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The '''Adivasi Cobra Force''' ([[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''ACF'''), also known as the '''Adivasi Cobra Militant Force''' (abbreviated '''ACMF'''), was an militant insurgent group in [[Lower Assam]], [[India]], with the claimed objective of protecting the [[Adivasi]] people through armed combat.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/acf.htm|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/12060102.cms | The '''Adivasi Cobra Force''' ([[Abbreviation|abbreviated]] '''ACF'''), also known as the '''Adivasi Cobra Militant Force''' (abbreviated '''ACMF'''), was an militant insurgent group in [[Lower Assam]], [[India]], with the claimed objective of protecting the [[Adivasi]] people through armed combat.<ref name="SATP">{{cite web|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/assam/terrorist_outfits/acf.htm|website=www.satp.org}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks|url=http://m.timesofindia.com/articleshow/12060102.cms|publisher=Times Of India|date=24 February 2012}}</ref> | ||
==Formation== | ==Formation== | ||
In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between [[Bodo people|Bodos]] and [[Santhals]]. The Bodos began joining groups such as the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] and the [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]]. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.<ref> | In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between [[Bodo people|Bodos]] and [[Santhals]]. The Bodos began joining groups such as the [[National Democratic Front of Bodoland]] and the [[Bodo Liberation Tigers Force]]. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.<ref>{{usurped|[https://web.archive.org/web/20071022111735/http://www.hinduonnet.com/fline/fl1520/15201370.htm Bloodshed in Assam]}} Frontline — Sep. 26 — Oct. 09, 1998</ref> In response, the Santals, claiming threats to their interests formed many groups with other [[Naga people|Naga]] tribes in the area and the ACF was formed on 7 July 1996.<ref name="MIPT">{{cite web|title=Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF) |url=http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930034433/http://www.tkb.org/Group.jsp?groupID=4635 |archivedate=September 30, 2007 }}</ref> | ||
==Ideology== | ==Ideology== | ||
The ACF | The ACF did not espouse any political ideology nor is it separatist like many other groups in the [[Seven Sister States]]. It claimed to be an outlet to protect the tribals who were allegedly "ethnically cleansed" during the 1996 riots from [[Bodo people|Bodo]] terrorist organizations. They demanded reparations for the [[Santals]] displaced by and killed in the riots and demanded that "[[adivasis]]" be recognized as a protected people by the [[Government of India]].<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20061104061547/http://www.gipe.ernet.in/working%20paper/mitra_working%20paper.pdf Three Essays on the Economics and Finance of Terrorism] — Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics</ref> | ||
==Organization== | ==Organization== | ||
Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization | Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization ranged from 100<ref name="SATP" /> to 350.<ref name="MIPT" /> The group operated out of [[Kokrajhar]] and [[Bongaigaon]] districts. The commander of the organization was [[Durga Minz]] and the chairman was [[Xabrias Khakha]]. The other main leader was [[Kandu Murmu]].<ref name="SATP" /> | ||
==Activities== | ==Activities== | ||
The organization | The organization had a large training program in [[Bhutan]]. In 2000, [[Indian Security Forces]] destroyed an ACF camp in [[Kokrajhar]]; however, one year later, they completed a large-scale extortion drive in [[Kokrajhar]], [[Bongaigaon]] and [[Dhubri]] to fund the terror camp in [[Bhutan]]. | ||
Their attacks mainly | Their attacks mainly targeted the [[Assam]]ese government and [[Bodo people|Bodo]] militants. | ||
On 9 September 2001 the group signed a cease-fire with the [[Government of India]] which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the [[Government of India]] on 1 July 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820070039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/02/stories/2004070206041101.htm Ceasefire extended] The Hindu — 2 July 2004</ref> In 2005, chairman [[Xabrias Khakha]] said that the ACF was considering becoming a [[List of recognised political parties in India|legitimate political party]] to contest [[Politics of Assam|elections in Assam]].<ref name="MIPT" /> | On 9 September 2001, the group signed a cease-fire with the [[Government of India]] which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the [[Government of India]] on 1 July 2004.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20040820070039/http://www.hindu.com/2004/07/02/stories/2004070206041101.htm Ceasefire extended] The Hindu — 2 July 2004</ref> In 2005, chairman [[Xabrias Khakha]] said that the ACF was considering becoming a [[List of recognised political parties in India|legitimate political party]] to contest [[Politics of Assam|elections in Assam]].<ref name="MIPT" /> | ||
==References== | ==References== | ||
Latest revision as of 18:50, 31 May 2022
| Adivasi Cobra Force | |
|---|---|
| Dates of operation | 7 July 1996–24 January 2012 |
| Active regions | Lower Assam, India |
| Ideology | Adivasi interests |
| Size | 100[1]–350[2] |
| Opponents |  India |
| Battles and wars | Insurgency in Northeast India |
The Adivasi Cobra Force (abbreviated ACF), also known as the Adivasi Cobra Militant Force (abbreviated ACMF), was an militant insurgent group in Lower Assam, India, with the claimed objective of protecting the Adivasi people through armed combat.[1][3]
Formation[edit]
In the late 1990s, Assam was beset by various ethnic riots between Bodos and Santhals. The Bodos began joining groups such as the National Democratic Front of Bodoland and the Bodo Liberation Tigers Force. In early 1996, over 100 people from both communities were killed in riots.[4] In response, the Santals, claiming threats to their interests formed many groups with other Naga tribes in the area and the ACF was formed on 7 July 1996.[2]
Ideology[edit]
The ACF did not espouse any political ideology nor is it separatist like many other groups in the Seven Sister States. It claimed to be an outlet to protect the tribals who were allegedly "ethnically cleansed" during the 1996 riots from Bodo terrorist organizations. They demanded reparations for the Santals displaced by and killed in the riots and demanded that "adivasis" be recognized as a protected people by the Government of India.[5]
Organization[edit]
Estimates of the number of operatives in the organization ranged from 100[1] to 350.[2] The group operated out of Kokrajhar and Bongaigaon districts. The commander of the organization was Durga Minz and the chairman was Xabrias Khakha. The other main leader was Kandu Murmu.[1]
Activities[edit]
The organization had a large training program in Bhutan. In 2000, Indian Security Forces destroyed an ACF camp in Kokrajhar; however, one year later, they completed a large-scale extortion drive in Kokrajhar, Bongaigaon and Dhubri to fund the terror camp in Bhutan.
Their attacks mainly targeted the Assamese government and Bodo militants.
On 9 September 2001, the group signed a cease-fire with the Government of India which was to last until January 2002. The ceasefire held until 2004 and was then extended by the Government of India on 1 July 2004.[6] In 2005, chairman Xabrias Khakha said that the ACF was considering becoming a legitimate political party to contest elections in Assam.[2]
References[edit]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 "Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)". www.satp.org.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 "Adivasi Cobra Force (ACF)". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007.
- ↑ "Surrendered Adivasi rebels seek interlocutor to start talks". Times Of India. 24 February 2012.
- ↑ Bloodshed in Assam[usurped] Frontline — Sep. 26 — Oct. 09, 1998
- ↑ Three Essays on the Economics and Finance of Terrorism — Gokhale Institute of Politics & Economics
- ↑ Ceasefire extended The Hindu — 2 July 2004