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(Created page with "{{Short description|Name for a resident of a locality}} {{linguistics}} A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; from Ancient Greek δῆμος, ''dêmos'', "people, tribe" and ὄνυμα, ''ónyma'', "name") or '''gentilic''' (from Latin ''gentilis'', "of a clan, or gens")<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> is a word that identifies a group...")
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{{Short description|Name for a resident of a locality}}
{{Short description|Name for a resident of a locality}}
{{linguistics}}
 


A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; from [[Ancient Greek]] δῆμος, ''dêmos'', "people, tribe" and ὄνυμα, ''ónyma'', "name") or '''gentilic''' (from [[Latin]] ''gentilis'', "of a clan, or [[gens]]")<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, continent, planet, and beyond).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book|title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon|author=George H. Scheetz|publisher=Schütz Verlag|year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; ''[[Americans|American]]'' for a person from the [[United States of America]]; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].
A '''demonym''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|d|ɛ|m|ə|n|ɪ|m}}; from [[Ancient Greek]] δῆμος, ''dêmos'', "people, tribe" and ὄνυμα, ''ónyma'', "name") or '''gentilic''' (from [[Latin]] ''gentilis'', "of a clan, or [[gens]]")<ref>{{cite web|title=Dictionary|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/gentilic|website=Merriam Webster|access-date=25 July 2015}}</ref> is a word that identifies a group of people (inhabitants, residents, natives) in relation to a particular place.{{sfn|Roberts|2017|p=205}} Demonyms are usually derived from the name of the place (hamlet, village, town, city, region, province, state, country, continent, planet, and beyond).<ref name="Scheetz">{{Cite book|title=Names' Names: A Descriptive and Pervasive Onymicon|author=George H. Scheetz|publisher=Schütz Verlag|year=1988}}</ref> Demonyms are used to designate all people (the general population) of a particular place, regardless of ethnic, linguistic, religious or other cultural differences that may exist within the population of that place. Examples of demonyms include ''Cochabambino'', for someone from the city of [[Cochabamba]]; ''[[Americans|American]]'' for a person from the [[United States of America]]; and ''[[Swahili people|Swahili]]'', for a person of the [[Swahili coast]].
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English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Ethiopian'' or ''Guatemalan'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref> Often, in practice, the demonym for [[U.S. state|states]], [[provinces]] or [[cities]] is simply the name of the place, treated as an adjective; for instance, ''[[Kennewick Man]]'' and ''[[Massachusetts|Massachusetts Resident]]'' (though the demonym ''Bay Stater'', derived from its nickname, is also available, as is the more formal ''Massachusite'').
English commonly uses national demonyms such as ''Ethiopian'' or ''Guatemalan'', while the usage of local demonyms such as ''[[Chicago]]an'', ''[[Okie]]'' or ''[[Paris]]ian'' is less common. Many local demonyms are rarely used and many places, especially smaller towns and cities, lack a commonly used and accepted demonym altogether.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Russia%2CRussian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Russia%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CRussian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Kentucky%2CKentuckian&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Kentucky%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CKentuckian%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://books.google.com/ngrams/graph?content=from+Perth%2CPerthite&year_start=1808&year_end=2008&corpus=15&smoothing=3&share=&direct_url=t1%3B%2Cfrom%20Perth%3B%2Cc0%3B.t1%3B%2CPerthite%3B%2Cc0|title=Google Ngram Viewer|work=google.com}}</ref> Often, in practice, the demonym for [[U.S. state|states]], [[provinces]] or [[cities]] is simply the name of the place, treated as an adjective; for instance, ''[[Kennewick Man]]'' and ''[[Massachusetts|Massachusetts Resident]]'' (though the demonym ''Bay Stater'', derived from its nickname, is also available, as is the more formal ''Massachusite'').
