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| other_name = | | other_name = | ||
| settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]] | | settlement_type = [[List of districts of Odisha|District]] of [[Odisha]] | ||
| image_skyline = Deomali peak.jpg | | image_skyline = {{Photomontage | ||
|size = 250 | |||
|photo1a = Jeypure - Monument - panoramio.jpg | |||
|photo1b = Duduma Waterfalls.jpg | |||
|photo2a = Jagannath Trmple at Koraput.JPG | |||
|photo2b = Kolab dam - panoramio.jpg | |||
|photo3a = Deomali peak.jpg | |||
}} | |||
| image_alt = | | image_alt = | ||
| image_caption = | | image_caption = Clockwise from top-left: Monument at Jeypore, [[Duduma Waterfalls]], [[Kolab Dam]], [[Deomali (mountain)|Deomali]], [[Jagannath Temple, Koraput|Jagannath Temple]] at [[Koraput]] | ||
| nickname = | | nickname = | ||
| image_map = India Odisha Koraput district.svg | | image_map = India Odisha Koraput district.svg | ||
| image_map1 = {{maplink |frame=yes | |||
|frame-width=225 |frame-height=225 |frame-align=center | |||
|text= '''Koraput district''' | |||
|type=shape |id=Q1947300 | |||
|stroke-colour=#C60C30 | |||
|stroke-width=2 | |||
|title= Koraput district of Odisha | |||
|type2=line|id2=Q22048|stroke-width2=1|stroke-colour2=#0000ff|title2=Odisha | |||
}} | |||
| map_alt = | |||
| map_caption = Location in Odisha | |||
| coordinates = {{coord|18.8083|N|82.7083|E|display=inline,title}} | | coordinates = {{coord|18.8083|N|82.7083|E|display=inline,title}} | ||
| subdivision_type = Country | | subdivision_type = Country | ||
| subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | | subdivision_name = {{flag|India}} | ||
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It is also believed that one ‘Khora Naiko’ laid foundation of the village during the time of Nandapur kings. He hailed probably from Ranpur and served under the Nandapur kings in the Militia, and for his faithful and meritorious services he was permitted to establish this village which was named after him as Khora Putu, and later on the name has been abbreviated to ‘Koraput. | It is also believed that one ‘Khora Naiko’ laid foundation of the village during the time of Nandapur kings. He hailed probably from Ranpur and served under the Nandapur kings in the Militia, and for his faithful and meritorious services he was permitted to establish this village which was named after him as Khora Putu, and later on the name has been abbreviated to ‘Koraput. | ||
== | ==Geography== | ||
Koraput district is located between 18 degree 13’ and 19 degree 10’ North Latitudes and 82 degree 5’ and 83 degree 23’ East Longitudes. It shares its borders with [[Rayagada District]], [[Nabarangpur district]] on the north, with [[Bastar district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] on the west, with [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri District]] on the south and with [[ | Koraput district is located between 18 degree 13’ and 19 degree 10’ North Latitudes and 82 degree 5’ and 83 degree 23’ East Longitudes. It shares its borders with [[Rayagada District]], [[Nabarangpur district]] on the north, with [[Bastar district]] of [[Chhattisgarh]] on the west, with [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri District]] on the south and with [[Alluri Sitharama Raju district|Alluri Sitharama Raju]] and [[Parvathipuram Manyam district|Parvathipuram Manyam]] districts of [[Andhra Pradesh]] on the east. Its area is 8,807 km<sup>2</sup>, making it the third largest district of Odisha after [[Mayurbhanj]] and [[Sundargarh]]. | ||
==History== | ==History== | ||
The early history of the district is obscure owing to the absence of written records. Its location in the hills, isolation from means of communication and the dense forests all around served to keep the district politically separate from the nearby plains on both sides. The earliest event that can be fixed with certainty is the acquisition of the tract by the [[Kingdom of Jeypore]] sometime in the 15th century. Before this, it was probably ruled by the Silavamsi Dynasty. Ruins of 10th century [[Jain]] temples in the district point to a presence of that sect as well. The Jeypore Rajas became tributaries to the [[Qutb Shahi Dynasty]] of [[Hyderabad]] by 1580. This suzerainty later passed to the [[East India Company]] when the [[Northern Circars]] were ceded to them by Emperor [[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]] in 1765 | The early history of the district is obscure owing to the absence of written records. Its location in the hills, isolation from means of communication and the dense forests all around served to keep the district politically separate from the nearby plains on both sides. The earliest event that can be fixed with certainty is the acquisition of the tract by the [[Kingdom of Jeypore]] sometime in the 15th century. Before this, it was probably ruled by the Silavamsi Dynasty. Ruins of 10th century [[Jain]] temples in the district point to a presence of that sect as well. The Jeypore Rajas became tributaries to the [[Qutb Shahi Dynasty]] of [[Hyderabad]] by 1580. This suzerainty later passed to the [[Mughals]], the [[Nizam of Hyderabad]] and finally descended to the [[East India Company]] when the [[Northern Circars]] were ceded to them by Emperor [[Shah Alam II|Shah Alam]] in 1765. | ||
