Bharatpedia

Poly(methyl methacrylate): Difference between revisions

Article Talk

Poly(methyl methacrylate) (edit)

Revision as of 20:22, 27 June 2022

565 bytes added ,  27 June 2022
robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit)
(no space before parenthesis)
 
(robot: Update article (please report if you notice any mistake or error in this edit))
 
Line 1: Line 1:
{{Short description|Transparent thermoplastic}}
{{Short description|Transparent thermoplastic, commonly called acrylic}}
{{About|the transparent plastic sometimes called acrylic glass|the glass/plastic laminate often called "safety glass"|Laminated glass|the neurotoxic designer drug PMMA, commonly sold as MDMA|para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine|other uses|Acrylic (disambiguation)}}
{{About|the transparent plastic sometimes called acrylic glass|the glass/plastic laminate often called "safety glass"|Laminated glass|the neurotoxic designer drug PMMA|para-Methoxy-N-methylamphetamine|other uses|Acrylic (disambiguation)}}
{{chembox
{{chembox
| Verifiedfields = changed
| Verifiedfields = changed
Line 19: Line 19:
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo_Ref = {{cascite|correct|CAS}}
| CASNo = 9011-14-7
| CASNo = 9011-14-7
| UNII_Ref = {{fdacite|correct|FDA}}
| UNII = Z47NNT4J11
| EINECS =
| EINECS =
| PubChem =
| PubChem =
Line 99: Line 101:


[[File:Lichtenberg figure in block of Plexiglas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lichtenberg figure]]: high-voltage dielectric breakdown in an acrylic polymer block]]
[[File:Lichtenberg figure in block of Plexiglas.jpg|thumb|right|[[Lichtenberg figure]]: high-voltage dielectric breakdown in an acrylic polymer block]]
'''Poly(methyl methacrylate)''' ('''PMMA''') belongs to a group of materials called [[engineering plastic]]s. It is a [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] [[thermoplastic]]. PMMA is also known as '''acrylic''', '''acrylic glass''', '''perspex''', or  '''plexiglass''', as well as by the trade names and brands '''Crylux''', '''Plexiglas''', '''Acrylite''', '''Astariglas''', '''Lucite''', '''Perclax''', and '''Perspex''', among several others ([[#Names|see below]]). This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to [[soda-lime glass|glass]]. It can also be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.
'''Poly'''('''methyl methacrylate''') ('''PMMA''') belongs to a group of materials called [[engineering plastic]]s. It is a [[transparency (optics)|transparent]] [[thermoplastic]]. PMMA is also known as '''acrylic''', '''acrylic glass''', as well as by the trade names and brands '''Crylux''', '''Plexiglas''', '''Acrylite''', '''Astariglas''', '''Lucite''', '''Perclax''', and '''Perspex''', among several others ([[#Names|see below]]). This plastic is often used in sheet form as a lightweight or shatter-resistant alternative to [[soda-lime glass|glass]]. It can also be used as a casting resin, in inks and coatings, and for many other purposes.


Although not a type of familiar [[silica]]-based glass, the substance, like many thermoplastics, is often technically classified as a type of [[glass]], in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous substance—hence its occasional historic designation as ''acrylic glass''. Chemically, it is the [[list of synthetic polymers|synthetic polymer]] of [[methyl methacrylate]]. It was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William Chalmers, [[Otto Röhm]], and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by German ''Röhm & Haas AG'' (as of January 2019, part of [[Evonik Industries]]) and its partner and former U.S. affiliate [[Rohm and Haas|Rohm and Haas Company]] under the [[trademark]] Plexiglas.<ref>[https://history.evonik.com/sites/geschichte/de/erfindungen/plexiglas/ Plexiglas history by Evonik] (in German).</ref>
Although not a type of familiar [[silica]]-based glass, the substance, like many thermoplastics, is often technically classified as a type of [[glass]], in that it is a non-crystalline vitreous substance—hence its occasional historic designation as ''acrylic glass''. Chemically, it is the [[list of synthetic polymers|synthetic polymer]] of [[methyl methacrylate]]. It was developed in 1928 in several different laboratories by many chemists, such as William Chalmers, [[Otto Röhm]], and Walter Bauer, and first brought to market in 1933 by German ''Röhm & Haas AG'' (as of January 2019, part of [[Evonik Industries]]) and its partner and former U.S. affiliate [[Rohm and Haas|Rohm and Haas Company]] under the [[trademark]] Plexiglas.<ref>[https://history.evonik.com/sites/geschichte/de/erfindungen/plexiglas/ Plexiglas history by Evonik] (in German).</ref>
Line 106: Line 108:


