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|other_names=Fouoibi, Fouoipi, Fouleima, Foureima, Phouoipi, Phouoibi, Phoureima
|other_names=Fouoibi, Fouoipi, Fouleima, Foureima, Phouoipi, Phouoibi, Phoureima
|affiliation=[[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion|religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])
|affiliation=[[Meitei mythology]] ([[Manipuri mythology]]) and [[Meitei religion|religion]] ([[Sanamahism]])
|siblings=[[Thumleima]], [[Ngaleima]] and [[Ereima]] ([[Ireima]])
|siblings=[[Thumleima]], [[Ngaleima]] and [[Irai Leima|Ereima (Ireima)]]
|texts=[[Phouoibi Warol]]
|texts=[[Phouoibi Waron]]
|festivals=[[Lai Haraoba]]
|festivals=[[Lai Haraoba]]
|gender=Female
|gender=Female
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|artefacts=Round black stone kept inside a pot
|artefacts=Round black stone kept inside a pot
}}
}}
'''Phouleima''' or '''Phouoibi''' is the goddess of the agriculture, crops, fertility, grains, harvest, paddy, rice and wealth in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA334&dq=phou-oibi+waron+lady+paddy+plenty+rice+goddess+fickle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqwsXUtJD1AhXV6XMBHQaUAcIQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=phou-oibi%20waron%20lady%20paddy%20plenty%20rice%20goddess%20fickle&f=false|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=Phouoibi+goddess+wealth+Fouoibi+akong+jamba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUsNONnJD1AhXJkNgFHfeGDXIQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=Phouoibi%20goddess%20wealth%20Fouoibi%20akong%20jamba&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&pg=PA4&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ2P_zmZD1AhWijuYKHTgoDV0Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=snippet&q=phouoibi%20goddess%20paddy%20sharotkhaibam%20invoke&f=false|title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-399-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>
'''Phouleima''' or '''Phouoibi''' is the goddess of agriculture, crops, fertility, grains, harvest, paddy, rice and wealth in [[Meitei mythology]] and [[Meitei religion|religion]] of [[Ancient Kangleipak]] ([[Antique Manipur]]).<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=KYLpvaKJIMEC&pg=PA334&dq=phou-oibi+waron+lady+paddy+plenty+rice+goddess+fickle&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiqwsXUtJD1AhXV6XMBHQaUAcIQ6AF6BAgJEAM#v=onepage&q=phou-oibi%20waron%20lady%20paddy%20plenty%20rice%20goddess%20fickle&f=false|title=Medieval Indian Literature: Surveys and selections|last=Paniker|first=K. Ayyappa|date=1997|publisher=Sahitya Akademi|isbn=978-81-260-0365-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=Phouoibi+goddess+wealth+Fouoibi+akong+jamba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUsNONnJD1AhXJkNgFHfeGDXIQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=Phouoibi%20goddess%20wealth%20Fouoibi%20akong%20jamba&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vO-vtI8NuxIC&pg=PA4&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjJ2P_zmZD1AhWijuYKHTgoDV0Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=snippet&q=phouoibi%20goddess%20paddy%20sharotkhaibam%20invoke&f=false|title=Manipur: Treatise & Documents|last=Sanajaoba|first=Naorem|date=1993|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-399-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>
She is the lover of [[Akongjamba]], a nobleman in [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT236&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiutvjxyZD1AhUy7XMBHVnhDMM4MhDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=Akongjamba%20(hero)%20and%20Phouoibi%20(heroine)&f=false|title=Northeast India: A Reader|last=Oinam|first=Bhagat|last2=Sadokpam|first2=Dhiren A.|date=2018-05-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-95320-0|language=en}}</ref> But fate doesn't permit the lovers to unite. So, she reincarnated with Akongjamba in the legends.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=Phouoibi+goddess+wealth+Fouoibi+akong+jamba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUsNONnJD1AhXJkNgFHfeGDXIQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=Phouoibi%20goddess%20wealth%20Fouoibi%20akong%20jamba&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>  
