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{{infobox ethnic group | {{infobox ethnic group | ||
| group = Konkani people | | group = Konkani people | ||
| image = | | image = | ||
| caption = | | caption = | ||
| Line 18: | Line 18: | ||
| pop3 = 399,204 | | pop3 = 399,204 | ||
| ref3 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | | ref3 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | ||
| region5 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu]] | | region5 = [[Dadra and Nagar Haveli and Daman and Diu|Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Daman & Diu]] | ||
| pop5 = 96,305 | | pop5 = 96,305 | ||
| ref5 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | | ref5 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | ||
| Line 25: | Line 25: | ||
| ref6 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | | ref6 = {{citation needed|date=May 2019}} | ||
| region7 = [[Kerala]] | | region7 = [[Kerala]] | ||
| pop7 = | | pop7 = 70,000(approx.) | ||
| ref7 ={{citation needed|date=April 2021}} | | ref7 = {{citation needed|date=April 2021}} | ||
| langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] | | langs = [[Konkani language|Konkani]] <br />{{small|[[Marathi language|Marathi]], [[English language|English]], [[Kannada]], [[Hindi]], [[Indo-Portuguese]]& [[Gujarati language|Gujarati]] (to a lesser extent)}} | ||
| rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity]], | | rels = [[Hinduism]], [[Christianity in India|Christianity]], [[Buddhism]]& [[Islam]] | ||
| related = {{·}}[[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]{{·}}[[Kannada people|Kannadigas]]{{·}}[[Marathi people|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] | | related = {{·}}[[Indo-Aryans]]{{·}}[[Tuluver]]s{{·}}[[Kannada people|Kannadigas]]{{·}}[[Luso-Indians]]{{·}}[[Marathi people|Marathis]]{{·}}[[Saurashtra people|Saurashtrians]] | ||
| footnotes = | | footnotes = | ||
| native_name = | | native_name = | ||
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}} | }} | ||
The '''Konkani people''' ( | The '''Konkani people''' ([[Konkani language|Konkani]]) are an [[Indo-Aryan peoples|Indo-Aryan]] [[ethnolinguistic group]] native to the [[Konkan]] region of the [[Indian subcontinent]] who speak various dialects of the [[Konkani language]]. Konkani is the state language of [[Goa]] and also spoken by populations in coastal [[Karnataka]], coastal [[Maharashtra]], and [[Kerala]].<ref>{{Cite web|last=Pandit|first=Ashwin C.|title=About my language|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4389/about.html|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220222103526/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/handle/10125/4389/about.html|archive-date=22 February 2022|website=ScholarSpace - University of Hawaii, Manoa}}</ref> Other Konkani speakers are found in [[Gujarat]] state.{{Citation needed|date=March 2022}} | ||
A large percentage of Konkani people are [[bilingual]].<ref name="languageinindia.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.languageinindia.com/may2001/bilingual.html|publisher=languageinindia.com|title=Language in India|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref> | |||
The word ''[[Konkan]]'' and, in turn ''Konkani'', is derived from ''{{IAST|Kuṅkaṇ'' | ==Etymology== | ||
Some include: | The word ''[[Konkan]]'' and, in turn ''Konkani'', is derived from ''{{IAST|Kuṅkaṇ}}'' or {{IAST|Kuṅkaṇu}}. Different authorities explain etymology of this word differently. Some include: | ||
*''Koṇ'' meaning top of the mountain. | *''Koṇ'' meaning top of the mountain. | ||
*Name of aboriginal mother goddess, which is sometimes [[Sanskritisation|sanskritis]]ed to mean goddess [[Renuka]]. | *Name of aboriginal mother goddess, which is sometimes [[Sanskritisation|sanskritis]]ed to mean goddess [[Renuka]]. | ||
Thus the name ''Konkane'', comes from the word ''{{IAST|Konkaṇ}}'', which means ''the people of Konkan''.<ref name=mano>{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Ray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akedemi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317, (see chapter I, pages: 1–15)}}</ref> | Thus the name ''Konkane'', comes from the word ''{{IAST|Konkaṇ}}'', which means ''the people of Konkan''.<ref name=mano>{{cite book|last=Sardessai|first=Manohar Ray|title=A history of Konkani literature: from 1500 to 1992|year=2000|publisher=Sahitya Akedemi|location=New Delhi|isbn=9788172016647|pages=317, (see chapter I, pages: 1–15)}}</ref> | ||
==Sub-ethnic groups== | |||
{{Also|People of Konkan division}} | |||
===Endonyms=== | ===Endonyms=== | ||
[[File:Konkanispeakers.png|thumb| | [[File:Konkanispeakers.png|thumb|right|Goa: a State in India where Konkani is the official language]] | ||