==Etymology==
''[[National Geographic]]'' attributes the term ''demonym'' to [[Merriam-Webster]] editor [[Paul Dickson (writer)|Paul Dickson]] in a recent work from 1990.<ref>{{cite journal |publisher=National Geographic Society (U.S.) |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=krIOAAAAIAAJ&q=demonym |title=Gentilés, Demonyms: What's in a Name? |journal=[[National Geographic Magazine]] |volume=177 |date=February 1990 |page=170}}</ref> The word did not appear for nouns, adjectives, and verbs derived from geographical names in the Merriam-Webster Collegiate Dictionary nor in prominent style manuals such as the ''[[The Chicago Manual of Style|Chicago Manual of Style]]''. It was subsequently popularized in this sense in 1997 by Dickson in his book ''Labels for Locals''.<ref>{{cite news |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9F04EEDB143CF937A25751C1A961958260&scp=1 |date=1997-12-14 |author=William Safire |author-link=William Safire |title=On Language; Gifts of Gab for 1998}}</ref> However, in ''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' (the first edition of ''Labels for Locals'')<ref>''What Do You Call a Person From...? A Dictionary of Resident Names'' by Paul Dickson (Facts on File, February 1990). {{ISBN|978-0-8160-1983-0}}.</ref> Dickson attributed the term to George H. Scheetz, in his ''Names' Names: A Descriptive and Prescriptive Onymicon'' (1988),<ref name="Scheetz"/> which is apparently where the term first appears. The term may have been fashioned after ''demonymic'', which the ''[[Oxford English Dictionary]]'' defines as the name of an [[Athenian]] [[citizen]] according to the [[deme]] to which the citizen belongs, with its first use traced to 1893.<ref name="OED">{{cite web |url=http://www.oed.com/ |title=Oxford English Dictionary |publisher=Oxford University Press}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://archive.org/details/constitutionofat00arisuoft |title=Aristotle's ''Constitution of Athens'', edited by J.E. Sandy, at the Internet Archive |year=1912 |page=116}}</ref>
==Suffixation==
Several linguistic elements are used to create demonyms in the [[English language]]. The most common is to add a [[Affix|suffix]] to the end of the location name, slightly modified in some instances. These may resemble [[Late Latin]], [[Semitic languages|Semitic]], [[Celtic languages|Celtic]], or [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] suffixes, such as:
===''-(a)n''===
====Continents and regions====
*[[Africa]] → Africans
*[[Antarctica]] → Antarcticans {{Citation needed|date=January 2022}}
*[[Asia]] → Asians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Europe]] → Europeans
*[[North America]] → North Americans
*[[South America]] → South Americans
*[[Central America]] → Central Americans
*[[Americas]] → Americans
*[[Oceania]] → Oceanian
====Countries====
<!--Before adding an entry here, please check whether it already appears in the correct section elsewhere in the article. For example, Portugal might seem to be missing here, but it can be found in the correct section for "Portuguese" in the '''-ese''' section. Please take the time to check first, as almost all countries are already correctly listed.-->
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Algeria]] → Algerians
*[[Andorra]] → Andorrans
*[[Angola]] → Angolans
*[[Antigua]] → Antiguans
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines
*[[Armenia]] → Armenians
*[[Australia]] → Australians
*[[Austria]] → Austrians
*[[Barbuda]] → Barbudans
*[[Belize]] → Belizeans
*[[Bolivia]] → Bolivians
*[[Bosnia]] → Bosnians
*[[Bahamas]] → Bahamians
*[[Barbados]] → Barbadian (also "''Bajan''")
*[[Botswana]] → BaTswana
*[[Brunei]] → Bruneians
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Burundi]] → Burundians
*[[Cambodia]] → Cambodians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Chile]] → Chileans
*[[Colombia]] → Colombians
*[[Costa Rica]] → Costa Ricans
*[[Croatia]] → Croatians (also "''Croats''")
*[[Cuba]] → Cubans
*[[Dominican Republic]] → Dominicans
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadorans
*[[Eritrea]] → Eritreans
*[[Estonia]] → Estonians
*[[Ethiopia]] → Ethiopians
*[[Fiji]] → Fijian, Fijindians
*[[Galatia]] → Galatians
*[[Gambia]] → Gambians
*[[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Germany]] → Germans
*[[Ivory Coast]] → Ivorians
*[[Guatemala]] → Guatemalans
