Ohio: Difference between revisions

What links here Related changes Page information Get shortened URL
Created by Flying Bee
Last edited October 20, 2022
VisualWikitext
Created page with "{{short description|State of the United States}} {{about|the U.S. state of Ohio}} {{pp-semi-indef}} {{pp-move-indef}} {{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}} {{Infobox U.S. state | n..."
 
WikiDwarfBOT (talk | contribs)
Bots, trusted
8,493 edits
m robot: Trimming article to decrease server load
 
(One intermediate revision by one other user not shown)
Line 1: Line 1:
{{short description|State of the United States}}
{{more sources|date=October 2017}}
{{about|the U.S. state of Ohio}}
{{more footnotes|date=October 2017}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Ohio
|name = Ohio
| official_name = State of Ohio
|official_name = State of Ohio
| image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg
|image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg
| flag_border = no
|flag_link = Flag of Ohio
| flag_link = Flag of Ohio
|image_seal = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
| image_seal = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
|seal_link = Seal of Ohio
| seal_link = Seal of Ohio
|image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
| image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
|nickname = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
| nickname = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
|motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|accessdate=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
|anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| accessdate = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
|seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|accessdate=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
|LargestCity = capital
| LargestCity = capital
|LargestMetro = [[Greater Cincinnati]]<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]]<br />(see footnotes)<ref>According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate] , Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref>According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
|Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
| Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
|population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye (colloq.)
| population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)|List of Governors of Ohio
|List of Governors of Ohio|Governor = {{nowrap|[[Mike DeWine]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Mike DeWine]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}
|Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jon A. Husted]] (R)}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jon Husted]] (R)}}
|Legislature = [[Ohio General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Legislature = [[Ohio General Assembly|General Assembly]]
|Upperhouse = [[Ohio Senate|Senate]]
| Upperhouse = [[Ohio Senate|Senate]]
|Lowerhouse = [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
|Senators = {{nowrap|[[Sherrod Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Rob Portman]] (R)}}
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Ohio]]
|Representative = 12 Republicans<br /> 4 Democrats
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Sherrod Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Rob Portman]] (R)}}
|TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
| Representative = 11 Republicans<br /> 3 Democrats<br /> 2 Vacancies
|postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
| TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
|url=http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html |accessdate=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html |archivedate=March 28, 2009 |df=mdy-all }}</ref>
| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
|OfficialLang = ''[[De jure]]'': None<br />''[[De facto]]'': English
| url                    = http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
|area_rank = 34th
| access-date              = March 26, 2009
|area_total_sq_mi = 44,825
| url-status              = dead
|area_total_km2 = 116,096
| archive-url              = https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
|area_land_sq_mi = 40,948
| archive-date            = March 28, 2009
|area_land_km2 = 106,156
| df                      = mdy-all }}</ref>
|area_water_sq_mi = 3,877
| OfficialLang = ''[[De jure]]'': None<br />''[[De facto]]'': English
|area_water_km2 = 10,040
| area_rank = 34th
|area_water_percent = 8.7
| area_total_sq_mi = 44,825
|population_rank = 7th
| area_total_km2 = 116,096
|population_as_of = 2019
| area_land_sq_mi = 40,948
|2010Pop = 11,689,100
| area_land_km2 = 106,156
|population_density_rank = 10th
| area_water_sq_mi = 3,877
|2000DensityUS = 282
| area_water_km2 = 10,040
|2000Density = 109
| area_water_percent = 8.7
|MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|accessdate=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
| population_rank = 7th
|IncomeRank = 36th
| population_as_of = 2020
|AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |accessdate=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| 2010Pop = 11,808,848 <ref name=2020census>{{cite web|title= APPORTIONMENT POPULATION AND NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES BY STATE: 2020 CENSUS |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |publisher=US Census Bureau |date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>
|AdmittanceDate = March 1, 1803
| population_density_rank = 10th
|timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| 2000DensityUS = 282
|utc_offset1 = −05:00
| 2000Density = 109
|timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
|utc_offset1_DST = −04:00
| IncomeRank = 36th
|Latitude = 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
|Longitude = 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
| AdmittanceDate = March 1, 1803<ref name="MS" />
|width_mi = 220
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
|width_km = 355
| utc_offset1 = – 05:00
|length_mi = 220
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
|length_km = 355
| utc_offset1_DST = – 04:00
|elevation_max_point = [[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|Campbell Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |accessdate=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archivedate=July 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
| Latitude = 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
|elevation_max_ft = 1,549
| Longitude = 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
|elevation_max_m = 472
| width_mi = 220
|elevation_ft = 850
| width_km = 355
|elevation_m = 260
| length_mi = 220
|elevation_min_point = [[Ohio River]] at {{nobreak|[[Indiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
| length_km = 355
|elevation_min_ft = 455
| elevation_max_point = [[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|Campbell Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
|elevation_min_m = 139
| elevation_max_ft = 1,549
|iso_code = US-OH
| elevation_max_m = 472
|website = ohio.gov
| elevation_ft = 850
| elevation_m = 260
| elevation_min_point = [[Ohio River]] at {{nobreak|[[Indiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
| elevation_min_ft = 455
| elevation_min_m = 139
| iso_code = US-OH
| website = ohio.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}
}}
'''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|oʊ}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]], and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated]]. The state's capital and [[List of cities in Ohio|largest city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with the [[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus metro area]], [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Greater Cincinnati]], and [[Greater Cleveland]] being the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|largest metropolitan areas]]. Ohio is bordered by [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Its [[State flag of Ohio|state flag]] is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref>[https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019] Retrieved December 31, 2019</ref>
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor]]; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral [[Ohio General Assembly]]; and the judicial branch, led by the state [[Supreme Court of Ohio|Supreme Court]]. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Berg-Andersson| first = Richard E.| title = The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| website = The Green Papers| year = 2000| url = http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106073829/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| archive-date = January 6, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> The state is known for its status as both a [[swing state]] and a [[bellwether]] in national elections.<ref name="Bell">{{cite web | last = Pollard | first = Kelvin | title = Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | year = 2008
| url = http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207113506/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx
| archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State|url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Further|List of Ohio counties|List of cities in Ohio|List of villages in Ohio|List of Ohio townships|Ohio public lands|List of lakes in Ohio}}
[[File:Geographic regions ohio.svg|thumb|left]]
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
| Name              = Ohio
| Flag              = Flag of Ohio.svg
| Flagborder        = no
| FlagLink          =
| Seal              = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
| Amphibian          = [[Spotted salamander]]
| Bird              = [[Northern cardinal|Cardinal]] (1933)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Butterfly          =
| Crustacean        =
| Fish              =
| Flower            = [[Dianthus caryophyllus|Red carnation]] (1904)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Grass              =
|Insect              = [[Coccinellidae|Ladybug]] (1975)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Mammal              = [[White-tailed deer]] (1987)<ref name="GOVRES">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher = Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| access-date = March 26, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423055259/http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| archive-date = April 23, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
| Reptile            = [[Coluber constrictor|Black racer snake]] (1995)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Tree              = [[Aesculus glabra|Buckeye]] (1953)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Beverage          = [[Tomato juice]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Colors            =
| Dance              =
| Dinosaur          =
| Firearm            =
| Food              =
| Fossil            = ''[[Isotelus|Isotelus maximus]]'', a [[trilobite]] (1985)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Gemstone          = Ohio [[flint]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Instrument        =
| Mineral            =
| Poem              =
| Rock              =
| Shell              =
| Ships              =
| Slogan            = ''So Much to Discover''
| Soil              =
| Sport              =
| Tartan            =
| Toy                =
| Other              = Wild flower: [[Trillium grandiflorum|Great white trillium]] (1986)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />Fruit: [[Asimina triloba|Pawpaw]]
| Route Marker      = OH-7.svg
| Quarter            = 2002 OH Proof.png
| QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
}}
Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | archive-date = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | access-date = December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | access-date = September 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
{{quote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}
Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by [[Virginia]] (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.<ref name="Ohio_v_Kentucky">{{Cite journal | url = http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | publisher = Find law | title = Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 | date = January 21, 1980 | access-date = August 15, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140828231503/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | archive-date = August 28, 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.
The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the [[Toledo War]], to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.
Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].
The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>
[[File:Map of Ohio NA.png|thumb|right]]
Significant [[List of rivers of Ohio|rivers]] within the state include the [[Cuyahoga River]], [[Great Miami River]], [[Maumee River]], [[Muskingum River]], and [[Scioto River]]. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via [[Lake Erie]] and the [[St. Lawrence River]], and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] via the [[Ohio River]] and then the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]].
The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>
[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
===Climate===
{{See also|Climate change in Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Köppen.svg|thumb|left|Köppen climate types in Ohio now showing majority as humid subtropical]]
The climate of Ohio is a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa/Dfb'') throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's [[Bluegrass region]] section, which are located on the northern periphery of the [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') and [[Upland South]] region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer [[tornado]] reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the [[Tornado Alley]]. Severe [[lake effect snow]]storms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of [[Lake Erie]], which is located in an area designated as the [[Snowbelt]].
Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.
Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=Governor.ohio.gov |access-date=March 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002420/https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio<ref name="Ohio climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|title=Ohio climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031514/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!Region
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] || [[Appalachian Ohio|Appalachian]] || 85/61 || 29/16 || 40/21 || 4/−6
|-
|[[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/62 || 28/16 || 33/19 || 1/−7
|-
|[[Cincinnati]] || [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Southwest]] || 86/66 || 30/19 || 39/23 || 3/−5
|-
|[[Cleveland]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/64 || 28/18 || 34/21 || 1/−5
|-
|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Central Ohio|Central]] || 85/65 || 29/18 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] || [[Miami Valley]] || 87/67 || 31/19 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] || [[Northwest Ohio|Northwest]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/18 || 0/−7
|}
====Records====
The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|113|F|C|lk=on}}, near [[Gallipolis, Ohio|Gallipolis]] on July 21, 1934.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html
| archive-date = March 3, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-39|F|C}}, at [[Milligan, Ohio|Milligan]] on February 10, 1899,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5dPuPqdO8?url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| archive-date = December 29, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref> during the [[Great Blizzard of 1899]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |title=The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze |last1=McLeod |first1=Jaime |date=February 6, 2012 |website=The Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206103807/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
===Earthquakes===
Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite journal|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski|title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>
Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
==Major cities==
{{See also|List of cities in Ohio}}
{{Largest cities
|name = Largest cities
|country = Ohio
|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
|list_by_pop =
|class = nav
|div_name =
|div_link = Counties of Ohio{{!}}County
|city_1 = Columbus, Ohio{{!}}Columbus
|div_1 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
|pop_1 = 898,553
|img_1 = Downtown Columbus View from Main St Bridge.jpg
|city_2 = Cleveland
|div_2 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_2 = 381,009
|img_2 = Flats - 1 (13966708395).jpg
|city_3 = Cincinnati
|div_3 = Hamilton County, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
|pop_3 = 303,940
|img_3 = Downtown Cincinnati viewed from Devou Park.jpg
|city_4 = Toledo, Ohio{{!}}Toledo
|div_4 = Lucas County, Ohio{{!}}Lucas
|pop_4 = 272,779
|img_4 = Skyline of Toledo, Ohio.jpg
|city_5 = Akron, Ohio{{!}}Akron
|div_5 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
|pop_5 = 197,597
|img_5 =
|city_6 = Dayton, Ohio{{!}}Dayton
|div_6 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
|pop_6 = 140,407
|img_6 =
|city_7 = Parma, Ohio{{!}}Parma
|div_7 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_7 = 78,103
|img_7 =
|city_8 = Canton, Ohio{{!}}Canton
|div_8 = Stark County, Ohio{{!}}Stark
|pop_8 = 70,447
|img_8 =
|city_9 = Youngstown, Ohio{{!}}Youngstown
|div_9 = Mahoning County, Ohio{{!}}Mahoning
|pop_9 = 65,469
|img_9 =
|city_10 = Lorain, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|div_10 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|pop_10 = 63,855
|img_10 =
| city_11 = Hamilton, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
| div_11 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_11 = 62,082
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Springfield, Ohio{{!}}Springfield
| div_12 = Clark County, Ohio{{!}}Clark
| pop_12 = 58,877
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Kettering, Ohio{{!}}Kettering
| div_13 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
| pop_13 = 54,855
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Elyria, Ohio{{!}}Elyria
| div_14 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
| pop_14 = 53,757
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Newark, Ohio{{!}}Newark
| div_15 = Licking County, Ohio{{!}}Licking
| pop_15 = 50,315
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Lakewood, Ohio{{!}}Lakewood
| div_16 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
| pop_16 = 49,678
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga Falls
| div_17 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
| pop_17 = 49,106
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Dublin, Ohio{{!}}Dublin
| div_18 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
| pop_18 = 49,037
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Middletown, Ohio{{!}}Middletown
| div_19 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_19 = 48,807
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Beavercreek, Ohio{{!}}Beavercreek
| div_20 = Greene County, Ohio{{!}}Greene
| pop_20 = 47,741
| img_20 =
}}
Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five group [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].
[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] anchors Southwest Ohio and [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Metro Cincinnati]], which also encompasses counties in the neighboring states of Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to [[Miami University]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], and various Fortune 500 companies including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Kroger]], [[Macy's, Inc.]], and [[Fifth Third Bank]]. [[Weirton-Steubenville Metropolitan Statistical Area|Steubenville]] is the only metropolitan city in Appalachian Ohio, which is home to [[Hocking Hills State Park]].
[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to [[Owens Corning]] and [[Owens-Illinois]], two [[Fortune 500]] corporations. [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] and [[Springfield, Ohio|Springfield]] are located in the Miami Valley, which is home to the [[University of Dayton]], the [[Dayton Ballet]], and the extensive [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].
===Metropolitan areas===
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Largest metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio
|-
! Ohio Rank
! U.S. Rank
![[List of metropolitan statistical areas|Metropolitan&nbsp;statistical&nbsp;area]]<ref name=OMB_17-01>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/bulletins/2017/b-17-01.pdf|title=OMB Bulletin No. 17-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas|publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]]|date=August 15, 2017|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121042651/https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/bulletins/2017/b-17-01.pdf|archive-date=January 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2019 Estimate<ref name=2019PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=April 2019 |access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref>
!2010 Census<ref name=2019PopEstCBSA/>
!Change
!Counties<ref name=OMB_17-01/>
|-
|align=center| {{nts|1}}
|align=center| {{nts|30}}
|[[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2221208|2137667}}
| [[Brown County, Ohio|Brown]], [[Butler County, Ohio|Butler]], [[Clermont County, Ohio|Clermont]], [[Clinton County, Ohio|Clinton]], [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]], [[Warren County, Ohio|Warren]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|2}}
|align=center| {{nts|32}}
|[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2122271|1901974}}
| [[Delaware County, Ohio|Delaware]], [[Fairfield County, Ohio|Fairfield]], [[Franklin County, Ohio|Franklin]], [[Hocking County, Ohio|Hocking]], [[Licking County, Ohio|Licking]], [[Madison County, Ohio|Madison]], [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow]], [[Perry County, Ohio|Perry]], [[Pickaway County, Ohio|Pickaway]], [[Union County, Ohio|Union]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|3}}
|align=center| {{nts|34}}
|[[Greater Cleveland|Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2048449|2077240}}
| [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]], [[Geauga County, Ohio|Geauga]], [[Lake County, Ohio|Lake]], [[Lorain County, Ohio|Lorain]], [[Medina County, Ohio|Medina]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|4}}
|align=center| {{nts|73}}
|[[Dayton metropolitan area|Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|807611|799232}}
| [[Greene County, Ohio|Greene]], [[Miami County, Ohio|Miami]], [[Montgomery County, Ohio|Montgomery]], [[Preble County, Ohio|Preble]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|5}}
|align=center| {{nts|82}}
|[[Akron metropolitan area|Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|703479|703200}}
| [[Portage County, Ohio|Portage]], [[Summit County, Ohio|Summit]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|6}}
|align=center| {{nts|93}}
|[[Toledo metropolitan area|Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|641816|651429}}
| [[Fulton County, Ohio|Fulton]], [[Lucas County, Ohio|Lucas]], [[Wood County, Ohio|Wood]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|7}}
|align=center| {{nts|106}}
|[[Mahoning Valley|Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|536081|565773}}
| [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning]], [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|8}}
|align=center| {{nts|136}}
|[[Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area|Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|397520|404422}}
| [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark]], [[Carroll County, Ohio|Carroll]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|9}}
|align=center| {{nts|307}}
|[[Clark County, Ohio|Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|134083|138333}}
| [[Clark County, Ohio|Clark]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|10}}
|align=center| {{nts|329}}
|[[Mansfield Metropolitan Statistical Area|Mansfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|121154|124475}}
| [[Richland County, Ohio|Richland]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|11}}
|align=center| {{nts|334}}
|[[Weirton-Steubenville metropolitan area|Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|116074|124454}}
| [[Jefferson County, Ohio|Jefferson]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|12}}
|align=center| {{nts|352}}
|[[Lima metropolitan area, Ohio|Lima, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|102351|106331}}
| [[Allen County, Ohio|Allen]]
|}
The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.
Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:
* [[Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area|Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]] ([[Lawrence County, Ohio|Lawrence County]])
* [[Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area|Wheeling, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area]] ([[Belmont County, Ohio|Belmont County]])
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Largest combined statistical areas in Ohio
|-
! Ohio Rank
! U.S. Rank
! [[Combined statistical area]]s
!data-sort-type="number"|2018 Estimate<ref name=2018PopEstCSA>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004914/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018—United States—Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=February 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 }}</ref>
!data-sort-type="number"|2010 Census<ref name=2018PopEstCSA/>
!data-sort-type="number"|Change
!Subdivisions
|-
|align=center| {{nts|1}}
|align=center| {{nts|16}}
|[[Northeast Ohio|Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|3483297|3515646}}
| [[Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Ashtabula, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[New Philadelphia-Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Sandusky, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Norwalk, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|2}}
|align=center| {{nts|24}}
|[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2509850|2308509}}
| [[Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Zanesville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Marion, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Bellefontaine, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Cambridge, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Washington Court House, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|3}}
|align=center| {{nts|28}}
|[[Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2249416|2174110}}
| [[Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Wilmington, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Maysville, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|4}}
|align=center| {{nts|52}}
|[[Dayton-Springfield-Sidney, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|1079837|1080044}}
| [[Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Greenville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Sidney, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Urbana, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|5}}
|align=center| {{nts|74}}
|[[Youngstown-Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|641617|673614}}
| [[Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Salem, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|}
Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of [[United States micropolitan area|micropolitan areas]], urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Many of these are included as part of larger [[combined statistical areas]], as shown in the table above.
==History==
{{Main|Prehistory of Ohio|History of Ohio}}
===Indigenous settlement===
[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|Artists conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]]]
Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9"/> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, [[sunflowers]], and "grew [[squash (plant)|squash]] and possibly [[maize|corn]]"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10"/>
[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.95|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley]]
Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture ([[maize|corn]], sunflowers, [[bean]]s, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>
Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref>[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] & the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]</ref> the Algonquian<ref>[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] & [[Odawa]]</ref> & the Siouan.<ref>[[Mosopelea]]</ref><ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|Ohio Country|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}
During the 18th century, the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]] set up a system of [[trading post]]s to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] fought the [[French and Indian War]]. As a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the [[Old Northwest]] to Great Britain. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cogliano |first=Francis D. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2003 |publisher=Francis and Taylor |isbn=978-1-1346-7869-3 |ref=cogliano2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge |journal=International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|date=September 1983 |volume=5 |number=3 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322 |jstor=40105317 |ref=lskaplan1983}}</ref>
===Northwest Territory===
{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}
[[Image:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Country]] indicating battle sites between American settlers and indigenous tribes, 1775–1794]]
The United States created the [[Northwest Territory]] under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="cayton3">Cayton (2002), p. 3.</ref> [[Slave states and free states|Slavery was not permitted]] in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] by the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the [[Miami Purchase|Miami Company]] (also referred to as the "[[Symmes Purchase]]") claimed the southwestern section, and the [[Connecticut Land Company]] surveyed and settled the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in present-day [[Northeast Ohio]]. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the [[Seven Ranges]] at about the same time.
The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]]. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] and the eastern tip of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".
The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the [[Western Confederacy]], was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.
Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]], areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, [[United States Congress|Congress]] determined that it was growing rapidly and had already begun the path to statehood. In regards to the [[Leni Lenape]] natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the [[Muskingum River]] in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the [[Moravian Brethren]]&nbsp;... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89|date=June 4, 1998|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502224644/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|archive-date=May 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
====Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"====
[[File:PUTNAM exb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufus Putnam]] by James Sharples, Jr., 1797]]
[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>
In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
===Statehood and early years===
{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
{{Dispute about|the assertion that acts of Congress were not used to admit new states to the Union until the admission of Louisiana. See [[Admission to the Union]].|False information on admission of new states|date=June 2021}}
On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.
Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President [[Andrew Jackson]], the US government forced [[Indian Removal]] of most tribes to the [[Indian Territory]] west of the Mississippi River.
In 1835, Ohio fought with [[Michigan]] in the [[Toledo War]], a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]], in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the state.
[[File:William McKinley by Courtney Art Studio, 1896.jpg|thumb|right|25th U.S. president [[William McKinley]] was from Ohio, one of six to be elected from the state.]]
===Civil War and industrialization===
[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|left|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]]]]
Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}
Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.<ref name=HOS>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which eventually became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] following the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name=HOS /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel-producing state behind Pennsylvania.<ref name=HOS /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] also in 1899.
[[File:Standard Oil.jpg|thumb|left|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]
===20th century===
During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm|title=The SS and Superman|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=Calvin.edu|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html|title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)|website=Adherents.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].
[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941]]
The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.
In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>
Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].
===21st century===
Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23|title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt|first=Todd|last=Woody|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=August 17, 2017|via=LA Times}}</ref> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm|title=Ohio Third Frontier – History|website=Ohio.gov|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html|title=Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin|website=Cleveland.com|date=May 2, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882|title=Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development|website=Digital Journal|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129|title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub|date=June 30, 2010|website=ABCLocal.go.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129|archive-date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses|date=September 12, 2010|website=Dispatch.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|archive-date=October 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again|title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again|first=Vince|last=Grzegorek|date=May 20, 2010|website=CleveScene.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html|title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply|date=September 2010|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
==Demographics==
{{US Census population
|1800= 45365
|1810= 230760
|1820= 581434
|1830= 937903
|1840= 1519467
|1850= 1980329
|1860= 2339511
|1870= 2665260
|1880= 3198062
|1890= 3672329
|1900= 4157545
|1910= 4767121
|1920= 5759394
|1930= 6646697
|1940= 6907612
|1950= 7946627
|1960= 9706397
|1970= 10652017
|1980= 10797630
|1990= 10847115
|2000= 11353140
|2010= 11536504
|2020= 11799448
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
===Population===
From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the [[1970 United States Census|1970 census]], which recorded just over 10.65&nbsp;million Ohioans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Population: 1970, Part 37—Ohio, Section 1|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=1970|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415053910/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|archive-date=April 15, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Growth then slowed for the next four decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Balistreri |first=Kelly |title=Ohio Population News: Why did Ohio lose a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives? |publisher=Center for Family and Demographic Research at [[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 2001 |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516165832/http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] counted 11,808,848 in the 2020 census, a 2.4% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name=2020census/> Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and [[White Americans|whites]] are found in a greater density than the US average. {{As of|2000}}, Ohio's [[center of population]] is located in [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow County]],<ref name="POPCENTER">{{cite web|title=2000 Population and Geographic Centers of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research |date=March 2001 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124004820/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2005 }}</ref> in the [[county seat]] of [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]].<ref name="POPCEN">{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 6, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> This is approximately {{convert|6346|ft|m}} south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.<ref name="POPCENTER" />
{{Image frame
| caption=Graph of Ohio's population from 1800 to 2020 census
| content =
{{Graph:Chart
| width=300
| height=200
| xAxisTitle=Date
| yAxisTitle=million residents
| legend=Legend
| type=line
| xType=date
| xAxisFormat =
| x= 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020
| xAxisAngle=-60
| y1= .045365, .230760, .581434, .937903, 1.519467, 1.980329, 2.339511, 2.665260, 3.198062, 3.672329, 4.157545, 4.767121, 5.759394, 6.646697, 6.907612, 7.946627, 9.706397, 10.652017, 10.797630, 10.847115, 11.353140, 11.536504, 11.799448
| y1Title=Population
| xGrid=
| yGrid=
| showValues=
| interpolate=
| colors=black
}}
}}
As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref>
6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.
===Birth data===
''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=December 21, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]
| 109,749 (79.0%)
| 110,003 (78.9%)
| 109,566 (78.7%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic Whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 104,059 (74.9%)
| 104,102 (74.6%)
| 103,586 (74.4%)
| 100,225 (72.6%)
| 98,762 (72.1%)
| 97,423 (72.1%)
| 95,621 (71.1%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 24,952 (18.0%)
| 24,931 (17.9%)
| 25,078 (18.0%)
| 22,337 (16.2%)
| 22,431 (16.4%)
| 22,201 (16.4%)
| 22,555 (16.8%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 3,915 (2.8%)
| 4,232 (3.0%)
| 4,367 (3.1%)
| 4,311 (3.1%)
| 4,380 (3.2%)
| 4,285 (3.2%)
| 4,374 (3.3%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 320 (0.2%)
| 301 (0.2%)
| 253 (0.2%)
| 128 (0.1%)
| 177 (0.1%)
| 169 (0.1%)
| 204 (0.2%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''6,504'' (4.7%)
| ''6,884'' (4.9%)
| ''6,974'' (5.0%)
| ''7,420'' (5.4%)
| ''7,468'' (5.5%)
| ''7,432'' (5.5%)
| ''7,725'' (5.7%)
|-
| '''Total Ohio'''
| '''138,936''' (100%)
| '''139,467''' (100%)
| '''139,264''' (100%)
| '''138,085''' (100%)
| '''136,832''' (100%)
| '''135,134''' (100%)
| '''134,461''' (100%)
|}
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.
===Ancestry===
According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=March 5, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=December 18, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>
* [[White American]]: 82.7% ([[Non-Hispanic Whites]]: 81.1%)
* [[Black American|Black or African American]]: 12.2%
* [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]: 0.2%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 1.7% <small>(0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)</small>
* [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]: 0.03%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]: 2.1%
* Some other race: 1.1%
* [[Hispanic or Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latinos]] (of any race) make up 3.1% <small>(1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)</small>
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Ohio racial breakdown of population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2008|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/OH|title=Population of Ohio: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=April 17, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=US Census Bureau 2010 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 87.8% || 85.0% || 82.7%
|-
| [[African American]] || 10.6% || 11.5% || 12.2%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.8% || 1.2% || 1.7%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.2%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || –
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.1%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.4% || 2.1%
|}
In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
* 26.5% [[German American|German]]
* 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]]
* 9.0% [[English American|English]]
* 6.4% [[Italian American|Italian]]
* 3.8% [[Polish American|Polish]]
* 2.5% [[French American|French]]
* 1.9% [[Scottish American|Scottish]]
* 1.7% [[Hungarian Ohioans|Hungarian]]
* 1.6% [[Dutch American|Dutch]]
* 1.5% [[Mexican American|Mexican]]
* 1.2% [[Slovak American|Slovak]]
* 1.1% [[Welsh American|Welsh]]
* 1.1% [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]]
Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include [[Sub-Saharan African]], [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], [[Swiss American|Swiss]], [[Swedish American|Swedish]], [[Arab American|Arab]], [[Greek American|Greek]], [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]], [[Romanian American|Romanian]], [[Austrian American|Austrian]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]], [[Finnish American|Finnish]], [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] and [[Slovene American|Slovene]].
[[File:Ohio population map.png|thumb|Population density map]]
===Languages===
About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
===Religion===
[[File:Amish - On the way to school by Gadjoboy-crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Amish]] children on their way to school]]
According to a [[Pew Forum]] poll, as of 2014, 73% of Ohioans identified as Christian.<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164701/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|archive-date=March 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Specifically, 29% of Ohio's population identified as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]], 17% as [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]], 7% as [[Black church|Historically Black Protestant]], and 18% as [[Catholic]].<ref name="pew2014"/> 22% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.<ref name="pew2014"/> Small minorities of [[Judaism|Jews]] (1%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1%), [[Islam|Muslims]] (1%), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (<1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1%), [[Mormonism|Mormons]] (1%), and other faiths (1-1.5%) exist.<ref name="pew2014"/>
According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the [[Catholic Church]] with 1,992,567; the [[United Methodist Church]] with 496,232; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 223,253, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the [[United Church of Christ]] with 118,000, and the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] with 110,000.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217025357/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|second largest Amish population]] of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies">{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |title=Amish Population Profile, 2020 |date=August 18, 2019 |website=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>
