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Third Front (India): Difference between revisions
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{{Short description|Political alliances challenging India's two dominant parties}} | {{Short description|Political alliances challenging India's two dominant parties}} | ||
{{Other uses|Third Front (disambiguation){{!}}Third Front}} | |||
{{More citations needed|date=November 2016}} | {{More citations needed|date=November 2016}} | ||
{{EngvarB|date=November 2019}} | {{EngvarB|date=November 2019}} | ||
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} | {{Use dmy dates|date=November 2019}} | ||
'''Third Front '''in Indian politics refers to various alliances formed by smaller parties at various points of time since 1989 to offer a third option to Indian voters, challenging the [[Indian National Congress]] and [[Bharatiya Janata Party]]. | '''Third Front '''in Indian politics refers to various alliances formed by smaller parties at various points of time since 1989 to offer a third option to Indian voters, challenging the [[Indian National Congress]] (INC) and [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]]. | ||
==National Front (1989–1991)== | ==National Front (1989–1991)== | ||
National Front (NF) was a coalition of political parties | National Front (NF) was a coalition of political parties led by the [[Janata Dal]] which formed [[India]]'s government between 1989 and 1990.w [[N. T. Rama Rao]], popularly known as NTR, was the president of national front and [[V. P. Singh]] was its convener. The coalition's prime minister was V. P. Singh, later succeeded by [[Chandra Shekhar]]. The parties in the Front were: Janata Dal at the national level, [[Telugu Desam Party]] of [[Andhra Pradesh]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]] of [[Tamil Nadu]], and [[Asom Gana Parishad]] of [[Assam]] and [[Indian Congress (Socialist)]]. They were supported from outside by the [[Left Democratic Front|Left Front]]. The [[Leader of the Opposition (India)|Leader of the Opposition]], [[P. Upendra]] was a General Secretary of the Front at its formation. | ||
In 1991, [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] became a part of the Front. TDP split in 1995, with a minority faction siding with N. T. Rama Rao and the majority faction choosing to side with [[Chandrababu Naidu]]. The Front collapsed before the Lok Sabha elections of 1996, when NF tried to rope in both DMK and AIADMK, resulting in the DMK walking out. After NTR died of a heart attack in January 1996, Janata Dal stood by [[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|Rama Rao's widow Lakshmi Parvathi]] while Left parties formed an alliance with Chandrababu Naidu. | In 1991, [[Jharkhand Mukti Morcha]] became a part of the Front. TDP split in 1995, with a minority faction siding with N. T. Rama Rao and the majority faction choosing to side with [[Chandrababu Naidu]]. The Front collapsed before the Lok Sabha elections of 1996, when NF tried to rope in both DMK and AIADMK, resulting in the DMK walking out. After NTR died of a heart attack in January 1996, Janata Dal stood by [[NTR Telugu Desam Party (Lakshmi Parvathi)|Rama Rao's widow Lakshmi Parvathi]] while Left parties formed an alliance with Chandrababu Naidu. | ||
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==United Front (1996–1998)== | ==United Front (1996–1998)== | ||
{{main|United Front (India)}} | {{main|United Front (India)}} | ||
After the 1996 elections, Janata Dal, [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]], [[Left Front | After the 1996 elections, Janata Dal, [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Telugu Desam Party]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[All India Indira Congress (Tiwari)]], [[Left Democratic Front|Left Front]] (4 parties), [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], [[Jammu & Kashmir National Conference|National Conference]], and [[Maharashtrawadi Gomantak Party]] formed a 13 party United Front (UF). The coalition formed two governments in India between 1996 and 1998. The [[Prime Minister of India|Prime Minister]] was first from [[Janata Dal]] - [[H. D. Deve Gowda]], then later succeeded by [[I. K. Gujral]], after [[Jyoti Basu]], [[V. P. Singh]] declined to become the Prime Minister. Both governments were supported from outside by the [[Indian National Congress]] under [[Sitaram Kesri]].<ref name="Ahuja1998">{{cite book|author=M. L. Ahuja|title=Electoral politics and general elections in India, 1952-1998|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CFCjniBF9s8C&pg=PA9|access-date=10 December 2010|year=1998|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-711-5|pages=9–}}</ref> [[N. Chandrababu Naidu]] of the [[Telugu Desam Party]] served as the convener of United Front. | ||
The Indian general election in 1996 returned a fractured verdict. With the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] emerging as the largest party, with 161 of 543 seats, it was invited first to form a government. It accepted the offer, and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was sworn in as prime minister. However, he was unable to muster a majority on the floor of the house, and the government fell 13 days later. At a meeting of all the other parties, the Indian National Congress, with a substantial 140 seats, declined to head the government and along with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], agreed to extend outside support to a coalition with the [[Janata Dal]] at its head, named the "United Front". Other members of the front included the [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Telugu Desam Party]]. | The Indian general election in 1996 returned a fractured verdict. With the [[Bharatiya Janata Party|Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP)]] emerging as the largest party, with 161 of 543 seats, it was invited first to form a government. It accepted the offer, and [[Atal Bihari Vajpayee]] was sworn in as prime minister. However, he was unable to muster a majority on the floor of the house, and the government fell 13 days later. At a meeting of all the other parties, the Indian National Congress, with a substantial 140 seats, declined to head the government and along with the [[Communist Party of India (Marxist)]], agreed to extend outside support to a coalition with the [[Janata Dal]] at its head, named the "United Front". Other members of the front included the [[Samajwadi Party]], [[Dravida Munnetra Kazhagam]], [[Asom Gana Parishad]], [[Tamil Maanila Congress]], [[Communist Party of India]] and [[Telugu Desam Party]]. | ||