*[[Guinea]] → Guineans
*[[Haiti]] → Haitians
*[[Honduras]] → Hondurans
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians
*[[India]] → Indians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Jamaica]] → Jamaicans
*[[Kenya]] → Kenyans
*[[Kiribati]] → Kiribatians (also "''I-Kiribati''")
*[[North Korea]] → North Koreans
*[[South Korea]] → South Koreans
*[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovans (also "''Kosovar''")
*[[Laos]] → Laos (also "''Laotians''")
*[[Latvia]] → Latvians
*[[Liberia]] → Liberians
*[[Libya]] → Libyans
*[[Lithuania]] → Lithuanians
*[[Malawi]] → Malawians
*[[Malaysia]] → Malaysians
*[[Mali]] → Malians
*[[Mauritania]] → Mauritanians
*[[Mauritius]] → Mauritians
*[[Mexico]] → Mexicans
*[[Micronesia]] → Micronesians
*[[Moldova]] → Moldovans
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongolians (also "''Mongols''")
*[[Monaco]] → Monacans (also "''Monegasque''")
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Mozambique]] → Mozambicans
*[[Myanmar]] → Myanmans (also "''Burmese''")
*[[Namibia]] → Namibians
*[[Nauru]] → Nauruans
*[[Nicaragua]] → Nicaraguans
*[[Nigeria]] → Nigerians
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistanis
*[[Palau]] → Palauans
*[[Papua New Guinea]] → Papua New Guineans
*[[Paraguay]] → Paraguayans
*[[Persia]] → Persians
*[[Puerto Rico]] → Puerto Ricans
*[[Romania]] → Romanians
*[[Russia]] → Russians
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandans (also "''Rwandese''")
*[[Saint Lucia]] → Saint Lucians
*[[Samoa]] → Samoans
*[[Saudi Arabia]] → Saudi Arabians (also "''Saudis''")
*[[Serbia]] → Serbians (also "''Serbs''")
*[[Sierra Leone]] → Sierra Leoneans
*[[Singapore]] → Singaporeans
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovakians (also "''Slovaks''")
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenians (also "''Slovenes''")
*[[Somalia]] → Somalians (also "''Somalis''")
*[[South Africa]] → South Africans
*[[Sri Lanka]] → Sri Lankans
*[[St. Kitts and Nevis]] → Kittitians, Nevisians
*[[Syria]] → Syrians
*[[Tanzania]] → Tanzanians
*[[Tonga]] → Tongans
*[[Tunisia]] → Tunisians
*[[Tuvalu]] → Tuvaluans
*[[Uganda]] → Ugandans
*[[United States]] → Americans
*[[Uruguay]] → Uruguayans
*[[Vanuatu]] → Vanuatuans (also "''Ni-Vanuatu''")
*[[Venezuela]] → Venezuelans
*[[Zambia]] → Zambians
*[[Zimbabwe]] → Zimbabweans
}}
====Constituent states, provinces and regions====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians (also "''Abkhaz''")
*[[Alaska]] → Alaskans
*[[Alberta]] → Albertans
*[[Andalusia]] → Andalusians
*[[Arizona]] → Arizonans
*[[Arkansas]] → Arkansans
*[[Asturias]] → Asturians
*[[Bago Region]] → Bagoans
*[[Bangka Island]] → Bangkans
*[[Bavaria]] → Bavarians
*[[Bay Of Plenty]] → Bayer, Plentonians
*[[Bohemia]] → Bohemians
*[[Borneo]] → Borneans
*[[British Columbia]] → British Columbians
*[[Brittany]] → Bretons
*[[California]] → Californians
*[[Canterbury]] → Cantabrians
*[[Carinthia]] → Carinthians
*[[Colorado]] → Coloradans
*[[Corsica]] → Corsicans
*[[Crete]] → Cretans
*[[Crimea]] → Crimeans
*[[Cumbria]] → Cumbrians
*[[Dalmatia]] → Dalmatians
*[[Delaware]] → Delawareans
*[[District of Columbia]] → Washingtonians
*[[Extremadura]] → Extremadurans
*[[Florida]] → Floridans (more commonly "''Floridians''" below)
*[[Galicia, Spain|Galicia]] → Galicians
*[[Galilee]] → Galileans
*[[Gaza Strip]] → Gazans
*[[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] → Georgians
*[[Hawaiʻi]] → Hawaiians{{efn|Local usage generally reserves ''Hawaiian'' as an [[ethnonym]] referring to [[Native Hawaiians]]. ''Hawaii resident'' is the preferred local form to refer to state residents in general regardless of ethnicity.<ref>{{cite book|last1=Press|first1=AIP, Associated|title=Stylebook and briefing on media law|date=2007|publisher=Basic Books|location=New York|isbn=9780465004898|page=112|edition=42nd}}</ref>}}
*[[Hebrides]] → Hebrideans
*[[Idaho]] → Idahoans
*[[Illinois]] → Illinoisans
*[[Indiana]] → Hoosiers
*[[Iowa]] → Iowans
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Java]] → Javans (also "''Javanese''")
*[[Johor]] → Johoreans
*[[Judea]] → Judeans
*[[Kansas]] → Kansans
*[[Karelia]] → Karelians
*[[Kayah State]] → Kayahans
*[[Kedah]] → Kedahans
*[[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] → Pathans
*[[Liguria]] → Ligurians
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianans (also "''Louisianians''")