==History==
==History==
The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. [[Methacrylic acid]], derived from [[acrylic acid]], was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and [[methanol]] results in the ester methyl methacrylate. Polymethyl methacrylate was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) in the United Kingdom. {{citation needed|date=October 2019}} ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist [[Otto Röhm]] of Rohm and Haas AG in Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from the glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPMAregister {{!}} Marken - Registerauskunft |url=https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/461639/DE |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=register.dpma.de}}</ref> Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During [[World War II]] both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windscreen, canopies, and gun turrets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 77th Congress First Session |date=1941 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=A2300–A2302 |edition=Volume 87, Part 11 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Congressional_Record/TXBvFGzeUp4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=plexiglas+war&pg=SL1-PA2301&printsec=frontcover |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>  Aeroplane pilots whose eyes were damaged by flying shards of PMMA fared much better than those injured by standard glass, demonstrating better compatibility between human tissue and PMMA than glass.<ref name="Schwarcz2012">{{citation |author=Schwarcz, Joe |title=The Right Chemistry: 108 Enlightening, Nutritious, Health-Conscious and Occasionally Bizarre Inquiries into the Science of Daily Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar_wkXGvB8UC&pg=PT226 |date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-67160-6 |page=226 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420210611/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar_wkXGvB8UC&pg=PT226 |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Civilian applications followed after the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/polymethyl-methacrylate |title=Polymethyl methacrylate &#124; chemical compound |access-date=2017-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031004312/https://www.britannica.com/science/polymethyl-methacrylate |archive-date=2017-10-31}}</ref>
The first acrylic acid was created in 1843. [[Methacrylic acid]], derived from [[acrylic acid]], was formulated in 1865. The reaction between methacrylic acid and [[methanol]] results in the ester methyl methacrylate. Polymethyl methacrylate was discovered in the early 1930s by British chemists Rowland Hill and John Crawford at [[Imperial Chemical Industries]] (ICI) in the United Kingdom. {{citation needed|date=October 2019}} ICI registered the product under the trademark Perspex. About the same time, chemist and industrialist [[Otto Röhm]] of Röhm and Haas AG in Germany attempted to produce safety glass by polymerizing methyl methacrylate between two layers of glass. The polymer separated from the glass as a clear plastic sheet, which Röhm gave the trademarked name Plexiglas in 1933.<ref>{{cite web |title=DPMAregister {{!}} Marken - Registerauskunft |url=https://register.dpma.de/DPMAregister/marke/register/461639/DE |access-date=2021-09-29 |website=register.dpma.de}}</ref> Both Perspex and Plexiglas were commercialized in the late 1930s. In the United States, E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company (now DuPont Company) subsequently introduced its own product under the trademark Lucite. In 1936 ICI Acrylics (now Lucite International) began the first commercially viable production of acrylic safety glass. During [[World War II]] both Allied and Axis forces used acrylic glass for submarine periscopes and aircraft windscreen, canopies, and gun turrets.<ref>{{cite book |title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the 77th Congress First Session |date=1941 |publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |location=Washington, D.C. |pages=A2300–A2302 |edition=Volume 87, Part 11 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/Congressional_Record/TXBvFGzeUp4C?hl=en&gbpv=1&dq=plexiglas+war&pg=SL1-PA2301&printsec=frontcover |access-date=3 August 2020}}</ref>  Aeroplane pilots whose eyes were damaged by flying shards of PMMA fared much better than those injured by standard glass, demonstrating better compatibility between human tissue and PMMA than glass.<ref name="Schwarcz2012">{{citation |author=Schwarcz, Joe |title=The Right Chemistry: 108 Enlightening, Nutritious, Health-Conscious and Occasionally Bizarre Inquiries into the Science of Daily Life |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar_wkXGvB8UC&pg=PT226 |date=6 November 2012 |publisher=Doubleday Canada |isbn=978-0-385-67160-6 |page=226 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420210611/https://books.google.com/books?id=Ar_wkXGvB8UC&pg=PT226 |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref> Civilian applications followed after the war.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.britannica.com/science/polymethyl-methacrylate |title=Polymethyl methacrylate &#124; chemical compound |access-date=2017-05-22 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171031004312/https://www.britannica.com/science/polymethyl-methacrylate |archive-date=2017-10-31}}</ref>