According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".<ref name="pew2014"/> 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.<ref name="pew2014"/>
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Ohio (2014)<ref name="pew2014"/>
|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|Blue|53}}
{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|Grey|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|DarkOrchid|18}}
{{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|red|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|blue|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness]]|yellow|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|orange|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faith|grey|2}}
}}
{{clear}}
==Economy==
{{Main|Economy of Ohio}}
{{See also|Ohio locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg|thumb|upright|Cincinnati's [[Procter & Gamble]] is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.]]
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref>[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>
Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref>[http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141838/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html |date=June 28, 2010 }}, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref>[http://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ Ohio Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135653/https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ |date=April 16, 2021}} Accessed June 8, 2021</ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] Statista.</ref>
The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>
==Transportation==
===Ground travel===
Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic [[Lincoln Highway]] which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]], and [[Van Wert, Ohio|Van Wert]]. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became [[U.S. Route 30 in Ohio|U.S. Route 30]].
Ohio also is home to {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} of the Historic [[National Road]], now [[U.S. Route 40 in Ohio|U.S. Route 40]].
Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the [[Ohio Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 80 in Ohio|I-80]]/[[Interstate 90 in Ohio|I-90]]) in the north, [[Interstate 76 in Ohio|I-76]] through [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] to [[Pennsylvania]], [[Interstate 70 in Ohio|I-70]] through [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], and the [[Appalachian Highway (Ohio)|Appalachian Highway]] ([[Ohio State Route 32|State Route 32]]) running from [[West Virginia]] to [[Cincinnati]]. Major north–south routes include [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|I-75]] in the west through [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Dayton, and Cincinnati, [[Interstate 71|I-71]] through the middle of the state from [[Cleveland]] through Columbus and Cincinnati into [[Kentucky]], and [[Interstate 77 in Ohio|I-77]] in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]] and [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.
Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow [[rail trail]]s, with conversion ongoing. The [[Ohio to Erie Trail]] (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. [[U.S. Bicycle Route 50]] traverses Ohio from [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] to the Indiana state line outside [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]].<ref name="USRN USBR 50">{{cite web|title=Report to SCOH|first=Marty|last=Vitale|location=Louisville, Kentucky|publisher=Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, [[American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials]]|date=May 29, 2014|access-date=June 1, 2014|url=http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|format=Office Open XML|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105136/http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|archive-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref>
Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the [[Buckeye Trail]] which extends {{convert|1444|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} in a loop around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the [[North Country Trail]] (the longest of the eleven [[National Scenic Trail]]s authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]) and the [[American Discovery Trail]] (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the [[United States]]) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.
Ohio has extensive railroads, though today most are only utilized by freight companies. Major cities in the north and south of Ohio lie on [[Amtrak]] intercity rail lines. The ''[[Capitol Limited]]'' and the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' serve Toledo, Cleveland and other northern Ohio cities. The ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'' serves Cincinnati. Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]] last had an inter-city train in 1979 with the ''[[National Limited (Amtrak train)|National Limited]].'' Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems, though Cleveland has both light and heavy rail through the [[GCRTA]], and Cincinnati reestablished a [[Cincinnati Bell Connector|streetcar line]] in 2016.
===Air travel===
{{See also|List of airports in Ohio}}
Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]], [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]], [[Dayton International Airport]], and [[Rickenbacker International Airport]] (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is [[Wright Patterson Air Force Base]] which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in [[Toledo Express Airport|Toledo]] and [[Akron-Canton Airport|Akron]]. Cincinnati's primary airport, [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]], is in [[Hebron, Kentucky]], and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.
===Transportation lists===
* [[List of Interstate Highways in Ohio]]
* [[List of U.S. Routes in Ohio]]
* [[List of state routes in Ohio]]
* [[List of Ohio train stations]]
* [[List of Ohio railroads]]
* [[List of rivers of Ohio]]
* [[Historic Ohio Canals]]
==Law and government==
{{Main|Government of Ohio}}
[[File:Columbus, Ohio - Highsmith 40.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]]]]
The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
===Executive branch===
The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>
===Legislative branch===
The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio General Assembly | publisher = Ohio History Central | date = July 1, 2005 | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
===Judicial branch===
[[File:Ohio State Office Building 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]
There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio District Courts of Appeal | publisher = Ohio Judiciary System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | archive-date = May 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
==Politics==
{{Main|Politics of Ohio}}
{{See also|Elections in Ohio|Political party strength in Ohio}}
==="Mother of presidents"===
[[File:President-obama cincinnati eden-park 09-17-2012.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] at a campaign stop in [[Cincinnati]] in his [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 campaign]].|alt=A black man in a white shirt speaking on stage behind a podium with the word "forward" and in front of a red, white, and blue Ohio state flag.]]
Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |title=State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125641/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
===Swing state===
[[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|Presidential election results]] by county for 2020 {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]
Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref>
Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
===Voter suppression===
Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom}}</ref>
Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>
==Education==
Ohio's system of [[public education]] is outlined in Article VI of the [[Ohio Constitution|state constitution]], and in Title XXXIII of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. [[Ohio University]], the first university in the [[Northwest Territory]], was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in [[Education in the United States|other states]]. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the [[Ohio State Board of Education]], governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The [[Ohio Board of Regents]] coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the [[University System of Ohio]] under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.
[[File:Tree Map of Majors in Ohio (Bachelor's Degree).png|thumb|upright=2|A tree map depicting the distribution of bachelor's degrees awarded in Ohio in 2014]]
===Colleges and universities===
{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}
Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
* 13 state universities
** [[Bowling Green State University]] ([[Bowling Green, Ohio|Bowling Green]])
** [[Central State University]] ([[Wilberforce, Ohio|Wilberforce]])
** [[Cleveland State University]] ([[Cleveland]])
** [[Kent State University]] ([[Kent, Ohio|Kent]])
** [[Miami University]] ([[Oxford, Ohio|Oxford]])
** [[The Ohio State University]] ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])
** [[Ohio University]] ([[Athens, Ohio|Athens]])
** [[Shawnee State University]] ([[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]])
** [[University of Akron]] ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]])
** [[University of Cincinnati]] ([[Cincinnati]])
** [[University of Toledo]] ([[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]])
** [[Wright State University]] ([[Fairborn, Ohio|Fairborn]])
** [[Youngstown State University]] ([[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]])
* 24 state university branch and regional campuses
* 46 private colleges and universities
* 6 free-standing state-assisted [[medical school]]s
** [[Boonshoft School of Medicine]], Wright State University
** [[Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine]], Ohio University
** [[Northeast Ohio Medical University]]
** [[OSU College of Medicine and Public Health|The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health]]
** [[University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center#University of Cincinnati College of Medicine|University of Cincinnati College of Medicine]]
** [[University of Toledo Medical Center|University of Toledo College of Medicine]] (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
* 15 community colleges
* 8 technical colleges
* 24 independent non-profit colleges
===Libraries===
Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
* 500,000 books or more
** [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]] (First)
** [[Cuyahoga County Public Library]] (Second)
** [[Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County]] (Tenth)
The [[Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN)]] is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.
Ohio also offers the [[OhioLINK]] program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.
==Culture==
===Arts===
====Music====
{{Main|Music of Ohio}}
The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] are both located in [[Cleveland]]. Cleveland [[disc jockey]] [[Alan Freed]] is credited with coining the term and promoting [[rock and roll]] in the early 1950s. [[Cincinnati]] is home to the [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum]].
Popular musicians from Ohio include [[Mamie Smith]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Tyler Joseph]] and [[Josh Dun]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]], [[Frankie Yankovic]], [[Doris Day]], [[The McGuire Sisters]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Bobby Womack]], [[Howard Hewett]], [[Shirley Murdock]], [[Boz Scaggs]], [[John Legend]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Dan Auerbach]] and [[Patrick Carney]] of [[The Black Keys]], [[Griffin Layne]], [[Joe Dolce]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Benjamin Orr]] of [[The Cars]], [[Chrissie Hynde]] of [[The Pretenders]], [[William "Bootsy" Collins]], Stephanie Eulinberg of [[Kid Rock]]'s [[Twisted Brown Trucker]] Band, and [[Devo]]. Five Ohio musicians {{who|date=November 2020}} are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members.
====Performance arts====
[[File:Springer Auditorium 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Springer Auditorium at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]].]]
[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref>[http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare About Playhouse Square]</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras |website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].
The [[Columbus Association for the Performing Arts]] manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.<ref name="bfoc">{{cite news|title=CAPA to manage Toledo theater |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=Business First of Columbus}}</ref>
[[Winter Guard International]] has hosted national championships in performing arts at the [[University of Dayton]] from 1983 to 1989, 1991–1996, 1998–2000, 2002–2003, and from 2005 to the present.
====Visual arts====
Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the [[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], and other entities. The full list includes:
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Akron Art Museum]], [[Akron]]
*[[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], [[Oberlin College]]
*[[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]], [[Ohio State University]]
*[[Burchfield Homestead]], [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]
*[[Butler Institute of American Art]], [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]
*[[Canton Museum of Art (Ohio)|Canton Museum of Art]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]]
*[[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Cleveland Museum of Art]], [[Cleveland]]
*[[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
*[[Contemporary Arts Center]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Dayton Art Institute]], [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]
*[[Frank Museum of Art]], [[Otterbein University]]
*[[Imperial Glass Company|National Imperial Glass Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]
*[[Kennedy Museum of Art]], [[Ohio University]]
*[[Maltz Performing Arts Center|Temple Museum of Religious Art]], [[Case Western Reserve University]]
*[[Mansfield Art Center]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]]
*[[McDonough Museum of Art]], [[Youngstown State University]]
*[[Miami University Art Museum]], [[Miami University]]
*[[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]], [[East Liverpool, Ohio|East Liverpool]]
*[[Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland]], [[Cleveland]]
*[[Lancaster, Ohio#Ohio Glass Museum|Ohio Glass Museum]], [[Lancaster, Ohio|Lancaster]]
*[[Richard Ross Museum of Art]], [[Ohio Wesleyan University]]
*[[Springfield Center for the Arts at Wittenberg University]], [[Wittenberg University]]
*[[Taft Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Toledo Museum of Art]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]
*[[Toy and Plastic Brick Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]
*[[University of Findlay's Mazza Museum]], [[University of Findlay]]
*[[Wexner Center for the Arts]], [[Ohio State University]]
*[[Whitby Mansion]], [[Sidney, Ohio|Sidney]]
{{div col end}}
The [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the [[Midwest]]. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, [[Sandro Botticelli]] (''Judith with Head of Holofernes''), [[Matteo di Giovanni]], [[Domenico Tintoretto]] (''Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani''), [[Mattia Preti]], [[Bernardo Strozzi]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]] (''St. Thomas of Villanueva''), [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (''[[Samson and Delilah (Rubens)|Samson and Delilah]]'') and [[Aert van der Neer]].  The collection also includes works by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Claude Monet]] (''Rocks At Belle Isle''), and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter [[Frank Duveneck]] (''Elizabeth B. Duveneck'').
The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of [[Asian art|Asian]] and [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.<ref name="cmageneralinformation">{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information |title=General Museum Information |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the [[United States]].<ref name=newdirector2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |title=After triumph and trauma, the Cleveland Museum of Art seeks committed, long-term leadership: CMA 2014 |author=Steven Litt |date=March 26, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133600/http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
The [[Columbus Museum of Art]] holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early [[Cubist]] paintings by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Juan Gris]], works by [[François Boucher]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Mary Cassatt]], [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Edward Hopper]], and [[Norman Rockwell]], and installations by [[Mel Chin]], [[Josiah McElheny]], [[Susan Philipsz]], and [[Allan Sekula]]. Also in Columbus, the [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]] collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and {{convert|3000|ft|m}} of manuscript materials, plus 2.5&nbsp;million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.
Youngstown's [[Butler Institute of American Art]] was the first museum to be dedicated exclusively to [[Visual arts of the United States|American art]].<ref name="vindy-yo-12-29-27">{{cite news| title = Art Institute Gets Bulk of $1,5000,000 J. G. Butler Estate| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator| date = December 29, 1927}}</ref>
===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Ohio}}
====Professional sports teams====
[[File:Progressive Field - Cleveland, OH.jpg|thumb|[[Progressive Field]], home to the [[Cleveland Indians]] baseball team]]
Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds [[1919 World Series|1919]], [[1940 World Series|1940]], [[1975 World Series|1975]], [[1976 World Series|1976]], [[1990 World Series|1990]]; Indians [[1920 World Series|1920]], [[1948 World Series|1948]]), two [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers [[2016 NBA Finals|2016]]), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]] or made an appearance since [[Super Bowl XXIII|1989]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.
====Individual sports====
The [[Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course]] has hosted several auto racing championships, including [[CART World Series]], [[IndyCar Series]], [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]], [[Can-Am]], [[Formula 5000]], [[IMSA GT Championship]], [[American Le Mans Series]] and [[Rolex Sports Car Series]].
The [[Grand Prix of Cleveland]] also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The [[Eldora Speedway]] is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR [[Camping World Truck Series]], [[World of Outlaws]] Sprint Cars and [[USAC Silver Crown Series]] races.
Ohio hosts two [[PGA Tour]] events, the [[WGC-Bridgestone Invitational]] and [[Memorial Tournament]].
The [[Cincinnati Masters]] is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] and [[WTA Premier tournaments|WTA Premier 5]] tennis tournament.
====College sports====
{{main|List of college athletic programs in Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Stadium, Columbus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ohio Stadium]] in Columbus, home to the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team, is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|fifth largest stadium]] in the world.]]
Ohio has eight [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]] college football teams, divided among three different [[List of NCAA conferences|conferences]]. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.
There is only one program in the [[Power Five conferences]], the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]], who play in the [[Big Ten Conference]]. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|football]] team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 [[Bowl game|bowl record]] as of [[2020 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2020]]. The program has produced seven [[Heisman Trophy]] winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball|men's basketball]] program has appeared in the [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]] 27 times.
In the Group of Five conferences, the [[Cincinnati Bearcats]] play as a member of the [[American Athletic Conference]]. Their [[Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball|men's basketball]] team has over 1,800 wins, 33 [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament|March Madness]] appearances, and is currently on a nine-year streak of appearances as of 2019. Six teams are represented in the [[Mid-American Conference]]: the [[Akron Zips]], [[Bowling Green Falcons]], [[Kent State Golden Flashes]], [[Miami RedHawks]], [[Ohio Bobcats]] and the [[Toledo Rockets]]. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The [[Victory Bell (Cincinnati–Miami)|Cincinnati–Miami]] rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference [[NCAA football]] rivalry.
Other Division I schools, either part of the [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision]] or not fielding in football include the [[Cleveland State Vikings]], [[Xavier Musketeers]], [[Wright State Raiders]], and [[Youngstown State Penguins]]. Xavier's [[Xavier Musketeers men's basketball|men's basketball]] has performed particularly well, with 27 [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament|March Madness]] appearances. Youngstown State's [[Youngstown State Penguins football|football]] has the third most [[NCAA Division I Football Championship]] wins, with 3.
There are 12 [[NCAA Division II]] universities and 22 [[NCAA Division III]] universities in Ohio.
==See also==
{{portal|Ohio|United States}}
* [[Index of Ohio-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Ohio]]
{{clear}}
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
==References==
* Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). ''Ohio: The History of a People''. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. {{ISBN|0-8142-0899-1}}
* Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87338-791-0}}
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). ''Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge, UK: [[Cambridge University Press]].
* Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). ''Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan''. New York: Crown Publishing. {{ISBN|0-517-58070-5}}.
* Holli, Melvin G. (1999). ''The American Mayor''. State College, PA: [[Pennsylvania State University]] Press. {{ISBN|0-271-01876-3}}
* Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). ''A History of Ohio''. Columbus: The [[Ohio Historical Society]].
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Ohio}}
* [http://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio official website]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 Ohio State Facts from USDA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060922195548/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio''], by Dr. Thomas Schmidlin and Jeanne Appelhans Schmidlin; The Kent State university Press; Kent, Ohio, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0873385497}}
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Ohio}}
* {{OSM relation|162061}}
{{Navboxes
|title =Topics related to Ohio
|list =
{{Ohio|expanded}}
{{Ohio cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Protected areas of Ohio}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{New France}}
{{United States political divisions}}
|state=expanded}}
{{Authority control}}
{{coord|40.2862|-82.7937|dim:300000_region:US-OH_type:adm1st|name=State of Ohio|display=title}}
[[Category:Ohio| ]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the United States]]
{{short description|State of the United States}}
{{about|the U.S. state of Ohio}}
{{pp-semi-indef}}
{{pp-move-indef}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=June 2021}}
{{Infobox U.S. state
| name = Ohio
| official_name = State of Ohio
| image_flag = Flag of Ohio.svg
| flag_border = no
| flag_link = Flag of Ohio
| image_seal = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
| seal_link = Seal of Ohio
| image_map = Ohio in United States.svg
| nickname = The Buckeye State;<br />Birthplace of Aviation; The Heart of It All
| motto = [[With God, all things are possible]] (1959)<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio's State Motto|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|date=July 1, 2005|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071006062224/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1885|archive-date=October 6, 2007|url-status=live}}</ref>
| anthem = [[Beautiful Ohio]] (1969)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />[[Hang On Sloopy]] (1985)<ref>{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Rock Song| publisher = Ohio Historical Society| date = July 1, 2005| url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| access-date = March 27, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090207180239/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=1878| archive-date = February 7, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
| seat = [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Ohio Quick Facts|publisher=Ohio Historical Society|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|access-date=March 26, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090208222032/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php|archive-date=February 8, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="CITY">{{cite web|title=City of Columbus: Fun Facts |publisher=City of Columbus, Ohio |year=2006 |url=http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090501070353/http://home.columbus.gov/GenInfo/index.asp |archive-date=May 1, 2009 }}</ref>
| LargestCity = capital
| LargestMetro = [[Greater Cleveland]] (Combined and urban)<br>[[Greater Cincinnati]] (metro)<br />[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Greater Columbus]] (metro)<br />(see footnotes)<ref>According to the U.S. Census [https://www.census.gov July 2017 Annual Estimate], Greater Columbus is the largest [[Metropolitan statistical area]] (MSA) that is ''entirely within'' Ohio, with a population of 2,078,725; and Greater Cincinnati is the largest MSA that is ''at least partially'' within Ohio, with a population of 2,179,082, approximately 25% of which is in Indiana or Kentucky. Which MSA is the largest ''in Ohio'' depends on the context.</ref><!-- See talk page AND OBTAIN CONSENSUS before altering this. -->
| Languages = English 93.3%<br />Spanish 2.2%<br />Other 4.5%<ref name="census1">{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212212624/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_DP02&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=October 17, 2012}}</ref>
| population_demonym = Ohioan; Buckeye<ref name="DNR"/> (colloq.)|List of Governors of Ohio
| Governor = {{nowrap|[[Mike DeWine]] ([[Republican Party (United States)|R]])}}
| Lieutenant Governor = {{nowrap|[[Jon Husted]] (R)}}
| Legislature = [[Ohio General Assembly|General Assembly]]
| Upperhouse = [[Ohio Senate|Senate]]
| Lowerhouse = [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]
| Judiciary = [[Supreme Court of Ohio]]
| Senators = {{nowrap|[[Sherrod Brown]] ([[Democratic Party (United States)|D]])}}<br />{{nowrap|[[Rob Portman]] (R)}}
| Representative = 11 Republicans<br /> 3 Democrats<br /> 2 Vacancies
| TradAbbreviation = O., Oh.
| postal_code = OH<ref>{{cite web|title=Official USPS Abbreviations |publisher=United States Postal Service |year=1998
| url                    = http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
| access-date              = March 26, 2009
| url-status              = dead
| archive-url              = https://web.archive.org/web/20090328210335/http://www.usps.com/ncsc/lookups/usps_abbreviations.html
| archive-date            = March 28, 2009
| df                      = mdy-all }}</ref>
| OfficialLang = ''[[De jure]]'': None<br />''[[De facto]]'': English
| area_rank = 34th
| area_total_sq_mi = 44,825
| area_total_km2 = 116,096
| area_land_sq_mi = 40,948
| area_land_km2 = 106,156
| area_water_sq_mi = 3,877
| area_water_km2 = 10,040
| area_water_percent = 8.7
| population_rank = 7th
| population_as_of = 2020
| 2010Pop = 11,808,848 <ref name=2020census>{{cite web|title= APPORTIONMENT POPULATION AND NUMBER OF REPRESENTATIVES BY STATE: 2020 CENSUS |url=https://www2.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial/2020/data/apportionment/apportionment-2020-table01.pdf |publisher=US Census Bureau |date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>
| population_density_rank = 10th
| 2000DensityUS = 282
| 2000Density = 109
| MedianHouseholdIncome = $54,021<ref>{{cite web|url=http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|website=The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation|title=Median Annual Household Income|access-date=December 9, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220091007/http://kff.org/other/state-indicator/median-annual-income/?currentTimeframe=0|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>
| IncomeRank = 36th
| AdmittanceOrder = 17th,<br />declared retroactively on<br />August 7, 1953<ref>{{cite web |title=The Admission of Ohio as a State |publisher=United States House of Representatives |url=https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |access-date=November 10, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191110193143/https://history.house.gov/Historical-Highlights/1951-2000/The-admission-of-Ohio-as-a-state/ |archive-date=November 10, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
| AdmittanceDate = March 1, 1803<ref name="MS" />
| timezone1 = [[Eastern Time Zone|Eastern]]
| utc_offset1 = – 05:00
| timezone1_DST = [[Eastern Daylight Time|EDT]]
| utc_offset1_DST = – 04:00
| Latitude = 38°24′ N to 41°59′ N
| Longitude = 80°31′ W to 84°49′ W
| width_mi = 220
| width_km = 355
| length_mi = 220
| length_km = 355
| elevation_max_point = [[Campbell Hill (Ohio)|Campbell Hill]]<ref name=USGS>{{cite web|url=http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |title=Elevations and Distances in the United States |publisher=[[United States Geological Survey]] |year=2001 |access-date=October 24, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120722022527/http://egsc.usgs.gov/isb/pubs/booklets/elvadist/elvadist.html |archive-date=July 22, 2012 }}</ref><ref name=NAVD88>Elevation adjusted to [[North American Vertical Datum of 1988]].</ref>
| elevation_max_ft = 1,549
| elevation_max_m = 472
| elevation_ft = 850
| elevation_m = 260
| elevation_min_point = [[Ohio River]] at {{nobreak|[[Indiana]] border}}<ref name=USGS/><ref name=NAVD88/>
| elevation_min_ft = 455
| elevation_min_m = 139
| iso_code = US-OH
| website = ohio.gov
| Capital =
| Representatives =
}}
'''Ohio''' ({{IPAc-en|audio=en-us-Ohio.ogg|oʊ|ˈ|h|aɪ|oʊ}}) is a [[U.S. state|state]] in the [[Midwestern United States|Midwestern]] region of the [[United States]]. Of the [[List of states and territories of the United States|fifty states]], it is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by area|34th-largest by area]], and with a population of just over 11.8 million, is the [[List of U.S. states and territories by population|seventh-most populous]] and [[List of U.S. states and territories by population density|tenth-most densely populated]]. The state's capital and [[List of cities in Ohio|largest city]] is [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], with the [[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus metro area]], [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Greater Cincinnati]], and [[Greater Cleveland]] being the [[List of metropolitan statistical areas|largest metropolitan areas]]. Ohio is bordered by [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[West Virginia]] to the southeast, [[Kentucky]] to the southwest, [[Indiana]] to the west, and [[Michigan]] to the northwest. Ohio is historically known as the "Buckeye State" after its [[Aesculus glabra|Ohio buckeye trees]], and Ohioans are also known as "Buckeyes".<ref name="DNR">{{cite web|date=November 1998|title=Why is Ohio known as the Buckeye State and why are Ohioans known as Buckeyes?|url=https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190412012307/https://forestry.ohiodnr.gov/portals/forestry/pdfs/buckeyestate.pdf|archive-date=April 12, 2019|access-date=December 7, 2018}}</ref> Its [[State flag of Ohio|state flag]] is the only non-rectangular flag of all the U.S. states.
The state takes its name from the [[Ohio River]], whose name in turn originated from the [[Seneca language|Seneca]] word '' ohiːyo{{'}}'', meaning "good river", "great river", or "large creek".<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |title=Quick Facts About the State of Ohio |publisher=Ohio History Central |access-date=July 2, 2010 |quote=From Iroquois word meaning 'great river' |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101127153916/http://ohiohistorycentral.org/ohio_quick_facts.php |archive-date=November 27, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref><ref name="mithun312">{{cite book |first=Marianne |last=Mithun |year=1999 |chapter=Borrowing |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ALnf3s2m7PkC&pg=PA311 |pages=311–3 |title=The Languages of Native North America |publisher=Cambridge University Press |location=Cambridge |isbn=978-0-521-29875-9 |quote=Ohio ('large creek')}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm |title=Native Ohio |access-date=February 25, 2007 |website=American Indian Studies |publisher=[[Ohio State University]] |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070202230727/http://americanindianstudies.osu.edu/ohio.cfm<!-- Bot retrieved archive --> |archive-date = February 2, 2007 |quote=Ohio comes from the Seneca (Iroquoian) ohiiyo' 'good river'}}</ref> Ohio arose from the lands west of Appalachia that were contested from colonial times through the [[Northwest Indian War]]s of the late 18th century. It was partitioned from the resulting [[Northwest Territory]], which was the first frontier of the new United States, and became the 17th state admitted to the Union on March 1, 1803, and the first under the [[Northwest Ordinance]].<ref name="MS">{{cite book|author=Mary Stockwell|title=Ohio Adventure|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|publisher=Gibbs Smith|isbn=978-1-4236-2382-3|page=88|year=2006|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150331200155/http://books.google.com/books?id=VJKroULBUpgC|archive-date=March 31, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="WD">{{cite book|author=William M. Davidson|title=A History of the United States|url=https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog|year=1902|publisher=Scott, Foresman and Company|page=[https://archive.org/details/ahistoryuniteds08unkngoog/page/n294 265]|access-date=June 16, 2015}}</ref> Ohio was the first post-colonial [[Slave states and free states|free state]] admitted to the union, and became one of the earliest and most influential industrial powerhouses during the 20th century. Although Ohio has [[Post-industrial economy|transitioned]] to a more [[Knowledge economy|information-]] and [[Service economy|service-based economy]] in the 21st century, it remains an industrial state, ranking seventh in GDP as of 2019,<ref>{{Cite web|title=U.S. Gross Domestic Product (GDP), by state 2019|url=https://www.statista.com/statistics/248023/us-gross-domestic-product-gdp-by-state/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Statista|language=en}}</ref> with the third largest manufacturing sector and second largest automobile production.<ref>[https://www.globaltrademag.com/top-10-states-for-manufacturing-2019/ TOP 10 STATES FOR MANUFACTURING 2019] Retrieved December 31, 2019</ref>
The government of Ohio is composed of the executive branch, led by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor]]; the legislative branch, consisting of the bicameral [[Ohio General Assembly]]; and the judicial branch, led by the state [[Supreme Court of Ohio|Supreme Court]]. Ohio occupies 16 seats in the [[United States House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web| last = Berg-Andersson| first = Richard E.| title = The Math Behind the 2000 Census Apportionment of Representatives| website = The Green Papers| year = 2000| url = http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090106073829/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/Census00/ApportionMath.html| archive-date = January 6, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> The state is known for its status as both a [[swing state]] and a [[bellwether]] in national elections.<ref name="Bell">{{cite web | last = Pollard | first = Kelvin | title = Swing, Bellwether, and Red and Blue States | publisher = Population Reference Bureau | year = 2008
| url = http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081207113506/http://www.prb.org/Articles/2008/electiondemographics.aspx
| archive-date = December 7, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> Seven [[presidents of the United States]] have [[List of Presidents of the United States by home state|come from Ohio]]. This has led to it receiving the moniker "the Mother of Presidents".<ref>{{Cite web|title=Ohio Presidents – Ohio Secretary of State|url=https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|access-date=December 28, 2020|website=Ohiosos.gov|archive-date=January 21, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121044026/https://www.ohiosos.gov/profile-ohio/people/ohio-presidents/|url-status=dead}}</ref>
==Geography==
{{Further|List of Ohio counties|List of cities in Ohio|List of villages in Ohio|List of Ohio townships|Ohio public lands|List of lakes in Ohio}}
[[File:Geographic regions ohio.svg|thumb|left]]
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
{{Infobox U.S. state symbols
| Name               = Ohio
|Name = Ohio
| Flag               = Flag of Ohio.svg
|Flag = Flag of Ohio.svg
| Flagborder         = no
|Flagborder = no
| FlagLink           =  
|FlagLink =
| Seal               = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
|Seal = Seal of Ohio (Official).svg
| Amphibian         = [[Spotted salamander]]
|Amphibian = [[Spotted salamander]]
| Bird               = [[Northern cardinal|Cardinal]] (1933)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Bird = [[Northern cardinal|Cardinal]] (1933)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Butterfly         =  
|Butterfly =
| Crustacean         =  
|Crustacean =
| Fish               =  
|Fish =
| Flower             = [[Dianthus caryophyllus|Red carnation]] (1904)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Flower = [[Dianthus caryophyllus|Red carnation]] (1904)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Grass             =  
|Grass =
|Insect             = [[Coccinellidae|Ladybug]] (1975)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Insect = [[Coccinellidae|Ladybug]] (1975)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Mammal             = [[White-tailed deer]] (1987)<ref name="GOVRES">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher = Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| access-date = March 26, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423055259/http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| archive-date = April 23, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
|Mammal = [[White-tailed deer]] (1987)<ref name="GOVRES">{{cite web| title = Ohio's State Symbols| publisher = Ohio Governor's Residence and State Garden| url = http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| accessdate = March 26, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090423055259/http://www.governorsresidence.ohio.gov/children/symbols.aspx| archive-date = April 23, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
| Reptile           = [[Coluber constrictor|Black racer snake]] (1995)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Reptile = [[Coluber constrictor|Black racer snake]] (1995)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Tree               = [[Aesculus glabra|Buckeye]] (1953)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Tree = [[Aesculus glabra|Buckeye]] (1953)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Beverage           = [[Tomato juice]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Beverage = [[Tomato juice]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Colors             =  
|Colors =
| Dance             =  
|Dance =
| Dinosaur           =  
|Dinosaur =
| Firearm           =  
|Firearm =
| Food               =  
|Food =
| Fossil             = ''[[Isotelus|Isotelus maximus]]'', a [[trilobite]] (1985)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Fossil = ''[[Isotelus|Isotelus maximus]]'', a [[trilobite]] (1985)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Gemstone           = Ohio [[flint]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
|Gemstone = Ohio [[flint]] (1965)<ref name="GOVRES" />
| Instrument         =  
|Instrument =
| Mineral           =  
|Mineral =
| Poem               =  
|Poem =
| Rock               =  
|Rock =
| Shell             =  
|Shell =
| Ships             =  
|Ships =
| Slogan             = ''So Much to Discover''
|Slogan = ''So Much to Discover''
| Soil               =  
|Soil =
| Sport             =  
|Sport =
| Tartan             =  
|Tartan =
| Toy               =  
|Toy =
| Other             = Wild flower: [[Trillium grandiflorum|Great white trillium]] (1986)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />Fruit: [[Asimina triloba|Pawpaw]]
|Other = Wild flower: [[Trillium grandiflorum|Great white trillium]] (1986)<ref name="GOVRES" /><br />Fruit: [[Asimina triloba|Pawpaw]]
| Route Marker       = OH-7.svg
|Route Marker = OH-7.svg
| Quarter           = 2002 OH Proof.png
|Quarter = 2002 OH Proof.png
| QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
|QuarterReleaseDate = 2002
}}
Ohio's geographic location has proven to be an asset for economic growth and expansion. Because Ohio links the Northeast to the Midwest, much cargo and business traffic passes through its borders along its well-developed highways. Ohio has the nation's 10th largest highway network and is within a one-day drive of 50% of North America's population and 70% of North America's manufacturing capacity.<ref>{{Cite journal | archive-date = January 24, 2008 | url = http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | place = Ohio | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080124091721/http://www.dot.state.oh.us/budget/Feb12-03/TransDelivers2-12.asp | date = February 12, 2003 | title = Transportation delivers for Ohio | publisher = Department of Transportation | access-date = December 22, 2005}}</ref> To the north, Ohio has {{convert|312|mi|km}} of coastline with Lake Erie,<ref>{{Cite journal | url = http://www.ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | title = Ohio Coastal Counties | publisher = Department of Natural Resources | place = Ohio | access-date = September 3, 2008 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080830020758/http://ohiodnr.com/Home/about/counties/tabid/18020/Default.aspx | archive-date = August 30, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> which allows for numerous cargo ports such as Cleveland and Toledo. Ohio's southern border is defined by the [[Ohio River]]. Ohio's neighbors are [[Pennsylvania]] to the east, [[Michigan]] to the northwest, [[Lake Erie]] to the north, [[Indiana]] to the west, [[Kentucky]] on the south, and [[West Virginia]] on the southeast. Ohio's borders were defined by [[metes and bounds]] in the [[Enabling Act of 1802]] as follows:
{{quote |Bounded on the east by the Pennsylvania line, on the south by the Ohio River, to the mouth of the [[Great Miami River]], on the west by the line drawn due north from the mouth of the Great Miami aforesaid, and on the north by an east and west line drawn through the southerly extreme of [[Lake Michigan]], running east after intersecting the due north line aforesaid, from the mouth of the Great Miami until it shall intersect Lake Erie or the territorial line, and thence with the same through Lake Erie to the Pennsylvania line aforesaid.}}
 