After cession, the district formed a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] but was largely left in the hands of the local Zamindars owing to its remote location. For administrative purposes, the entire area from the foothills of the Eastern Ghats to the boundaries of [[Bastar state|Bastar State]] was added to the [[Vishakhapatnam District]]. This included the present day [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]] districts as well. The Collector of the District functioned in an additional capacity as Agent to the [[Governor of Madras]] in this area and exercised significant powers of criminal justice, revenue and civil law. The usual Civil and Criminal procedure codes of [[British India]] were not applied and the tract was known as the Agency. In 1863, two Assistant Agents were appointed at Jeypore and [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvatipuram]] to aid the Agent in his duties. | After cession, the district formed a part of the [[Madras Presidency]] but was largely left in the hands of the local Zamindars owing to its remote location. For administrative purposes, the entire area from the foothills of the Eastern Ghats to the boundaries of [[Bastar state|Bastar State]] was added to the [[Vishakhapatnam District]]. This included the present day [[Rayagada district|Rayagada]], [[Malkangiri district|Malkangiri]] and [[Nabarangpur district|Nabarangpur]] districts as well. The Collector of the District functioned in an additional capacity as Agent to the [[Governor of Madras]] in this area and exercised significant powers of criminal justice, revenue and civil law. The usual Civil and Criminal procedure codes of [[British India]] were not applied and the tract was known as the Agency. In 1863, two Assistant Agents were appointed at Jeypore and [[Parvathipuram, Andhra Pradesh|Parvatipuram]] to aid the Agent in his duties. | ||
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|| 4 || Laxmipur || [[Kotpad]] | || 4 || Laxmipur || [[Kotpad]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| 5 || Machhakund (Lamtaput) || Kundura | || 5 || Machhakund (Lamtaput) || [[Kundura]] | ||
|- | |- | ||
|| 6 || Nandapur || | || 6 || Nandapur || | ||
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==Demographics== | ==Demographics== | ||
{{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,97,440|13=1911|14=3,57,588|15=1921|16=3,46,438|17=1931|18=4,08,568|19=1941|20=4,84,348|21=1951|22=5,44,286|23=1961|24=5,93,300|25=1971|26=7,15,139|27=1981|28=8,58,506|29=1991|30=10,29,577|31=2001|32=11,80,637|33=2011|34=13,79,647|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}} | {{historical populations|11=1901|12=2,97,440|13=1911|14=3,57,588|15=1921|16=3,46,438|17=1931|18=4,08,568|19=1941|20=4,84,348|21=1951|22=5,44,286|23=1961|24=5,93,300|25=1971|26=7,15,139|27=1981|28=8,58,506|29=1991|30=10,29,577|31=2001|32=11,80,637|33=2011|34=13,79,647|percentages=pagr|footnote=source:<ref>[http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/A2_Data_Table.html Decadal Variation In Population Since 1901]</ref>|align=right}} | ||
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Koraput district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,379,647,<ref name=districtcensus>{{ | |||
According to the [[2011 census of India|2011 census]] Koraput district has a [[Demographics of India|population]] of 1,379,647,<ref name=districtcensus>{{Cite web |title=District Census Handbook 2011 - Koraput|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/952/download/36676/DH_2011_2129_PART_A_DCHB_KORAPUT.pdf|website=[[Census of India]]|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> roughly equal to the nation of [[Eswatini]]<ref name="cia">{{cite web | author = US Directorate of Intelligence | title = Country Comparison:Population | url = https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/rankorder/2119rank.html | access-date = 2011-10-01 | quote =Swaziland 1,370,424}}</ref> or the US state of [[Hawaii]].<ref>{{cite web | |||
|url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | |url=http://2010.census.gov/2010census/data/apportionment-pop-text.php | ||
|title=2010 Resident Population Data | |title=2010 Resident Population Data | ||
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}}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 356th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 156 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.63%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koraput has a [[sex ratio]] of 1031 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, significantly higher than the national average of 940<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 49.21%, much lower than the national figure. | }}</ref> This gives it a ranking of 356th in India (out of a total of [[Districts of India|640]]).<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has a population density of {{convert| 156 |PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} .<ref name=districtcensus/> Its [[Family planning in India|population growth rate]] over the decade 2001-2011 was 16.63%.<ref name=districtcensus/> Koraput has a [[sex ratio]] of 1031 [[Women in India|females]] for every 1000 males, significantly higher than the national average of 940<ref name=districtcensus/> and a [[Literacy in India|literacy rate]] of 49.21%, much lower than the national figure. | ||
