Urbanization: Difference between revisions

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 Though Greater Busan-Ulsan (15%, 8 million) and Greater Osaka (14%, 18 million) exhibit strong dominance in their respective countries, they are losing population to their even more dominant rivals, Seoul and Tokyo respectively.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Jacobs|first=A.J|date=2011|title=Ulsan, South Korea: A Global and Nested 'Great' Industrial City|url=https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/51179815.pdf|journal=The Open Urban Studies Journal|volume=4|issue=8–20|pages=8–20|doi=10.2174/1874942901104010008|via=core.ac.uk|doi-access=free}}</ref>
+==Economic effects ==
+[[File:Crowded BTS Asok Station.jpg|thumb|A crowded [[BTS Skytrain|BTS Station]] during the rush hour in [[Bangkok]], [[Thailand]]]]
+As cities develop, effects can include a dramatic increase and change in costs, often pricing the local [[working class]] out of the market, including such functionaries as employees of the local municipalities. For example, [[Eric Hobsbawm]]'s book ''The age of revolution: 1789–1848'' (published 1962 and 2005) chapter 11, stated "Urban development in our period was a gigantic process of class segregation, which pushed the new labouring poor into great morasses of misery outside the centres of government, business, and the newly specialized residential areas of the bourgeoisie. The almost universal European division into a 'good' west end and a 'poor' east end of large cities developed in this period." This is likely due to the prevailing south-west wind which carries coal smoke and other airborne pollutants downwind, making the western edges of towns preferable to the eastern ones.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/cities/2017/may/12/blowing-wind-cities-poor-east-ends|title=Blowing in the wind: why do so many cities have poor east ends?|first=Leo|last=Benedictus|date=12 May 2017|newspaper=The Guardian}}</ref>
+Similar problems now affect the developing world, rising inequality resulting from rapid urbanization trends. The drive for rapid urban growth and often efficiency can lead to less equitable urban development. Think tanks such as the [[Overseas Development Institute]] have proposed policies that encourage labour-intensive growth as a means of absorbing the influx of low-skilled and unskilled labour.<ref>Grant, Ursula (2008) [http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1969&title=opportunity-exploitation-urban-labour-markets Opportunity and exploitation in urban labour markets] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120918135852/http://www.odi.org.uk/resources/details.asp?id=1969&title=opportunity-exploitation-urban-labour-markets |date=18 September 2012 }} London: [[Overseas Development Institute]]</ref> One problem these migrant workers are involved with is the growth of [[slums]]. In many cases, the rural-urban low skilled or unskilled migrant workers, attracted by economic opportunities in urban areas, cannot find a job and afford housing in cities and have to dwell in slums.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Todaro |first=Michael P. |title=A Model of Labor Migration and Urban Unemployment in Less Developed Countries |journal=The American Economic Review |year=1969 |volume=59 |issue=1 |page=148}}</ref>
+Urban problems, along with infrastructure developments, are also fuelling suburbanization trends in developing nations, though the trend for core cities in said nations tends to continue to become ever denser. Urbanization is often viewed as a negative trend, but there are positives in the reduction of expenses in commuting and transportation while improving opportunities for jobs, education, housing, and transportation. Living in cities permits individuals and families to take advantage of the opportunities of proximity and diversity.<ref>{{cite journal|author=Glaeser, Edward|title=Are Cities Dying? |journal=The Journal of Economic Perspectives |volume=12 |issue=2 |date=Spring 1998 |pages=139–60 |doi=10.1257/jep.12.2.139|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name="brand">{{cite web |url=http://web.me.com/stewartbrand/DISCIPLINE_footnotes/2_-_City_Planet.html |title=Whole Earth Discipline – annotated extract |author=Brand, Stewart |access-date=29 November 2009}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi=10.1177/089124249701100101 |title=Neighborhood Initiative and the Regional Economy| journal = Economic Development Quarterly| volume = 11| pages = 3–10| year = 1997| last1 = Nowak | first1 = J.|s2cid=154678238}}</ref><ref>Using the Gall-Peters Projection it is estimated that come 2015 the worlds urban population is set to exceed 4 billion, most of this growth is expected in Africa and Asia and China to be 50% urbanized.</ref> While cities have a greater variety of markets and goods than rural areas, infrastructure congestion, monopolization, high overhead costs, and the inconvenience of cross-town trips frequently combine to make marketplace competition harsher in cities than in rural areas.{{Citation needed|date=June 2021}}
+In many developing countries where economies are growing, the growth is often erratic and based on a small number of industries. For young people in these countries, barriers exist such as lack of access to financial services and business advisory services, difficulty in obtaining credit to start a business, and lack of entrepreneurial skills, in order for them to access opportunities in these industries. Investment in human capital so that young people have access to quality education and infrastructure to enable access to educational facilities is imperative to overcoming economic barriers.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.unfpa.org/swop |title=State of the World Population 2014 |year=2014 |publisher= UNFPA}}</ref>