In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇo}}'' and the feminine form is {{IAST|Koṅkaṇe}}. The plural form is ''Konkane'' or ''Konkani''. In Goa ''Konkano'' now refers only to Hindus, and Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos as they were banned by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from referring to themselves this way. [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s of Canara refer to the Konkanis as ''{{IAST|Āmcigelo}} /{{IAST|Āmcigelī}}''. This literally means ''our tongue'' or ''people speaking our tongue''. Though this is not common amongst the [[Goans]], they normally refer to Konkani as ''{{IAST|Āmgelī bhās}}'' or ''our language''. Sometimes ''{{IAST|Āmgele}}'' can be used in the Goan context to mean ''people from my community''. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} | In general, in Konkani the masculine form used to address a Konkani speaker is ''{{IAST|Koṅkaṇo}}'' and the feminine form is {{IAST|Koṅkaṇe}}. The plural form is ''Konkane'' or ''Konkani''. In Goa ''Konkano'' now refers only to Hindus, and Konkani Catholics do not address themselves as Konkanos as they were banned by the [[Portuguese people|Portuguese]] from referring to themselves this way. [[Saraswat Brahmin]]s of Canara refer to the Konkanis as ''{{IAST|Āmcigelo}} /{{IAST|Āmcigelī}}''. This literally means ''our tongue'' or ''people speaking our tongue''. Though this is not common amongst the [[Goans]], they normally refer to Konkani as ''{{IAST|Āmgelī bhās}}'' or ''our language''. Sometimes ''{{IAST|Āmgele}}'' can be used in the Goan context to mean ''people from my community''. {{citation needed|date=December 2017}} | ||
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===The later period=== | ===The later period=== | ||
The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} Some of them might have been followers of [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic religion]].<ref name=dhume24>{{cite book|last=Dhume|first=Anant Ramkrishna|title=The cultural history of Goa from 10000 B.C.-1352 A.D.|year=1986|publisher=Ramesh Anant S. Dhume|pages=355 pages (see pages 100–185)}}</ref> They were known to speak the earliest form of [[Prakrit]] or [[Vedic Sanskrit]] vernacular.{{citation needed|date=August 2018}} This migration of the ''northerners'' is mainly attributed to the drying up of the [[Sarasvati River]] in [[Northern India]]. Many historians claim only [[Gaud Saraswat Brahmins]] and few of the other Brahmins to be their descendants. This hypothesis is not authoritative according to some. Balakrishna Dattaram Kamat Satoskar a renowned Goan Indologist and historian, in his work ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I explains that the original [[Rigvedic tribes|Sarasvat tribe]] consisted of people of all the folds who followed the [[varna (Hinduism)|Vedic fourfold system]] and not just Brahmins, as the caste system was not fully developed then, and did not play an important role.(see ''Gomantak prakruti ani sanskruti'', Volume I). | |||
The first wave of [[Vedic people]] came and settled from Northern India in then Konkan region | |||
The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 to 1450 BC{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}. This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley | The second wave of Indo-Aryans occurred sometime between 1700 to 1450 BC{{citation needed|date=August 2018}}. This second wave migration was accompanied by [[Dravidians]] from the Deccan plateau. A wave of ''Kusha'' or [[Indus Valley civilisation|Harappan]] people a [[Lothal]] probably around 1600 BC to escape submergence of their civilisation which thrived on sea-trade.<ref name=kamat /> The admixture of several cultures, customs, religions, dialects and beliefs, led to revolutionary change in the formation of early Konkani society.<ref name=dhume24/> | ||
===The classical period=== | ===The classical period=== | ||
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===13th–19th century AD=== | ===13th–19th century AD=== | ||
[[File:Brahmin Warrior.jpg|thumb|''[[Baji Rao I]]'', the second [[Peshwa]] of the [[Maratha Empire]], was a Konkani and belonged to the [[Chitpavan]] community<ref name="google">{{cite book|title=Hindu-Muslim Syncretic Shrines and Communities|author=Burman, J.J.R.|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=9788170998396|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mcuxIsn6wbQC&pg=PA33|page=33|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google2">{{cite book|title=Structure and Change in Indian Society|author1=Singer, M.B.|author2=Cohn, B.S.|date=1970|publisher=Aldine|isbn=9780202369334|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_g-_r-9Oa_sC&pg=PA400|page=400|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref><ref name="google3">{{cite book|title=The Caste Question: Dalits and the Politics of Modern India|author=Rao, A.|date=2009|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=9780520255593|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDRiJ3HZVPQC&pg=PA55|page=55|access-date=14 February 2017}}</ref>]] | |||