Scheduled Castes make up 14.21% of the population while 50. | Scheduled Castes make up 14.21% of the population while 50.60% of the population hails from Scheduled Tribes.<ref name=districtcensus/> The district has one of the highest tribal populations in Odisha and is a Scheduled District under the [[Constitution of India]]. This prohibits sale and purchase of tribal land by non-tribals. As many as 51 different tribes have been noted in the undivided district - each with its own language and culture.<ref name=":2">{{Cite web|url=http://gopabandhuacademy.gov.in/?q=node/750|title=Gazetteer {{!}} Gopabandhu Academy Of Administration|website=gopabandhuacademy.gov.in|access-date=2016-09-11}}</ref> | ||
The largest tribe in the current district are the Parojas, literally meaning "subject", a generic term applying to many different tribal communities in Koraput. They are a significant population in the south and west, on the higher plateau regions. Almost all speak an Odia dialect as their mother tongue. The community has a population of around 2.2 lakhs. | The largest tribe in the current district are the Parojas, literally meaning "subject", a generic term applying to many different tribal communities in Koraput. They are a significant population in the south and west, on the higher plateau regions. Almost all speak an Odia dialect as their mother tongue. The community has a population of around 2.2 lakhs. | ||
The second largest community are the Khonds, who mainly live in the | The second largest community are the Khonds, who mainly live in the eastern mountains and have a population of 2 lakhs. Other major communities include the [[Bhottada]], [[Gadabas|Gadaba]] and Bhumia. | ||
The non tribal population is mostly of the castes and communities common to the rest of Odisha, and the Scheduled Caste population is predominantly from the [[Domba]] community. The only addition here is of a substantial Telugu element. The Telugus form an important commercial class and are also to be found in Government employment. | The non tribal population is mostly of the castes and communities common to the rest of Odisha, and the Scheduled Caste population is predominantly from the [[Domba]] community. The only addition here is of a substantial Telugu element. The Telugus form an important commercial class and are also to be found in Government employment. | ||
===Languages=== | ===Languages=== | ||
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], | {{Pie chart | ||
|thumb = right | |||
|caption = Languages of Koraput district (2011)<ref name="census2011-langreport"/> | |||
|label1 = [[Odia language|Odia]] |value1 = 53.88 |color1 = Gold | |||
|label2 = [[Desiya language|Desia]] |value2 = 12.25 |color2 = darkkhaki | |||
|label3 = [[Kui language (India)|Kui]] |value3 = 10.21 |color3 = deepskyblue | |||
|label4 = [[Bodo Parja language|Proja]] |value4 = 9.12 |color4 = darkgoldenrod | |||
|label5 = [[Telugu language|Telugu]] |value5 = 3.46 |color5 = maroon | |||
|label6 = [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]] |value6 = 2.81 |color6 = skyblue | |||
|label7 = [[Gadaba language|Gadaba]] |value7 =2.10 |color7 = slateblue | |||
|label8 = [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] |value8 = 1.49 |color8 = thistle | |||
|label9 = Bhuiyan |value9 = 1.35 |color9 = red | |||
|label10 = Others |value10 =3.33 |color10 = grey | |||
}} | |||
At the time of the [[2011 Census of India]], 53.88% of the population in the district spoke [[Odia language|Odia]], 12.25% [[Desiya language|Desia]], 10.21% [[Kui language (India)|Kui]], 9.12% [[Bodo Parja language|Proja]], 3.46% [[Telugu language|Telugu]], 2.81% [[Kuvi language|Kuvi]], 2.10% [[Gutob language|Gadaba]], 1.49% [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] and 1.35% Bhuiyan as their first language.<ref name="census2011-langreport">{{cite web |title=Table C-16 Population by Mother Tongue: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/10217/download/13329/DDW-C16-STMT-MDDS-2100.XLSX|website=Census of India 2011 |publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> | |||