===Names===
===Names===
Common orthographic stylings include ''polymethyl methacrylate''<ref name="Dorlands">{{citation |title=polymethyl methacrylate |work=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |url=https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=100085009&searchterm=polymethyl%20methacrylate |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="MW_Collegiate">{{cite Merriam-Webster |polymethyl methacrylate}}</ref> and ''polymethylmethacrylate''. The full IUPAC chemical name is poly(methyl 2-methylprop'''en'''oate). (It is a common mistake to use "an" instead of "en".)
Common orthographic stylings include ''polymethyl methacrylate''<ref name="Dorlands">{{citation |title=polymethyl methacrylate |work=Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary |publisher=[[Elsevier]] |url=https://www.dorlandsonline.com/dorland/definition?id=100085009&searchterm=polymethyl%20methacrylate |url-access=subscription}}</ref><ref name="MW_Collegiate">{{cite Merriam-Webster |polymethyl methacrylate}}</ref> and ''polymethylmethacrylate''. The full IUPAC chemical name is poly(methyl 2-methylprop'''en'''oate). (It is a common mistake to use "an" instead of "en".)


Although PMMA is often called simply "acrylic", ''[[acrylate polymer|acrylic]]'' can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing [[polyacrylonitrile]]. Notable trade names and brands include Acrylite,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acrylite.co/ |publisher=Acrylite.co |access-date=2018-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007020020/http://www.acrylite.net/product/acrylite/en/about/acrylite-brand/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-07 |title=Acrylite Online Shop &#124; Cut-to-Size &#124; Sheets &#124; Rods &#124; Tubes}}</ref> Lucite,<ref name=tess_lucite>{{cite web |title=Trademark Electronic Search System |page=Search for Registration Number 0350093 |url=http://tmsearch.uspto.gov |website=TESS |publisher=US Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> PerClax, R-Cast,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reynoldspolymer.com/A-Brief-History-of-Reynolds-Polymer-Technology |title=R-Cast® a Brief History |publisher=Reynoldspolymer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022614/http://www.reynoldspolymer.com/A-Brief-History-of-Reynolds-Polymer-Technology |archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> Plexiglas,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003">{{cite book |author1=Charles A. Harper |author2=Edward M. Petrie |title=Plastics Materials and Processes: A Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe5YJmRmxQMC&pg=PA9 |date=10 October 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-45920-0 |page=9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420235832/https://books.google.com/books?id=oe5YJmRmxQMC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wipo.int/branddb/en/ |title=WIPO Global Brand Database |access-date=2013-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121162152/http://wipo.int/branddb/en/ |archive-date=2013-01-21}}</ref> Optix,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Perspex,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Oroglas,<ref name="Information1974">{{cite journal |author=Reed Business Information |title=Misused materials stoked Sumerland fire |journal=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCPtxShxY8C&pg=PA684 |volume=62 |issue=902 |date=13 June 1974 |publisher=IPC Magazines |page=684 |issn=0262-4079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421165319/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCPtxShxY8C&pg=PA684 |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Altuglas,<ref name="Platt2003">{{cite book |author=David K. Platt |title=Engineering and High Performance Plastics Market Report: A Rapra Market Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajVlFikzvA8C&pg=PA170 |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Smithers Rapra |isbn=978-1-85957-380-8 |page=170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421171832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajVlFikzvA8C&pg=PA170 |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Cyrolite,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Astariglas,<ref>http://astariglobal.com</ref> Cho Chen,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chochen.com.tw/ |title=Cho Chen Ind. Co., Ltd. |website=www.chochen.com.tw |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> Sumipex, and Crystallite.
Although PMMA is often called simply "acrylic", ''[[acrylate polymer|acrylic]]'' can also refer to other polymers or copolymers containing [[polyacrylonitrile]]. Notable trade names and brands include Acrylite,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.acrylite.co/ |publisher=Acrylite.co |access-date=2018-11-15 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131007020020/http://www.acrylite.net/product/acrylite/en/about/acrylite-brand/pages/default.aspx |archive-date=2013-10-07 |title=Acrylite Online Shop &#124; Cut-to-Size &#124; Sheets &#124; Rods &#124; Tubes}}</ref> Lucite,<ref name=tess_lucite>{{cite web |title=Trademark Electronic Search System |page=Search for Registration Number 0350093 |url=http://tmsearch.uspto.gov |website=TESS |publisher=US Patent and Trademark Office |access-date=29 June 2014}}</ref> PerClax, R-Cast,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.reynoldspolymer.com/A-Brief-History-of-Reynolds-Polymer-Technology |title=R-Cast® a Brief History |publisher=Reynoldspolymer.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924022614/http://www.reynoldspolymer.com/A-Brief-History-of-Reynolds-Polymer-Technology |archive-date=2015-09-24}}</ref> Plexiglas,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003">{{cite book |author1=Charles A. Harper |author2=Edward M. Petrie |title=Plastics Materials and Processes: A Concise Encyclopedia |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oe5YJmRmxQMC&pg=PA9 |date=10 October 2003 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-0-471-45920-0 |page=9 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160420235832/https://books.google.com/books?id=oe5YJmRmxQMC&pg=PA9 |archive-date=20 April 2016}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.wipo.int/branddb/en/ |title=WIPO Global Brand Database |access-date=2013-01-25 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130121162152/http://wipo.int/branddb/en/ |archive-date=2013-01-21}}</ref> Optix,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Perspex,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Oroglas,<ref name="Information1974">{{cite journal |author=Reed Business Information |title=Misused materials stoked Sumerland fire |journal=New Scientist |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCPtxShxY8C&pg=PA684 |volume=62 |issue=902 |date=13 June 1974 |publisher=IPC Magazines |page=684 |issn=0262-4079 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421165319/https://books.google.com/books?id=9fCPtxShxY8C&pg=PA684 |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Altuglas,<ref name="Platt2003">{{cite book |author=David K. Platt |title=Engineering and High Performance Plastics Market Report: A Rapra Market Report |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ajVlFikzvA8C&pg=PA170 |date=1 January 2003 |publisher=Smithers Rapra |isbn=978-1-85957-380-8 |page=170 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160421171832/https://books.google.com/books?id=ajVlFikzvA8C&pg=PA170 |archive-date=21 April 2016}}</ref> Cyrolite,<ref name="HarperPetrie2003"/> Astariglas,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://astariglobal.com |title=Cast Acrylic Sheet Manufacturer in Indonesia |publisher=Astari Global |date=2016-08-22 |accessdate=2022-03-03}}</ref> Cho Chen,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chochen.com.tw/ |title=Cho Chen Ind. Co., Ltd. |website=www.chochen.com.tw |access-date=2020-04-17}}</ref> Sumipex, and Crystallite.