She is the lover of [[Akongjamba]], a nobleman in [[Ancient Moirang]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=X31aDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT236&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiutvjxyZD1AhUy7XMBHVnhDMM4MhDoAXoECAcQAw#v=onepage&q=Akongjamba%20(hero)%20and%20Phouoibi%20(heroine)&f=false|title=Northeast India: A Reader|last=Oinam|first=Bhagat|last2=Sadokpam|first2=Dhiren A.|date=2018-05-11|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn=978-0-429-95320-0|language=en}}</ref> But fate doesn't permit the lovers to unite. So, she reincarnated with Akongjamba in the legends.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=tIBymmBWqgsC&pg=PA14&dq=Phouoibi+goddess+wealth+Fouoibi+akong+jamba&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjUsNONnJD1AhXJkNgFHfeGDXIQ6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=Phouoibi%20goddess%20wealth%20Fouoibi%20akong%20jamba&f=false|title=The Lois of Manipur: Andro, Khurkhul, Phayeng and Sekmai|last=Devi|first=Lairenlakpam Bino|date=2002|publisher=Mittal Publications|isbn=978-81-7099-849-5|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=c276DwAAQBAJ&pg=PT137&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjhq9ulwq_uAhU28HMBHVhDCoIQ6AEwAnoECAEQAg#v=onepage&q=phouoibi&f=false|title=The Cultural Heritage of Manipur|last=Meitei|first=Sanjenbam Yaiphaba|last2=Chaudhuri|first2=Sarit K.|last3=Arunkumar|first3=M. C.|date=2020-11-25|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-000-29637-2|language=en}}</ref>  
She was sent by [[Thangjing]] to [[Ancient Moirang|Kege Moirang (Keke Moilang)]] to prosper the human world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vDduAAAAMAAJ&dq=thangjing&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Lord+Thangjing+made+incarnated+moirang+|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1999|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref>
She was sent by [[Thangjing]] to [[Ancient Moirang|Kege Moirang (Keke Moilang)]] to prosper the human world.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=vDduAAAAMAAJ&dq=thangjing&focus=searchwithinvolume&q=Lord+Thangjing+made+incarnated+moirang+|title=Proceedings of North East India History Association|last=Session|first=North East India History Association|date=1999|publisher=The Association|language=en}}</ref>
The lives of the two legendary lovers were believed to be enacted by God [[Thangjing]] as a part of the [[Moirang Shayon|Moirang Saiyon]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] legends.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&pg=PA678&dq=akongjamba+phaoibi+legendary+love+stories+enacted+kangleirol+saion&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGvPT7wpX1AhX2yjgGHTEQBF0Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=akongjamba%20phaoibi%20legendary%20love%20stories%20enacted%20kangleirol%20saiyon&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref>
The lives of the two legendary lovers were believed to be enacted by God [[Thangjing]] as a part of the [[Moirang Shayon|Moirang Saiyon]] of the [[Moirang Kangleirol]] legends.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Z6d-IyINtk4C&pg=PA678&dq=akongjamba+phaoibi+legendary+love+stories+enacted+kangleirol+saion&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjGvPT7wpX1AhX2yjgGHTEQBF0Q6AF6BAgDEAM#v=onepage&q=akongjamba%20phaoibi%20legendary%20love%20stories%20enacted%20kangleirol%20saiyon&f=false|title=Encyclopaedia Of Manipur (3 Vol.)|last=Lisam|first=Khomdan Singh|date=2011|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-864-2|language=en}}</ref>


Goddess Phouleima is a [[spirit]] of the rice. So, she is not a member of the [[Umang Lai]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/91/mode/1up?q=Phouoibi+umang+lai+four+corners+three+sections&view=theater|title=Religion Of Manipur|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma Klm|pages=91}}</ref>
Goddess Phouleima is a divine spirit of the rice. So, she is not a member of the [[Umang Lai]]s.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/dli.ernet.108375/page/91/mode/1up?q=Phouoibi+umang+lai+four+corners+three+sections&view=theater|title=Religion Of Manipur|last=Parratt|first=Saroj Nalini|date=1980|publisher=Firma Klm|pages=91}}</ref>


