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[[File:Action by Lt CJW Grant, VC, 1891.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant [[Charles James William Grant|CJW Grant]], during the action at [[Thoubal]], on 1 April 1891.|280px]] | [[File:Action by Lt CJW Grant, VC, 1891.jpg|thumb|right|Lieutenant [[Charles James William Grant|CJW Grant]], during the action at [[Thoubal]], on 1 April 1891.|280px]] | ||
{{Infobox military conflict | {{Infobox military conflict | ||
| conflict = Anglo- | | conflict = Anglo-Manipuri War | ||
| partof = | | partof = | ||
| image =kangla3.jpg | | image =kangla3.jpg | ||
| caption =The sculptures of two dragons situated in front of the [[Kangla Palace]], which were destroyed during the war. | | caption =The sculptures of two [[Kanglasha]] dragons situated in front of the [[Kangla Palace]], which were destroyed during the war. | ||
| date =31 March – 27 April 1891<ref name=sPw/> | | date =31 March – 27 April 1891<ref name=sPw/> | ||
| place = [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]] | | place = [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]] | ||
| Line 22: | Line 22: | ||
}} | }} | ||
The '''Anglo- | The '''Anglo-Manipuri War''' was an armed conflict between the [[British Empire]] and the [[Manipur (princely state)|Kingdom of Manipur]]. The war lasted between 31 March and 27 April 1891, ending in a British victory. | ||
==Background== | ==Background== | ||
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Quinton arrived in Manipur on 22 March 1891, with an escort of 400 [[Gurkha]]s under the command of Colonel Skene. The plan was to hold a Darbar in the residency with the erstwhile ''jubraj'' Kulachandra Singh (now regarded as the Regent) attending along with all the nobles, where a demand would be made to surrender the ''senapati''. The Regent came to attend the Darbar, but the ''senapati'' did not. Another attempt was made the next day which was also unsuccessful.<ref>{{harvp|Temple, The Manipur Bue-Book|1891|pp=919–920}} (Government of India's report to the Secretary of State in London)</ref> Quinton ordered the arrest of ''senapati'' in his own fort, which was evidently repulsed and the residency itself was besieged. Finally Quinton went on to negotiate with Tikendrajit, accompanied by Grimwood, Skene and other British officers. The talks failed and while returning, the British party was attacked by an "angry crowd". Grimwood was speared to death. The others escaped to the fort. But during the night the crowd led them out and executed them, Quinton included.<ref name=Quinton>{{Cite web |last=Prior |first=Katherine |title=Quinton, James Wallace (1834–1891), administrator in India |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22968 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22968}}</ref>{{efn |According to the Manipur State Archives, they were executed upon the orders of Tikenajit Singh.<ref name=sPw/>}} | Quinton arrived in Manipur on 22 March 1891, with an escort of 400 [[Gurkha]]s under the command of Colonel Skene. The plan was to hold a Darbar in the residency with the erstwhile ''jubraj'' Kulachandra Singh (now regarded as the Regent) attending along with all the nobles, where a demand would be made to surrender the ''senapati''. The Regent came to attend the Darbar, but the ''senapati'' did not. Another attempt was made the next day which was also unsuccessful.<ref>{{harvp|Temple, The Manipur Bue-Book|1891|pp=919–920}} (Government of India's report to the Secretary of State in London)</ref> Quinton ordered the arrest of ''senapati'' in his own fort, which was evidently repulsed and the residency itself was besieged. Finally Quinton went on to negotiate with Tikendrajit, accompanied by Grimwood, Skene and other British officers. The talks failed and while returning, the British party was attacked by an "angry crowd". Grimwood was speared to death. The others escaped to the fort. But during the night the crowd led them out and executed them, Quinton included.<ref name=Quinton>{{Cite web |last=Prior |first=Katherine |title=Quinton, James Wallace (1834–1891), administrator in India |url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/view/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-22968 |website=Oxford Dictionary of National Biography |year=2004 |doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/22968}}</ref>{{efn |According to the Manipur State Archives, they were executed upon the orders of Tikenajit Singh.<ref name=sPw/>}} | ||
According to later accounts, Quinton had proposed to Kulachandra Singh a cessation of all hostilities and his return to [[Kohima]] (in Naga Hills to the north of Manipur). Kulachandra and Tikendrajit regarded the proposals as deception. | According to later accounts, Quinton had proposed to Kulachandra Singh a cessation of all hostilities and his return to [[Kohima]] (in Naga Hills to the north of Manipur). Kulachandra and Tikendrajit regarded the proposals as deception.<ref name=sPw>{{cite web |url=http://archivesmanipur.nic.in/whoswho.htm |title=The Anglo Manipur War 1891 and its Consequences |work=Manipur State Archives |date=19 January 2012 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Grimwood/> | ||