==Synthesis==
==Synthesis==
Line 156: Line 158:


==Uses==
==Uses==
{{Cleanup list|section|date=February 2010}}
{{Examplefarm|date=April 2022}}
Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in the form of sheets affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows, skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs & displays, sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture and many other applications.  It is also used for coating polymers based on MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental conditions with reduced emission of VOC.  Methacrylate polymers are used extensively in medical and dental applications where purity and stability are critical to performance.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}
Being transparent and durable, PMMA is a versatile material and has been used in a wide range of fields and applications such as rear-lights and instrument clusters for vehicles, appliances, and lenses for glasses. PMMA in the form of sheets affords to shatter resistant panels for building windows, skylights, bulletproof security barriers, signs & displays, sanitary ware (bathtubs), LCD screens, furniture and many other applications.  It is also used for coating polymers based on MMA provides outstanding stability against environmental conditions with reduced emission of VOC.  Methacrylate polymers are used extensively in medical and dental applications where purity and stability are critical to performance.{{citation needed|date=December 2013}}


===Transparent glass substitute===
===Transparent glass substitute===
[[File:Bathyscaphe Trieste sphere.jpg|thumb|right|Close-up of pressure sphere of [[Bathyscaphe Trieste]], with a single conical window of PMMA set into sphere hull. The very small black circle (smaller than the man's head) is the inner side of the plastic "window", only a few inches in diameter. The larger circular clear black area represents the larger outer side of the thick one-piece plastic cone "window".]]
[[File:Bathyscaphe Trieste sphere.jpg|thumb|right|Close-up of pressure sphere of the [[Trieste (bathyscaphe)|bathyscaphe ''Trieste'']], with a single conical window of PMMA set into sphere hull. The very small black circle (smaller than the man's head) is the inner side of the plastic "window", only a few inches in diameter. The larger circular clear black area represents the larger outer side of the thick one-piece plastic cone "window".]]
[[File:KelpAquarium.jpg|thumb|right|{{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on|sp=us}} deep [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] tank has acrylic windows up to {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} thick to withstand the [[fluid statics#Hydrostatic pressure|water pressure]]]]
[[File:KelpAquarium.jpg|thumb|right|{{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=off|adj=on|sp=us}} deep [[Monterey Bay Aquarium]] tank has acrylic windows up to {{convert|33|cm|in|abbr=off|sp=us}} thick to withstand the [[fluid statics#Hydrostatic pressure|water pressure]]]]
* PMMA is commonly used for constructing residential and commercial [[aquarium]]s. Designers started building large aquariums when poly(methyl methacrylate) could be used. It is less often used in other building types due to incidents such as the [[Summerland disaster]].
* PMMA is commonly used for constructing residential and commercial [[aquarium]]s. Designers started building large aquariums when poly(methyl methacrylate) could be used. It is less often used in other building types due to incidents such as the [[Summerland disaster]].
* PMMA is used for viewing ports and even complete pressure hulls of submersibles, such as the [[Alicia (submarine)|Alicia submarine]]'s viewing sphere and the window of the [[bathyscaphe Trieste]].
* PMMA is used for viewing ports and even complete pressure hulls of submersibles, such as the [[Alicia (submarine)|''Alicia'' submarine]]'s viewing sphere and the window of the [[bathyscaphe Trieste]].
* PMMA is used in the lenses of exterior lights of automobiles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kutz, Myer |title=Handbook of Materials Selection |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookmaterial00kutz |url-access=limited |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookmaterial00kutz/page/n351 341] |isbn=978-0-471-35924-1}}</ref>
* PMMA is used in the lenses of exterior lights of automobiles.<ref>{{cite book |author=Kutz, Myer |title=Handbook of Materials Selection |url=https://archive.org/details/handbookmaterial00kutz |url-access=limited |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2002 |page=[https://archive.org/details/handbookmaterial00kutz/page/n351 341] |isbn=978-0-471-35924-1}}</ref>
* Spectator protection in [[ice hockey]] rinks is made from PMMA.
* Spectator protection in [[ice hockey]] rinks is made from PMMA.
Line 173: Line 176:


===Daylight redirection===
===Daylight redirection===
{{main|Anidolic lighting}}
{{Main|Anidolic lighting}}
 