Ohio is bounded by the Ohio River, but nearly all of the river itself belongs to Kentucky and West Virginia. In 1980, the [[U.S. Supreme Court]] held that, based on the wording of the cessation of territory by [[Virginia]] (which at the time included what is now Kentucky and West Virginia), the boundary between Ohio and Kentucky (and, by implication, West Virginia) is the northern low-water mark of the river as it existed in 1792.<ref name="Ohio_v_Kentucky">{{Cite journal | url = http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | publisher = Find law | title = Ohio v. Kentucky, 444 U.S. 335 | date = January 21, 1980 | access-date = August 15, 2016 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140828231503/http://caselaw.lp.findlaw.com/scripts/getcase.pl?court=us&vol=444&invol=335 | archive-date = August 28, 2014 | url-status = live }}</ref> Ohio has only that portion of the river between the river's 1792 low-water mark and the present high-water mark.
 
The border with Michigan has also changed, as a result of the [[Toledo War]], to angle slightly northeast to the north shore of the mouth of the Maumee River.
 
Much of Ohio features [[Glacial till plains (Ohio)|glaciated till plains]], with an exceptionally flat area in the northwest being known as the [[Great Black Swamp]]. This glaciated region in the northwest and central state is bordered to the east and southeast first by a belt known as the [[glaciated Allegheny Plateau]], and then by another belt known as the [[unglaciated Allegheny Plateau]]. Most of Ohio is of low relief, but the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau [[Appalachian Ohio|features rugged hills and forests]].
 
The rugged southeastern quadrant of Ohio, stretching in an outward bow-like arc along the Ohio River from the West [[Northern Panhandle of West Virginia|Virginia Panhandle]] to the outskirts of Cincinnati, forms a distinct [[Socioeconomics|socio-economic]] unit. Geologically similar to parts of West Virginia and southwestern Pennsylvania, this area's coal mining legacy, dependence on small pockets of old manufacturing establishments, and distinctive regional dialect set this section off from the rest of the state. In 1965 the [[United States Congress]] passed the Appalachian Regional Development Act, an attempt to "address the persistent poverty and growing economic despair of the Appalachian Region".<ref>{{Cite journal|url=http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |title=History of the Appalachian Regional Commission |publisher=[[Appalachian Regional Commission]] |access-date=January 3, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051222133844/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=7 |archive-date=December 22, 2005 }}</ref> This act defines 29 Ohio counties as part of Appalachia.<ref>[http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 "Counties in Appalachia"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080917184038/http://www.arc.gov/index.do?nodeId=27 |date=September 17, 2008 }}, Appalachian Regional Commission. Retrieved January 3, 2006.</ref> While 1/3 of Ohio's land mass is part of the federally defined Appalachian region, only 12.8% of Ohioans live there (1.476&nbsp;million people.)<ref>[https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20170526193218/https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/nav/jsf/pages/searchresults.xhtml?refresh=t "GCT-T1 Ohio County Population Estimates—2005"], The United States Census Bureau, retrieved January 3, 2006. True summation of Ohio Appalachia counties population (1,476,384) obtained by adding the 29 individual county populations together (July 1, 2005 data). Percentage obtained by dividing that number into that table's estimate of Ohio population as of July 1, 2005 (11,464,042)</ref>
[[File:Map of Ohio NA.png|thumb|right]]
 
Significant [[List of rivers of Ohio|rivers]] within the state include the [[Cuyahoga River]], [[Great Miami River]], [[Maumee River]], [[Muskingum River]], and [[Scioto River]]. The rivers in the northern part of the state drain into the northern Atlantic Ocean via [[Lake Erie]] and the [[St. Lawrence River]], and the rivers in the southern part of the state drain into the [[Gulf of Mexico]] via the [[Ohio River]] and then the [[Mississippi River|Mississippi]].
 
The worst weather disaster in Ohio history occurred along the Great Miami River in 1913. Known as the [[Great Dayton Flood]], the entire [[Great Miami River|Miami River]] watershed flooded, including the downtown business district of [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]. As a result, the [[Miami Conservancy District]] was created as the first major flood plain engineering project in Ohio and the United States.<ref name="MCDAct">{{cite web|url=http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|title=The History of the MCD: The Conservancy Act|access-date=January 13, 2007|publisher=Miami Conservancy District|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070314003325/http://www.miamiconservancy.org/about/conservancy.asp|archive-date=March 14, 2007}}</ref>
 
[[Grand Lake St. Marys]] in the west-central part of the state was constructed as a supply of water for [[canal]]s in the canal-building era of 1820–1850. This body of water, over {{convert|20|sqmi|km2}}, was the largest artificial lake in the world when completed in 1845.<ref>{{cite web |title=History |url=http://www.stmarysdevelops.com/life-in-st-marys/history |website=St. Marys Develops |access-date=February 24, 2021}}</ref> [[:Category:Canals in Ohio|Ohio's canal-building projects]] were not the economic fiasco that similar efforts were in other states. Some cities, such as Dayton, owe their industrial emergence to location on canals, and as late as 1910 interior canals carried much of the bulk freight of the state.
 
===Climate===
{{See also|Climate change in Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Köppen.svg|thumb|left|Köppen climate types in Ohio now showing majority as humid subtropical]]
 
The climate of Ohio is a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''Dfa/Dfb'') throughout most of the state, except in the extreme southern counties of Ohio's [[Bluegrass region]] section, which are located on the northern periphery of the [[humid subtropical climate]] (''Cfa'') and [[Upland South]] region of the United States. Summers are typically hot and humid throughout the state, while winters generally range from cool to cold. Precipitation in Ohio is moderate year-round. Severe weather is not uncommon in the state, although there are typically fewer [[tornado]] reports in Ohio than in states located in what is known as the [[Tornado Alley]]. Severe [[lake effect snow]]storms are also not uncommon on the southeast shore of [[Lake Erie]], which is located in an area designated as the [[Snowbelt]].
 
Although predominantly not in a subtropical climate, some warmer-climate flora and fauna do reach well into Ohio. For instance, some trees with more southern ranges, such as the [[blackjack oak]], ''Quercus marilandica'', are found at their northernmost in Ohio just north of the Ohio River. Also evidencing this climatic transition from a subtropical to continental climate, several plants such as the Southern magnolia ''([[Magnolia grandiflora]])'', [[Albizia julibrissin]] (mimosa), [[Crape Myrtle]], and even the occasional [[Needle Palm]] are hardy landscape materials regularly used as street, yard, and garden plantings in the [[Bluegrass region]] of Ohio; but these same plants will simply not thrive in much of the rest of the state. This interesting change may be observed while traveling through Ohio on [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|Interstate 75]] from [[Cincinnati]] to [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]; the observant traveler of this diverse state may even catch a glimpse of Cincinnati's [[common wall lizard]], one of the few examples of permanent "subtropical" fauna in Ohio.
 
