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Durrani Empire: Difference between revisions
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| event2 = [[Shah Shujah Durrani]] | | event2 = [[Shah Shujah Durrani]] | ||
| date_event2 = 1839 | | date_event2 = 1839 | ||
| p1 = Afsharid | | p1 = Afsharid Iran | ||
| flag_p1 = Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg | | flag_p1 = Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg | ||
| border_p1 = no | | border_p1 = no | ||
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| s3 = Emirate of Herat | | s3 = Emirate of Herat | ||
| flag_s3 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | | flag_s3 = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | ||
| | | s4 = Principality of Qandahar | ||
| s5 = Maimana Khanate | |||
| life_span = {{ubl|1747–1823|1839–1842}} | | life_span = {{ubl|1747–1823|1839–1842}} | ||
| image_flag = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | | image_flag = Flag of Herat until 1842.svg | ||
| flag_caption = [[Flag of Afghanistan|Flag]] (1818–1842) | |||
| image_map = File:Durrani Empire 1761.png | | image_map = File:Durrani Empire 1761.png | ||
| image_map_caption = The Afghan Empire at its height under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], 1761 | | image_map_caption = The Afghan Empire at its height under [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]], 1761 | ||
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{{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2022}} | {{Use Oxford spelling|date=March 2022}} | ||
The '''Durrani Empire''' ({{lang-ps|د درانيانو ټولواکمني}}; {{lang-fa|امپراتوری درانیان}}) or the '''Afghan Empire''' ({{lang-ps|د افغانان ټولواکمني|label=none}}; {{lang-fa|امپراتوری افغان|label=none}}),<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Last Afghan empire |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url= | The '''Durrani Empire''' ({{lang-ps|د درانيانو ټولواکمني}}; {{lang-fa|امپراتوری درانیان}}) or the '''Afghan Empire''' ({{lang-ps|د افغانان ټولواکمني|label=none}}; {{lang-fa|امپراتوری افغان|label=none}}),<ref name="Britannica">{{cite encyclopedia |year=2010 |title=Last Afghan empire |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]] |url=https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/7798/Afghanistan/21392/Last-Afghan-empire |access-date=2010-08-25 |last=Hatch Dupree |first=Nancy |editor1-last=Dupree |editor1-first=Louis |editor1-link=Louis Dupree (professor) |display-editors=etal}}</ref> also known as the '''Sadozai Kingdom''' ({{lang-ps|سدوزي ټولواکمني|label=none}}; {{lang-fa|دولت سدوزایی|label=none}}),<ref name="Lee 1996">{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan L. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nYaamE_3kD4C&q=sadozai+kingdom&pg=PA116 |title=The "Ancient Supremacy": Bukhara, Afghanistan and the Battle for Balkh, 1731–1901 |date=1996-01-01 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004103993 |language=en}}</ref> was an [[History of Afghanistan|Afghan empire]] that was founded by [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]<!-- Use given name (Ahmad) to avoid confusion with similarly named figures. --> in 1747 and spanned parts of [[Central Asia]], the [[Iranian plateau]], and [[South Asia]]. At its largest territorial extent, it ruled over the modern-day countries of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Pakistan]] as well as parts of northeastern and southeastern [[Iran]], eastern [[Turkmenistan]], and northwestern [[India]].<ref>{{cite book | url=http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf |title= Ahmad Shah Durrani: Father of Modern Afghanistan | last = Singh | first = Ganda | publisher = Asia Publishing House | date = 1959 |access-date=2013-02-07 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130207183925/http://www.khyber.org/books/pdf/ahmad-shah-baba.pdf |archive-date=2013-02-07 }}</ref><ref name="Lee 1996"/>{{rp|190}} Next to the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Durrani Empire is considered to be among the most impactful [[List of Muslim states and dynasties|Muslim empires]] of the latter half of the 18th century.<ref>{{cite book |last=Dupree |first=Louis |date= 1980 |title=Afghanistan |publisher=Princeton University Press |page=334 |isbn=0-691-03006-5 |quote=Next to the [[Ottoman Empire]], the Durrani Empire was the greatest Muslim empire of the second half of the eighteenth century.}}</ref> | ||
Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] chieftain of the [[Durrani|Abdali tribe]]) and the commander of [[Nader Shah|Nader Shah Afshar]]. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking [[Kandahar]], [[Ghazni]], [[Kabul]], and [[Peshawar]]. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from ''Abdali'' to ''Durrani''. In 1749, the [[Mughal Empire]] had ceded sovereignty over much of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of [[Mashhad]], which was ruled by [[ | Ahmad was the son of Muhammad Zaman Khan (an [[Afghan (ethnonym)|Afghan]] chieftain of the [[Durrani|Abdali tribe]]) and the commander of [[Nader Shah|Nader Shah Afshar]]. Following Afshar's death in June 1747, Ahmad secured Afghanistan by taking [[Kandahar]], [[Ghazni]], [[Kabul]], and [[Peshawar]]. After his accession as the nation's king, he changed his tribal name from ''Abdali'' to ''Durrani''. In 1749, the [[Mughal Empire]] had ceded sovereignty over much of northwestern India to the Afghans; Ahmad then set out westward to take possession of [[Mashhad]], which was ruled by the [[Afsharid dynasty]] under [[Shahrokh Shah]], who also acknowledged Afghan suzerainty.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9o0IRPpvDjkC&pg=PA164 |title = Boundary Politics and International Boundaries of Iran<!-- omit the subtitle: the one given at Google Books is truncated and the full one, visible at Universal Publishers, is too long --> |isbn = 9781581129335|last1 = Mojtahed-Zadeh |first1 = Pirouz |year = 2007}}</ref> Subsequently, Ahmad sent an army to subdue the areas north of the [[Hindu Kush]] down to the [[Amu Darya]], and in short order, all of the different [[Pashtun tribes|Afghan tribes]] began to join his cause. Under Ahmad, [[Indian campaign of Ahmad Shah Durrani|the Afghans invaded India on four separate occasions]], subjugating parts of [[Kashmir]] and the majority of [[Punjab]]. In early 1757, he sacked [[Delhi]], but permitted Mughal emperor [[Alamgir II]] to remain in nominal control as long as he acknowledged Afghan suzerainty over the regions south of the [[Indus River]]. | ||
Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son [[Timur Shah Durrani]] became the next ruler of the [[Durrani dynasty]]. Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new capital of the Durrani Empire while Peshawar served as | Following Ahmad's death in 1772, his son [[Timur Shah Durrani]] became the next ruler of the [[Durrani dynasty]]. Under Timur, the city of Kabul became the new capital of the Durrani Empire while Peshawar served as its [[List of countries with multiple capitals#More than one capital in the past|winter capital]]; however, the empire had begun to crumble by this time.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Malleson |first1=George |title=History of Afghanistan: From the Earliest Period to the Outbreak of the War of 1878 |date=1878 |isbn=0343739771 |page=298 |url=https://www.google.ca/books/edition/History_of_Afghanistan/0ec2AQAAMAAJ?hl=en&gbpv=1&printsec=frontcover |access-date=31 July 2021}}</ref> The dynasty would become heirs of Afghanistan for generations, up until [[Dost Mohammad Khan|Dost Muhammad Khan]] and the [[Barakzai dynasty]] deposed the Durrani dynasty in Kabul, leading to its supersession by the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]]. The Durrani Empire is considered to be the foundational polity of the modern [[Nation state|nation-state]] of Afghanistan, with Ahmad being credited as its [[Father of the Nation]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/afghanistan/ |title=Afghanistan |access-date=2010-08-25 |publisher=[[CIA]] |work=[[The World Factbook]] }}</ref> | ||
==Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772)== | ==Reign of Ahmad Shah Durrani (1747–1772)== | ||
===Foundation of the Afghan state=== | ===Foundation of the Afghan state=== | ||
In 1709 [[Mirwais Hotak]], chief of the [[Ghilji]] tribe of [[Kandahar Province]], gained independence from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son [[Mahmud Hotak]] briefly ruled large parts of [[Iran]] and declared himself as ''Shah of Persia''. However, the [[Hotak dynasty]] came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled and banished by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharids]] who were led by [[Nader Shah Afshar]] of [[Persia]]. | In 1709 [[Mirwais Hotak]], chief of the [[Ghilji]] tribe of [[Kandahar Province]], gained independence from the [[Safavid dynasty|Safavid]] Persians. From 1722 to 1725, his son [[Mahmud Hotak]] briefly ruled large parts of [[Iran]] and declared himself as ''Shah of Persia''. However, the [[Hotak dynasty]] came to a complete end in 1738 after being toppled and banished by the [[Afsharid dynasty|Afsharids]] who were led by [[Nader Shah Afshar]] of [[Persia]]. | ||