*[[Madeira]] → Madeirans
*[[Malacca]] → Malaccans
*[[Majorca]] → Majorcans
*[[Mandalay Region]] → Mandalayans
*[[Manitoba]] → Manitobans
*[[Maryland]] → Marylanders
*[[Masuria]] → Masurians
*[[Menorca]] → Menorcans
*[[Minnesota]] → Minnesotans
*[[Mississippi]] → Mississippians
*[[Missouri]] → Missourians
*[[Maluku Islands|Moluccas]] → Moluccans
*[[Montana]] → Montanans
*[[Moravia]] → Moravians
*[[Nebraska]] → Nebraskans
*[[Nevada]] → Nevadans
*[[New Jersey]] → New Jerseyans
*[[New Mexico]] → New Mexicans (also "''Neomexicanos''", "''Neomejicanos''")
*[[New South Wales]] → New South Welshmen
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador]] → Newfoundlanders, Labradorians (also "''Newfies''", "''Labradurians''")
*[[Normandy]] → Normans
*[[North Dakota]] → North Dakotans
*[[Northwest Territories]] → Northwest Territorians
*[[Nova Scotia]] → Nova Scotians
*[[Ohio]] → Ohioans
*[[Oklahoma]] → Oklahomans
*[[Ontario]] → Ontarians
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Otago]] → Otagans
*[[Papua (province)|Papua]] → Papuans
*[[Patagonia]] → Patagonians
*[[Pennsylvania]] → Pennsylvanians
*[[Pomerania]] → Pomeranians
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islander
*[[Samogitia]] → Samogitians
*[[Sabah]] → Sabahans
*[[Sardinia]] → Sardinians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians (also "''Saskatchewanite''")
*[[Silesia]] → Silesians
*[[Slavonia]] → Slavonians
*[[South Australia]] → South Australians
*[[South Dakota]] → South Dakotans
*[[Styria]] → Styrians
*[[Sumatra]] → Sumatrans
*[[Syrmia]] → Syrmians
*[[Tahiti]] → Tahitians
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamilan
*[[Taranaki]] → Taranakians
*[[Tasmania]] → Tasmanians (informally "''Taswegians''")
*[[Tennessee]] → Tennesseans
*[[Texas]] → Texans
*[[Thuringia]] → Thuringians
*[[Transnistria]] → Transnistrians
*[[Transylvania]] → Transylvanians
*[[Umbria]] → Umbrians
*[[Utah]] → Utahns (also "''Utahans''")
*[[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] → Victorians
*[[Virginia]] → Virginians
*[[Waikato]] → Waikatorians
*[[Wake Island]] → Wakeans
*[[Wallachia]] → Wallachians
*[[Western Australia]] → Western Australians, West Australians (informally, "''Westralians''")
*[[West Papua (province)|West Papua]] → West Papuans
*[[North Rhine-Westphalia|Westphalia]] → Westphalians
*[[Wisconsin]] → Wisconsinites
}}
====Cities====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaideans
*[[Alexandria]] → Alexandrians
*[[Albuquerque, New Mexico|Albuquerque]] → Albuquerqueans (also "''Burqueños''" or the feminine "''Burqueñas''")
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Atlanta]] → Atlantans
*[[Baltimore]] → Baltimoreans
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Brockton, Massachusetts|Brockton]] → Brocktonians
*[[Bogotá]] → Bogotans
*[[Canberra]] → Canberrans
*[[Cape Town]] - Capetonians
*[[Charlotte]] → Charlotteans
*[[Chattanooga, Tennessee|Chattanooga]] → Chattanoogans
*[[Chicago]] → Chicagoans
*[[Cincinnati]] → Cincinnatians
*[[Clitheroe]] → Clitheronians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians<ref>{{cite web |last1=Gilbert |first1=Simon |title=What makes a Coventrian ? New online tool will tell you |url=https://www.coventrytelegraph.net/news/coventry-news/what-makes-coventrian--new-8126358 |website=coventrytelegraph |date=18 November 2014}}</ref>
*[[Danu Self-Administered Zone|Danu]] → Danuans
*[[Derby]] → Derbeians
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[El Paso, Texas|El Paso]] → El Pasoans, El Paseños
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Hamilton (disambiguation)|Hamilton]] → Hamiltonians
*[[Hanoi]] → Hanoians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Indianapolis]] → Indianapolitans
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Izmir]] → Izmirians
*[[Jakarta]] → Jakartans
*[[Kalamazoo]] → Kalamazooans
*[[Kyiv]] → Kyivans
*[[Kolkata]] → Calcuttans
*[[Las Vegas]] → Las Vegans
*[[Lexington, Kentucky|Lexington]] → Lexingtonians
*[[Madera, California|Madera]] → Maderans
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manilans (also "''Manileños''" or the feminine "''Manileñas''")
*[[Mecca]] → Meccans
*[[Medina]] → Medinans
*[[Miami]] → Miamians
*[[Milwaukee]] → Milwaukeeans
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Naypyidaw Union Territory|Naypyidaw]] → Naypyidawans