Due to flooding resulting in severely damaged highways, Governor [[Mike DeWine]] declared a [[state of emergency]] in 37 Ohio counties in 2019.<ref>{{cite web |title=State of Emergency in 37 Ohio Counties Declared |url=https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |website=Governor.ohio.gov |access-date=March 21, 2019 |date=March 20, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190322002420/https://governor.ohio.gov/wps/portal/gov/governor/media/news-and-media/032019 |archive-date=March 22, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="margin:auto;"
|+Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in Ohio<ref name="Ohio climate averages">{{cite web|url=http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|title=Ohio climate averages|publisher=Weatherbase|access-date=November 12, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151009031514/http://www.weatherbase.com/weather/city.php3?c=US&s=OH&statename=Ohio-United-States-of-America|archive-date=October 9, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
!Location
!Region
!July (°F)
!July (°C)
!January (°F)
!January (°C)
|-
|[[Athens, Ohio|Athens]] || [[Appalachian Ohio|Appalachian]] || 85/61 || 29/16 || 40/21 || 4/−6
|-
|[[Canton, Ohio|Canton]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/62 || 28/16 || 33/19 || 1/−7
|-
|[[Cincinnati]] || [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Southwest]] || 86/66 || 30/19 || 39/23 || 3/−5
|-
|[[Cleveland]] || [[Northeast Ohio|Northeast]] || 82/64 || 28/18 || 34/21 || 1/−5
|-
|[[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] || [[Central Ohio|Central]] || 85/65 || 29/18 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] || [[Miami Valley]] || 87/67 || 31/19 || 36/22 || 2/−5
|-
|[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] || [[Northwest Ohio|Northwest]] || 84/62 || 29/17 || 32/18 || 0/−7
|}
 
====Records====
The highest recorded temperature was {{convert|113|F|C|lk=on}}, near [[Gallipolis, Ohio|Gallipolis]] on July 21, 1934.<ref>{{cite web
| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/maxtemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Maximums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html
| archive-date = March 3, 2013| url-status = live}}</ref> The lowest recorded temperature was {{convert|-39|F|C}}, at [[Milligan, Ohio|Milligan]] on February 10, 1899,<ref>{{cite web| url = http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| title = All-Time Temperature Minimums By State (2003)| access-date = November 7, 2006| publisher = [[National Climatic Data Center]]| archive-url = https://www.webcitation.org/5dPuPqdO8?url=http://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/oa/pub/data/special/mintemps.pdf| archive-date = December 29, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref> during the [[Great Blizzard of 1899]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |title=The Great Blizzard of 1899: Deep South, Deep Freeze |last1=McLeod |first1=Jaime |date=February 6, 2012 |website=The Farmer's Almanac |access-date=February 5, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160206103807/http://farmersalmanac.com/weather/2012/02/06/the-great-blizzard-of-1899-deep-south-deep-freeze/ |archive-date=February 6, 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
 
===Earthquakes===
 
Although few have registered as noticeable to the average resident, more than 200 earthquakes with a [[Richter magnitude scale|magnitude]] of 2.0 or higher have occurred in Ohio since 1776.<ref name=in-ohio>{{cite journal|first=Michael C.|last=Hansen|title=Earthquakes in Ohio|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|date=2015|publisher=[[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181224035942/https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Education/el09.pdf|archive-date=December 24, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> The Western Ohio Seismic Zone and a portion of the [[Southern Great Lakes Seismic Zone]] are located in the state, and numerous [[Fault (geology)|faults]] lie under the surface.<ref name=in-ohio/><ref>{{cite journal|first=Mark T.|last=Baranoski|title=Structure Contour Map on the Precambrian Unconformity Surface in Ohio and Related Basement Features|url=https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps&Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|date=2013|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203192416/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/portals/geosurvey/PDFs/Misc_State_Maps%26Pubs/Map-PG-23_Vers-2.pdf|archive-date=February 3, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
The most substantial known earthquake in Ohio history was the [[Anna, Ohio|Anna]] (Shelby County) earthquake,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|title=OhioSeis Earthquake FAQ: What was the biggest earthquake in Ohio?|publisher=Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey|access-date=June 13, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190410163708/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/earthquakes-ohioseis/faq-quakes-in-ohio|archive-date=April 10, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> which occurred on March 9, 1937. It was centered in western Ohio, and had a magnitude of 5.4, and was of [[Mercalli intensity scale|intensity]] VIII.<ref>[https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php Historic Earthquakes: Western Ohio] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213060325/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1937_03_09.php |date=December 13, 2007 }}, U.S. Geological Survey.</ref>
 
Other significant earthquakes in Ohio include:<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | title = Historic United States Earthquakes. Ohio | place = [[United States|US]] | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091007212652/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/historical_state.php#ohio | archive-date = October 7, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.8 near [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] on September 19, 1884;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Lima, OH, 1884‐9‐19 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909210752/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1884_09_19.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> one of magnitude 4.2 near [[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]] on May 17, 1901;<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Near Portsmouth, OH, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref> and one of 5.0 in [[LeRoy Township, Lake County, Ohio|LeRoy Township in Lake County]] on January 31, 1986, which continued to trigger 13 aftershocks of magnitude 0.5 to 2.4 for two months.<ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | title = Historic Earthquakes. Northeast Ohio, 1986‐1‐31 | place = US | publisher = Geological Survey | url-status=dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090909212604/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/regional/states/events/1986_01_31.php | archive-date = September 9, 2009 | df = mdy-all }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | url = https://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | title = Northeastern Ohio Quake, January 1986 | publisher = [[Ohio Department of Natural Resources]], Division of Geological Survey | access-date = June 13, 2019 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190429113048/http://geosurvey.ohiodnr.gov/quakes-1950-to-1999-pgs/northeastern-ohio-january-1986 | archive-date = April 29, 2019 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 
Notable Ohio earthquakes in the 21st century include one occurring on December 31, 2011, approximately {{convert|4|km|mi|sp=us}} northwest of [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]],<ref>{{Cite journal|url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120107125644/http://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/recenteqsus/Quakes/usc0007f7s.php |url-status=dead |archive-date=January 7, 2012 |title=Magnitude 4.0—Youngstown‐Warren urban area, OH |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=December 31, 2011 }}</ref> and one occurring on June 10, 2019, approximately {{convert|5|km|mi|sp=us}} north-northwest of [[Eastlake, Ohio|Eastlake]] under [[Lake Erie]];<ref>{{Cite journal |url=https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |title=M 4.0—5km NNW of Eastlake, Ohio |place=US |publisher=Geological Survey |access-date=June 13, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190611233939/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us70003xny/executive |archive-date=June 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> both registered a 4.0 magnitude.
 
==Major cities==
 
{{See also|List of cities in Ohio}}
{{Largest cities
|name = Largest cities
|country = Ohio
|stat_ref = Source: 2019 U.S. Census Estimates<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/popest/data/tables.2019.html|title=Population and Housing Unit Estimates|access-date=May 21, 2020}}</ref>
|list_by_pop =
|class = nav
|div_name =
|div_link = Counties of Ohio{{!}}County
|city_1 = Columbus, Ohio{{!}}Columbus
|div_1 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
|pop_1 = 898,553
|img_1 = Downtown Columbus View from Main St Bridge.jpg
|city_2 = Cleveland
|div_2 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_2 = 381,009
|img_2 = Flats - 1 (13966708395).jpg
|city_3 = Cincinnati
|div_3 = Hamilton County, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
|pop_3 = 303,940
|img_3 = Downtown Cincinnati viewed from Devou Park.jpg
|city_4 = Toledo, Ohio{{!}}Toledo
|div_4 = Lucas County, Ohio{{!}}Lucas
|pop_4 = 272,779
|img_4 = Skyline of Toledo, Ohio.jpg
|city_5 = Akron, Ohio{{!}}Akron
|div_5 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
|pop_5 = 197,597
|img_5 =
|city_6 = Dayton, Ohio{{!}}Dayton
|div_6 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
|pop_6 = 140,407
|img_6 =
|city_7 = Parma, Ohio{{!}}Parma
|div_7 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
|pop_7 = 78,103
|img_7 =
|city_8 = Canton, Ohio{{!}}Canton
|div_8 = Stark County, Ohio{{!}}Stark
|pop_8 = 70,447
|img_8 =
|city_9 = Youngstown, Ohio{{!}}Youngstown
|div_9 = Mahoning County, Ohio{{!}}Mahoning
|pop_9 = 65,469
|img_9 =
|city_10 = Lorain, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|div_10 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
|pop_10 = 63,855
|img_10 =
| city_11 = Hamilton, Ohio{{!}}Hamilton
| div_11 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_11 = 62,082
| img_11 =
| city_12 = Springfield, Ohio{{!}}Springfield
| div_12 = Clark County, Ohio{{!}}Clark
| pop_12 = 58,877
| img_12 =
| city_13 = Kettering, Ohio{{!}}Kettering
| div_13 = Montgomery County, Ohio{{!}}Montgomery
| pop_13 = 54,855
| img_13 =
| city_14 = Elyria, Ohio{{!}}Elyria
| div_14 = Lorain County, Ohio{{!}}Lorain
| pop_14 = 53,757
| img_14 =
| city_15 = Newark, Ohio{{!}}Newark
| div_15 = Licking County, Ohio{{!}}Licking
| pop_15 = 50,315
| img_15 =
| city_16 = Lakewood, Ohio{{!}}Lakewood
| div_16 = Cuyahoga County, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga
| pop_16 = 49,678
| img_16 =
| city_17 = Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio{{!}}Cuyahoga Falls
| div_17 = Summit County, Ohio{{!}}Summit
| pop_17 = 49,106
| img_17 =
| city_18 = Dublin, Ohio{{!}}Dublin
| div_18 = Franklin County, Ohio{{!}}Franklin
| pop_18 = 49,037
| img_18 =
| city_19 = Middletown, Ohio{{!}}Middletown
| div_19 = Butler County, Ohio{{!}}Butler
| pop_19 = 48,807
| img_19 =
| city_20 = Beavercreek, Ohio{{!}}Beavercreek
| div_20 = Greene County, Ohio{{!}}Greene
| pop_20 = 47,741
| img_20 =
}}
 
Ohio's three largest cities are [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], [[Cleveland]], and [[Cincinnati]], all three of which anchor major metropolitan areas. Columbus is the capital of state, located near the geographic center of the state and is well known for [[The Ohio State University]]. In 2019, the city had six corporations named to the U.S. Fortune 500 list: [[Alliance Data]], [[Nationwide Mutual Insurance Company]], [[American Electric Power]], [[L Brands]], [[Huntington Bancshares]], and [[Cardinal Health]] in suburban [[Dublin, Ohio|Dublin]].<ref name=GDP>[http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf "Top 100 U.S. metro economies"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100625175418/http://usmayors.org/metroeconomies/0110/charts.pdf |date=June 25, 2010 }}, U.S. Conference of Mayors. Retrieved April 22, 2010.</ref><ref>https://www.bizjournals.com/dallas/news/2019/06/10/alliance-data-systems-ohio.html</ref> Other major employers include hospitals (among others, [[Wexner Medical Center]] and [[Nationwide Children's Hospital]]), hi-tech research and development including the [[Battelle Memorial Institute]], information/library companies such as [[OCLC]] and [[Chemical Abstracts Service]], steel processing and pressure cylinder manufacturer [[Worthington Industries]], financial institutions such as [[JPMorgan Chase]] and [[Huntington Bancshares]], as well as [[Owens Corning]]. Fast food chains [[Wendy's]] and [[White Castle (restaurant)|White Castle]] are also headquartered in Columbus.
 
Located in [[Northeast Ohio]] along the Lake Erie shore, Cleveland is characterized by its [[New England]] heritage, ethnic immigrant cultures, and history as a major American manufacturing and healthcare center. It anchors the Cleveland–Akron–Canton Combined Statistical Area, the largest CSA in the state, of which the cities of [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] are constituent parts. Northeast Ohio is known for major industrial companies [[Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company|Goodyear Tire and Rubber]] and [[Timken Company|Timken]], top-ranked colleges [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kent State University]], the [[Cleveland Clinic]], and cultural attractions including the [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], Big Five group [[Cleveland Orchestra]], [[Playhouse Square]], the [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]], and the [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]].
 
[[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]] anchors Southwest Ohio and [[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Metro Cincinnati]], which also encompasses counties in the neighboring states of Kentucky and Indiana. The metropolitan area is home to [[Miami University]] and the [[University of Cincinnati]], [[Cincinnati Union Terminal]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra]], and various Fortune 500 companies including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Kroger]], [[Macy's, Inc.]], and [[Fifth Third Bank]]. [[Weirton-Steubenville Metropolitan Statistical Area|Steubenville]] is the only metropolitan city in Appalachian Ohio, which is home to [[Hocking Hills State Park]].
 
[[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] and [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]] are the major cities in Northwest Ohio, an area known for its glass-making industry. It is home to [[Owens Corning]] and [[Owens-Illinois]], two [[Fortune 500]] corporations. [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] and [[Springfield, Ohio|Springfield]] are located in the Miami Valley, which is home to the [[University of Dayton]], the [[Dayton Ballet]], and the extensive [[Wright-Patterson Air Force Base]].
 
===Metropolitan areas===
 
{|class="wikitable"
|+ Largest metropolitan statistical areas in Ohio
|-
! Ohio Rank
! U.S. Rank
![[List of metropolitan statistical areas|Metropolitan&nbsp;statistical&nbsp;area]]<ref name=OMB_17-01>{{cite web|url=https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/bulletins/2017/b-17-01.pdf|title=OMB Bulletin No. 17-01: Revised Delineations of Metropolitan Statistical Areas, Micropolitan Statistical Areas, and Combined Statistical Areas, and Guidance on Uses of the Delineations of These Areas|publisher=[[United States Office of Management and Budget]]|date=August 15, 2017|access-date=March 6, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190121042651/https://www.whitehouse.gov/sites/whitehouse.gov/files/omb/bulletins/2017/b-17-01.pdf|archive-date=January 21, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref>
!2019 Estimate<ref name=2019PopEstCBSA>{{cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/demo/popest/2010s-total-metro-and-micro-statistical-areas.html |title=Metropolitan and Micropolitan Statistical Areas Population Totals and Components of Change: 2010–2019 |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=April 2019 |access-date=February 7, 2021}}</ref>
!2010 Census<ref name=2019PopEstCBSA/>
!Change
!Counties<ref name=OMB_17-01/>
|-
|align=center| {{nts|1}}
|align=center| {{nts|30}}
|[[Cincinnati metropolitan area|Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2221208|2137667}}
| [[Brown County, Ohio|Brown]], [[Butler County, Ohio|Butler]], [[Clermont County, Ohio|Clermont]], [[Clinton County, Ohio|Clinton]], [[Hamilton County, Ohio|Hamilton]], [[Warren County, Ohio|Warren]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|2}}
|align=center| {{nts|32}}
|[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2122271|1901974}}
| [[Delaware County, Ohio|Delaware]], [[Fairfield County, Ohio|Fairfield]], [[Franklin County, Ohio|Franklin]], [[Hocking County, Ohio|Hocking]], [[Licking County, Ohio|Licking]], [[Madison County, Ohio|Madison]], [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow]], [[Perry County, Ohio|Perry]], [[Pickaway County, Ohio|Pickaway]], [[Union County, Ohio|Union]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|3}}
|align=center| {{nts|34}}
|[[Greater Cleveland|Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2048449|2077240}}
| [[Cuyahoga County, Ohio|Cuyahoga]], [[Geauga County, Ohio|Geauga]], [[Lake County, Ohio|Lake]], [[Lorain County, Ohio|Lorain]], [[Medina County, Ohio|Medina]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|4}}
|align=center| {{nts|73}}
|[[Dayton metropolitan area|Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|807611|799232}}
| [[Greene County, Ohio|Greene]], [[Miami County, Ohio|Miami]], [[Montgomery County, Ohio|Montgomery]], [[Preble County, Ohio|Preble]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|5}}
|align=center| {{nts|82}}
|[[Akron metropolitan area|Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|703479|703200}}
| [[Portage County, Ohio|Portage]], [[Summit County, Ohio|Summit]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|6}}
|align=center| {{nts|93}}
|[[Toledo metropolitan area|Toledo, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|641816|651429}}
| [[Fulton County, Ohio|Fulton]], [[Lucas County, Ohio|Lucas]], [[Wood County, Ohio|Wood]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|7}}
|align=center| {{nts|106}}
|[[Mahoning Valley|Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|536081|565773}}
| [[Mahoning County, Ohio|Mahoning]], [[Trumbull County, Ohio|Trumbull]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|8}}
|align=center| {{nts|136}}
|[[Canton–Massillon, Ohio, metropolitan area|Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|397520|404422}}
| [[Stark County, Ohio|Stark]], [[Carroll County, Ohio|Carroll]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|9}}
|align=center| {{nts|307}}
|[[Clark County, Ohio|Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|134083|138333}}
| [[Clark County, Ohio|Clark]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|10}}
|align=center| {{nts|329}}
|[[Mansfield Metropolitan Statistical Area|Mansfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|121154|124475}}
| [[Richland County, Ohio|Richland]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|11}}
|align=center| {{nts|334}}
|[[Weirton-Steubenville metropolitan area|Weirton-Steubenville, WV-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|116074|124454}}
| [[Jefferson County, Ohio|Jefferson]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|12}}
|align=center| {{nts|352}}
|[[Lima metropolitan area, Ohio|Lima, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|102351|106331}}
| [[Allen County, Ohio|Allen]]
|}
 
The Cincinnati metropolitan area extends into Kentucky and Indiana, the Steubenville metropolitan area extends into West Virginia, and the Youngstown metropolitan area extends into Pennsylvania.
 
Other metropolitan areas that contain cities in Ohio, but are primarily in other states include:
* [[Huntington–Ashland metropolitan area|Huntington-Ashland, WV-KY-OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]] ([[Lawrence County, Ohio|Lawrence County]])
* [[Wheeling, West Virginia metropolitan area|Wheeling, WV Metropolitan Statistical Area]] ([[Belmont County, Ohio|Belmont County]])
 
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Largest combined statistical areas in Ohio
|-
! Ohio Rank
! U.S. Rank
! [[Combined statistical area]]s
!data-sort-type="number"|2018 Estimate<ref name=2018PopEstCSA>{{cite web |url=https://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR |archive-url=https://archive.today/20200213004914/http://factfinder.census.gov/bkmk/table/1.0/en/PEP/2018/GCTPEPANNR.US41PR |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 13, 2020 |title=Annual Estimates of the Resident Population: April 1, 2010 to July 1, 2018—United States—Combined Statistical Area; and for Puerto Rico |publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]], Population Division |date=February 2020 |access-date=February 18, 2020 }}</ref>
!data-sort-type="number"|2010 Census<ref name=2018PopEstCSA/>
!data-sort-type="number"|Change
!Subdivisions
|-
|align=center| {{nts|1}}
|align=center| {{nts|16}}
|[[Northeast Ohio|Cleveland-Akron-Canton, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|3483297|3515646}}
| [[Cleveland-Elyria, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Akron, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Canton-Massillon, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Ashtabula, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[New Philadelphia-Dover, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Sandusky, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Norwalk, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|2}}
|align=center| {{nts|24}}
|[[Columbus metropolitan area, Ohio|Columbus-Marion-Zanesville, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2509850|2308509}}
| [[Columbus, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Zanesville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Chillicothe, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Marion, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Mount Vernon, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Bellefontaine, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Cambridge, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Washington Court House, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|3}}
|align=center| {{nts|28}}
|[[Cincinnati-Wilmington-Maysville, OH-KY-IN Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|2249416|2174110}}
| [[Cincinnati, OH-KY-IN Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Wilmington, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Maysville, KY Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|4}}
|align=center| {{nts|52}}
|[[Dayton-Springfield-Sidney, OH Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|1079837|1080044}}
| [[Dayton, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Springfield, OH Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Greenville, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Sidney, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Urbana, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|-
|align=center| {{nts|5}}
|align=center| {{nts|74}}
|[[Youngstown-Warren, OH-PA Combined Statistical Area]]
| {{change|invert=on|641617|673614}}
| [[Youngstown-Warren-Boardman, OH-PA Metropolitan Statistical Area]]<br />[[Salem, OH Micropolitan Statistical Area]]
|}
 
Additionally, 30 Ohio cities function as centers of [[United States micropolitan area|micropolitan areas]], urban clusters smaller than that of metropolitan areas. Many of these are included as part of larger [[combined statistical areas]], as shown in the table above.
 
==History==
{{Main|Prehistory of Ohio|History of Ohio}}
 
===Indigenous settlement===
[[File:Sunwatch Aerial illustration HRoe 2018 400px.jpg|thumb|Artists conception of the [[Fort Ancient]] [[SunWatch Indian Village]] in [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]]]
 
Archeological evidence of spear points of both the Folsom and Clovis types indicate that the Ohio Valley was inhabited by [[Nomad|nomadic people]] as early as 13,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9">Knepper (1989), p. 9.</ref> These early nomads disappeared from Ohio by 1,000&nbsp;BC.<ref name="knepper9"/> Between 1,000 and 800&nbsp;BC, the sedentary [[Adena culture]] emerged. The Adena were able to establish "semi-permanent" villages because they domesticated plants, including, [[sunflowers]], and "grew [[squash (plant)|squash]] and possibly [[maize|corn]]"; with hunting and gathering, this cultivation supported more settled, complex villages.<ref name="knepper10">Knepper (1989), p. 10.</ref> The most notable remnant of the Adena culture is the [[Great Serpent Mound]], located in [[Adams County, Ohio]].<ref name="knepper10"/>
[[File:5NationsExpansion.jpg|thumb|left|upright=0.95|[[Iroquois]] conquests during the [[Beaver Wars]] (mid-1600s), which largely depopulated the upper and mid-[[Ohio River]] valley]]
 
Around 100&nbsp;BC, the Adena evolved into the [[Hopewell tradition|Hopewell]] people who were also mound builders. Their complex, large and technologically sophisticated [[Earthworks (archaeology)|earthworks]] can be found in modern-day [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]], [[Newark, Ohio|Newark]], and [[Circleville, Ohio|Circleville]].<ref name="knepper11">Knepper (1989), p. 11.</ref> They were also a prolific trading society, their trading network spanning a third of the continent.<ref>Douglas T. Price; Gary M. Feinman (2008). Images of the Past, 5th edition. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp. 274–277.</ref> The Hopewell disappeared from the Ohio Valley about 600&nbsp;AD. The [[Mississippian Culture]] rose as the Hopewell Culture declined. Many Siouan-speaking peoples from the plains and east coast claim them as ancestors and say they lived throughout the Ohio region until approximately the 13th century.<ref name="knepper13">Knepper (1989), p. 13.</ref>
 
There were three other cultures contemporaneous with the Mississippians: the [[Fort Ancient]] people, the Whittlesey Focus people<ref name="knepper13"/> and the [[Monongahela Culture]].<ref>"Monongahela culture-AD 1050–1635". Fort Hill Archeology. Retrieved January 14, 2010.</ref> All three cultures disappeared in the 17th century. Their origins are unknown. The Shawnees may have absorbed the Fort Ancient people.<ref name="knepper13"/> It is also possible that the Monongahela held no land in Ohio during the Colonial Era. The Mississippian Culture were close to and traded extensively with the Fort Ancient people.
 
Indians in the Ohio Valley were greatly affected by the aggressive tactics of the [[Iroquois Confederation]], based in central and western New York.<ref name="knepper14">Knepper (1989), p. 14.</ref> After the [[Beaver Wars]] in the mid-17th century, the Iroquois claimed much of the Ohio country as hunting and, more importantly, beaver-trapping ground. After the devastation of epidemics and war in the mid-17th century, which largely emptied the Ohio country of indigenous people{{dubious|date=January 2019}} by the mid-to-late 17th century, the land gradually became repopulated by the mostly [[Algonquian languages|Algonquian]]. Many of these Ohio-country nations were multi-ethnic (sometimes multi-linguistic) societies born out of the earlier devastation brought about by disease,{{clarify|reason=no disease has been mentioned yet|date=January 2019}} war, and subsequent social instability. They subsisted on agriculture ([[maize|corn]], sunflowers, [[bean]]s, etc.) supplemented by seasonal hunts. By the 18th century, they were part of a larger global economy brought about by European entry into the [[fur trade]].<ref name="roseboom20">Roseboom (1967), p. 20.</ref>
 
Some of the indigenous nations which historically inhabited Ohio included the Iroquoian,<ref>[[Petun]], [[Erie people|Erie]], [[Neutral Nation|Chonnonton]], [[Wyandot people|Wyandot]], the [[Mingo|Mingo Seneca]] & the [[Iroquois Confederacy]]</ref> the Algonquian<ref>[[Miami people|Miami]], [[Mascouten]] [[Lenape]] [[Shawnee]] & [[Odawa]]</ref> & the Siouan.<ref>[[Mosopelea]]</ref><ref>louis, franquelin, jean baptiste. "Franquelin's map of Louisiana". LOC.gov. Retrieved August 17, 2017.</ref><ref name="knepper14-17">Knepper (1989), pp. 14–17.</ref> [[Ohio country]] was also the site of Indian massacres, such as the [[Chief Logan#Yellow Creek Massacre|Yellow Creek Massacre]], [[Gnadenhutten massacre|Gnadenhutten]] and [[Pontiac's Rebellion school massacre]].<ref name="knepper43-44">Knepper (1989), pp. 43–44.</ref> After the [[War of 1812]] when Natives suffered serious losses such as at [[Battle of Tippecanoe|Tippecanoe]], most Native tribes either left Ohio or had to live on only limited reservations. By 1842, all remaining Natives were forced out of the state.<ref>{{cite web |title=American Indians - Ohio History Central |url=https://ohiohistorycentral.org/w/American_Indians |website=ohiohistorycentral.org |access-date=February 23, 2021}}</ref>
 
===Colonial and Revolutionary eras===
{{Main|New France|Canada (New France)|Ohio Country|French and Indian War|Treaty of Paris (1763)|Province of Quebec (1763–1791)|Indian Reserve (1763)|American Revolutionary War|Western theater of the American Revolutionary War|Treaty of Paris (1783)}}
 
During the 18th century, the [[French colonisation of the Americas|French]] set up a system of [[trading post]]s to control the fur trade in the region. Beginning in 1754, France and [[Kingdom of Great Britain|Great Britain]] fought the [[French and Indian War]]. As a result of the [[Treaty of Paris (1763)|Treaty of Paris]], the French ceded control of Ohio and the remainder of the [[Old Northwest]] to Great Britain. In the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] in 1783, Britain ceded all claims to Ohio country to the United States.<ref>{{cite book |last=Cogliano |first=Francis D. |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Revolutionary_America_1763_1815/QMAKWDQt1LAC?hl=en&gbpv=0 |title=Revolutionary America, 1763–1815: A Political History |year=2003 |publisher=Francis and Taylor |isbn=978-1-1346-7869-3 |ref=cogliano2003}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last=Kaplan |first=Lawrence S. |title=The Treaty of Paris, 1783: A Historiographical Challenge |journal=International History Review |publisher=Taylor & Francis, Ltd.|date=September 1983 |volume=5 |number=3 |pages=431–442 |doi=10.1080/07075332.1983.9640322 |jstor=40105317 |ref=lskaplan1983}}</ref>
 
===Northwest Territory===
{{Main|Northwest Ordinance|Northwest Territory}}
[[Image:Ohio Country en.png|thumb|left|The [[Ohio Country]] indicating battle sites between American settlers and indigenous tribes, 1775–1794]]
The United States created the [[Northwest Territory]] under the [[Northwest Ordinance]] of 1787.<ref name="cayton3">Cayton (2002), p. 3.</ref> [[Slave states and free states|Slavery was not permitted]] in the new territory. Settlement began with the founding of [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] by the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], which had been formed by a group of American Revolutionary War veterans. Following the Ohio Company, the [[Miami Purchase|Miami Company]] (also referred to as the "[[Symmes Purchase]]") claimed the southwestern section, and the [[Connecticut Land Company]] surveyed and settled the [[Connecticut Western Reserve]] in present-day [[Northeast Ohio]]. Territorial surveyors from Fort Steuben began surveying an area of eastern Ohio called the [[Seven Ranges]] at about the same time.
 