The year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |title=Afghanistan: x. Political History |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |author=D. Balland |date=December 15, 1983|access-date=2012-08-08}}</ref> In July of that year a ''[[loya jirga]]'' (grand council) was called into session. The ''[[loya jirga|jirga]]'' lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the | The year 1747 marks the definitive appearance of an Afghan political entity independent of both the Persian and [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] empires.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |title=Afghanistan: x. Political History |encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]] |author=D. Balland |date=December 15, 1983|access-date=2012-08-08}}</ref> In July of that year a ''[[loya jirga]]'' (grand council) was called into session. The ''[[loya jirga|jirga]]'' lasted for nine days and two chief contestants emerged: Hajji Jamal Khan of the Mohammadzai lineage and Ahmad Khan of the Sadozai. Mohammad Sabir Khan, a noted ''darwish'' (holy man), who had earlier predicted that Ahmad Khan would be the leader of the Afghans, rose in the ''jirga'' and said | ||
{{Quote|Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it.}} | {{Quote|Why all this verbose talk? God has created Ahmad Khan a much greater man than any of you; his life is the most noble of all the Afghan families. Maintain, therefore, God's work, for His wrath will weigh heavily upon you if you destroy it.}} | ||
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He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of [[Amritsar]], massacred thousands of [[Sikh]] inhabitants, destroyed their revered [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |page=112}}</ref> Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the [[Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā]] when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1762.<ref name="Singh 1978">{{cite book |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |title=A History of the Sikhs |volume=I: 1469–1839 |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978}}</ref>{{rp|144–45}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Punjabi–English Dictionary |editor1-first=S. S. |editor1-last=Joshi |editor2-first=Mukhtiar |editor2-last=Singh Gill |location=Patiala, India |publisher=Punjabi University Publication Bureau |year=1994 |title=Ghalughara |quote=holcaust, massacre, great destruction, deluge, genocide, slaughter, (historically) the great loss of life suffered by Sikhs at the hands of their rulers, particularly on 1 May 1746 and 5 February 1762 |page=293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|title=The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|publisher=Eurasia Publishing House|year=1964|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1978"/>{{rp|154}} Ahmad Shah also faced other | He assaulted Lahore and, after taking their holy city of [[Amritsar]], massacred thousands of [[Sikh]] inhabitants, destroyed their revered [[Harmandir Sahib|Golden Temple]].<ref>{{cite book |first=Purnima |last=Dhavan |title=When Sparrows Became Hawks: The Making of the Sikh Warrior Tradition, 1699 |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2011 |page=112}}</ref> Within two years, the Sikhs rebelled again and rebuilt their holy city of Amritsar. Ahmad Shah tried several more times to subjugate the Sikhs permanently, but failed. Durrani's forces instigated the [[Vaḍḍā Ghallūghārā]] when they killed thousands of Sikhs in the [[Punjab region|Punjab]] in 1762.<ref name="Singh 1978">{{cite book |first=Khushwant |last=Singh |title=A History of the Sikhs |volume=I: 1469–1839 |location=Delhi |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=1978}}</ref>{{rp|144–45}}<ref>{{cite dictionary |dictionary=Punjabi–English Dictionary |editor1-first=S. S. |editor1-last=Joshi |editor2-first=Mukhtiar |editor2-last=Singh Gill |location=Patiala, India |publisher=Punjabi University Publication Bureau |year=1994 |title=Ghalughara |quote=holcaust, massacre, great destruction, deluge, genocide, slaughter, (historically) the great loss of life suffered by Sikhs at the hands of their rulers, particularly on 1 May 1746 and 5 February 1762 |page=293}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Latif|first=Syad Muhammad|title=The History of Punjab from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Time|publisher=Eurasia Publishing House|year=1964|location=New Delhi}}</ref><ref name="Singh 1978"/>{{rp|154}} Ahmad Shah also faced other | ||
rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died | rebellions in the north, and eventually he and the Uzbek Emir of [[Emirate of Bukhara|Bukhara]] agreed that the Amu Darya would mark the division of their lands. Ahmad Shah retired to his home in the mountains east of Kandahar, where he died in 1772.<ref>{{cite book|title=Inside Afghanistan: end of the Taliban era? |last1=Reddy |first1=L. R. |year=2002|publisher=APH Publishing |isbn=978-81-7648-319-3 |page=65|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NubtDf2T3cAC|access-date=2010-08-25}}</ref> He had succeeded to a remarkable degree in balancing tribal alliances and hostilities, and in directing tribal energies away from rebellion. He earned recognition as Ahmad Shah Baba, or "Father" of Afghanistan.<ref name="Singh"/> | ||