*[[Oklahoma City]] → Oklahoma Cityans
*[[Ottawa]] → Ottawans
*[[Philadelphia]] → Philadelphians
*[[Pisa]] → Pisans
*[[Pueblo, Colorado|Pueblo]] → Puebloans
*[[Regina, Saskatchewan|Regina]] → Reginans
*[[Riga]] → Rigans
*[[Rome]] → Romans
*[[Sacramento]] → Sacramentans
*[[Salem]] → Salemians
*[[San Antonio]] → San Antonians
*[[San Diego]] → San Diegans
*[[San Francisco]] → San Franciscans
*[[San Jose, California|San Jose]] → San Joseans
*[[Sarasota]] → Sarasotans
*[[Sioux City]] → Sioux Cityans
*[[Springville, Alabama|Springville]] → Springvillians
*[[Sofia]] → Sofians
*[[St. Louis]] → St. Louisans
*[[Surabaya]] → Surabayans
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangians
*[[Thebes, Greece|Thebes]] → Thebans
*[[Toledo, Ohio]] → Toledoans
*[[Tucson, Arizona|Tucson]] → Tucsonians, Tucsonans
*[[Tulsa, Oklahoma|Tulsa]] → Tulsans
*[[Utica, New York|Utica]] → Uticans
*[[Valencia]]  → Valencians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Waco, TX]] → Wacoans
*[[Wellington]] → Wellingtonians
*[[Yuma, Arizona|Yuma]] → Yumians
}}
===''-ian''===
====Countries====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Argentina]] → Argentinians ("''Argentine''" is more common)
*[[Republic of Artsakh|Artsakh]] → Artsakhians
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanians (also "''Azerbaijanis''" and "''Azeris''")
*[[Bahamas]] → Bahamians
*[[Barbados]] → Barbadians (also "''Bajans''")
*[[Belarus]] → Belarusians
*[[Belgium]] → Belgians
*[[Bermuda]] → Bermudians
*[[Brazil]] → Brazilians
*[[Cameroon]] → Cameroonians
*[[Canada]] → Canadians
*[[Cayman Islands]] → Caymanians
*[[Chad]] → Chadians
*[[Comoros]] → Comorians
*[[Ecuador]] → Ecuadorians
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[Ghana]] → Ghanaians
*[[Gibraltar]] → Gibraltarians
*[[Grenada]] → Grenadians
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians
*[[Italy]] → Italians
*[[Jordan]] → Jordanians
*[[Laos]] → Laotians
*[[Maldives]] → Maldivians
*[[State of Palestine|Palestine]] → Palestinians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Saint Vincent and the Grenadines|Saint Vincent]] → Vincentians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinidadians, Tobagonians (also "''Trinbagonians''")
*[[Ukraine]] → Ukrainians
}}
====Constituent states, provinces, regions and cities====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Aarhus]] → Aarhusians
*[[Adelaide]] → Adelaidians
*[[Alabama]] → Alabamians
*[[Argyll]] → Argathelians
*[[Athens]] → Athenians
*[[Ayeyarwady Region]] → Ayeyarwadians
*[[Banat]] → Banatians
*[[Ballarat]] → Ballaratians
*[[Bengaluru]] → Bangloreans, Bengalurigaru
*[[Banten]] → Bantenians (also "''Banteneses''", "''Banteners''")
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgradians
*[[Birmingham, Alabama]] → Birminghamians
*[[Blackburn]] → Blackburnians
*[[Blackpool]] → Blackpudlians
*[[Bangkok]] → Bangkokians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bracknell]] → Bracknellians
*[[Bradford]] → Bradfordians
*[[Brighton]] → Brightonians
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanians (also "''Brisbanites''")
*[[Bristol]] → Bristolians
*[[Bukovina]] → Bukovinian
*[[Burgundy]] → Burgundians
*[[Calgary]] → Calgarians
*[[Canary Islands]] → Canarians
*[[Canterbury, New Zealand]] → Cantabrians
*[[Castile (historical region)|Castile]] → Castilians
*[[Cedar Rapids, Iowa|Cedar Rapids]] → Cedar Rapidians
*[[Chelmsford]] → Chelmsfordians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Chin State]] → Chinians
*[[Chittagong]] → Chittagonians
*[[Christchurch]] → Christchurchians (also "''Christchurchers''")
*[[Cirebon]] → Cirebonians
*[[Corinth]] → Corinthians
*[[Coventry]] → Coventrians
*[[Darwin, Northern Territory|Darwin]] → Darwinians
*[[Dayton]] → Daytonians
*[[Devon]] → Devonians
*[[Duluth]] → Duluthians
*[[Edmonton]] → Edmontonians
*[[Florida]] → Floridians
*[[Fort Worth, Texas|Fort Worth]] → Fort Worthians
*[[Fredericton]] → Frederictonians
*[[Greenville, South Carolina|Greenville]] → Greenvillians
*[[Hamilton, Ontario|Hamilton]] → Hamiltonians
*[[Harrow, London|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Hartlepool]] → Hartlepudlians
*[[Hereford]] → Herefordians
*[[Herzegovina]] → Herzegovinians
*[[Hesse]] → Hessians
*[[Hobart]] → Hobartians
*[[Houston]] → Houstonians
*[[Isles of Scilly]] → Scillonians
*[[Iowa City]] → Iowa Citians
*[[Jessup, Pennsylvania|Jessup]] → Jessupians