* Laser cut acrylic panels have been used to redirect sunlight into a [[light tube#Light tube with reflective material|light pipe]] or tubular skylight and, from there, to spread it into a room.<ref>Yeang, Ken. [http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/features/img/Light%20pipe%20paper.pdf Light Pipes: An Innovative Design Device for Bringing Natural Daylight and Illumination into Buildings with Deep Floor Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305001322/http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/features/img/Light%20pipe%20paper.pdf |date=2009-03-05}}, Nomination for the Far East Economic Review Asian Innovation Awards 2003</ref> Their developers Veronica Garcia Hansen, [[Ken Yeang]], and Ian Edmonds were awarded the [[Far Eastern Economic Review#Awards presented by FEER|Far East Economic Review Innovation Award]] in bronze for this technology in 2003.<ref>[http://www.scienceinpublic.com/freshinnovators/2005/Veronica/veronicagarciahansen.htm ''Lighting up your workplace – Queensland student pipes light to your office cubicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105210012/http://www.scienceinpublic.com/freshinnovators/2005/Veronica/veronicagarciahansen.htm |date=2009-01-05}}, May 9, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcities.com.sg/speaker3.htm#kenneth01 Kenneth Yeang] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925033953/http://www.worldcities.com.sg/speaker3.htm |date=2008-09-25}}, World Cities Summit 2008, June 23–25, 2008, Singapore</ref>
* Laser cut acrylic panels have been used to redirect sunlight into a [[light tube#Light tube with reflective material|light pipe]] or tubular skylight and, from there, to spread it into a room.<ref>Yeang, Ken. [http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/features/img/Light%20pipe%20paper.pdf Light Pipes: An Innovative Design Device for Bringing Natural Daylight and Illumination into Buildings with Deep Floor Plan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090305001322/http://www.trhamzahyeang.com/features/img/Light%20pipe%20paper.pdf |date=2009-03-05}}, Nomination for the Far East Economic Review Asian Innovation Awards 2003</ref> Their developers Veronica Garcia Hansen, [[Ken Yeang]], and Ian Edmonds were awarded the [[Far Eastern Economic Review#Awards presented by FEER|Far East Economic Review Innovation Award]] in bronze for this technology in 2003.<ref>[http://www.scienceinpublic.com/freshinnovators/2005/Veronica/veronicagarciahansen.htm ''Lighting up your workplace – Queensland student pipes light to your office cubicle] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090105210012/http://www.scienceinpublic.com/freshinnovators/2005/Veronica/veronicagarciahansen.htm |date=2009-01-05}}, May 9, 2005</ref><ref>[http://www.worldcities.com.sg/speaker3.htm#kenneth01 Kenneth Yeang] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080925033953/http://www.worldcities.com.sg/speaker3.htm |date=2008-09-25}}, World Cities Summit 2008, June 23–25, 2008, Singapore</ref>
* Attenuation being quite strong for distances over one meter (more than 90% intensity loss for a 3000&nbsp;K source<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1582/LEUKOS.01.04.003 |first1=Victor |last1=Gerchikov |first2=Michele |last2=Mossman |first3=Lorne |last3=Whitehead |year=2005 |title=Modeling Attenuation versus Length in Practical Light Guides |journal=LEUKOS |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=47–59 |s2cid=220306943}}</ref>), acrylic broadband light guides are then dedicated mostly to decorative uses.
* Attenuation being quite strong for distances over one meter (more than 90% intensity loss for a 3000&nbsp;K source<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1582/LEUKOS.01.04.003 |first1=Victor |last1=Gerchikov |first2=Michele |last2=Mossman |first3=Lorne |last3=Whitehead |year=2005 |title=Modeling Attenuation versus Length in Practical Light Guides |journal=LEUKOS |volume=1 |issue=4 |pages=47–59 |s2cid=220306943}}</ref>), acrylic broadband light guides are then dedicated mostly to decorative uses.
Line 210: Line 214:
===Other uses===
===Other uses===
* PMMA, in the commercial form Technovit 7200 is used vastly in the medical field. It is used for plastic histology, electron microscopy, as well as many more uses.