As regards the tribal dialects of Koraput district in Orissa, it may be noted that no proper survey has ever been made. But attempts have been made by different individuals to make a study of the various tribal languages of the district. Kui, as noted above, is the mostly widely spoken of the tribal dialects. The percentage of people speaking tribal language in Koraput district has reduced from 37 percent in 1931 census to less than 20 percent today. A large number of tribals of the district have adopted non-tribal languages as Odia is the medium of instruction in Government schools. | As regards the tribal dialects of Koraput district in Orissa, it may be noted that no proper survey has ever been made. But attempts have been made by different individuals to make a study of the various tribal languages of the district. Kui, as noted above, is the mostly widely spoken of the tribal dialects. The percentage of people speaking tribal language in Koraput district has reduced from 37 percent in 1931 census to less than 20 percent today. A large number of tribals of the district have adopted non-tribal languages as Odia is the medium of instruction in Government schools. | ||
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Another languages include [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] and [[Halbi language|Halbi]], which falls within the [[Odia language]] group but only shares about 60% [[lexical similarity]] with Oriya. It is spoken along the border with Bastar and is a language that is midway between Odia and [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhatri: A language of India| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bgw | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhunjia: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bhu | access-date = 2011-09-30 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> | Another languages include [[Bhatri language|Bhatri]] and [[Halbi language|Halbi]], which falls within the [[Odia language]] group but only shares about 60% [[lexical similarity]] with Oriya. It is spoken along the border with Bastar and is a language that is midway between Odia and [[Marathi language]].<ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhatri: A language of India| url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bgw | access-date = 2011-09-28 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref><ref>{{cite encyclopedia | editor = M. Paul Lewis | encyclopedia = Ethnologue: Languages of the World | title = Bhunjia: A language of India | url = http://www.ethnologue.com/show_language.asp?code=bhu | access-date = 2011-09-30 | edition = 16th | year = 2009 | publisher = SIL International | location = Dallas, Texas}}</ref> | ||
{{ | ===Religion=== | ||
| | {{bar box | ||
|title=Religions in Koraput district (2011)<ref name="census2011-religion">{{cite web|title=Table C-01 Population by Religious Community: Odisha|url=https://censusindia.gov.in/nada/index.php/catalog/11387/download/14500/DDW21C-01%20MDDS.XLS|website=Census of India, 2011|publisher=[[Registrar General and Census Commissioner of India]]}}</ref> | |||
| | |titlebar=#Fcd116 | ||
| | |left1=Religion | ||
|right1=Percent | |||
|float=left | |||
|bars= | |||
| | {{bar percent|[[Hinduism in Odisha|Hindus]]|darkorange|93.80}} | ||
| | {{bar percent|[[Christianity in Odisha|Christians]]|dodgerblue|4.97}} | ||
| | {{bar percent|[[Odia Muslims|Muslims]]|green|0.64}} | ||
| | {{bar percent|Other or not stated|black|0.59}} | ||
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Hinduism is the dominant religion of the district with more than 93.8% of the population being returned as Hindus in the Census of 2011. However, in practice, there exist significant differences in the identification with mainstream Hinduism. Almost all tribes have a distinction between a Hindu-ised segment that follows the rites and rituals of Hinduism and another one that still worships the indigenous deities and follows rules of worship that are different from the general practice of the faith. Intermarriage and dining together are often the differentiating markers between these groups. Some of these deities include ''Jakari'' and ''Thakurani'', who are worshipped by animal sacrifice like other folk religions. Most villages will have a stone or tree where the deity of the village is believed to reside.<ref name=":2" /> | Hinduism is the dominant religion of the district with more than 93.8% of the population being returned as Hindus in the Census of 2011. However, in practice, there exist significant differences in the identification with mainstream Hinduism. Almost all tribes have a distinction between a Hindu-ised segment that follows the rites and rituals of Hinduism and another one that still worships the indigenous deities and follows rules of worship that are different from the general practice of the faith. Intermarriage and dining together are often the differentiating markers between these groups. Some of these deities include ''Jakari'' and ''Thakurani'', who are worshipped by animal sacrifice like other folk religions. Most villages will have a stone or tree where the deity of the village is believed to reside.<ref name=":2" /> | ||
