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{{short description|history of Manipur state in northeastern India}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2013}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
{{Kingdom of Manipur}}
The '''history of [[Manipur]]''' ([[Kangleipak]] in ancient times)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=Ancient Name Of Manipur – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/04/ancient-name-of-manipur/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur’s titular king tastes ‘power’, says will be happy if addressed as Maharaja|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/20/manipurs-titular-king-tastes-power-says-will-be-happy-if-addressed-as-maharaja-2159154.html|quote=The Kingdom of Manipur or “Kangleipak Kingdom” was a princely state|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> is reflected by archaeological research, mythology and [[recorded history|written history]].
[[File:Pakhangba_Temple_at_Kangla_Fort.JPG|thumb|center|upright=2.5|[[Iputhou Pakhangba Laishang]], an ancient temple dedicated to [[Pakhangba]], a primordial deity of traditional ancient [[Meitei religion]], located in [[Kangla]].]]
The '''history of [[Manipur]]''' ([[Kangleipak]] in ancient times)<ref>{{Cite web|last=Press|first=Imphal Free|title=Ancient Name Of Manipur – KanglaOnline|url=http://kanglaonline.com/2012/04/ancient-name-of-manipur/|access-date=2020-11-30|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur’s titular king tastes ‘power’, says will be happy if addressed as Maharaja|url=https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/jun/20/manipurs-titular-king-tastes-power-says-will-be-happy-if-addressed-as-maharaja-2159154.html|quote=The Kingdom of Manipur or “Kangleipak Kingdom” was a princely state|access-date=2020-11-30|website=The New Indian Express}}</ref> is reflected by archaeological research and recorded history.
With the flourishing of an antique civilization,<ref>https://www.imphaltimes.com/it-articles/item/5532-is-32-000-years-of-meitei-civilization-a-sign-of-tribalism</ref><ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=reviews.books.Review_Kangleipak_The_Cradle_Of_Man</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#1.GEOGRAPHIC%20LOCATION%20OF%20MANIPUR</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#(i)%20The%20Ancient%20(before%20christ)</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#(ii).%20The%20Early%20Period</ref> the [[Kangla]] served as the foremost capital city of [[Ancient Manipur]], [[Medieval Manipur]] and [[History of modern Manipur|Modern Manipur]] till the late 19th century AD.<ref>http://www.e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.Kangla.Kangla_The_ancient_Capital_of_Manipur</ref> The realm has its earliest recorded evidence of the existence of monarchy rule right from the reign of Emperor [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]] (1445 BC-1405 BC).<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#Main%20Source</ref>


Manipur became a [[princely state]] under British rule in 1891, the last of the independent states to be incorporated into [[British India]]. During the [[Second World War]], Manipur was the scene of battles between Japanese and Allied forces. After the war, [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm |title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> It was made a union territory in 1956<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a full-fledged state in 1972.<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf]</ref>
Manipur became a princely state under British rule in 1891, the last of the independent states to be incorporated into [[British India]]. During the [[Second World War]], Manipur was the scene of battles between Japanese and Allied forces. After the war, [[Bodhchandra Singh|Maharaja Bodhachandra]] signed a Treaty of Accession merging the kingdom into India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm |title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949 |publisher=Satp.org |access-date=1 May 2014}}</ref> It was made a union territory in 1956<ref>{{cite web |url=http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |title=The Constitution (Amendment) |publisher=Indiacode.nic.in |access-date=1 May 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170501011646/http://indiacode.nic.in/coiweb/amend/amend7.htm |archive-date=1 May 2017 |url-status=dead }}</ref> and a full-fledged state in 1972.<ref>[http://indiacode.nic.in/acts-in-pdf/392012.pdf]</ref>


==Prehistoric Manipur==
==Prehistoric Manipur==
{{See|Prehistory of Manipur}}
{{See|Prehistory of Manipur}}
[[Manipur]] has recorded evidences of prehistory or pre literary history of the mankind.
Many evidences of prehistory or pre literary history of the mankind have been found in [[Manipur]]. And many are still yet not discovered.
 