* PMMA, in the commercial form Technovit 7200 is used vastly in the medical field. It is used for plastic histology, electron microscopy, as well as many more uses.
* PMMA has been used to create ultra-white opaque membranes that are flexible and switch appearance to transparent when wet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Syurik |first1=Julia |last2=Jacucci |first2=Gianni |last3=Onelli |first3=Olimpia D. |last4=Holscher |first4=Hendrik |last5=Vignolini |first5=Silvia |date=22 February 2018 |title=Bio-inspired Highly Scattering Networks via Polymer Phase Separation |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |volume=28 |issue=24 |pages=1706901 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201706901 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* PMMA has been used to create ultra-white opaque membranes that are flexible and switch appearance to transparent when wet.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Syurik |first1=Julia |last2=Jacucci |first2=Gianni |last3=Onelli |first3=Olimpia D. |last4=Holscher |first4=Hendrik |last5=Vignolini |first5=Silvia |date=22 February 2018 |title=Bio-inspired Highly Scattering Networks via Polymer Phase Separation |journal=Advanced Functional Materials |volume=28 |issue=24 |page=1706901 |doi=10.1002/adfm.201706901 |doi-access=free}}</ref>
* Acrylic is used in tanning beds as the transparent surface that separates the occupant from the tanning bulbs while tanning. The type of acrylic used in tanning beds is most often formulated from a special type of polymethyl methacrylate, a compound that allows the passage of ultraviolet rays.
* Acrylic is used in tanning beds as the transparent surface that separates the occupant from the tanning bulbs while tanning. The type of acrylic used in tanning beds is most often formulated from a special type of polymethyl methacrylate, a compound that allows the passage of ultraviolet rays.
* Sheets of PMMA are commonly used in the sign industry to make flat cut out letters in thicknesses typically varying from {{convert|3|to|25|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. These letters may be used alone to represent a company's name and/or logo, or they may be a component of illuminated channel letters.  Acrylic is also used extensively throughout the sign industry as a component of wall signs where it may be a backplate, painted on the surface or the backside, a faceplate with additional raised lettering or even photographic images printed directly to it, or a spacer to separate sign components.
* Sheets of PMMA are commonly used in the sign industry to make flat cut out letters in thicknesses typically varying from {{convert|3|to|25|mm|in|1|sp=us}}. These letters may be used alone to represent a company's name and/or logo, or they may be a component of illuminated channel letters.  Acrylic is also used extensively throughout the sign industry as a component of wall signs where it may be a backplate, painted on the surface or the backside, a faceplate with additional raised lettering or even photographic images printed directly to it, or a spacer to separate sign components.
* PMMA was used in [[Laserdisc]] optical media.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/howelectronicthi00good_0 |url-access=registration |quote=PMMA Laserdisc. |title=How Electronic Things Work... And What to do When They Don't |last=Goodman |first=Robert L. |date=2002-11-19 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=9780071429245 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Compact Disc|CD]]s and [[DVD]]s use both acrylic and polycarbonate for impact resistance).
* PMMA was used in [[Laserdisc]] optical media.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/howelectronicthi00good_0 |url-access=registration |quote=PMMA Laserdisc. |title=How Electronic Things Work... And What to do When They Don't |last=Goodman |first=Robert L. |date=2002-11-19 |publisher=McGraw Hill Professional |isbn=9780071429245 |language=en}}</ref> ([[Compact Disc|CD]]s and [[DVD]]s use both acrylic and polycarbonate for impact resistance).
* It is used as a light guide for the backlights in [[TFT LCD|TFT-LCDs]].{{citation needed|date=November 2013}}