The Durrani Empire lost its control over [[Kashmir]] to the Sikh Empire in the [[Battle of Shopian]] in 1819.<ref name="Chopra 1928 26">{{cite book |title=The Panjab as a Sovereign State |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |year=1928 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons |location=Lahore |page=26}}</ref> | The Durrani Empire lost its control over [[Kashmir]] to the Sikh Empire in the [[Battle of Shopian]] in 1819.<ref name="Chopra 1928 26">{{cite book |title=The Panjab as a Sovereign State |last=Chopra |first=Gulshan Lall |year=1928 |publisher=Uttar Chand Kapur and Sons |location=Lahore |page=26}}</ref> | ||
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===Humayun Mirza (1772)=== | ===Humayun Mirza (1772)=== | ||
A few months before his death, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] summoned Timur Shah from [[Herat]] and publicly declared him heir to the Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's brother, Sulaiman, the governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the Sulaiman faction were Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should | A few months before his death, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]] summoned Timur Shah from [[Herat]] and publicly declared him heir to the Durrani Empire. Ahmad Shah made this decision without consulting with his tribal council, as a result the authority of the Durrani Emperor was put into question and created a growing rift that would toil the Durrani empire for years to come, as the tribal council had in majority, supported Ahmad Shah's eldest son and Timur Shah's brother, Sulaiman, the governor of Kandahar. Prominent figures in court who supported the Sulaiman faction were Shah Wali Khan, Ahmad Shah's Wazir, and Sardar Jahan Khan. The court had attempted to urge Ahmad Shah to reconsider his decision, coinciding with the fact that the eldest son should ascend to the throne. Ahmad had ignored this, and quoted: "Timur Shah was infinitely more capable of governing you then his brother". As well as accusing Sulaiman of being "Violent without clemency", and out of favour with the Kandahari [[Durranis]]. Ahmad Shah's decision could have been influenced by his illness, which had affected his brain and his mental state, however choosing of succession to Timur Shah was likely to restrict power to the Senior Generals and the Durrani Tribal Council, to which he deemed as a threat to his dynasty in the future.<ref name="Drahm">{{cite journal |last1=Drahm |first1=Abdel |title=Afghanistan A History From 1260 To The Present |journal=AAF |date=2020 |page=144 |url=https://archive.org/details/Book_1094 |access-date=4 October 2021}}</ref> | ||
When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with him ruling over Herat, and poisoned the ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled however, as a rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed this revolt quickly and Darwish Khan was imprisoned, however he had escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into [[Herat]], offering pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=145}} | When Ahmad Shah was on his death bed, Sadar Jahan Khan had capitalized on Timur Shah's far proximity with him ruling over Herat, and poisoned the ear of the Shah. This had worked as Timur Shah was denied an by Ahmad Shah on his deathbed, as a result, Timur Shah had begun mobilizing his forces for the inevitable conflict with his brother. Timur Shah's plans were stalled however, as a rebellion by Darwish Ali Khan under the Sunni Hazaras, likely instigated by the Sulaiman faction had risen up. Timur Shah had crushed this revolt quickly and Darwish Khan was imprisoned, however he had escaped. Timur Shah had then lured him into [[Herat]], offering pardon, where then Timur Shah had ordered his execution where his nephew, Muhammad Khan would be appointed in his place.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=145}} | ||