=== Human settlement ===
Few attempts have been made to establish the earliest human settlement in Northeast India, and it is generally thought to have been uninhabited by [[archaic humans]] prior to late [[Pleistocene]] due to unfavorable geographical conditions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=73,74}} This is however disputed and Northeast Corridors are proposed by some scholars to have played a defining role in early hominid migrations and [[peopling of India]].{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=74,92}}
 
=== Paleolithic ===
A few paleolithic sites (Khangkhui, Napachik , Machi, Somgu and Singtom) have been located in Manipur.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=79,90}} Though, in absence of good chrono-stratigraphic context of the founds and their cohabitation with remains of other ages, accuracy of such identifications remains open to critiques.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} The existence of [[Hoabinhian|Hoabinhian-like complexes]] remains disputed, as well.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=86}}
 
Most scholars don't discuss a paleolithic age in Manipur (and Northeast).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=75,80}} Manjil Hazarika, in his 2017 survey of prehistory of Northeast India, rejects that there exist plausible grounds to deny presence of Paleolithic culture.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=153}}
 
=== Neolithic ===
Multiple [[Neolithic|neolithic sites]] have been identified in Manipur; they include Nongpok Keithelmanbi, Napachik, Laimenai, Naran Siena, and Phunan.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=100,111,112}} Considered to be part of a larger South East Asian complex, the identifications are primarily accorded on the bases of stone tools and pottery (esp. cord-impressed ware); characteristic cultural identifiers of the Neolithic (agriculture, animal rearing etc.) are yet to be located and their development chronology is subject of active research.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=95,111,112,141,142,153}} Hazarika notes the Neolithic culture in Northeast to have began some four thousand years after that in the Gangetic Plains.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=140}}
 
[[Roger Blench]], in agreement with [[George van Driem]]'s reconstructions of archeo-linguistic history of South East Asia, proposes that Northeast India accommodated a diverse group of foragers since neolithic age, who learned agriculture and animal rearing c. 4000 B.C before migrating eastwards and establishing the [[Tibeto-Burman languages|Tibeto-Burman]] (TB) phylum.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=58}} [[Meitei language|Meiteilon]], lingua-franca of Meiteis belongs to the TB phylum.{{sfn|Post|2017|p=232,233}} Hazarika notes the Manipuri sites to have an abundance of three-legged pottery and cord-impressed ware, very similar to the ones found in Southern China and Thailand, and hypothesizes that Manipur might have been the melting pot of Neolithic impulses from adjoining regions.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=112,113,142,143}}
 
=== Chalcolithic and beyond ===
Hazarika notes the broader region to not show evidence of any significant cultural transformation, upon the dawning of [[Chalcolithic|Copper Age]] (and then, [[Iron Age]]).{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=16}} The state has an abundance of [[megalith]]s of various shapes, serving distinct purposes.{{sfn|Hazarika|2017|p=150,151}}
 
The valley region has been long inhabited by distinct ''yeks'' (clans), who probably migrated from Southern China during the late Iron Age, sometime before the Christian era.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=1,3}} The hills house tribes, who are probably of autochthonous origins.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=1,3}}


== Ancient period ==
== Ancient period ==
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Historical documentations exists in the form of written records about Manipuri history in these spans — the geopolitical history of the region along with the ethno-linguistic background of the inhabitants are largely recorded.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=122}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=55}}  
Historical documentations exists in the form of written records about Manipuri history in these spans — the geopolitical history of the region along with the ethno-linguistic background of the inhabitants are largely recorded.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Brandt|2017|pp=122}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=55}}  
The earliest recorded evidence of the existence of [[monarchy]] right from the reign of Emperor [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]] (1445 BC-1405 BC).<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#Main%20Source</ref>
The earliest recorded evidence of the existence of [[monarchy]] right from the reign of Emperor [[Tangja Leela Pakhangba]] (1445 BC-1405 BC).<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/meiteikings.html</ref><ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/puwarimeitei.html#Main%20Source</ref>
The game of [[polo]] (as [[Sagol Kangjei]]) was invented by King [[Ningthou Kangba]] (1405 BC- 1359 BC). This remarkable achievement was recorded in the [[Kangbalon]] and the [[Kangjeirol]], two of the old manuscripts of [[Ancient Meitei language]].<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref>
The game of [[polo]] (as [[Sagol Kangjei]]) was invented by King [[Ningthou Kangba]] (1405 BC- 1359 BC). This remarkable achievement was recorded in the [[Kangbalon]] and the [[Kangjeirol]], two of the old manuscripts of [[Ancient Meitei language]].<ref>https://themanipurpage.tripod.com/history/sagolkangjei.html</ref> During the reign of Maliyapham Palcha (aka. Mariyafambalcha) (1359 BC- 1329 BC), the present day [[Meitei calendar]] was invented and developed in a systematic way for public usage.<ref>http://e-pao.net/epSubPageExtractor.asp?src=manipur.History_of_Manipur.Discovery_of_Kangleipak.Names_of_12_months_of_Kangleipak_concepts_and_significances</ref>
 