*[[Kachin State]] → Kachinians
*[[Kansas City, Missouri|Kansas City]] → Kansas Citians
*[[Kentucky]] → Kentuckians
*[[Kingston, Ontario|Kingston]] → Kingstonians
*[[Lancashire]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lancaster, Lancashire|Lancaster]] → Lancastrians
*[[Lesbos]] → Lesbians
*[[Lethbridge]] → Lethbridgians
*[[Liverpool]] → Liverpudlians (also, informally, "''Scousers''")
*[[Louisiana]] → Louisianians (also "''Louisianans''")
*[[Louisville, Kentucky|Louisville]] → Louisvillians
*[[Madison, Wisconsin|Madison]] → Madisonians
*[[Madrid]] → Madrilenians
*[[Maharashtra]] → Maharashtrians
*[[McKinney, Texas|McKinney]] → McKinnians
*[[Melbourne]] → Melburnians
*[[Memphis, Tennessee|Memphis]] → Memphians
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganians, Michiganders
*[[Mobile, Alabama]] → Mobilian
*[[Nelson Region|Nelson]] → Nelsonians
*[[New Guinea]] → New Guinians
*[[New Orleans]] → New Orleanians
*[[North Carolina]] → North Carolinians
*[[Northern Territory]] → Territorians
*[[Ohio]] → Ohioans
*[[Oregon]] → Oregonians
*[[Paris]] → Parisians
*[[Perlis]] → Perlisians
*[[Perak]] → Perakians
*[[Peterborough]] → Peterborians
*[[Phoenix, Arizona|Phoenix]] → Phoenicians
*[[Plymouth]] → Plymothians
*[[Port Harcourt]] → Harcourtians
*[[Preston, Lancashire]] →Prestonians
*[[Prince George's County, Maryland|Prince George's County]] → Prince Georgians
*[[Rivers State]] → Riverians
*[[Rochdale]] → Rochdalians
*[[Rochester, New York]] → Rochesterians
*[[Rockwall, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Rockwall County, Texas]] → Rockwallians
*[[Sarawak]] → Sarawakians
*[[Saskatchewan]] → Saskatchewanians
*[[Saskatoon, Saskatchewan|Saskatoon]] → Saskatonians
*[[Savannah, Georgia|Savannah]] → Savannahians<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Savannahian|access-date=2017-10-12}}</ref>
*[[Shrewsbury]] → Salopians
*[[Sicily]] → Sicilians
*[[Solihull]] → Silhillians
*[[South Carolina]] → South Carolinians
*[[Stockport]] → Stopfordians
*[[Swindon]] → Swindonians
*[[Tanintharyi Region]] → Tanintharians
*[[Tel Aviv, Israel]] → Tel Avivians
*[[Telford]] → Telfordians
*[[Thrace]] → Thracians
*[[Towcester]] → Towcestrians
*[[Tuban]], [[East Java]] → Tubanians
*[[Tucson]] → Tucsonians
*[[Vilnius]] → Vilnians
*[[Washington (state)|Washington]] → Washingtonians
*[[Wellington]] → Wellingtonians
*[[Wilmington, North Carolina|Wilmington]] → Wilmingtonians
*[[Yukon]] → Yukonians
}}
===''-anian''===
*[[Guam]] → Guamanians
*[[Mawlamyine]] → Mawlamanians
===''-nian''===
*[[Bendigo]] → Bendigonians
*[[Buffalo, New York|Buffalo]] → Buffalonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians
*[[Manchester]] → Mancunians
*[[Naga Self-Administered Zone|Naga]] → Naganians
*[[Panama]] → Panamanians
*[[Sligo]] → Sligonians
*[[Tampa, FL|Tampa]] → Tampanians
*[[Tobago]] → Tobagonians
*[[Toronto]] → Torontonians
*[[Torquay]] → Torquinians
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trinbagonians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Wa Self-Administered Division|Wa]] → Wanians
===''-in(e)''===
*[[Argentina]] → Argentines (and less commonly as "''Argentinians''" or "''Argentineans''")
*[[Byzantium]] → Byzantines
*[[Florence]] → Florentines (also Latin "''Florentia''")
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertines (as by [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], but Gilbertese was more usual)
*The [[Levant]] → Levantines
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Palatinate (region)|Palatinate]] → Palatines
*[[Philippines]] → Philippine, Filipino (feminine: "''Filipina''", see below)
*[[Philistia]] → Philistines
===''-a(ñ/n)o/a, -e(ñ/n)o/a, or -i(ñ/n)o/a''===
as adaptations from the standard [[Spanish language|Spanish]] suffix ''-e(ñ/n)o'' (sometimes using a final ''-a'' instead of ''-o'' for a female, following the Spanish suffix standard  ''-e(ñ/n)a'')
====Countries and regions====
*[[Bicol Region|Bicol]] → Bicolanos
*[[Cebu]] → Cebuanos
*[[El Salvador]] → Salvadoreños (also "''Salvadorans''")
*[[New Mexico]] → Neomexicanos, Neomejicanos (also "''New Mexicans''")
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
====Cities====
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños (also "''Albuquerqueans''")
*[[Belo Horizonte]] → Belo-horizontinos
*[[Buenos Aires]] → Porteños (also "Bonaerense")
*[[Caguas]] - Caguenos