The old Northwest Territory originally included areas previously known as [[Ohio Country]] and [[Illinois Country]]. As Ohio prepared for statehood, the [[Indiana Territory]] was created, reducing the Northwest Territory to approximately the size of present-day Ohio plus the eastern half of the [[Lower Peninsula of Michigan]] and the eastern tip of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]] and a sliver of southeastern Indiana called "The Gore".
 
The coalition of Native American tribes, known as the [[Western Confederacy]], was forced to cede extensive territory, including much of present-day Ohio, in the [[Treaty of Greenville]] in 1795.
 
Under the [[Northwest Ordinance]], areas could be defined and admitted as states once their population reached 60,000. Although Ohio's population was only 45,000 in December 1801, [[United States Congress|Congress]] determined that it was growing rapidly and had already begun the path to statehood. In regards to the [[Leni Lenape]] natives, Congress decided that 10,000 acres on the [[Muskingum River]] in the present state of Ohio would "be set apart and the property thereof be vested in the [[Moravian Brethren]]&nbsp;... or a society of the said Brethren for civilizing the Indians and promoting Christianity".<ref>{{cite web|title=Religion and the Congress of the Confederation, 1774–89|date=June 4, 1998|url=https://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|publisher=Library of Congress|access-date=April 11, 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120502224644/http://www.loc.gov/exhibits/religion/rel04.html|archive-date=May 2, 2012|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
====Rufus Putnam, the "Father of Ohio"====
[[File:PUTNAM exb.jpg|thumb|right|[[Rufus Putnam]] by James Sharples, Jr., 1797]]
 
[[Rufus Putnam]] served in important military capacities in both the [[French and Indian War]] and the [[American Revolutionary War]].  He was one of the most highly respected men in the early years of the United States.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 1–4, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref>
 
In 1776, Putnam created a method of building portable fortifications, which enabled the [[Continental Army]] to drive the British from Boston.  [[George Washington]] was so impressed that he made Putnam his chief engineer.  After the war, Putnam and [[Manasseh Cutler]] were instrumental in creating the [[Northwest Ordinance]], which opened up the [[Northwest Territory]] for settlement.  This land was used to serve as compensation for what was owed to Revolutionary War veterans.  It was also at Putnam's recommendation that the land would be surveyed and laid out in townships of six miles square.  Putnam organized and led the [[Ohio Company of Associates]], who settled at [[Marietta, Ohio]], where they built a large fort called [[Campus Martius (Ohio)|Campus Martius]].<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 2–4, 45–8,105–18, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 34–7, 63–74, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 46–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
 
Putnam, in the Puritan tradition, was influential in establishing education in the Northwest Territory.  Substantial amounts of land were set aside for schools.  Putnam had been one of the primary benefactors in the founding of [[Leicester Academy]] in Massachusetts, and similarly, in 1798, he created the plan for the construction of the Muskingum Academy (now [[Marietta College]]) in Ohio.  In 1780, the directors of the Ohio Company appointed him superintendent of all its affairs relating to settlement north of the Ohio River.  In 1796, he was commissioned by President George Washington as Surveyor-General of United States Lands.  In 1788, he served as a judge in the Northwest Territory's first court.  In 1802, he served in the convention to form a constitution for the State of Ohio.<ref>Hubbard, Robert Ernest.  ''General Rufus Putnam: George Washington's Chief Military Engineer and the "Father of Ohio,"'' pp. 127–50, McFarland & Company, Inc., Jefferson, North Carolina.  {{ISBN|978-1-4766-7862-7}}.</ref><ref>Hildreth, Samuel Prescott.  ''Biographical and Historical Memoirs of the Early Pioneer Settlers of Ohio,'' pp. 69, 71, 81, 82, Badgley Publishing Company, 2011.  {{ISBN|978-0615501895}}.</ref><ref>McCullough, David.  ''The Pioneers: The Heroic Story of the Settlers Who Brought the American Ideal West,'' pp. 143–7, Simon & Schuster, Inc., New York, New York, 2019.  {{ISBN|978-1-5011-6870-3}}.</ref>
 
===Statehood and early years===
{{Main|Admission to the Union|List of U.S. states by date of admission to the Union}}
 
{{Dispute about|the assertion that acts of Congress were not used to admit new states to the Union until the admission of Louisiana. See [[Admission to the Union]].|False information on admission of new states|date=June 2021}}
 
On February 19, 1803, U.S. president [[Thomas Jefferson]] signed an act of Congress that approved Ohio's boundaries and constitution.<ref>An act to provide for the due execution of the laws of the United States, within the state of Ohio, ch. 7, {{USStat|2|201}} (February 19, 1803).</ref> However, Congress had never passed a formal resolution admitting Ohio as the 17th state, a custom not introduced until [[Louisiana]]'s admission as the 18th state. Although no formal resolution of admission was required, when the oversight was discovered in 1953, as Ohio began preparations for celebrating its sesquicentennial, Ohio congressman [[George H. Bender]] introduced a bill in Congress to admit Ohio to the Union retroactive to March 1, 1803, the date on which the [[Ohio General Assembly]] first convened.<ref name=Blue/> At a special session at the old state capital in [[Chillicothe, Ohio|Chillicothe]], the Ohio state legislature approved a new petition for statehood which was delivered to Washington, D.C., on horseback, and approved that August.<ref name=Blue>{{cite journal |last=Blue |first= Frederick J. |title=The Date of Ohio Statehood |journal=Ohio Academy of History Newsletter |date=Autumn 2002 |url=http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100911164131/http://www2.uakron.edu/OAH/newsletter/newsletter/Autumn2002/features.html |archive-date=September 11, 2010}}</ref><ref>Joint Resolution for admitting the State of Ohio into the Union, ({{USStatute|83|204|67|407|1953|08|07}}).</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|title=Clearing up the Confusion surrounding OHIO's Admission to Statehood|access-date=October 30, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091017120249/http://www.thegreenpapers.com/slg/explanation-ohio-statehood.phtml|archive-date=October 17, 2009|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
Ohio has had three capital cities: Chillicothe, [[Zanesville, Ohio|Zanesville]], and [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]. Chillicothe was the capital from 1803 to 1810. The capital was then moved to Zanesville for two years, as part of a state legislative compromise to get a bill passed. The capital was then moved back to Chillicothe, which was the capital from 1812 to 1816. Finally, the capital was moved to Columbus, to have it near the geographic center of the state.
 
Although many Native Americans had migrated west to evade American encroachment, others remained settled in the state, sometimes assimilating in part. In 1830 under President [[Andrew Jackson]], the US government forced [[Indian Removal]] of most tribes to the [[Indian Territory]] west of the Mississippi River.
 
In 1835, Ohio fought with [[Michigan]] in the [[Toledo War]], a mostly bloodless boundary war over the Toledo Strip. Only one person was injured in the conflict. Congress intervened, making Michigan's admittance as a state conditional on ending the conflict. In exchange for giving up its claim to the Toledo Strip, Michigan was given the western two-thirds of the [[Upper Peninsula of Michigan|Upper Peninsula]], in addition to the eastern third which was already considered part of the state.
 
[[File:William McKinley by Courtney Art Studio, 1896.jpg|thumb|right|25th U.S. president [[William McKinley]] was from Ohio, one of six to be elected from the state.]]
 
===Civil War and industrialization===
[[File:Morganmap.jpg|thumb|left|The route of [[Morgan's Raid]]]]
 
Ohio's central position and its population gave it an important place during the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. The Ohio River was a vital artery for troop and supply movements, as were Ohio's railroads. The industry of Ohio made the state one of the most important states in the Union during the Civil war. Ohio contributed more soldiers per capita than any other state in the Union. In 1862, the state's morale was badly shaken in the aftermath of the [[Battle of Shiloh]], a costly victory in which Ohio forces suffered 2,000 casualties.<ref name="knepper233-234">Knepper (1989), pp. 233–234.</ref> Later that year, when [[Confederate States Army|Confederate]] troops under the leadership of [[Stonewall Jackson]] threatened Washington, D.C., Ohio governor [[David Tod]] still could recruit 5,000 volunteers to provide three months of service.<ref name="roseboom188">Roseboom and Weisenburger (1967), p. 188.</ref> From July 13 to 26, 1863, towns along the Ohio River were attacked and ransacked in [[Morgan's Raid]], starting in [[Harrison, Ohio|Harrison]] in the west and culminating in the [[Battle of Salineville]] near [[West Point, Columbiana County, Ohio|West Point]] in the far east. While this raid was overall insignificant to the Confederacy, it aroused fear among people in Ohio and [[Indiana]] as it was the furthest advancement of troops from the South in the war.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan's_Raid|title=Morgan's Raid—Ohio History Central|website=Ohiohistorycentral.org|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621033754/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/w/Morgan%27s_Raid|archive-date=June 21, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Almost 35,000 Ohioans died in the conflict, and 30,000 were physically wounded.<ref name="cayton129">Cayton (2002), p. 129.</ref> By the end of the Civil War, the Union's top three generals – [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[William Tecumseh Sherman]], and [[Philip Sheridan]] – were all from Ohio.<ref name="morris10-11">Morris (1992), pp. 10–11.</ref><ref name="cayton128-129">Cayton (2002), pp. 128–129.</ref>
 
{{See also|Petroleum industry in Ohio}}
 
Throughout much of the 19th century, industry was rapidly introduced to complement an existing agricultural economy. One of the first iron manufacturing plants opened near [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] in 1804 called Hopewell Furnace. By the mid-19th century, 48 blast furnaces were operating in the state, most in the southern portions of the state.<ref name=HOS>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|title=History of Ohio Steelmaking|website=OhioSteel.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100725010626/http://www.ohiosteel.org/industry/history.php|archive-date=July 25, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> Discovery of coal deposits aided the further development of the steel industry in the state, and by 1853 Cleveland was the third largest iron and steel producer in the country. The first [[Bessemer converter]] was purchased by the [[Cleveland Rolling Mill|Cleveland Rolling Mill Company]], which eventually became part of the [[U.S. Steel Corporation]] following the merger of [[Federal Steel Company]] and [[Carnegie Steel]], the first billion-dollar American corporation.<ref name=HOS /> The first open-hearth furnace used for steel production was constructed by the Otis Steel Company in Cleveland, and by 1892, Ohio ranked as the 2nd-largest steel-producing state behind Pennsylvania.<ref name=HOS /> [[Republic Steel]] was founded in Youngstown in 1899 and was at one point the nation's third-largest producer. [[Armco]], now AK Steel, was founded in [[Middletown, Ohio|Middletown]] also in 1899.
 
[[File:Standard Oil.jpg|thumb|left|The first [[Standard Oil]] refinery was opened in Cleveland by businessman [[John D. Rockefeller]].]]
 
===20th century===
 
During the 1930s, the [[Great Depression in the United States|Great Depression]] struck the state hard. American Jews watched the rise of the [[Third Reich]] with apprehension.  Cleveland residents [[Jerry Siegel]] and [[Joe Shuster]] created the [[Superman]] comic character in the spirit of the Jewish [[golem]]. Many of their comics portrayed Superman fighting and defeating the [[Nazis]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/superman.htm|title=The SS and Superman|first=Randall|last=Bytwerk|website=Calvin.edu|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adherents.com/lit/comics/Superman.html|title=The religion of Superman (Clark Kent / Kal-El)|website=Adherents.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 
Artists, writers, musicians and actors developed in the state throughout the 20th century and often moved to other cities which were larger centers for their work. They included [[Zane Grey]], [[Milton Caniff]], [[George Bellows]], [[Art Tatum]], [[Roy Lichtenstein]], and [[Roy Rogers]]. [[Alan Freed]], who emerged from the swing dance culture in Cleveland, hosted the first live rock 'n roll concert in Cleveland in 1952. Famous filmmakers include [[Steven Spielberg]], [[Chris Columbus (filmmaker)|Chris Columbus]] and the original [[Warner Brothers]], who set up their first movie theatre in Youngstown before that company later relocated to California. The state produced many popular musicians, including [[Dean Martin]], [[Doris Day]], [[The O'Jays]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Devo]], [[Macy Gray]] and [[The Isley Brothers]].
 
[[File:A scene in a steel mill, Republic Steel, Youngstown, Ohio.jpg|thumb|[[Iron]] being converted to [[steel]] for wartime efforts at Youngstown's [[Republic Steel]] in 1941]]
 
The [[National Football League]] was originally founded in Ohio in 1920 as the American Professional Football Association.
 
In 1970 an [[Ohio Army National Guard]] unit [[Kent State shootings|fired at students]] during an anti-war protest at [[Kent State University]], killing four and wounding nine. The Guard had been called onto campus after several protests in and around campus had become violent, including a riot in downtown Kent and the burning of an [[Reserve Officers' Training Corps|ROTC]] building. The main cause of the protests was the United States' [[Cambodian Campaign|invasion of Cambodia]] during the [[Vietnam War]].<ref>Hildebrand, Herrington, & Keller; pp. 165–166</ref>
 
Beginning in the 1980s, the state entered into international economic and resource cooperation treaties and organizations with other [[Midwestern]] states, as well as [[New York (state)|New York]], [[Pennsylvania]], [[Ontario]], and [[Quebec]], including the [[Great Lakes Charter]], [[Great Lakes Compact]], and the [[Council of Great Lakes Governors]].
 
===21st century===
 
Ohio had become nicknamed the "fuel cell corridor"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|title=Ohio Fuel Cell Symposium 2010|date=2010|website=GCBL.org|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726082558/http://www.gcbl.org/events/ohio-fuel-cell-symposium-2010-05-06-2010|archive-date=July 26, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref> in being a contributing anchor for the region now called the "Green Belt," in reference to the growing renewable energy sector.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://articles.latimes.com/2009/nov/23/business/la-fi-rustbelt-greenbelt23-2009nov23|title=Solar energy industry brings a ray of hope to the Rust Belt|first=Todd|last=Woody|date=November 23, 2009|access-date=August 17, 2017|via=LA Times}}</ref> Although the state experienced heavy manufacturing losses at the close of the 20th century and suffered from the [[Great Recession]], it was rebounding by the second decade in being the country's 6th-fastest-growing economy through the first half of 2010.<ref name=BF>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohio.com/news/top_stories/103405484.html|title=Biden flies to Akron to help governor|website=Ohio.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 
Ohio's transition into the 21st century was symbolized by the Third Frontier program, spearheaded by governor [[Bob Taft]] around the start of the century. This built on the agricultural and industrial pillars of the economy, dubbed the first and second frontiers, by aiding the growth of advanced technology industries, the third frontier.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.development.ohio.gov/ohiothirdfrontier/History.htm|title=Ohio Third Frontier – History|website=Ohio.gov|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101006045824/http://www.development.ohio.gov/OhioThirdFrontier/History.htm|archive-date=October 6, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> The results of this initiative were considered widely successful,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/opinion/index.ssf/2010/05/ohio_cant_afford_to_kill_third.html|title=Ohio can't afford to kill Third Frontier: Brent Larkin|website=Cleveland.com|date=May 2, 2010|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> attracting 637 new high-tech companies to the state and 55,000 new jobs, with an average of salary of $65,000,<ref name=TF>{{cite press release|url=http://www.prnewswire.com/news-releases/ohio-third-frontier-continues-to-create-jobs-and-opportunities-for-ohioans-90364764.html|title=Ohio Third Frontier Continues to Create Jobs and Opportunities for Ohioans|publisher=Ohio Business Development Coalition|website=PRNewswire|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> while having a $6.6 billion economic impact with an investment return ratio of 9:1.<ref name=TF /> In 2010 the state won the [[International Economic Development Council]]'s ''Excellence in Economic Development Award'', celebrated as a national model of success.<ref>{{cite press release|url=http://www.digitaljournal.com/pr/144882|title=Ohio Third Frontier and Supporting Programs Win Top Tech Awards for Economic Development|website=Digital Journal|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 
Many of the state's former industrial centers turned to new industries, including [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] as a center for polymer and biomedical research, [[Cincinnati]] as the state's largest mercantile hub,<ref name=AE>[http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ "Atlantic Eye: Brunner is the best for Ohio"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100805091023/http://www.jenniferbrunner.com/index.php/news/post/brunner_is_the_best_for_ohio/ |date=August 5, 2010 }}, Marc S. Ellenbogen. May 3, 2010. Retrieved May 5, 2010.</ref> [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] as a center for technological research and development, education, and insurance,<ref name="AE" /> [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]] in regenerative medicine research and manufacturing, [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]] as an aerospace and defense hub, and [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]] as a national center for solar technology.<ref name="FC">[http://features.csmonitor.com/economyrebuild/2009/11/20/five-cities-that-will-rise-in-the-new-economy/ "Five cities that will rise in the New Economy", ''Christian Science Monitor''. Retrieved November 27, 2009.]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news/local&id=7530129|title=Ohio gov. declares NW Ohio a solar energy hub|date=June 30, 2010|website=ABCLocal.go.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100706060838/http://abclocal.go.com/wtvg/story?section=news%2Flocal&id=7530129|archive-date=July 6, 2010}}</ref> Ohio was hit hard by the [[Great Recession]] and manufacturing employment losses entering the 2010s. The recession cost the state 376,500 jobs<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|title=Ohio has endured decade of job losses|date=September 12, 2010|website=Dispatch.com|access-date=August 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101005052748/http://www.dispatch.com/live/content/business/stories/2010/09/12/ohio-has-endured-decade-of-job-losses.html|archive-date=October 5, 2010|url-status=dead}}</ref> and it had 89,053 foreclosures in 2009, a record for the state.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2010/05/20/were-number-one-cuyahoga-leads-ohio-foreclosures-again|title=We're Number One: Cuyahoga Leads Ohio Foreclosures... Again|first=Vince|last=Grzegorek|date=May 20, 2010|website=CleveScene.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref> The median household income dropped 7% and the poverty rate ballooned to 13.5% by 2009.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2010/09/ohios_poverty_uninsured_rates.html|title=Ohio's poverty, uninsured rates up; median income drops sharply|date=September 2010|website=Cleveland.com|access-date=August 17, 2017}}</ref>
 
==Demographics==
 
{{US Census population
|1800= 45365
|1810= 230760
|1820= 581434
|1830= 937903
|1840= 1519467
|1850= 1980329
|1860= 2339511
|1870= 2665260
|1880= 3198062
|1890= 3672329
|1900= 4157545
|1910= 4767121
|1920= 5759394
|1930= 6646697
|1940= 6907612
|1950= 7946627
|1960= 9706397
|1970= 10652017
|1980= 10797630
|1990= 10847115
|2000= 11353140
|2010= 11536504
|2020= 11799448
|align-fn=center
|footnote=Source: 1910–2020<ref>{{cite web |title=Historical Population Change Data (1910–2020) |url=https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |website=Census.gov |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=May 1, 2021 |archive-date=April 29, 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210429012609/https://www.census.gov/data/tables/time-series/dec/popchange-data-text.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>
}}
}}
'''Ohio''' is one of the 50 [[state]]s in the [[United States]]. Its [[Capital (city)|capital]] is Columbus. [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] is also the largest [[city]] in Ohio.


===Population===
Other large cities in Ohio are [[Cleveland, Ohio|Cleveland]], [[Cincinnati, Ohio|Cincinnati]], [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]].


From just over 45,000 residents in 1800, Ohio's population grew faster than 10% per decade (except for the 1940 census) until the [[1970 United States Census|1970 census]], which recorded just over 10.65&nbsp;million Ohioans.<ref>{{cite web|title=Census of Population: 1970, Part 37—Ohio, Section 1|publisher=[[United States Census Bureau]]|year=1970|url=http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|access-date=March 27, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100415053910/http://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1970a_oh1-01.pdf|archive-date=April 15, 2010|url-status=live}}</ref> Growth then slowed for the next four decades.<ref>{{cite web|last=Balistreri |first=Kelly |title=Ohio Population News: Why did Ohio lose a seat in the U.S. House of Representatives? |publisher=Center for Family and Demographic Research at [[Bowling Green State University]] |date=February 2001 |url=http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |access-date=March 27, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080516165832/http://www.bgsu.edu/downloads/cas/file36222.pdf |archive-date=May 16, 2008 }}</ref> The [[United States Census Bureau]] counted 11,808,848 in the 2020 census, a 2.4% increase since the [[2010 United States Census]].<ref name=2020census/> Ohio's population growth lags that of the entire United States, and [[White Americans|whites]] are found in a greater density than the US average. {{As of|2000}}, Ohio's [[center of population]] is located in [[Morrow County, Ohio|Morrow County]],<ref name="POPCENTER">{{cite web|title=2000 Population and Geographic Centers of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Department of Development, Office of Strategic Research |date=March 2001 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |access-date=March 26, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20051124004820/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/G101.pdf |archive-date=November 24, 2005 }}</ref> in the [[county seat]] of [[Mount Gilead, Ohio|Mount Gilead]].<ref name="POPCEN">{{cite web|title=Population and Population Centers by State: 2000 |publisher=United States Census Bureau |access-date=December 6, 2008 |url=https://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130508041813/http://www.census.gov/geo/www/cenpop/statecenters.txt |archive-date=May 8, 2013 }}</ref> This is approximately {{convert|6346|ft|m}} south and west of Ohio's population center in 1990.<ref name="POPCENTER" />
Some famous people from Ohio include golfer [[:en:Jack Nicklaus|Jack Nicklaus]], [[Wilbur Wright|Wilbur]] and [[Orville Wright]], astronauts [[John Glenn]] and [[Neil Armstrong]], authors [[Sherwood Anderson]] and [[Toni Morrison]],<ref>{{Cite web|last1=Yost|first1=Laina|last2=Woytach|first2=Carissa|date=2019-08-06|title='She treasured Lorain, we treasured her': Nobel laureate Toni Morrison dies at 88 (UPDATED/PHOTOS)|url=http://www.chroniclet.com/Local-News/2019/08/06/Lorain-native-Nobel-laureate-Toni-Morrison-dies-at-88.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190807152442/http://www.chroniclet.com/Local-News/2019/08/06/Lorain-native-Nobel-laureate-Toni-Morrison-dies-at-88.html|archive-date=2019-08-07|access-date=2020-10-31|website=The Chronicle-Telegram}}</ref> and actors [[Clark Gable]] and [[Katie Holmes]]. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: [[Ulysses S. Grant]], [[Rutherford Hayes]], [[James Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]], [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]], [[Warren G. Harding]].
{{Image frame
| caption=Graph of Ohio's population from 1800 to 2020 census
| content =
{{Graph:Chart
| width=300
| height=200
| xAxisTitle=Date
| yAxisTitle=million residents
| legend=Legend
| type=line
| xType=date
| xAxisFormat =
| x= 1800, 1810, 1820, 1830, 1840, 1850, 1860, 1870, 1880, 1890, 1900, 1910, 1920, 1930, 1940, 1950, 1960, 1970, 1980, 1990, 2000, 2010, 2020
| xAxisAngle=-60
| y1= .045365, .230760, .581434, .937903, 1.519467, 1.980329, 2.339511, 2.665260, 3.198062, 3.672329, 4.157545, 4.767121, 5.759394, 6.646697, 6.907612, 7.946627, 9.706397, 10.652017, 10.797630, 10.847115, 11.353140, 11.536504, 11.799448
| y1Title=Population
| xGrid=
| yGrid=
| showValues=
| interpolate=
| colors=black
}}
}}


As of 2011, 27.6% of Ohio's children under the age of 1 belonged to minority groups.<ref>"[http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html Americans under age{{nbsp}}1 now mostly minorities, but not in Ohio: Statistical Snapshot] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160714084214/http://www.cleveland.com/datacentral/index.ssf/2012/06/americas_under_age_1_populatio.html |date=July 14, 2016 }}". ''[[The Plain Dealer]]''. June 3, 2012.</ref>
Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to [[2020 United States presidential election|2020]], the last time they voted for the losing candidate was [[1960 United States presidential election|1960]]. Also, no [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against [[Black people|black]] people.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|first=|date=2019-10-10|title=Report: Segregation and discrimination plague Midwest|url=https://www.policymattersohio.org/press-room/2019/10/10/report-segregation-and-discrimination-plague-midwest|url-status=live|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=2020-10-31|website=Policy Matters Ohio|quote=Ohio, where 12.3% of residents are black, struggles in several key indicators. The state’s difference between the black and white [[unemployment]] rate is 5th largest in the nation. The gap between what Ohio employers pay white and black workers is larger than in all but 41 states. More than a quarter of black Ohioans who are poor live in high-[[poverty]] neighborhoods. In Cleveland and Dayton, concentrated poverty among black people exceeds 40%.}}</ref> It is a part of the [[Midwest]]. Ohio is the 7th most populated state in the United States of America.