[[File:Uttra_Sanglen.JPG|thumb|upright=2|[[Kangla]], the foremost capital city of [[Ancient Manipur]] ([[Antique Kangleipak]]).]]
The primary source has always been found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (henceforth, Ch.K.) — the court history of the Kings of Manipur — which dates the first king to 33 C.E.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=45-46}} Ch.K. is  a Meitei chronicle — Meitei was one of the  clans, the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=57-58}}  
The majority of the sources are found in the [[Cheitharol Kumbaba]] (henceforth, Ch.K.) — the court history of the Kings of Manipur — which dates the first king to 33 C.E.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=2,13}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=45-46}} Ch.K. is  a Meitei chronicle — recording mostly of the [[Ningthouja dynasty]].{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=4}}{{sfnp|Sebastian|2019|pp=57-58}}  


The initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=6}}
The initiation date of 33 CE was arrived upon by the scribes via astrological calculations.{{sfnp|Parratt|2005|pp=6}}
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{{See|History of modern Manipur}}
{{See|History of modern Manipur}}
[[File:FB7A9290.jpg|thumb|center|The Temple of Shri Govindaji in [[Imphal]], is the center of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] of the [[Meitei Hindus]] in [[Manipur|Meitei world]].]]
[[File:FB7A9290.jpg|thumb|center|The Temple of Shri Govindaji in [[Imphal]], is the center of [[Meitei Vaishnavism]] of the [[Meitei Hindus]] in [[Manipur|Meitei world]].]]
[[Manipur]], in modern times, face many events, including the [[Seven Years Devastation]], the exploitations of the
Manipuri Levy, the
[[Anglo-Manipuri War]] and then
[[Japanese bombing at Imphal]] during the World War II.


==See also==
==See also==
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==Bibliography==
==Bibliography==
* {{Cite thesis|last=Beemer|first=Bryce|title=The creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18<sup>th</sup> - 19<sup>th</sup> c.|date=2013|publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa|id={{ProQuest|1513230576}}}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Beemer|first=Bryce|title=The creole city in mainland Southeast Asia: Slave gathering warfare and cultural exchange in Burma, Thailand and Manipur, 18th - 19th c.|date=2013|publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa|id={{ProQuest|1513230576}}}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org}}
* {{cite book |last=Harvey |first=G. E.| title=History of Burma: From the Earliest Times to 10 March 1824 |publisher=Frank Cass & Co. Ltd |year=1925 |location=London |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gov.ignca.9463 |via=archive.org}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Manjil|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001/oso-9780199474660|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-947466-0|language=en}}
* {{Cite book|last=Hazarika|first=Manjil|url=https://oxford.universitypressscholarship.com/view/10.1093/oso/9780199474660.001.0001/oso-9780199474660|title=Prehistory and Archaeology of Northeast India: Multidisciplinary Investigation in an Archaeological Terra Incognita|date=2017|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-947466-0|language=en}}
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* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-26/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Naorem|first=Naorem Malemsanba|chapter=Centrality of body politics in Thokachanba’s script and cultural revivalism in Manipur|chapter-url=https://www.taylorfrancis.com/chapters/edit/10.4324/9781315638317-26/centrality-body-politics-thokachanba-script-cultural-revivalism-manipur-naorem-malemsanba-meetei|title=Colonialism and Resistance: Society and State in Manipur|date=2015|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781315638317|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini Arambam|title=The Court Chronicle of the Kings of Manipur: The Cheitharon Kumpapa : Original Text, Translation, and Notes|date=2005|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-34430-1|location=London}}
* {{Cite book|last=Post|first=Mark W.|edition=2|editor1-last=LaPolla|editor1-first=Randy J.|editor2-last=Thurgood|editor2-first=Graham|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-138-78332-4|last2=Burling|first2=Robbins|pages=213-242}}
* {{Cite book|last=Post|first=Mark W.|edition=2|editor1-last=LaPolla|editor1-first=Randy J.|editor2-last=Thurgood|editor2-first=Graham|title=The Sino-Tibetan Languages|chapter=The Tibeto-Burman Languages of Northeast India|date=2017|publisher=Routledge|language=en|isbn=978-1-138-78332-4|last2=Burling|first2=Robbins|pages=213–242}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sebastian|first=Rodney|title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās|date=2019|publisher=University of Florida|id={{ProQuest|2464172212}}}}
* {{Cite thesis|last=Sebastian|first=Rodney|title=Cultural Fusion in a Religious Dance Drama: Building the Sacred Body in the Manipuri Rāslīlās|date=2019|publisher=University of Florida|id={{ProQuest|2464172212}}}}


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