====Turkic rule==== | ====Turkic rule==== | ||
In 1350 CE, Goa was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin. However, in 1370, the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day [[Hampi]], reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for [[Arabian horse]]s on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]]. When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], who made [[Goa Velha]] their second capital. | In 1350 CE, Goa was conquered by the [[Bahmani Sultanate]] of [[Turkic peoples|Turkic]] origin. However, in 1370, the [[Vijayanagar Empire]], a resurgent Hindu empire situated at modern day [[Hampi]], reconquered the area. The Vijayanagar rulers held on to Goa for nearly 100 years, during which its harbours were important landing places for [[Arabian horse]]s on their way to Hampi to strengthen the Vijaynagar cavalry. In 1469, however, Goa was reconquered, by the [[Bahmani Sultanate|Bahmani Sultans]]. When this dynasty broke up in 1492, Goa became a part of Adil Shah's [[Bijapur Sultanate]], who made [[Goa Velha]] their second capital. | ||
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==Notable people== | ==Notable people== | ||
{{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}} | {{Unreferenced section|date=February 2020}} | ||
*[[Oscar Fernandes]] - Indian politician | |||
*[[Dayananda Pai]] - Indian billionaire real estate developer, philanthropist and educationist | |||
*[[Padmini Kohlapure]] - Actress | *[[Padmini Kohlapure]] - Actress | ||
*[[Amrita Rao]] - Actress | *[[Amrita Rao]] - Actress | ||
| Line 116: | Line 115: | ||
*[[K.V. Kamath]] - Chief of the New Development Bank of BRICS countries | *[[K.V. Kamath]] - Chief of the New Development Bank of BRICS countries | ||
*[[Ravindra Kelekar]] - Freedom fighter, author | *[[Ravindra Kelekar]] - Freedom fighter, author | ||
*[[Prakash Padukone]] - Ace Badminton Player; World rank#1 in 1980 | |||
*[[Isha Koppikar]] - Actress | *[[Isha Koppikar]] - Actress | ||
*[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] - Choreographer | *[[Terence Lewis (choreographer)|Terence Lewis]] - Choreographer | ||
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*[[Pundalik Naik]] - Poet, writer, novelist | *[[Pundalik Naik]] - Poet, writer, novelist | ||
*[[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] - Actor | *[[Nakul (actor)|Nakul]] - Actor | ||
*[[Ajit Pai]] - Chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission | *[[Ajit Pai]] - Chairman of the United States Federal Communications Commission | ||
*[[Anant Pai]] - Educationalist and pioneer of Indian comics | *[[Anant Pai]] - Educationalist and pioneer of Indian comics | ||
| Line 141: | Line 140: | ||
*[[Balshastri Jambhekar]] - Journalist | *[[Balshastri Jambhekar]] - Journalist | ||
*[[Vithal V. Kamat]] - Hotel industry businessman | *[[Vithal V. Kamat]] - Hotel industry businessman | ||
*[[Rajdeep Sardesai]] - Journalist | *[[Rajdeep Sardesai]] - Journalist | ||
*[[Deepika Padukone]] - Actress | *[[Deepika Padukone]] - Actress | ||
*[[Kishori Amonkar]] - Indian Classical vocalist | *[[Kishori Amonkar]] - Indian Classical vocalist | ||
*[[Bhumi Pednekar]] - Actress | |||
*[[Lata Mangeshkar]] - Singer | |||
*[[Asha Bhosle]] - Singer | |||
*[[Aadesh Bandekar]] - Actor and TV Host | |||
*[[T.V.R. Shenoy ]] - Journalist, won the Padma Bushan in 2003 | |||
==See also== | ==See also== | ||
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==External links== | ==External links== | ||
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Please be cautious adding more external links. | Please be cautious adding more external links. | ||
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{{commons category}} | {{commons category}} | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712124015/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html History of Konkani Muslims of | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070712124015/http://www.kokaniz.com/history.html History of Konkani Muslims of Coastal Maharashtra] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123823/http://www.kanarasaraswat.org/ The Kanara Saraswat Association ] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20080404123823/http://www.kanarasaraswat.org/ The Kanara Saraswat Association ] | ||
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308013342/http://culture.konkani.com/ About the roots of the Konkani speaking Saraswat Brahmin community] | *[https://web.archive.org/web/20050308013342/http://culture.konkani.com/ About the roots of the Konkani speaking Saraswat Brahmin community] | ||