* It is used as a light guide for the backlights in [[TFT LCD|TFT-LCDs]].<ref>{{Citation |last=Williams |first=K.S. |title=Recycling liquid crystal displays |date=2012 |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/B9780857090898500143 |work=Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) Handbook |pages=312–338 |publisher=Elsevier |language=en |doi=10.1533/9780857096333.3.312 |isbn=978-0-85709-089-8 |access-date=2022-06-27 |last2=Mcdonnell |first2=T.}}</ref>
* [[Plastic optical fiber]] used for short-distance communication is made from PMMA, and perfluorinated PMMA, clad with fluorinated PMMA, in situations where its flexibility and cheaper installation costs outweigh its poor heat tolerance and higher attenuation over glass fiber.
* [[Plastic optical fiber]] used for short-distance communication is made from PMMA, and perfluorinated PMMA, clad with fluorinated PMMA, in situations where its flexibility and cheaper installation costs outweigh its poor heat tolerance and higher attenuation over glass fiber.
* PMMA, in a purified form, is used as the matrix in [[laser dye]]-doped organic solid-state gain media for tunable [[solid state dye lasers]].<ref>[[F. J. Duarte|Duarte, F. J.]] (Ed.), ''Tunable Laser Applications'' (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapters 3 and 4.</ref>
* PMMA, in a purified form, is used as the matrix in [[laser dye]]-doped organic solid-state gain media for tunable [[solid state dye lasers]].<ref>[[F. J. Duarte|Duarte, F. J.]] (Ed.), ''Tunable Laser Applications'' (CRC, New York, 2009) Chapters 3 and 4.</ref>
Line 224: Line 228:
* In the 1960s, [[luthier]] [[Dan Armstrong]] developed a line of electric guitars and basses whose bodies were made completely of acrylic. These instruments were marketed under the [[Ampeg]] brand. [[Ibanez]]<ref>[http://www.ibanezregister.com/Gallery/js/gal-js2k.htm JS2K-PLT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120415/http://www.ibanezregister.com/Gallery/js/gal-js2k.htm |date=2007-09-28}}. Ibanezregister.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.</ref> and [[B.C. Rich]] have also made acrylic guitars.
* In the 1960s, [[luthier]] [[Dan Armstrong]] developed a line of electric guitars and basses whose bodies were made completely of acrylic. These instruments were marketed under the [[Ampeg]] brand. [[Ibanez]]<ref>[http://www.ibanezregister.com/Gallery/js/gal-js2k.htm JS2K-PLT] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928120415/http://www.ibanezregister.com/Gallery/js/gal-js2k.htm |date=2007-09-28}}. Ibanezregister.com. Retrieved 2012-05-09.</ref> and [[B.C. Rich]] have also made acrylic guitars.
* [[Ludwig-Musser]] makes a line of acrylic drums called Vistalites, well known as being used by [[Led Zeppelin]] drummer [[John Bonham]].
* [[Ludwig-Musser]] makes a line of acrylic drums called Vistalites, well known as being used by [[Led Zeppelin]] drummer [[John Bonham]].
* [[Artificial nails]] in the "acrylic" type often include PMMA powder.<ref>{{cite book |title=Australian nail technology |last=Symington |first=Jan |publisher=Tertiary Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0864585981 |location=Croydon, Victoria, Australia |pages=11 |chapter=Salon management}}</ref>
* [[Artificial nails]] in the "acrylic" type often include PMMA powder.<ref>{{cite book |title=Australian nail technology |last=Symington |first=Jan |publisher=Tertiary Press |year=2006 |isbn=978-0864585981 |location=Croydon, Victoria, Australia |page=11 |chapter=Salon management}}</ref>
* Some modern briar, and occasionally meerschaum, tobacco pipes sport stems made of Lucite.
* Some modern briar, and occasionally meerschaum, tobacco pipes sport stems made of Lucite.
* PMMA technology is utilized in roofing and waterproofing applications. By incorporating a polyester fleece sandwiched between two layers of catalyst-activated PMMA resin, a fully reinforced liquid membrane is created ''in situ''.
* PMMA technology is utilized in roofing and waterproofing applications. By incorporating a polyester fleece sandwiched between two layers of catalyst-activated PMMA resin, a fully reinforced liquid membrane is created ''in situ''.
Line 233: Line 237:
File:Basscat Bass.jpg|An electric [[bass guitar]] made from poly(methyl methacrylate)
File:Basscat Bass.jpg|An electric [[bass guitar]] made from poly(methyl methacrylate)
</gallery>
</gallery>
[[File:Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG|thumb|right|upright|A [[Futuro]] house in [[Warrington, New Zealand]]]]