6.2% of Ohio's population is under five years of age, 23.7 percent under 18 years of age, and 14.1 percent were 65 or older. Females made up approximately 51.2 percent of the population.
== Geography ==
Ohio borders [[Pennsylvania]], [[Michigan]], [[Indiana]], [[Kentucky]], and [[West Virginia]], and it shares a water border with [[Ontario]], [[Canada]]. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the [[Appalachian Mountains]], and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.


===Birth data===
Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.


''Note: Births in table do not add up because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race, giving a higher overall number.''
== Economy ==
{| class="wikitable"
For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]] was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous [[Cleveland Clinic]], is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, [[Kroger]], Luxottica, [[Procter & Gamble]] and [[Macy's]], whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, [[JPMorgan Chase]], Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, [[Wendy's]], Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.
|+ Live births by single race/ethnicity of mother
|-
! [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Race]]
! 2013<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170911162514/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_01.pdf |archive-date=September 11, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2014<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170214040341/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr64/nvsr64_12.pdf |archive-date=February 14, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2015<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=June 10, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831155911/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr66/nvsr66_01.pdf |archive-date=August 31, 2017 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2016<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=May 7, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180603002249/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_01.pdf |archive-date=June 3, 2018 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2017<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 21, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190201210916/https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr67/nvsr67_08-508.pdf |archive-date=February 1, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
! 2018<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr68/nvsr68_13-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=December 21, 2019}}</ref>
! 2019<ref>
{{cite web|url=https://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/nvsr/nvsr70/nvsr70-02-508.pdf |title=Data |website=Cdc.gov |access-date=April 1, 2021}}</ref>
|-
| [[White Americans|White]]
| 109,749 (79.0%)
| 110,003 (78.9%)
| 109,566 (78.7%)
| ...
| ...
| ...
| ...
|-
| > [[Non-Hispanic Whites|Non-Hispanic White]]
| 104,059 (74.9%)
| 104,102 (74.6%)
| 103,586 (74.4%)
| 100,225 (72.6%)
| 98,762 (72.1%)
| 97,423 (72.1%)
| 95,621 (71.1%)
|-
| [[African Americans|Black]]
| 24,952 (18.0%)
| 24,931 (17.9%)
| 25,078 (18.0%)
| 22,337 (16.2%)
| 22,431 (16.4%)
| 22,201 (16.4%)
| 22,555 (16.8%)
|-
| [[Asian Americans|Asian]]
| 3,915 (2.8%)
| 4,232 (3.0%)
| 4,367 (3.1%)
| 4,311 (3.1%)
| 4,380 (3.2%)
| 4,285 (3.2%)
| 4,374 (3.3%)
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|American Indian]]
| 320 (0.2%)
| 301 (0.2%)
| 253 (0.2%)
| 128 (0.1%)
| 177 (0.1%)
| 169 (0.1%)
| 204 (0.2%)
|-
| ''[[Hispanic and Latino Americans|Hispanic]]'' (of any race)
| ''6,504'' (4.7%)
| ''6,884'' (4.9%)
| ''6,974'' (5.0%)
| ''7,420'' (5.4%)
| ''7,468'' (5.5%)
| ''7,432'' (5.5%)
| ''7,725'' (5.7%)
|-
| '''Total Ohio'''
| '''138,936''' (100%)
| '''139,467''' (100%)
| '''139,264''' (100%)
| '''138,085''' (100%)
| '''136,832''' (100%)
| '''135,134''' (100%)
| '''134,461''' (100%)
|}
* Since 2016, data for births of [[White Hispanic and Latino Americans|White Hispanic]] origin are not collected, but included in one ''Hispanic'' group; persons of Hispanic origin may be of any race.


===Ancestry===
==Related pages==
* [[List of cities in Ohio]]
* [[List of counties in Ohio]]


According to the 2010 [[United States Census]], the racial composition of Ohio was the following:<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140305164937/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_DP_DPDP1&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=March 5, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141218203429/http://factfinder2.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=DEC_10_SF1_QTP10&prodType=table|url-status=dead|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U. S. Census|last=Bureau|archive-date=December 18, 2014|website=factfinder.census.gov}}</ref>
== References ==
* [[White American]]: 82.7% ([[Non-Hispanic Whites]]: 81.1%)
{{commonscat|Ohio}}
* [[Black American|Black or African American]]: 12.2%
* [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]]: 0.2%
* [[Asian American|Asian]]: 1.7% <small>(0.6% Indian, 0.4% Chinese, 0.1% Filipino, 0.1% Korean, 0.1% Vietnamese, 0.1% Japanese)</small>
* [[Pacific Islander American|Pacific Islander]]: 0.03%
* [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]]: 2.1%
* Some other race: 1.1%
* [[Hispanic or Latino Americans|Hispanic or Latinos]] (of any race) make up 3.1% <small>(1.5% Mexican, 0.8% Puerto Rican, 0.1% Guatemalan, 0.1% Cuban)</small>
 
{| class="wikitable sortable collapsible" style="font-size: 90%;"
|+ '''Ohio racial breakdown of population'''
|-
! Racial composition !! 1990<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080725044857/http://www.census.gov/population/www/documentation/twps0056/twps0056.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 25, 2008|title=Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race, 1790 to 1990, and By Hispanic Origin, 1970 to 1990, For The United States, Regions, Divisions, and States|date=July 25, 2008}}</ref>!! 2000<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://censusviewer.com/city/OH|title=Population of Ohio: Census 2010 and 2000 Interactive Map, Demographics, Statistics, Quick Facts|website=Censusviewer.com|access-date=April 17, 2021}}{{Dead link|date=June 2021 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>!! 2010<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/decennial-census/decade.2010.html|title=US Census Bureau 2010 Census|website=Census.gov|access-date=December 6, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[White American|White]] || 87.8% || 85.0% || 82.7%
|-
| [[African American]] || 10.6% || 11.5% || 12.2%
|-
| [[Asian American|Asian]] || 0.8% || 1.2% || 1.7%
|-
| [[Native Americans in the United States|Native]] || 0.2% || 0.2% || 0.2%
|-
| [[Native Hawaiian]] and<br />[[Pacific Islander|other Pacific Islander]] || – || – || –
|-
| [[Race and ethnicity in the United States Census|Other race]] || 0.5% || 0.8% || 1.1%
|-
| [[Multiracial American|Two or more races]] || – || 1.4% || 2.1%
|}
 
In 2010, there were 469,700 foreign-born residents in Ohio, corresponding to 4.1% of the total population. Of these, 229,049 (2.0%) were naturalized [[Citizenship of the United States|US citizens]] and 240,699 (2.1%) were not.<ref name="census1" /> The largest groups were:<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212054818/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B05006&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=September 6, 2013}}</ref> Mexico (54,166), India (50,256), China (34,901), Germany (19,219), Philippines (16,410), United Kingdom (15,917), Canada (14,223), Russia (11,763), South Korea (11,307), and Ukraine (10,681). Though predominantly white, Ohio has large black populations in all major metropolitan areas throughout the state, Ohio has a significant Hispanic population made up of Mexicans in Toledo and Columbus, and Puerto Ricans in Cleveland and Columbus, and also has a significant and diverse Asian population in Columbus.
 
The largest ancestry groups (which the Census defines as not including racial terms) in the state are:<ref name="census1"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20150118121537/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B04003&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2015|title=American FactFinder—Results|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 28, 2013}}</ref>
* 26.5% [[German American|German]]
* 14.1% [[Irish American|Irish]]
* 9.0% [[English American|English]]
* 6.4% [[Italian American|Italian]]
* 3.8% [[Polish American|Polish]]
* 2.5% [[French American|French]]
* 1.9% [[Scottish American|Scottish]]
* 1.7% [[Hungarian Ohioans|Hungarian]]
* 1.6% [[Dutch American|Dutch]]
* 1.5% [[Mexican American|Mexican]]
* 1.2% [[Slovak American|Slovak]]
* 1.1% [[Welsh American|Welsh]]
* 1.1% [[Scotch-Irish American|Scotch-Irish]]
 
Ancestries claimed by less than 1% of the population include [[Sub-Saharan African]], [[Puerto Ricans in the United States|Puerto Rican]], [[Swiss American|Swiss]], [[Swedish American|Swedish]], [[Arab American|Arab]], [[Greek American|Greek]], [[Norwegian American|Norwegian]], [[Romanian American|Romanian]], [[Austrian American|Austrian]], [[Lithuanian American|Lithuanian]], [[Finnish American|Finnish]], [[West Indian American|West Indian]], [[Portuguese American|Portuguese]] and [[Slovene American|Slovene]].
[[File:Ohio population map.png|thumb|Population density map]]
 
===Languages===
 
About 6.7% of the population age 5 years and older reported speaking a language other than English, with 2.2% of the population speaking Spanish, 2.6% speaking other Indo-European languages, 1.1% speaking Asian and Austronesian languages, and 0.8% speaking other languages.<ref name="census1"/> Numerically: 10,100,586 spoke [[American English|English]], 239,229 [[Spanish language in the United States|Spanish]], 55,970 [[German language in the United States|German]], 38,990 [[Chinese language in the United States|Chinese]], 33,125 [[Arabic language|Arabic]], and 32,019 [[French in the United States|French]]. In addition 59,881 spoke a [[Slavic language]] and 42,673 spoke another [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic language]] according to the 2010 Census.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|archive-url=https://archive.today/20200212213140/http://factfinder.census.gov/faces/tableservices/jsf/pages/productview.xhtml?pid=ACS_10_1YR_B16001&prodType=table|url-status=dead|archive-date=February 12, 2020|title=American FactFinder—Results|first=U.S. Census|last=Bureau|website=factfinder2.census.gov|access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref> Ohio also had the nation's largest population of [[Slovene language|Slovene speakers]], second largest of [[Slovak language|Slovak speakers]], second largest of [[Pennsylvania German language|Pennsylvania Dutch (German) speakers]], and the third largest of [[Serbian language|Serbian speakers]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist&mode=lang_tops|title=Data Center Language List|access-date=December 2, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150930024604/http://www.mla.org/map_data_langlist%26mode%3Dlang_tops|archive-date=September 30, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref>
 
===Religion===
 
[[File:Amish - On the way to school by Gadjoboy-crop.jpg|thumb|upright=0.75|right|[[Amish]] children on their way to school]]
 
According to a [[Pew Forum]] poll, as of 2014, 73% of Ohioans identified as Christian.<ref name="pew2014">{{cite web|url=http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|title=Religious Landscape Study|date=May 11, 2015|access-date=March 16, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180317164701/http://www.pewforum.org/religious-landscape-study/state/ohio/|archive-date=March 17, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> Specifically, 29% of Ohio's population identified as [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical Protestant]], 17% as [[Mainline (Protestant)|Mainline Protestant]], 7% as [[Black church|Historically Black Protestant]], and 18% as [[Catholic]].<ref name="pew2014"/> 22% of the population is unaffiliated with any religious body.<ref name="pew2014"/> Small minorities of [[Judaism|Jews]] (1%), [[Jehovah's Witnesses]] (1%), [[Islam|Muslims]] (1%), [[Hinduism|Hindus]] (<1%), [[Buddhism|Buddhists]] (1%), [[Mormonism|Mormons]] (1%), and other faiths (1-1.5%) exist.<ref name="pew2014"/>
 
According to the [[Association of Religion Data Archives]] (ARDA), in 2010 the largest denominations by adherents were the [[Catholic Church]] with 1,992,567; the [[United Methodist Church]] with 496,232; the [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in America]] with 223,253, the [[Southern Baptist Convention]] with 171,000, the Christian Churches and Churches of Christ with 141,311, the [[United Church of Christ]] with 118,000, and the [[Presbyterian Church (USA)]] with 110,000.<ref name="www.thearda.com">{{cite web |url=http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |title=The Association of Religion Data Archives &#124; State Membership Report |publisher=www.thearda.com |access-date=December 16, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131217025357/http://www.thearda.com/rcms2010/r/s/39/rcms2010_39_state_adh_2010.asp |archive-date=December 17, 2013 |url-status=live }}</ref> With about 80,000 adherents in 2020, Ohio has the [[List of U.S. states by Amish population|second largest Amish population]] of all U.S. states, only behind neighboring [[Pennsylvania]].<ref name="Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies">{{Cite web |url=https://groups.etown.edu/amishstudies/statistics/statistics-population-2020/ |title=Amish Population Profile, 2020 |date=August 18, 2019 |website=Elizabethtown College, the Young Center for Anabaptist and Pietist Studies |access-date=February 5, 2021}}</ref>
 
According to the same data, a majority of Ohioans, 56%, feel religion is "very important", 25% that it is "somewhat important", and 19% that religion is "not too important/not important at all".<ref name="pew2014"/> 38% of Ohioans indicate that they attend religious services at least once weekly, 32% occasionally, and 30% seldom or never.<ref name="pew2014"/>
{{bar box
|title = Religion in Ohio (2014)<ref name="pew2014"/>
|titlebar=#ddd |left1=Religion |right1=Percent |float=left
|bars =
{{bar percent|[[Protestant]]|Blue|53}}
{{bar percent|Unaffiliated|Grey|22}}
{{bar percent|[[Catholic]]|DarkOrchid|18}}
{{bar percent|[[Mormon]]|red|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Jewish]]|blue|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Jehovah's Witness]]|yellow|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Muslim]]|green|1}}
{{bar percent|[[Buddhist]]|orange|1}}
{{bar percent|Other faith|grey|2}}
}}
{{clear}}
 
==Economy==
 
{{Main|Economy of Ohio}}
{{See also|Ohio locations by per capita income}}
[[File:Cincinnati-procter-and-gamble-headquarters.jpg|thumb|upright|Cincinnati's [[Procter & Gamble]] is one of Ohio's largest companies in terms of revenue.]]
 
According to the [[U.S. Census Bureau]], the total number for employment in 2016 was 4,790,178. The total number of unique employer establishments was 252,201, while the total number of non-employer establishments was 785,833.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |title=Archived copy |access-date=November 11, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191111054436/https://www.census.gov/quickfacts/OH |archive-date=November 11, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In 2010, Ohio was ranked second in the country for best business climate by Site Selection magazine, based on a business-activity database.<ref>{{cite web|title=Site Selection Rankings|url=http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|publisher=Greyhill Advisors|access-date=October 17, 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111106074019/http://greyhill.com/site-selection-rankings/|archive-date=November 6, 2011|url-status=live}}</ref> The state has also won three consecutive Governor's Cup awards from the magazine, based on business growth and developments.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml "Columbus Chamber Announces Ohio Ranked on 'Top 10 Business Climates' List for 2009"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120908010816/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/columbus-chamber-announces-ohio-ranked,1053857.shtml |date=September 8, 2012 }}, Earth Times. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> {{As of|2016}}, Ohio's gross domestic product (GDP) was $626&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|title=Bureau of Economic Analysis|first=US Department of Commerce, BEA, Bureau of Economic|last=Analysis|website=Bea.gov|access-date=March 10, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170831043848/https://www.bea.gov/iTable/iTable.cfm?reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7035=-1&7004=sic&7005=1&7006=xx&7036=-1&7001=1200&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels#reqid=70&step=10&isuri=1&7003=200&7004=naics&7035=-1&7005=1&7006=xx&7001=1200&7036=-1&7002=1&7090=70&7007=-1&7093=levels|archive-date=August 31, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> This ranks Ohio's economy as the seventh-largest of all fifty states and the [[District of Columbia]].<ref name="DDOH">{{cite web|title=Economic Overview |publisher=Ohio Department of Development |date=February 2009 |url=http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |access-date=March 31, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |archive-date=March 26, 2009 }}</ref>
 
The Small Business & Entrepreneurship Council ranked the state No. 10 for best business-friendly tax systems in their Business Tax Index 2009, including a top corporate tax and capital gains rate that were both ranked No. 6 at 1.9%.<ref name=SMEC>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf "Business Tax Index 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090419175643/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/BusinessTaxIndex2009Final.pdf |date=April 19, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio was ranked No. 11 by the council for best friendly-policy states according to their Small Business Survival Index 2009.<ref>[http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf "SMALL BUSINESS SURVIVAL INDEX 2009"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091228221534/http://www.sbecouncil.org/uploads/SBSI2009.pdf |date=December 28, 2009 }}, SMALL BUSINESS & ENTREPRENEURSHIP COUNCIL. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> The Directorship's Boardroom Guide ranked the state No. 13 overall for best business climate, including No. 7 for best litigation climate.<ref>[http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ "The Best States for Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110710132703/http://www.directorship.com/the-best-states-for-business/ |date=July 10, 2011 }}, Directorship. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Forbes ranked the state No. 8 for best regulatory environment in 2009.<ref>[https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html "The Best States For Business"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180510120901/https://www.forbes.com/2009/09/23/best-states-for-business-beltway-best-states_slide_38.html |date=May 10, 2018 }}, Forbes. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> Ohio has five of the top 115 colleges in the nation, according to [[U.S. News and World Report]]'s 2010 rankings,<ref>[http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ "Best Colleges 2010"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091202084520/http://colleges.usnews.rankingsandreviews.com/best-colleges/national-universities-rankings/ |date=December 2, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref> and was ranked No. 8 by the same magazine in 2008 for best high schools.<ref>[https://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html "Best High Schools: State by State Statistics"] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090430210235/http://www.usnews.com/articles/education/high-schools/2008/12/04/best-high-schools-state-by-state-statistics.html |date=April 30, 2009 }}, U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 2, 2009.</ref>
 
Ohio's [[unemployment rate]] stands at 4.5% as of February 2018,<ref>[http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html Ohio unemployment rate 4.5% in February; state gained 13,400 jobs] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224135/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2018/03/ohio_unemployment_rate_45_in_f_1.html |date=March 24, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> down from 10.7% in May 2010.<ref>[http://www.bls.gov/lau/ Bls.gov] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180725005015/https://www.bls.gov/lau/ |date=July 25, 2018 }}; Local Area Unemployment Statistics</ref><ref>[http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 "Jobless rates fall again in southeastern Ohio"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131101003327/http://www.zanesvilletimesrecorder.com/article/20100623/NEWS01/6230317/1002/NEWS01 |date=November 1, 2013 }}, Zanesville Times-Recorder. June 23, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> The state still lacks 45,000 jobs compared to the pre-[[Great Recession in the United States|recession]] numbers of 2007.<ref name=perkins>Olivera Perkins (May 22, 2015) [http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html Ohio's unemployment rate up to 5.2 percent: 5 things you need to know] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150525215113/http://www.cleveland.com/business/index.ssf/2015/05/ohios_unemployment_rate_up_to.html |date=May 25, 2015 }} Cleveland.com.</ref> The labor force participation as of April 2015 is 63%, slightly above the national average.<ref name=perkins/> Ohio's per capita income stands at $34,874.<ref name="DDOH" /><ref>[http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html "Strickland: Mature leader needed, rival Kasich is too radical"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100628141838/http://www.daytondailynews.com/news/dayton-news/strickland-mature-leader-needed-rival-kasich-is-too-radical-778339.html |date=June 28, 2010 }}, Dayton Daily News. June 22, 2010. Retrieved June 25, 2010.</ref> {{As of|2019}}, Ohio's [[median household income]] is $58,642,<ref>[http://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ Ohio Household Income] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210416135653/https://www.deptofnumbers.com/income/ohio/ |date=April 16, 2021}} Accessed June 8, 2021</ref> and 13.1% of the population is below the poverty line.<ref>[https://www.statista.com/statistics/205501/poverty-rate-in-ohio/ Poverty Rate in Ohio] Statista.</ref>
 
The [[manufacturing]] and [[financial industry|financial activities]] sectors each compose 18.3% of Ohio's GDP, making them Ohio's largest industries by percentage of GDP.<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio has the third largest manufacturing workforce behind California and Texas.<ref>[https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ Manufacturing a High-Wage Ohio] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180324224136/https://tcf.org/content/report/manufacturing-high-wage-ohio/ |date=March 24, 2018 }} Accessed March 24, 2018</ref><ref>[http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 Ohio Remains Among The Top Three States for Manufacturing Employment and Wages] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045109/http://wksu.org/post/ohio-remains-among-top-three-states-manufacturing-employment-and-wages#stream/0 |date=March 25, 2018 }} Retrieved March 24, 2018</ref> Ohio has the largest bioscience sector in the Midwest, and is a national leader in the "green" economy. Ohio is the largest producer in the country of plastics, rubber, fabricated metals, electrical equipment, and appliances.<ref>[http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf "Economic Overview"] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090326141110/http://www.odod.state.oh.us/research/FILES/E000.pdf |date=March 26, 2009 }}, Ohio Department of Development, p. 1. Retrieved November 19, 2009.</ref> 5,212,000 Ohioans are currently employed by wage or salary.<ref name="DDOH" />
 
By employment, Ohio's largest sector is trade/transportation/utilities, which employs 1,010,000 Ohioans, or 19.4% of Ohio's workforce, while the [[health care industry|health care]] and education sector employs 825,000 Ohioans (15.8%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Government employs 787,000 Ohioans (15.1%), manufacturing employs 669,000 Ohioans (12.9%), and professional and technical services employs 638,000 Ohioans (12.2%).<ref name="DDOH" /> Ohio's manufacturing sector is the third-largest of all fifty United States states in terms of gross domestic product.<ref name="DDOH" /> Fifty-nine of the United States' top 1,000 publicly traded companies (by revenue in 2008) are headquartered in Ohio, including [[Procter & Gamble]], [[Goodyear Tire & Rubber]], [[AK Steel]], [[Timken Company|Timken]], [[Abercrombie & Fitch]], and [[Wendy's]].<ref name="CORPLIST">{{cite magazine| title = Fortune 500 2008| magazine = [[Money (magazine)| ]]| date = May 5, 2008| url = https://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090226040210/http://money.cnn.com/magazines/fortune/fortune500/2008/states/OH.html| archive-date = February 26, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Ohio is also one of 41 states with its own lottery,<ref name="LOTTO">{{cite web| title = Lottery Results| publisher = Office of Citizen Services and Communications, [[General Services Administration]]| url = http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| format = SHTML| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20111127153145/http://www.usa.gov/Topics/Lottery_Results.shtml| archive-date = November 27, 2011| url-status = dead}}</ref> the [[Ohio Lottery]].<ref name="LOTTO2">{{cite web| title = About the Ohio Lottery| publisher = Ohio Lottery Commission| year = 2008| url = http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| access-date = March 31, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090331172600/http://www.ohiolottery.com/about/about_us.html| archive-date = March 31, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> {{As of|2020}}, the Ohio Lottery has contributed more than $26 billion to education beginning in 1974.<ref>[https://www.sciotopost.com/local-circleville-lottery-winner-name-released/  Local Circleville Lottery Winner Name Released] The Scioto Press. September 25, 2020.</ref>
 
==Transportation==
===Ground travel===
Many major east–west transportation corridors go through Ohio. One of those pioneer routes, known in the early 20th century as "Main Market Route 3", was chosen in 1913 to become part of the historic [[Lincoln Highway]] which was the first road across America, connecting New York City to San Francisco. In Ohio, the Lincoln Highway linked many towns and cities together, including [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]], [[Wooster, Ohio|Wooster]], [[Lima, Ohio|Lima]], and [[Van Wert, Ohio|Van Wert]]. The arrival of the Lincoln Highway to Ohio was a major influence on the development of the state. Upon the advent of the federal numbered highway system in 1926, the Lincoln Highway through Ohio became [[U.S. Route 30 in Ohio|U.S. Route 30]].
 