*[[Cainta]] → Cainteños
*[[Cavite]] → Caviteños
*[[Daraga]] → Daragueños
*[[Davao City]] → Davaoeños
*[[Iriga]] → Irigueños
*[[Legazpi, Albay|Legazpi]] → Legazpeños
*[[Ligao]] → Ligaoeños
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos
*[[Madrid]] → Madrileños
*[[City of Manila|Manila]] → Manileños (also "''Manilans''")
*[[Masbate]] → Masbateños
*[[Naga, Camarines Sur|Naga]] → Nagueños
*[[São Paulo]] → Paulistanos
*[[Tabaco]] → Tabaqueños
*[[Tauranga]] → Taurangans
*[[Zamboanga City]] → Zamboangueño people
===''-ite''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Akron, Ohio|Akron]] → Akronites
*[[Andhra Pradesh|Andhra]] - Andhrites
*[[Ann Arbor, Michigan|Ann Arbor]] → Ann Arborites
*[[Austin, Texas|Austin]] → Austinites
*[[Baku]] → Bakuvites
*[[Bergen County, New Jersey]] → Bergenites
*[[Boulder, Colorado|Boulder]] → Boulderites
*[[Brisbane]] → Brisbanites (also "''Brisbanian''")
*[[Bronx]] → Bronxites
*[[Brooklyn]] → Brooklynites<ref>{{cite web |last1=Finn |first1=Robin |title=Investing in Future Quiet, Quiet Manhattan Apartments Next to Construction Sites |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/10/12/realestate/manhattan-apartments-next-to-construction-sites.html |website=The New York Times |date=10 October 2014}}</ref>
*[[Carson City, Nevada]] → Carsonites
*[[Chennai]] → Chennaiites
*[[Dallas]] → Dallasites
*[[Decatur, Georgia|Decatur]] → Decaturites
*[[Delhi]] → Delhites
*[[Denton, Texas]] → Dentonites
*[[Denver]] → Denverites
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaites (more commonly "''Dhakaiya''")
*[[Dubai]] → Dubaiites
*[[Dunedin]] → Dunedinites
*[[Durban]] → Durbanites
*[[Erie, Pennsylvania]] → Erieites
*[[Gaya, India|Gaya]] → Gayaites
*[[Guelph]] → Guelphites
*[[Irmo, South Carolina]] → Irmites
*[[Israel]] → Israelites (also "''Israeli''", depending on the usage; see below)
*[[Istanbul]] → Istanbulites
*[[Jerusalem]] → Jerusalemites
*[[Karachi]] → Karachiites
*[[Kerala]] → Keralites
*[[Dominica|Kweyol]] → Kweyolites
*[[Leicester]] → Leicesterite
*[[Manhattan]] → Manhattanites
*[[Mon State]] → Monites
*[[Moscow]] → Muscovites (also Latin "''Muscovia''")
*[[Montpelier, Vermont]] → Montpelierites
*[[Mumbai]] → Mumbaiites, Mumbaikars
*[[New Hampshire]] → New Hampshirites
*[[Norman, Oklahoma]] → Normanites
*[[Oban]] → Obanites
*[[Odessa]] → Odessites
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangite (also "''Pahangese''")
*[[Patna]] → Patnaites
*[[Penang]] → Penangite
*[[Perth]] → Perthites (also "''Perthian''" and "''Perthling''")
*[[Pullman, Chicago|Pullman]] → Pullmanites
*[[Putney]] → Putneyites
*[[Queens]] → Queensites<ref>{{cite web|url=http://blog.yupnet.org/2008/03/24/copquin-explain/|title=Copquin explains "Queensites" for New York Times - Yale Press Log|work=Yale Press Log|date=24 March 2008}}</ref>
*[[Reading, Berkshire|Reading]] → Readingites
*[[Reno, Nevada]] → Renoites
*[[Ruskin, Florida]] → Ruskinites
*[[Saint Paul, Minnesota]] → Saint Paulites
*[[Salem]] → Salemites
*[[Seattle]] → Seattleites
*[[Seoul]] → Seoulites
*[[Shiloh (disambiguation)#Places|Shiloh]] → Shilonites (as in: "''[[Ahijah the Shilonite]]''")
*[[Shillong]] → Shillongite (also "''Nong Shillong''" and "''Nong Sor''")
*[[Smyrna, Georgia]] → Smynite
*[[Spokane]] → Spokanites
*[[Sydney]] → Sydneyites (also "''Sydneysider''")
*[[Telangana]]→ Telanganites
*[[Tokyo]] → Tokyoites
*[[Vancouver]] → Vancouverites
*[[Vizag]] → Vizagites
*[[Warangal]] → Warangalites
*[[Wenham, Massachusetts]] → Wenhamites
*[[Westchester County, New York]] → Westchesterites
*[[Whittier, California]] → Whittierites
*[[Winston-Salem]] → Winston-Salemites
*[[Wisconsin]] → Wisconsinites
*[[Wrexham]] → Wrexhamites
*[[Wyoming]] → Wyomingites
*[[Yangon]] → Yangonites
}}
===''-(e)r''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Amsterdam]] → Amsterdammers
*[[Auckland]] → Aucklanders
*[[Bakersfield, CA]] → Bakersfielder
*[[Beijing]] → Beijingers
*[[Belgrade]] → Belgraders
*[[Berlin]] → Berliners
*[[Bucharest]] → Bucharesters
*[[Budapest]] → Budapesters
*[[Cleveland]] → Clevelanders
*[[Cook Islands]] → Cook Islanders
*[[Copenhagen]] → Copenhageners
*[[Detroit]] → Detroiters
*[[Dublin]] → Dubliners
*[[Dresden]] → Dresdeners
*[[Fife]] → Fifers
*[[Frankfurt]] → Frankfurters
*[[Greenland]] → Greenlanders (also "''Greenlandic''")
*[[Hamburg]] → Hamburgers
*[[Hannover]] → Hannoveraners