==Biodegradation==
==Biodegradation==
The [[Futuro]] house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate); one of them was found to be degrading by [[cyanobacteria]] and [[Archaea]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001 |title=Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: Can biotechnology help? |year=2006 |last1=Cappitelli |first1=Francesca |last2=Principi |first2=Pamela |last3=Sorlini |first3=Claudia |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=350–4 |pmid=16782219}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400844 |title=Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage |year=2006 |last1=Rinaldi |first1=Andrea |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1075–9 |pmid=17077862 |pmc=1679785}}</ref>
The [[Futuro]] house was made of fibreglass-reinforced polyester plastic, polyester-polyurethane, and poly(methylmethacrylate); one of them was found to be degrading by [[cyanobacteria]] and [[Archaea]].<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1016/j.tibtech.2006.06.001 |title=Biodeterioration of modern materials in contemporary collections: Can biotechnology help? |year=2006 |last1=Cappitelli |first1=Francesca |last2=Principi |first2=Pamela |last3=Sorlini |first3=Claudia |journal=Trends in Biotechnology |volume=24 |issue=8 |pages=350–4 |pmid=16782219}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1038/sj.embor.7400844 |title=Saving a fragile legacy. Biotechnology and microbiology are increasingly used to preserve and restore the world's cultural heritage |year=2006 |last1=Rinaldi |first1=Andrea |journal=EMBO Reports |volume=7 |issue=11 |pages=1075–9 |pmid=17077862 |pmc=1679785}}</ref>
[[File:Futuro_house_Warrington.JPG|thumb|center|upright|A [[Futuro]] house in [[Warrington, New Zealand]]]]


==See also==
==See also==
Line 243: Line 247:
* [[Organic photonics]]
* [[Organic photonics]]
* [[Polycarbonate]]
* [[Polycarbonate]]
{{Clear}}


==References==
==References==
Line 262: Line 265:
[[Category:Dielectrics]]
[[Category:Dielectrics]]
[[Category:Engineering plastic]]
[[Category:Engineering plastic]]
[[Category:German inventions]]
[[Category:Optical materials]]
[[Category:Optical materials]]
[[Category:Plastics]]
[[Category:Plastics]]
[[Category:Thermoplastics]]
[[Category:Thermoplastics]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]
[[Category:Transparent materials]]
Retrieved from "https://en.bharatpedia.org/wiki/Special:MobileDiff/323147"