdam| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard--> | | [[Category:Amsterdam| ]] |
| [[Category:Capitals in Europe]]
| |
| [[Category:Cities in the Netherlands]] | | [[Category:Cities in the Netherlands]] |
| [[Category:Municipalities of North Holland]] | | [[Category:Settlements in North Holland]] |
| [[Category:Olympic cycling venues]] | | [[Category:Olympic cities]] |
| [[Category:Populated places established in the 13th century]]
| |
| [[Category:Populated places in North Holland]]
| |
| [[Category:Port cities and towns in the Netherlands]]
| |
| [[Category:Port cities and towns of the North Sea]]
| |
| [[Category:Venues of the 1928 Summer Olympics]]
| |
.svg){kind=link}