The characters of Phouleima and other goddesses including [[Panthoibi]] and [[Emoinu]] depict as well as influence the boldness, courage, independence, righteousness and social honour of [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&pg=PA24&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj03pyQv5D1AhUCH7cAHYoWAi44FBDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=phouoibi%20shows%20that%20Meitei%20women%20are%20bold%20,%20courageous%20,%20independent%20and%20enjoy%20their%20due%20rights%20and%20have%20an%20honourable%20place%20in%20the%20society%20&f=false|title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study|last=Kipgen|first=Tingneichong G.|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-803-1|language=en}}</ref>
The characters of Phouleima and other goddesses including [[Panthoibi]] and [[Emoinu]] depict as well as influence the boldness, courage, independence, righteousness and social honour of [[Meitei people|Meitei women]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=sIEOy8SRLv8C&pg=PA24&dq=phouoibi&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwj03pyQv5D1AhUCH7cAHYoWAi44FBDoAXoECAoQAw#v=onepage&q=phouoibi%20shows%20that%20Meitei%20women%20are%20bold%20,%20courageous%20,%20independent%20and%20enjoy%20their%20due%20rights%20and%20have%20an%20honourable%20place%20in%20the%20society%20&f=false|title=Women's Role in the 20th Century Manipur: A Historical Study|last=Kipgen|first=Tingneichong G.|date=2010|publisher=Gyan Publishing House|isbn=978-81-7835-803-1|language=en}}</ref>
The [[Meitei people]] believe that the gleaming black stone is a personification of the goddess, which if kept inside the earthenware pot of the granary, will bring good luck and prosperity, as long as it shines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Cj5OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA0o2C0ZD1AhVmyDgGHTvhAeIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=phoureima%20round%20black%20stone%20sitting%20in%20a%20pot%20upon%20a%20bed%20of%20rice%20grains%20(never%20directly%20on%20the%20ground)%20within%20the%20granary.%20So%20long%20as%20the%20goddess%20is%20honored%20in%20this%20way,%20no%20shortage%20rice&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines|last=PhD|first=Patricia Monaghan|date=2014-04-01|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-60868-218-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ&q=phoureima&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0Pbbwq_uAhWRj-YKHZOdBkAQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg|title=The Art of Rice: Spirit and Sustenance in Asia|last=Hamilton|first=Roy W.|last2=Ammayao|first2=Aurora|date=2003|publisher=UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|language=en}}</ref>
The [[Meitei people]] believe that the gleaming black stone is a personification of the goddess, which if kept inside the earthenware pot of the granary, will bring good luck and prosperity, as long as it shines.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=Cj5OAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA117&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjA0o2C0ZD1AhVmyDgGHTvhAeIQ6AF6BAgIEAM#v=onepage&q=phoureima%20round%20black%20stone%20sitting%20in%20a%20pot%20upon%20a%20bed%20of%20rice%20grains%20(never%20directly%20on%20the%20ground)%20within%20the%20granary.%20So%20long%20as%20the%20goddess%20is%20honored%20in%20this%20way,%20no%20shortage%20rice&f=false|title=Encyclopedia of Goddesses and Heroines|last=PhD|first=Patricia Monaghan|date=2014-04-01|publisher=New World Library|isbn=978-1-60868-218-8|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.co.in/books?id=yyQoAQAAMAAJ&q=phoureima&dq=phoureima&hl=en&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjU0Pbbwq_uAhWRj-YKHZOdBkAQ6AEwAHoECAQQAg|title=The Art of Rice: Spirit and Sustenance in Asia|last=Hamilton|first=Roy W.|last2=Ammayao|first2=Aurora|date=2003|publisher=UCLA Fowler Museum of Cultural History|isbn=978-0-930741-98-3|language=en}}</ref>
== Etymology ==
== Etymology ==
[[File:PHOULEIMA.jpg|thumb|300px|"Phouleima", written in Meetei Mayek script]]
[[File:PHOULEIMA.jpg|thumb|300px|"Phouleima", written in Meetei Mayek script]]
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