Ohio also is home to {{convert|228|mi|km|0}} of the Historic [[National Road]], now [[U.S. Route 40 in Ohio|U.S. Route 40]].
 
Ohio has a highly developed network of roads and interstate highways. Major east-west through routes include the [[Ohio Turnpike]] ([[Interstate 80 in Ohio|I-80]]/[[Interstate 90 in Ohio|I-90]]) in the north, [[Interstate 76 in Ohio|I-76]] through [[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] to [[Pennsylvania]], [[Interstate 70 in Ohio|I-70]] through [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]] and [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]], and the [[Appalachian Highway (Ohio)|Appalachian Highway]] ([[Ohio State Route 32|State Route 32]]) running from [[West Virginia]] to [[Cincinnati]]. Major north–south routes include [[Interstate 75 in Ohio|I-75]] in the west through [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]], Dayton, and Cincinnati, [[Interstate 71|I-71]] through the middle of the state from [[Cleveland]] through Columbus and Cincinnati into [[Kentucky]], and [[Interstate 77 in Ohio|I-77]] in the eastern part of the state from Cleveland through Akron, [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]], [[New Philadelphia, Ohio|New Philadelphia]] and [[Marietta, Ohio|Marietta]] south into West Virginia. Interstate 75 between Cincinnati and Dayton is one of the heaviest traveled sections of interstate in Ohio.
 
Ohio also has a highly developed network of signed state bicycle routes. Many of them follow [[rail trail]]s, with conversion ongoing. The [[Ohio to Erie Trail]] (route 1) connects Cincinnati, Columbus, and Cleveland. [[U.S. Bicycle Route 50]] traverses Ohio from [[Steubenville, Ohio|Steubenville]] to the Indiana state line outside [[Richmond, Indiana|Richmond]].<ref name="USRN USBR 50">{{cite web|title=Report to SCOH|first=Marty|last=Vitale|location=Louisville, Kentucky|publisher=Special Committee on U.S. Route Numbering, [[American Association of State Highway and Transportation Officials]]|date=May 29, 2014|access-date=June 1, 2014|url=http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|format=Office Open XML|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105136/http://route.transportation.org/Documents/USRN%20Report%20May%2029%202014.docx|archive-date=May 31, 2014}}</ref>
 
Ohio has several long-distance hiking trails, the most prominent of which is the [[Buckeye Trail]] which extends {{convert|1444|mi|adj=on|abbr=on}} in a loop around the state of Ohio. Part of it is on roads and part is on wooded trail. Additionally, the [[North Country Trail]] (the longest of the eleven [[National Scenic Trail]]s authorized by [[United States Congress|Congress]]) and the [[American Discovery Trail]] (a system of recreational trails and roads that collectively form a coast-to-coast route across the mid-tier of the [[United States]]) pass through Ohio. Much of these two trails coincide with the Buckeye Trail.
 
Ohio has extensive railroads, though today most are only utilized by freight companies. Major cities in the north and south of Ohio lie on [[Amtrak]] intercity rail lines. The ''[[Capitol Limited]]'' and the ''[[Lake Shore Limited]]'' serve Toledo, Cleveland and other northern Ohio cities. The ''[[Cardinal (train)|Cardinal]]'' serves Cincinnati. Columbus is the largest city in the United States without any form of passenger rail. Its [[Union Station (Columbus, Ohio)|Union Station]] last had an inter-city train in 1979 with the ''[[National Limited (Amtrak train)|National Limited]].'' Mass transit exists in many forms in Ohio cities, primarily through bus systems, though Cleveland has both light and heavy rail through the [[GCRTA]], and Cincinnati reestablished a [[Cincinnati Bell Connector|streetcar line]] in 2016.
 
===Air travel===
 
{{See also|List of airports in Ohio}}
 
Ohio has four international airports, four commercial, and two military. The four international include [[Cleveland Hopkins International Airport]], [[John Glenn Columbus International Airport]], [[Dayton International Airport]], and [[Rickenbacker International Airport]] (one of two military airfields). The other military airfield is [[Wright Patterson Air Force Base]] which is one of the largest Air Force bases in the United States. Other major airports are located in [[Toledo Express Airport|Toledo]] and [[Akron-Canton Airport|Akron]]. Cincinnati's primary airport, [[Cincinnati/Northern Kentucky International Airport]], is in [[Hebron, Kentucky]], and therefore is not included in Ohio airport lists.
 
===Transportation lists===
* [[List of Interstate Highways in Ohio]]
* [[List of U.S. Routes in Ohio]]
* [[List of state routes in Ohio]]
* [[List of Ohio train stations]]
* [[List of Ohio railroads]]
* [[List of rivers of Ohio]]
* [[Historic Ohio Canals]]
 
==Law and government==
 
{{Main|Government of Ohio}}
[[File:Columbus, Ohio - Highsmith 40.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Ohio Statehouse]] in [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]], home to the [[Ohio General Assembly]]]]
 
The state government of Ohio consists of the executive, legislative, and judicial branches.<ref name="CO">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052752/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304023513/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=01 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404181108/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=2&Section=01 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 
===Executive branch===
 
The executive branch is headed by the [[List of Governors of Ohio|governor of Ohio]].<ref name="CO" /> The current governor is [[Mike DeWine]] since 2019, a member of the [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]].<ref name="GOV">{{cite web|title=The Governors of Ohio |publisher=Ohio Historical Society |date=January 8, 2007 |url=http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605224802/http://www.ohiohistory.org/onlinedoc/ohgovernment/governors/ |archive-date=June 5, 2011 }}</ref> A [[Lieutenant Governor of Ohio|lieutenant governor]] succeeds the governor in the event of any removal from office, and performs any duties assigned by the governor.<ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20181001114549/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=15| archive-date = October 1, 2018| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Constitution Online| publisher = Ohio General Assembly| url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| access-date = March 25, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304024808/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=3&Section=01b| archive-date = March 4, 2016| url-status = live}}</ref> The current lieutenant governor is [[Jon A. Husted]]. The other elected constitutional offices in the executive branch are the [[Ohio Secretary of State|secretary of state]] ([[Frank LaRose]]), [[Ohio State Auditor|auditor]] ([[Keith Faber]]), [[Ohio State Treasurer|treasurer]] ([[Robert Sprague]]), and [[Ohio Attorney General|attorney general]] ([[Dave Yost]]).<ref name="CO" /> There are 21 state administrative departments in the executive branch.<ref>{{cite book|chapter=The Ohio Executive Branch|pages=263–264|title=Ohio Politics|first=John J.|last=Gargan|editor-first=Mary Anne|editor-last=Sharkey|year=1994|publisher=[[Kent State University Press]]|isbn=0-87338-509-8|lccn=94-7637|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v7hkbUXIQdwC&pg=PA264}}</ref><ref>[[Ohio Revised Code]] § 121.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 5703.01 ''et seq.'' Ohio Revised Code § 3301.13.</ref>
 
===Legislative branch===
 
The [[Ohio General Assembly]] is a [[bicameral]] legislature consisting of the [[Ohio Senate|Senate]] and [[Ohio House of Representatives|House of Representatives]].<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio General Assembly | publisher = Ohio History Central | date = July 1, 2005 | url = http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080828082257/http://www.ohiohistorycentral.org/entry.php?rec=2126 | archive-date = August 28, 2008 | url-status = live }}</ref> The Senate is composed of 33 districts, each of which is represented by one senator. Each senator represents approximately 330,000 [[Electoral district|constituents]].<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|title=Population represented by state legislators—Ballotpedia|access-date=March 6, 2017|language=en|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170318010456/https://ballotpedia.org/Population_represented_by_state_legislators|archive-date=March 18, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The House of Representatives is composed of 99 members.<ref>{{cite web |title=Government |publisher=Congressman Michael Turner |url=http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |access-date=March 25, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090325134028/http://turner.house.gov/District/Government.htm |archive-date=March 25, 2009 }}</ref> The [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] is the controlling party in both houses as of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 election cycle]].
 
===Judicial branch===
[[File:Ohio State Office Building 1.jpg|thumb|upright=1.1|The [[Thomas J. Moyer Ohio Judicial Center]] holds the [[Supreme Court of Ohio]].]]
There are three levels of the Ohio state [[judiciary]]. The lowest level is the court of common pleas: each county maintains its own constitutionally mandated court of common pleas, which maintain jurisdiction over "all justiciable matters".<ref name="District">{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160304052233/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=04 | archive-date = March 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref> The intermediate-level court system is the district court system.<ref>{{cite web | title = Ohio District Courts of Appeal | publisher = Ohio Judiciary System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090514001636/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/JudSystem/districtCourts/ | archive-date = May 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> Twelve courts of appeals exist, each retaining jurisdiction over appeals from common pleas, municipal, and county courts in a set geographical area.<ref name="District" /> A case heard in this system is decided by a three-judge panel, and each judge is elected.<ref name="District" />
 
The state's highest-ranking court is the [[Ohio Supreme Court]].<ref name="SCOO">{{cite web | title = The Supreme Court of Ohio Jurisdiction & Authority | publisher = The Ohio Judicial System | url = http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090314015128/http://www.supremecourt.ohio.gov/SCO/jurisdiction/default.asp | archive-date = March 14, 2009 | url-status = live }}</ref> A seven-justice panel composes the court, which, by its own [[Certiorari#State courts|discretion]], hears appeals from the courts of appeals, and retains original jurisdiction over limited matters.<ref>{{cite web | title = Constitution Online | publisher = Ohio General Assembly | year = 2009 | url = https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | access-date = March 25, 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160404171811/https://www.legislature.ohio.gov/laws/ohio-constitution?Part=4&Section=02 | archive-date = April 4, 2016 | url-status = live }}</ref>
 
==Politics==
 
{{Main|Politics of Ohio}}
{{See also|Elections in Ohio|Political party strength in Ohio}}
 
==="Mother of presidents"===
[[File:President-obama cincinnati eden-park 09-17-2012.jpg|thumb|President [[Barack Obama]] at a campaign stop in [[Cincinnati]] in his [[Barack Obama 2012 presidential campaign|2012 campaign]].|alt=A black man in a white shirt speaking on stage behind a podium with the word "forward" and in front of a red, white, and blue Ohio state flag.]]
 
Six U.S. presidents hailed from Ohio at the time of their elections, giving rise to its nickname "mother of presidents", a sobriquet it shares with [[Virginia]]. It is also termed "modern mother of presidents",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |title=State Nicknames—Nicknames of U.S. States |publisher=Geography.about.com |access-date=July 2, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101205125641/http://geography.about.com/od/specificplacesofinterest/a/statenicknames.htm |archive-date=December 5, 2010 |url-status=live }}</ref> in contrast to Virginia's status as the origin of presidents earlier in American history. Seven presidents were born in Ohio, making it second to Virginia's eight. Virginia-born [[William Henry Harrison]] lived most of his life in Ohio and is also buried there. Harrison conducted his political career while living on the family compound, founded by his father-in-law, [[John Cleves Symmes]], in [[North Bend, Ohio]]. The seven presidents born in Ohio were [[Ulysses S. Grant]] (elected from [[Illinois]]), [[Rutherford B. Hayes]], [[James A. Garfield]], [[Benjamin Harrison]] (grandson of William Henry Harrison & elected from [[Indiana]]), [[William McKinley]], [[William Howard Taft]] and [[Warren G. Harding]].<ref name="HEINRICHS">{{cite book|author=Ann Heinrichs|title=Ohio|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|date=January 1, 2003|publisher=Capstone|isbn=978-0-7565-0316-1|page=42|access-date=June 16, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150906030717/https://books.google.com/books?id=VTnyaU2WkmUC&pg=PT43|archive-date=September 6, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref> All seven were [[History of the United States Republican Party|Republicans]].
 
===Swing state===
[[File:Ohio Presidential Election Results 2020.svg|thumb|[[2020 United States presidential election in Ohio|Presidential election results]] by county for 2020 {{leftlegend|#4389E3|Democratic}}{{leftlegend|#AA0000|Republican}}]]
 
Ohio is considered a [[swing state]], being won by either the [[Democratic Party (United States)|Democratic]] or [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican]] candidates reasonably each election. As a swing state, Ohio is usually targeted by both major-party campaigns, especially in competitive elections.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|title=The Odds of an Electoral College-Popular Vote Split Are Increasing|date=November 1, 2016|website=FiveThirtyEight|language=en-US|access-date=November 6, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221013034/http://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-odds-of-an-electoral-college-popular-vote-split-are-increasing/|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> Pivotal in the election of [[1888 United States presidential election|1888]], Ohio has been a regular swing state since 1980.<ref>[https://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html Trolling the Campuses for Swing-State Votes] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150528014334/http://www.nytimes.com/2004/10/02/arts/02camp.html |date=May 28, 2015 }}, Julie Salamon, "[[The New York Times]]", October 2, 2004</ref><ref>[http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ Game Theory for Swingers] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110201225851/http://www.slate.com/id/2108640/ |date=February 1, 2011 }}, Jordan Ellenberg, "[[Slate.com]]", October 25, 2004</ref>
 
Additionally, Ohio is considered a [[bellwether]]. Historian R. Douglas Hurt asserts that not since Virginia "had a state made such a mark on national political affairs".<ref name="holli162">Holli (1999), p. 162.</ref> ''[[The Economist]]'' notes that "This slice of the mid-west contains a bit of everything American—part north-eastern and part southern, part urban and part rural, part hardscrabble poverty and part booming suburb",<ref>[http://www.economist.com/World/na/displayStory.cfm?story_id=5327576 " A grain of sand for your thoughts"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060226043446/http://www.economist.com/world/na/displaystory.cfm?story_id=5327576 |date=February 26, 2006 }}, ''The Economist'', December 20, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2005.</ref> Since [[1896 United States presidential election|1896]], Ohio has had only three misses in the general election ([[1944 United States presidential election|Thomas E. Dewey in 1944]], [[1960 United States presidential election|Richard Nixon in 1960]], and [[2020 United States presidential election|Donald Trump in 2020]]) and had the longest perfect streak of any state, voting for the winning presidential candidate in each election from [[1964 United States presidential election|1964]] to [[2016 United States presidential election|2016]], and in 33 of the 38 held since the [[American Civil War|Civil War]]. No Republican has ever won the presidency without winning Ohio.
 
As of 2019, there are more than 7.8&nbsp;million registered Ohioan voters, with 1.3&nbsp;million [[Ohio Democratic Party|Democrats]] and 1.9&nbsp;million [[Ohio Republican Party|Republicans]]. They are disproportionate in age, with a million more over 65 than there are 18- to 24-year-olds.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ohiovoterproject.org/|title=Weekly Voter Statistics For Ohio—May 4, 2019|date=May 5, 2019|website=Ohio Voter Project|language=en-US|access-date=May 5, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001356/https://ohiovoterproject.org/|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> Since the [[2010 United States elections|2010 midterm elections]], Ohio's voter demographic has leaned towards the Republican Party.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|title=Ohio Voters Are More Likely to be Old, White, Without Higher Education and Non-Affiliated with a Political Party|publisher=Clevescene|access-date=May 6, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190506001358/https://www.clevescene.com/scene-and-heard/archives/2018/11/01/ohio-voters-are-more-likely-to-be-old-white-without-higher-education-and-non-affiliated-with-a-political-party|archive-date=May 6, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> The governor, [[Mike DeWine]], is Republican, as well as all other non-judicial statewide elected officials, including Lieutenant Governor [[Jon A. Husted]], Attorney General [[Dave Yost]], State Auditor [[Keith Faber]], Secretary of State [[Frank LaRose]] and State Treasurer [[Robert Sprague]]. In the [[Ohio State Senate]] the Republicans are the majority, 25–8, and in the [[Ohio House of Representatives]] the Republicans control the delegation 64–35.
 
Losing two seats in the [[U.S. House of Representatives]] following the 2010 Census, Ohio has had 16 seats for the three presidential elections of the decade in 2012, 2016 and 2020.<ref>{{cite news| last = Riskind| first = Jonathan| title = Ohio likely to lose 2 seats in Congress in 2012| newspaper = [[Columbus Dispatch]]| date = December 24, 2008| url = http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110510022750/http://www.dispatchpolitics.com/live/content/national_world/stories/2008/12/24/ohcong.ART_ART_12-24-08_A6_0ACB253.html?sid=101| archive-date = May 10, 2011| df = mdy-all}}</ref> As of the [[2020 Ohio elections|2020 cycle]], twelve federal representatives are Republicans while four are Democrats. [[Marcia Kaptur|Marcy Kaptur]] (D-[[Ohio's 9th congressional district|09]]) is the most senior member of the Ohio delegation to the U.S. House of Representatives.<ref>{{cite web| title = Rep. Marcy Kaptur (D-OH) Urges Homeowners to Stay in Foreclosed Homes| publisher = Democracy Now| date = February 3, 2009| url = http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| access-date = March 29, 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090211121058/http://i1.democracynow.org/2009/2/3/rep_marcy_kaptur_d_oh_urges| archive-date = February 11, 2009| df = mdy-all}}</ref> The [[Seniority in the United States Senate|senior]] [[United States Senator|U.S. senator]], [[Sherrod Brown]], is a Democrat, while the junior, [[Rob Portman]], is a Republican.<ref name="elections.nytimes.com">{{cite web|url=http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|title=Ohio—Election Results 2010—The New York Times|access-date=December 24, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150228221915/http://elections.nytimes.com/2010/results/ohio|archive-date=February 28, 2015|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = Senators of the 111th Congress| publisher = [[United States Senate]]| url = https://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| access-date = March 29, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090325143416/http://www.senate.gov/general/contact_information/senators_cfm.cfm?State=OH| archive-date = March 25, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
 
===Voter suppression===
 
Since 1994, the state has had a policy of purging infrequent voters from its rolls. In April 2016, a lawsuit was filed, challenging this policy on the grounds that it violated the [[National Voter Registration Act of 1993|National Voter Registration Act (NVRA) of 1993]]<ref name="aclu-husted" /> and the [[Help America Vote Act of 2002]].<ref name="atlantic-husted">{{cite web |last1=Ford |first1=Matt |website=The Atlantic |date=May 30, 2017 |title=Use It or Lose It? |url=https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |access-date=May 15, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190629004540/https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2017/05/supreme-court-ohio-voting/528573/ |archive-date=June 29, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref> In June, the federal district court ruled for the plaintiffs and entered a preliminary injunction applicable only to the November 2016 election. The preliminary injunction was upheld in September by the Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit. Had it not been upheld, thousands of voters<!-- ACLU says 7500 voters, the Atlantic says tens of thousands --> would have been purged from the rolls just a few weeks before the election.<ref name="aclu-husted">{{cite web |url=https://www.aclu.org/blog/voting-rights/right-decide-when-vote-husted-v-philip-randolph-institute |website=ACLU |date=September 13, 2017 |title=The Right to Decide When to Vote: Husted v. A. Philip Randolph Institute |author=Jennifer Safstrom}}</ref>
 
Still, it has been estimated that the state has removed up to two million voters since 2011.<ref>Clinton, Hillary Rodham, ''What Happened'' (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017), p. 419</ref>
 
==Education==
 
Ohio's system of [[public education]] is outlined in Article VI of the [[Ohio Constitution|state constitution]], and in Title XXXIII of the [[Ohio Revised Code]]. [[Ohio University]], the first university in the [[Northwest Territory]], was also the first public institution in Ohio. Substantively, Ohio's system is similar to those found in [[Education in the United States|other states]]. At the State level, the Ohio Department of Education, which is overseen by the [[Ohio State Board of Education]], governs primary and secondary educational institutions. At the municipal level, there are approximately 700 school districts statewide. The [[Ohio Board of Regents]] coordinates and assists with Ohio's institutions of higher education which have recently been reorganized into the [[University System of Ohio]] under Governor Strickland. The system averages an annual enrollment of more than 400,000 students, making it one of the five largest state university systems in the U.S.
[[File:Tree Map of Majors in Ohio (Bachelor's Degree).png|thumb|upright=2|A tree map depicting the distribution of bachelor's degrees awarded in Ohio in 2014]]
 
===Colleges and universities===
{{Main|List of colleges and universities in Ohio}}
 
Ohio schools consistently ranking in the top 50 nationally of the U.S. News & World Report of liberal arts colleges are Ohio Big Three; [[Denison University]], [[Oberlin College]], and [[Kenyon College]]. Ranking in the top 100 of national research universities typically includes [[Case Western Reserve University]], [[Ohio State University]] and [[Miami University]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |title=Archived copy |access-date=February 24, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190224120917/https://www.usnews.com/best-colleges/oh |archive-date=February 24, 2019 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
* 13 state universities
** [[Bowling Green State University]] ([[Bowling Green, Ohio|Bowling Green]])
** [[Central State University]] ([[Wilberforce, Ohio|Wilberforce]])
** [[Cleveland State University]] ([[Cleveland]])
** [[Kent State University]] ([[Kent, Ohio|Kent]])
** [[Miami University]] ([[Oxford, Ohio|Oxford]])
** [[The Ohio State University]] ([[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]])
** [[Ohio University]] ([[Athens, Ohio|Athens]])
** [[Shawnee State University]] ([[Portsmouth, Ohio|Portsmouth]])
** [[University of Akron]] ([[Akron, Ohio|Akron]])
** [[University of Cincinnati]] ([[Cincinnati]])
** [[University of Toledo]] ([[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]])
** [[Wright State University]] ([[Fairborn, Ohio|Fairborn]])
** [[Youngstown State University]] ([[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]])
* 24 state university branch and regional campuses
* 46 private colleges and universities
* 6 free-standing state-assisted [[medical school]]s
** [[Boonshoft School of Medicine]], Wright State University
** [[Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine]], Ohio University
** [[Northeast Ohio Medical University]]
** [[OSU College of Medicine and Public Health|The Ohio State University College of Medicine and Public Health]]
** [[University of Cincinnati Academic Health Center#University of Cincinnati College of Medicine|University of Cincinnati College of Medicine]]
** [[University of Toledo Medical Center|University of Toledo College of Medicine]] (formerly Medical University of Ohio)
* 15 community colleges
* 8 technical colleges
* 24 independent non-profit colleges
 
===Libraries===
 
Ohio is home to some of the nation's highest-ranked public libraries.<ref name="haplr">{{Cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081028194258/http://www.haplr-index.com/HAPLR08_CorrectedVersionOctober8_2008.pdf|url-status=dead|title=Thomas J. Hennen's American Public Library Ratings for 2006|archive-date=October 28, 2008}}</ref> The [[Hennen's American Public Library Ratings|2008 study by Thomas J. Hennen Jr.]] ranked Ohio as number one in a state-by-state comparison.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|title=Average Statewide Scores|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081029041442/http://www.haplr-index.com/AverageStatewideScores.html|archive-date=October 29, 2008}}</ref> For 2008, 31 of Ohio's library systems were all ranked in the top ten for American cities of their population category.<ref name="haplr"/>
* 500,000 books or more
** [[Columbus Metropolitan Library]] (First)
** [[Cuyahoga County Public Library]] (Second)
** [[Public Library of Cincinnati and Hamilton County]] (Tenth)
 
The [[Ohio Public Library Information Network (OPLIN)]] is an organization that provides Ohio residents with internet access to their 251 public libraries. OPLIN also provides Ohioans with free home access to high-quality, subscription research databases.
 