During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness | During the revolt of Darwish, Ahmad Shah had died of his illness in 1772. Shah Wali Khan and Sardar Jahan Khan kept the Shah's death a secret by placing the body on a palanquin covered by thick curtains.{{sfn|Drahm|2020|p=145}} They had then left the King's mountain, taking as much treasure as they could and marched to Kandahar. Shah Wali Khan had also announced to everyone that the king was ill and had given orders to not disturb him except his trusted officials. To make the deception more believable, Ahmad Shah's chief eunuch, Yaqut Khan had brought food for the "Sick" Ruler. Shah wali Khan had then notified Sulaiman that Ahmad Shah was dead and proclaimed Sulaiman as king. However, many of the Amirs including Mahadad Khan had disliked Shah Wali's ambitions, and thus had fled to Timur's side, also notifying him of the ongoing situation at [[Kandahar]].<ref name="Fayz">{{cite journal |last1=Muhammad Katib Hazarah |first1=Fayz |title=The History Of Afghanistan Fayż Muḥammad Kātib Hazārah's Sirāj Al Tawārīkh By R. D. Mcchesney, M. M. Khorrami |journal=AAF |date=2012 |page=131 |url=https://archive.org/details/the-history-of-afghanistan-fayz-muhammad-katib-hazarahs-siraj-al-tawarikh-by-r.-/page/n255/mode/2up?view=theater |access-date=11 November 2021}}</ref> Timur Shah had then marched toward [[Kandahar]] to face Shah Humayun.{{sfn|Muhammad Katib Hazarah|2012|p=55}} Shah Wali, fearing of Timur's march had consulted with Shah Humayun, and had agreed on him marching out to Prince Timur Shah to welcome him. He left [[Kandahar]] with over 150 horsemen and had arrived at Prince Timur's force at [[Farah, Afghanistan|Farah]]. Having not sent word, once Shah Wali had dismounted, Timur Shah ordered the killing of Shah Wali. Angu Khan Bamiza'i assassinated Shah Wali Khan and his two sons, including 2 of his sisters children.{{sfn|Muhammad Katib Hazarah|2012|p=56}} Shah Sulayman surrendered the throne to Timur Shah following this, and became a loyal follower of him according to the depiction of Amir Habibullah Khan.{{sfn|Muhammad Katib Hazarah|2012|p=56}} Timur Shah ascended the throne in November 1772.<ref>{{cite thesis |last1=Khan Malik |first1=Ajmal |title=UNIVERSITY OF PESHAWAR, PAKISTAN |date=1993 |volume=01 |page=158 |publisher=University of Peshawar, Pakistan |url=http://prr.hec.gov.pk/jspui/handle/123456789/6261 |access-date=4 December 2021|type=Thesis }}</ref> | ||
===Timur Shah (1772–1793)=== | ===Timur Shah (1772–1793)=== | ||
{{main|Timur Shah Durrani|Battle of Rohtas (1779)}} | {{main|Timur Shah Durrani|Battle of Rohtas (1779)}} | ||
After his father, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for the throne, with Humayun supported by Shah Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then marched to [[Kandahar]], forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more | After his father, [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]'s death, he fought his brother Humayun Mirza for the throne, with Humayun supported by Shah Wali Khan. Shah Wali was killed by Timur Shah as he attempted to ride into his camp and beg for peace and mercy. Timur Shah then marched to [[Kandahar]], forcing Humayun to either flee or stay as a devout supporter for Timur Shah. With his throne secured, he began consolidating his power, with efforts to drive power away from the Durrani Pashtuns, and more toward the growing influential [[Qizilbash]] and Mongol guards consisted in his army. Timur Shah would also move the capital of the Durrani Realm from [[Kandahar]] to [[Kabul]], as a better base of operation to combat any threat arriving from anywhere, as Kabul was essentially the heart of the empire. After consolidating his power, Timur Shah marched against the Sikh's in 1780 in a [[Jihad]], and decisively defeated the Sikhs, forcing them to return [[Multan]] toward Durrani Suzerainty after it was seized after the death of [[Ahmad Shah Durrani]]. Timur Shah, having secured [[Punjab]], also faced recurring rebellions against him, including an assassination attempt earl yin his reign at [[Peshawar]]. Timur Shah would encounter harsh resistance and rebellion, prominently those of Fayz Allah Khan, Azad Khan, and Arsalan Khan. Timur Shah in his reign also fought against [[Shah Murad]], the ruler of Bukhara who attempted raids into Afghan Turkestan and Khorasan, often harassing the Durrani vassal of the [[Afsharid dynasty]] centred in [[Mashhad]]. In conclusion, Timur Shah spent most of his reign consolidating the empire, while also fighting off rebellion, he prove himself as a competent leader from holding the unstable empire apart. Timur Shah died on 20 May, 1793, succeeded by his son, [[Zaman Shah Durrani]] | ||
===Zaman Shah (1793–1801)=== | ===Zaman Shah (1793–1801)=== | ||
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{{Durrani dynasty}} | {{Durrani dynasty}} | ||
{{Pashtun}} | {{Pashtun}} | ||
{{Islam in South Asia}} | |||
[[Category:Durrani Empire| ]] | [[Category:Durrani Empire| ]] | ||
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[[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]] | [[Category:18th century in the Mughal Empire]] | ||
[[Category:Former countries in Central Asia]] | [[Category:Former countries in Central Asia]] | ||
[[Category:Former countries in South Asia]] | |||