[[Christianity]] is | [[Christianity]] is practiced by approximately 5% of the population, however some figures estimate it to be much more than that. The [[Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church]] which was founded by German Missionaries of [[Evangelical Lutheran Church in Northern Germany|The Schleswig Holstein Evangelical Lutheran Mission Society of Germany (SHELM)]] has been active in Koraput since 1882. Adherents mostly belong to the Scheduled Castes. Both Koraput and Jeypore have large churches while smaller ones can be found throughout the district ranging from various [[Pentecostalism|Pentecostal]] and [[Evangelicalism|Evangelical]] Congregations, The Jeypore Evangelical Lutheran Church alone has more than 2,50,000 members. | ||
Muslims form a minuscule proportion of the population owing to the district's isolation from the plains. Most Muslims are recent migrants from the rest of Odisha who are employed at Koraput, Jeypore or at the NALCO unit at [[Damanjodi]]. However, the village of Thuba in Nandapur block has a community that is native to the district and is probably descended from demobilised Qutb Shahi soldiers who had invaded Koraput around the 16th century. Scattered Islamic shrines can also be found at Narayanapatna which had a small Muslim community till about a century ago. | Muslims form a minuscule proportion of the population owing to the district's isolation from the plains. Most Muslims are recent migrants from the rest of Odisha who are employed at Koraput, Jeypore or at the NALCO unit at [[Damanjodi]]. However, the village of Thuba in Nandapur block has a community that is native to the district and is probably descended from demobilised [[Qutb Shahi dynasty|Qutb Shahi]] soldiers who had invaded Koraput around the 16th century. Scattered Islamic shrines can also be found at Narayanapatna which had a small Muslim community till about a century ago. | ||
Minuscule communities of Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains are also found in the towns. Most of them are migrants from North India who are involved in trade and commerce. The Buddhists are Tibetan refugees who deal in woolen clothes. | Minuscule communities of Sikhs, Buddhists and Jains are also found in the towns. Most of them are migrants from North India who are involved in trade and commerce. The Buddhists are Tibetan refugees who deal in woolen clothes. | ||
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==Naxals== | ==Naxals== | ||
Naxalism is a serious matter of concern in south [[Odisha]], including Koraput district, since around 2000. Earlier, the [[Naxalite]] activities were confined to districts such as [[Malkangiri]], which share its borders with the neighboring states. With time, the Naxal activities has spread to Koraput as well as other tribal-dominated districts like [[Rayagada]] | Naxalism is a serious matter of concern in south [[Odisha]], including Koraput district, since around 2000. Earlier, the [[Naxalite]] activities were confined to districts such as [[Malkangiri]], which share its borders with the neighboring states. With time, the Naxal activities has spread to Koraput as well as other tribal-dominated districts like [[Rayagada]] and [[Nabarangpur]]. The inaccessible hilly terrain, dense forests, lack of development, grievances of the tribals and poor, and the absence of administration have been conducive to the spread of left-wing extremism in Odisha. The seriousness of the problem was underlined by a co-ordinated Naxalite attack on the District Headquarters and armoury at Koraput on February 6, 2004.<ref>{{cite web | title = Maoists in Orissa Growing Tentacles and a Dormant State | url = http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume17/nihar.htm}}</ref> Another prominent leader, Nachika Linga, president of Chasia Mula Adivasi Sangh with Maoist links, organized tribals of Narayanpatna block against moneylenders and landlords who had taken their lands and in 2009 marched on the Narayanpatna police station.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-11-08|title=Robin Hood like Odisha tribal leader walks out of jail after 6 years|url=https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/robinhood-like-odisha-tribal-leader-walks-out-of-jail-after-6-years/story-GDxxAOH7q3b4I8LqdsFtaK.html|access-date=2021-01-29|website=Hindustan Times|language=en}}</ref> | ||
Naxal group, namely People's War Group (PWG), has carried out numerous operations (attacks on rich farmers, police, bureaucrats and politicians, loots from godowns) within last few years in Koraput as well as in its neighboring districts.CoBRA BN of CRPF was deployed here for this purpose and it has helped to reduce Naxal activities to a large extent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Naxalite Consolidation In Orissa | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220969}}</ref> | Naxal group, namely People's War Group (PWG), has carried out numerous operations (attacks on rich farmers, police, bureaucrats and politicians, loots from godowns) within last few years in Koraput as well as in its neighboring districts. CoBRA BN of [[Central Reserve Police Force|CRPF]] was deployed here for this purpose and it has helped to reduce Naxal activities to a large extent.<ref>{{cite web | title = Naxalite Consolidation In Orissa | url = http://www.outlookindia.com/article.aspx?220969}}</ref> | ||
==Transport== | ==Transport== |