Ohio also offers the [[OhioLINK]] program, allowing Ohio's libraries (particularly those from colleges and universities) access to materials for the other libraries. The program is largely successful in allowing researchers for access to books and other media that might not be otherwise available.
 
==Culture==
 
===Arts===
====Music====
{{Main|Music of Ohio}}
The [[Rock and Roll Hall of Fame]] and the [[Rhythm and Blues Music Hall of Fame]] are both located in [[Cleveland]]. Cleveland [[disc jockey]] [[Alan Freed]] is credited with coining the term and promoting [[rock and roll]] in the early 1950s. [[Cincinnati]] is home to the [[American Classical Music Hall of Fame and Museum]].
 
Popular musicians from Ohio include [[Mamie Smith]], [[Dean Martin]], [[Dave Grohl]], [[Tyler Joseph]] and [[Josh Dun]] of [[Twenty One Pilots]], [[Frankie Yankovic]], [[Doris Day]], [[The McGuire Sisters]], [[The Isley Brothers]], [[Bobby Womack]], [[Howard Hewett]], [[Shirley Murdock]], [[Boz Scaggs]], [[John Legend]], [[Marilyn Manson]], [[Nine Inch Nails]], [[Dan Auerbach]] and [[Patrick Carney]] of [[The Black Keys]], [[Griffin Layne]], [[Joe Dolce]], [[Kid Cudi]], [[Benjamin Orr]] of [[The Cars]], [[Chrissie Hynde]] of [[The Pretenders]], [[William "Bootsy" Collins]], Stephanie Eulinberg of [[Kid Rock]]'s [[Twisted Brown Trucker]] Band, and [[Devo]]. Five Ohio musicians {{who|date=November 2020}} are Rock and Roll Hall of Fame members.
 
====Performance arts====
[[File:Springer Auditorium 2017.jpg|right|thumb|Springer Auditorium at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]].]]
 
[[Playhouse Square]] in downtown [[Cleveland]] is the second-largest performing arts center in the United States, home to ten theaters.<ref>[http://www.playhousesquare.org/about-playhousesquare-main/about-playhousesquare About Playhouse Square]</ref> The [[Cleveland Orchestra]] is one of the historic [[Big Five (orchestras)|Big Five orchestras]] in the U.S., and is considered one of the best worldwide.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gramophone.co.uk/editorial/the-world%E2%80%99s-greatest-orchestras|title=The World's Greatest Orchestras |website=Gramophone.co.uk|access-date=April 17, 2021}}</ref>
 
Many other Ohio cities are home to their own orchestras, including [[Akron Symphony Orchestra|Akron]], [[Blue Ash Montgomery Symphony Orchestra|Blue Ash]], [[Canton Symphony Orchestra|Canton]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|Cincinnati]], [[Columbus Symphony Orchestra|Columbus]], [[Dayton Philharmonic Orchestra|Dayton]], [[Toledo Symphony Orchestra|Toledo]], and [[Youngstown Symphony Orchestra|Youngstown]]. Cincinnati is home to its own [[Cincinnati Ballet|ballet]], [[Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra|symphony orchestra]], [[Cincinnati Pops Orchestra|pops orchestra]], and [[Cincinnati Opera|opera]], all housed at the [[Cincinnati Music Hall]]. Dayton is also home to a ballet, orchestra, and opera, collectively known as the [[Dayton Performing Arts Alliance]].
 
The [[Columbus Association for the Performing Arts]] manages seven historic Columbus area theaters.<ref name="bfoc">{{cite news|title=CAPA to manage Toledo theater |url=http://www.bizjournals.com/columbus/stories/2009/06/22/daily3.html |date=June 22, 2009 |newspaper=Business First of Columbus}}</ref>
 
[[Winter Guard International]] has hosted national championships in performing arts at the [[University of Dayton]] from 1983 to 1989, 1991–1996, 1998–2000, 2002–2003, and from 2005 to the present.
 
====Visual arts====
Ohio is home to 30 art institutions, including the [[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cleveland Museum of Art]], and other entities. The full list includes:
 
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*[[Akron Art Museum]], [[Akron]]
*[[Allen Memorial Art Museum]], [[Oberlin College]]
*[[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]], [[Ohio State University]]
*[[Burchfield Homestead]], [[Salem, Ohio|Salem]]
*[[Butler Institute of American Art]], [[Youngstown, Ohio|Youngstown]]
*[[Canton Museum of Art (Ohio)|Canton Museum of Art]], [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]]
*[[Cincinnati Art Museum]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Cleveland Museum of Art]], [[Cleveland]]
*[[Columbus Museum of Art]], [[Columbus, Ohio|Columbus]]
*[[Contemporary Arts Center]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Dayton Art Institute]], [[Dayton, Ohio|Dayton]]
*[[Frank Museum of Art]], [[Otterbein University]]
*[[Imperial Glass Company|National Imperial Glass Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]
*[[Kennedy Museum of Art]], [[Ohio University]]
*[[Maltz Performing Arts Center|Temple Museum of Religious Art]], [[Case Western Reserve University]]
*[[Mansfield Art Center]], [[Mansfield, Ohio|Mansfield]]
*[[McDonough Museum of Art]], [[Youngstown State University]]
*[[Miami University Art Museum]], [[Miami University]]
*[[Museum of Ceramics (East Liverpool, Ohio)|Museum of Ceramics]], [[East Liverpool, Ohio|East Liverpool]]
*[[Museum of Contemporary Art Cleveland]], [[Cleveland]]
*[[Lancaster, Ohio#Ohio Glass Museum|Ohio Glass Museum]], [[Lancaster, Ohio|Lancaster]]
*[[Richard Ross Museum of Art]], [[Ohio Wesleyan University]]
*[[Springfield Center for the Arts at Wittenberg University]], [[Wittenberg University]]
*[[Taft Museum of Art]], [[Cincinnati]]
*[[Toledo Museum of Art]], [[Toledo, Ohio|Toledo]]
*[[Toy and Plastic Brick Museum]], [[Bellaire, Ohio|Bellaire]]
*[[University of Findlay's Mazza Museum]], [[University of Findlay]]
*[[Wexner Center for the Arts]], [[Ohio State University]]
*[[Whitby Mansion]], [[Sidney, Ohio|Sidney]]
{{div col end}}
 
The [[Cincinnati Art Museum]] holds over 100,000 works spanning 6,000 years of human history, being among the most comprehensive collections in the [[Midwest]]. Among its notable collections are works by Master of San Baudelio, Jorge Ingles, [[Sandro Botticelli]] (''Judith with Head of Holofernes''), [[Matteo di Giovanni]], [[Domenico Tintoretto]] (''Portrait of Venetian dux Marino Grimani''), [[Mattia Preti]], [[Bernardo Strozzi]], [[Frans Hals]], [[Bartolomé Esteban Murillo]] (''St. Thomas of Villanueva''), [[Peter Paul Rubens]] (''[[Samson and Delilah (Rubens)|Samson and Delilah]]'') and [[Aert van der Neer]].  The collection also includes works by [[Jean-Baptiste-Camille Corot]], [[Pierre-Auguste Renoir]], [[Camille Pissarro]], [[Claude Monet]] (''Rocks At Belle Isle''), and [[Pablo Picasso]]. The museum also has a large collection of paintings by American painter [[Frank Duveneck]] (''Elizabeth B. Duveneck'').
 
The [[Cleveland Museum of Art]] is internationally renowned for its substantial holdings of [[Asian art|Asian]] and [[Art of ancient Egypt|Egyptian]] art, and has a permanent collection of more than 61,000 works from around the world.<ref name="cmageneralinformation">{{cite web|url=http://www.clevelandart.org/about/press/general-museum-information |title=General Museum Information |access-date=March 23, 2015}}</ref> It is the fourth-wealthiest art museum in the [[United States]].<ref name=newdirector2014>{{cite web|url=http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |title=After triumph and trauma, the Cleveland Museum of Art seeks committed, long-term leadership: CMA 2014 |author=Steven Litt |date=March 26, 2014 |access-date=November 4, 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104133600/http://www.cleveland.com/arts/index.ssf/2014/03/after_trauma_and_triumph_the_c.html |archive-date=November 4, 2016 |url-status=live }}</ref>
 
The [[Columbus Museum of Art]] holds nineteenth and early twentieth-century American and European art, including early [[Cubist]] paintings by [[Pablo Picasso]] and [[Juan Gris]], works by [[François Boucher]], [[Paul Cézanne]], [[Mary Cassatt]], [[Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres]], [[Edgar Degas]], [[Henri Matisse]], [[Claude Monet]], [[Edward Hopper]], and [[Norman Rockwell]], and installations by [[Mel Chin]], [[Josiah McElheny]], [[Susan Philipsz]], and [[Allan Sekula]]. Also in Columbus, the [[Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum]] collection includes 450,000 original cartoons, 36,000 books, 51,000 serial titles, and {{convert|3000|ft|m}} of manuscript materials, plus 2.5&nbsp;million comic strip clippings and tear sheets, making it the largest research library for cartoon art.
 
Youngstown's [[Butler Institute of American Art]] was the first museum to be dedicated exclusively to [[Visual arts of the United States|American art]].<ref name="vindy-yo-12-29-27">{{cite news| title = Art Institute Gets Bulk of $1,5000,000 J. G. Butler Estate| work = The Youngstown Daily Vindicator| date = December 29, 1927}}</ref>
 
===Sports===
{{main|Sports in Ohio}}
 
====Professional sports teams====
 
[[File:Progressive Field - Cleveland, OH.jpg|thumb|[[Progressive Field]], home to the [[Cleveland Indians]] baseball team]]
 
Ohio is home to eight professional sports teams across the five different [[Major professional sports leagues in the United States and Canada|major leagues]] in the United States. Current teams include the [[Cincinnati Reds]] and [[Cleveland Indians]] of [[Major League Baseball]],<ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cincinnati Reds| publisher = [[Major League Baseball]]| url = http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080404013847/http://cincinnati.reds.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cin| archive-date = April 4, 2008| url-status = live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web| title = The Official Site of the Cleveland Indians| publisher = Major League Baseball| url = http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090315191341/http://cleveland.indians.mlb.com/index.jsp?c_id=cle| archive-date = March 15, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Columbus Crew SC]] and [[FC Cincinnati]] of [[Major League Soccer]],<ref>{{cite web|title=Major League Soccer Teams |publisher=Major League Soccer |url=http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |access-date=March 28, 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090221025932/http://www.mlsnet.com/teams/ |archive-date=February 21, 2009 }}</ref> the [[Cleveland Cavaliers]] of the [[National Basketball Association]],<ref>{{cite web| title = NBA.com Team Index| publisher = National Basketball Association| url = http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090318064233/http://www.nba.com/teams/index.html| archive-date = March 18, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref> the [[Cincinnati Bengals]] and [[Cleveland Browns]] of the [[National Football League]],<ref name="NFL">{{cite web| title = NFL Teams| website = [[National Football League]]| url = http://www.nfl.com/teams| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110223135832/http://www.nfl.com/teams| archive-date = February 23, 2011| url-status = live}}</ref> and the [[Columbus Blue Jackets]] of the [[National Hockey League]].<ref>{{cite web| title = NHL Teams| website = National Hockey League| url = http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090311030113/http://www.nhl.com/ice/teams.htm| archive-date = March 11, 2009| url-status = live}}</ref>
 
Ohio has brought home seven [[World Series]] titles (Reds [[1919 World Series|1919]], [[1940 World Series|1940]], [[1975 World Series|1975]], [[1976 World Series|1976]], [[1990 World Series|1990]]; Indians [[1920 World Series|1920]], [[1948 World Series|1948]]), two [[MLS Cup]]s (Crew [[MLS Cup 2008|2008]], [[MLS Cup 2020|2020]]), one [[NBA Finals|NBA Championship]] (Cavaliers [[2016 NBA Finals|2016]]), and nine [[History of the National Football League championship|NFL Championships]] ([[1920 Akron Pros season|Pros 1920]]; [[1922 Canton Bulldogs season|Bulldogs 1922]], [[1923 Canton Bulldogs season|1923]], [[1924 Cleveland Bulldogs season|1924]]; [[1945 NFL Championship Game|Rams 1945]]; Browns [[1950 NFL Championship Game|1950]], [[1954 NFL Championship Game|1954]], [[1955 NFL Championship Game|1955]], [[1964 NFL Championship Game|1964]]). Despite this success in the [[NFL]] in the first half of the 20th century, no Ohio team has won the [[Super Bowl]] since its inception in [[Super Bowl I|1967]] or made an appearance since [[Super Bowl XXIII|1989]]. No Ohio team has made an appearance in the [[Stanley Cup Finals]].
 
Ohio played a central role in the development of both Major League Baseball and the National Football League. Baseball's first fully professional team, the [[Cincinnati Red Stockings]] of 1869, were organized in Ohio.<ref>{{cite web| last = Griffith| first = Grant| title = Legend of the Cincinnati Red Stockings| publisher = Cincinnati Vintage Base Ball Club| year = 2007| url = http://www.1869reds.com/history/| access-date = March 28, 2009| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080724175805/http://www.1869reds.com/history| archive-date = July 24, 2008| url-status=dead| df = mdy-all}}</ref> An informal early-20th-century American football association, the [[Ohio League]], was the direct predecessor of the NFL, although neither of Ohio's modern NFL franchises trace their roots to an Ohio League club. The [[Pro Football Hall of Fame]] is located in [[Canton, Ohio|Canton]].
 
On a smaller scale, Ohio hosts [[minor league baseball]], [[arena football]], [[indoor American football|indoor football]], mid-level hockey, and lower division soccer.
 
====Individual sports====
 
The [[Mid-Ohio Sports Car Course]] has hosted several auto racing championships, including [[CART World Series]], [[IndyCar Series]], [[NASCAR]] [[Nationwide Series]], [[Can-Am]], [[Formula 5000]], [[IMSA GT Championship]], [[American Le Mans Series]] and [[Rolex Sports Car Series]].
The [[Grand Prix of Cleveland]] also hosted CART races from 1982 to 2007. The [[Eldora Speedway]] is a major dirt oval that hosts NASCAR [[Camping World Truck Series]], [[World of Outlaws]] Sprint Cars and [[USAC Silver Crown Series]] races.
 
Ohio hosts two [[PGA Tour]] events, the [[WGC-Bridgestone Invitational]] and [[Memorial Tournament]].
The [[Cincinnati Masters]] is an [[ATP World Tour Masters 1000]] and [[WTA Premier tournaments|WTA Premier 5]] tennis tournament.
 
====College sports====
 
{{main|List of college athletic programs in Ohio}}
[[File:Ohio Stadium, Columbus.jpg|thumb|left|[[Ohio Stadium]] in Columbus, home to the [[Ohio State Buckeyes football]] team, is the [[List of stadiums by capacity|fifth largest stadium]] in the world.]]
 
Ohio has eight [[NCAA Division I Football Bowl Subdivision]] college football teams, divided among three different [[List of NCAA conferences|conferences]]. It has also experienced considerable success in the secondary and tertiary tiers of college football divisions.
 
There is only one program in the [[Power Five conferences]], the [[Ohio State Buckeyes]], who play in the [[Big Ten Conference]]. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes football|football]] team is second in all-time winning percentage, with a 931–327–53 overall record and a 25–26 [[Bowl game|bowl record]] as of [[2020 Ohio State Buckeyes football team|2020]]. The program has produced seven [[Heisman Trophy]] winners, forty conference titles, and eight undisputed national championships. The [[Ohio State Buckeyes men's basketball|men's basketball]] program has appeared in the [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament]] 27 times.
 
In the Group of Five conferences, the [[Cincinnati Bearcats]] play as a member of the [[American Athletic Conference]]. Their [[Cincinnati Bearcats men's basketball|men's basketball]] team has over 1,800 wins, 33 [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament|March Madness]] appearances, and is currently on a nine-year streak of appearances as of 2019. Six teams are represented in the [[Mid-American Conference]]: the [[Akron Zips]], [[Bowling Green Falcons]], [[Kent State Golden Flashes]], [[Miami RedHawks]], [[Ohio Bobcats]] and the [[Toledo Rockets]]. The MAC headquarters are in Cleveland. The [[Victory Bell (Cincinnati–Miami)|Cincinnati–Miami]] rivalry game has been played in southwest Ohio every year since 1888 and is the oldest current non-conference [[NCAA football]] rivalry.
 
Other Division I schools, either part of the [[NCAA Division I Football Championship Subdivision]] or not fielding in football include the [[Cleveland State Vikings]], [[Xavier Musketeers]], [[Wright State Raiders]], and [[Youngstown State Penguins]]. Xavier's [[Xavier Musketeers men's basketball|men's basketball]] has performed particularly well, with 27 [[NCAA Division I Men's Basketball Tournament|March Madness]] appearances. Youngstown State's [[Youngstown State Penguins football|football]] has the third most [[NCAA Division I Football Championship]] wins, with 3.
 
There are 12 [[NCAA Division II]] universities and 22 [[NCAA Division III]] universities in Ohio.
 
==See also==
{{portal|Ohio|United States}}
* [[Index of Ohio-related articles]]
* [[Outline of Ohio]]
{{clear}}
 
==Notes==
{{reflist}}
{{reflist}}


==References==
{{Ohio}}
* Cayton, Andrew R. L. (2002). ''Ohio: The History of a People''. Columbus, OH: The Ohio State University Press. {{ISBN|0-8142-0899-1}}
{{US Midwest}}
* Knepper, George W. (1989). ''Ohio and Its People''. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. {{ISBN|978-0-87338-791-0}}
{{United States}}
* Mithun, Marianne (1999). ''Languages of Native North America''. Cambridge, UK: [[Cambridge University Press]].
* Morris, Roy, Jr. (1992). ''Sheridan: The Life and Wars of General Phil Sheridan''. New York: Crown Publishing. {{ISBN|0-517-58070-5}}.
* Holli, Melvin G. (1999). ''The American Mayor''. State College, PA: [[Pennsylvania State University]] Press. {{ISBN|0-271-01876-3}}
* Roseboom, Eugene H.; Weisenburger, Francis P. (1967). ''A History of Ohio''. Columbus: The [[Ohio Historical Society]].
 
==External links==
{{Sister project links|voy=Ohio}}
* [http://www.ohio.gov/ State of Ohio official website]
* [http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/state-fact-sheets/state-data.aspx?StateFIPS=39&StateName=Ohio#.U85uE_ldVu0 Ohio State Facts from USDA]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20130303055638/http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/states/39000.html U.S. Census Bureau (Ohio Quick Facts)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060922195548/http://www.usgs.gov/state/state.asp?State=OH USGS real-time, geographic, and other scientific resources of Ohio]
* [https://books.google.com/books?id=QANPLARGXFMC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_atb#v=onepage&q&f=false ''Thunder in the Heartland: A Chronicle of Outstanding Weather Events in Ohio''], by Dr. Thomas Schmidlin and Jeanne Appelhans Schmidlin; The Kent State university Press; Kent, Ohio, 1996. {{ISBN|978-0873385497}}
* {{curlie|Regional/North_America/United_States/Ohio}}
* {{OSM relation|162061}}


{{Navboxes
|title =Topics related to Ohio
|list =
{{Ohio|expanded}}
{{Ohio cities and mayors of 100,000 population}}
{{Protected areas of Ohio}}
{{Midwestern United States}}
{{New France}}
{{United States political divisions}}
|state=expanded}}


{{Authority control}}
{{US-geo-stub}}
{{coord|40.2862|-82.7937|dim:300000_region:US-OH_type:adm1st|name=State of Ohio|display=title}}


[[Category:Ohio| ]]
[[Category:Ohio| ]]
[[Category:States of the United States]]
[[Category:Midwestern United States]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1803]]
[[Category:Former British colonies and protectorates in the Americas]]
[[Category:Former French colonies]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the United States]]
[[Category:1803 establishments in the United States]]

Latest revision as of 20:58, 20 October 2022

Template:Infobox U.S. state Template:Infobox U.S. state symbols Ohio is one of the 50 states in the United States. Its capital is Columbus. Columbus is also the largest city in Ohio.

Other large cities in Ohio are Cleveland, Cincinnati, Dayton, Akron, Toledo, and Youngstown.

Some famous people from Ohio include golfer Jack Nicklaus, Wilbur and Orville Wright, astronauts John Glenn and Neil Armstrong, authors Sherwood Anderson and Toni Morrison,[1] and actors Clark Gable and Katie Holmes. There have also been seven American presidents from Ohio: Ulysses S. Grant, Rutherford Hayes, James Garfield, Benjamin Harrison, William McKinley, William Howard Taft, Warren G. Harding.

Ohio is important in elections because it is a swing state. Candidates often campaign a lot there and prior to 2020, the last time they voted for the losing candidate was 1960. Also, no Republican has ever won the presidency without carrying this state. Ohio has both farmland and cities, and there is a lot of discrimination against black people.[2] It is a part of the Midwest. Ohio is the 7th most populated state in the United States of America.

Geography[edit | edit source]

Ohio borders Pennsylvania, Michigan, Indiana, Kentucky, and West Virginia, and it shares a water border with Ontario, Canada. Western Ohio is mostly flat farmland, with some hills. Southern and Southeastern Ohio is near the Appalachian Mountains, and is the most mountainous part of the state. Most of this area is covered by forests. This part of Ohio is home to the Ohio River, the Wayne National Forest, and the Hocking Hills, which has waterfalls and canyons.

Central Ohio is mostly rolling hills, and is home to Columbus. Northeast Ohio is dominated by the Lake Erie coast and has a mix of cities and countryside.

Economy[edit | edit source]

For many years, industry and manufacturing was the biggest part of Ohio's economy. Youngstown was a big steel producer, as was Cleveland. Other manufacturing - including the car industry - was a major factor across the state. Since the 1970s, industry has shrank in Ohio, but it is still a big part of the local economy. Today, other businesses are more prominent. Cleveland is one of the biggest hubs for Healthcare, and its main hospital, the famous Cleveland Clinic, is the largest employer in the region. Banking is also a major business, and foods and retail are too. Cincinnati plays host to the headquarters of Fifth Third Bank, Cintas, Kroger, Luxottica, Procter & Gamble and Macy's, whereas, Columbus hosts the headquarters of LBrands, JPMorgan Chase, Huntington Bank, Rogue Fitness, Wendy's, Big Lots, Cardinal Health and Nationwide Insurance. In addition The J.M. Smucker Company and Key Bank are also based in Ohio.

Related pages[edit | edit source]

References[edit | edit source]

  1. ↑ Yost, Laina; Woytach, Carissa (2019-08-06). "'She treasured Lorain, we treasured her': Nobel laureate Toni Morrison dies at 88 (UPDATED/PHOTOS)". The Chronicle-Telegram. Archived from the original on 2019-08-07. Retrieved 2020-10-31.
  2. ↑ "Report: Segregation and discrimination plague Midwest". Policy Matters Ohio. 2019-10-10. Retrieved 2020-10-31. Ohio, where 12.3% of residents are black, struggles in several key indicators. The state's difference between the black and white unemployment rate is 5th largest in the nation. The gap between what Ohio employers pay white and black workers is larger than in all but 41 states. More than a quarter of black Ohioans who are poor live in high-poverty neighborhoods. In Cleveland and Dayton, concentrated poverty among black people exceeds 40%.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link)

Template:Ohio Template:US Midwest Template:United States


Template:US-geo-stub

Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohio&oldid=357003"
Discover more