The surviving British troops besieged in the residency were led out by two junior officers in the dead of night, along with Frank Grimwood's wife [[Ethel Grimwood]]. It was a disorganised retreat. But they were met in the forests by a relief party arriving from [[Cachar]] and were rescued. The Residency was set on fire soon after their departure.<ref name=Grimwood/>{{sfnp|Temple, The Manipur Bue-Book|1891|p=921}}{{sfnp|Phanjoubam, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=133}} | The surviving British troops besieged in the residency were led out by two junior officers in the dead of night, along with Frank Grimwood's wife [[Ethel Grimwood]]. It was a disorganised retreat. But they were met in the forests by a relief party arriving from [[Cachar]] and were rescued. The Residency was set on fire soon after their departure.<ref name=Grimwood/>{{sfnp|Temple, The Manipur Bue-Book|1891|p=921}}{{sfnp|Phanjoubam, Bleeding Manipur|2003|p=133}} | ||
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==Legacy== | ==Legacy== | ||
Ethel Grimwood was given £1,000, a pension and the [[Royal Red Cross]] (despite having no links to nursing).<ref name=Grimwood/> British participants of the Manipuri expedition received the North East Frontier clasp for the [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]]. Colonel [[Charles James William Grant]] also received the [[Victoria Cross]], for his actions during the battle of Thoubal.<ref name="Ahmad 2006, pp. 62–65"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/collection/watson/page382.html?sf_function=print |title=India General Service Medal (1854–1895), with bar for N. E. Frontier 1891, awarded to Subadar Jangbir Rana, 1892 |work=Fitzwilliam Museum |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611015018/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/collection/watson/page382.html?sf_function=print |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref>The [[Victoria Cross|medal]] received by Colonel [[Charles James William Grant]] was auctioned on 24 June 2021 along with other collections of historical importance for an estimated sum of £420,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-23|title=Victoria Cross soldier's medals sell for £420k|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-57581600|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> | Ethel Grimwood was given £1,000, a pension and the [[Royal Red Cross]] (despite having no links to nursing).<ref name=Grimwood/> British participants of the Manipuri expedition received the North East Frontier clasp for the [[India General Service Medal (1854)|India General Service Medal]]. Colonel [[Charles James William Grant]] also received the [[Victoria Cross]], for his actions during the battle of Thoubal.<ref name="Ahmad 2006, pp. 62–65"/><ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/collection/watson/page382.html?sf_function=print |title=India General Service Medal (1854–1895), with bar for N. E. Frontier 1891, awarded to Subadar Jangbir Rana, 1892 |work=Fitzwilliam Museum |access-date=8 June 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150611015018/http://www.fitzmuseum.cam.ac.uk/coins/collection/watson/page382.html?sf_function=print |archive-date=11 June 2015 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The [[Victoria Cross|medal]] received by Colonel [[Charles James William Grant]] was auctioned on 24 June 2021 along with other collections of historical importance for an estimated sum of £420,000.<ref>{{Cite news|date=2021-06-23|title=Victoria Cross soldier's medals sell for £420k|language=en-GB|work=BBC News|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-devon-57581600|access-date=2021-06-27}}</ref> | ||
13 August is commemorated yearly as "Patriots Day" by the Manipuri population, with remarks to honour the Kangeilpak soldiers that lost their lives during the war. Tikendrajit Singh's portrait is included in the National Portrait Gallery inside the House of the People in New Delhi. 23 April is also observed as the "Khongjom Day", marking the occasion of the battle of Khongjom.<ref name=Ja>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080609/jsp/guwahati/story_9384736.jsp |title=Tourism discovers Khongjom – Ibobi wants war cemetery developed into tourist spot |work=Calcutta Telegraph |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Do>{{cite web |url=http://manipuronline.com/features/august-13-patriots-day-freedom-they-lost-but-love-of-freedom-they-retained/2014/08/13 |title=August 13: Patriots’ Day "Freedom They Lost, But Love Of Freedom They Retained" |work=Manipur Online |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> | 13 August is commemorated yearly as "Patriots Day" by the Manipuri population, with remarks to honour the Kangeilpak soldiers that lost their lives during the war. Tikendrajit Singh's portrait is included in the National Portrait Gallery inside the House of the People in New Delhi. 23 April is also observed as the "Khongjom Day", marking the occasion of the battle of Khongjom.<ref name=Ja>{{cite web |url=http://www.telegraphindia.com/1080609/jsp/guwahati/story_9384736.jsp |title=Tourism discovers Khongjom – Ibobi wants war cemetery developed into tourist spot |work=Calcutta Telegraph |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref><ref name=Do>{{cite web |url=http://manipuronline.com/features/august-13-patriots-day-freedom-they-lost-but-love-of-freedom-they-retained/2014/08/13 |title=August 13: Patriots’ Day "Freedom They Lost, But Love Of Freedom They Retained" |work=Manipur Online |date=13 August 2014 |access-date=8 June 2015}}</ref> | ||