*[[Hong Kong]] → [[Hongkonger]], Hong Kongers (also "''Hong Kongese''", "''Hongkongese''")
*[[Iceland]] → Icelanders (also "''Icelandic''")
*[[Kosovo]]{{ref label|status|a|}} → Kosovars (also "''Kosovan''")
*[[Leeds]] → Loiners
*[[Leipzig]] → Leipzigers
*[[Liechtenstein]] → Liechtensteiners
*[[Little Rock, AR]] → Little Rockers
*[[London]] → Londoners
*[[Lorraine (region)|Lorraine]] → Lorrainers
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgers
*[[Maine]] → Mainers
*[[Maryland]] → Marylanders
*[[Michigan]] → Michiganders
*[[Montreal]] → Montrealers
*[[Netherlands]] → Netherlanders (also "''Dutchman''" and "''Hollanders''")
*[[New Brunswick]] → New Brunswickers
*[[New England]] → New Englanders
*[[New York (state)|New York]] → New Yorkers
*[[New Zealand]] → New Zealanders (see below; irregular forms)
*[[Newfoundland]] → Newfoundlanders
*[[Oakland]] → Oaklanders
*[[Pangkal Pinang]] → Pangkalpinangers
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghers
*[[Prague]] → Praguers
*[[Prince Edward Island]] → Prince Edward Islander
*[[Puntland]] → Puntlanders
*[[Quebec]] → Quebeckers, Quebecers (though see below; irregular forms)
*[[Queensland]] → Queenslanders
*[[Rhineland]] → Rhinelanders
*[[Rhode Island]] → Rhode Islanders
*[[Rotterdam]] → Rotterdammers
*[[Saigon]] → Saigoners
*[[Solomon Islands]] → Solomon Islanders
*[[Stockholm]] → Stockholmers
*[[Stuttgart]] → Stuttgarters
*[[Tallinn]] → Tallinners
*[[Vermont]] → Vermonters
*[[Winnipeg]] → Winnipeggers
*[[Yellowknife]] → Yellowknifers
*[[York]] (UK) → Yorkers (also "''Yorkies''")
*[[Yukon]] → Yukoners
*[[Zurich]] → Zurichers}}
Often used for [[Europe]]an locations and [[Canada|Canadian]] locations
===''-(i)sh''===
(Usually suffixed to a truncated form of the [[toponym]], or place-name.)
"-ish" is usually proper only as an adjective. See note below list.
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Åland]] → Ålandish people (demonym "''[[Ålandic]]''")
*[[Bangka Island (North Sulawesi)|Bangka Island]] → Bangkish
*[[Britain (disambiguation)|Britain]], [[Great Britain]] and [[United Kingdom]] → British people (demonym "''Britons''")
*[[Cornwall]] → Cornish people (demonym "''Cornishmen'', ''Cornishwomen''")
*[[Denmark]] → Danish people (demonym "''Danes''")
*[[England]] → English people (demonym "''Englishmen'', ''Englishwomen''")
*[[Finland]] → Finnish people (demonym "''Finns''", "''Finnic''")
*[[Flanders]] → Flemish people (demonym "''Flemings''")
*[[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]] → Irish people (demonym "''Irishmen'', ''Irishwomen''")
*[[Kent]] → Kentish people
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdish people (demonym "''Kurds''")
*[[Luxembourg]] → Luxembourgish people (demonym "''Luxembourgers''")
*[[Niger]] → Nigerish (also "''Nigerien''")
*[[Northern Ireland]] → Northern Irish people
*[[Poland]] → Polish people (demonym "''Poles''")
*[[Scotland]] → Scottish people (demonym "''Scots''", "''Scotsmen'', ''Scotswomen''")
*[[Spain]] → Spanish people (demonym "''Spaniards''")
*[[Sweden]] → Swedish people (demonym "''Swedes''")
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish people (demonym "''Turks''")
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people (demonym "''Welshmen'', ''Welshwomen''")
}}
===''-ene''===
*[[Cairo]] → Cairenes
*[[Cyrenaica]] → Cyrenes
*[[Damascus]] → Damascenes
*[[Nazareth]] → Nazarenes
*[[Palmyra]] → Palmyrenes
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes (also "''Slovenians''")
Often used for [[Middle East]]ern locations and [[Europe]]an locations.
===''-ensian''===
*Kingston-upon-Hull (UK) → Hullensians
*Leeds (UK) → Leodensians
*Reading (UK) → Readingensians
===''-ard''===
*[[Spain]] → Spaniards (also "''Spanish''")
*[[Savoy]] → Savoyards
*Montagne → [[Montagnard (people)|Montagnard]]s
*[[Shafter, CA]] → Shaftards
===''-ese, -nese or -lese''===
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abruzzo]] → Abruzzese
*[[Emirate of Ajman|Ajman]] → Ajmanese
*[[Aragon]] → Aragonese
*[[Aceh]] → Acehnese
*[[Assam]] → Assamese
*[[Bali]] → Balinese
*[[Bengal]] → Bengalese
*[[Benin]] → Beninese (also "''Beninois''")
*[[Bern]] → Bernese
*[[Bearn]] → Bearnese
*[[Bhutan]] → Bhutanese
*[[Bologna]] → Bolognese
*[[Botswana]] → Botswanese
*[[Burkina Faso]] → Burkinese (also "''Burkinabé''")
*[[Calabria]] → Calabrese
*[[Cirebon]], [[West Java]] → Cirebonese
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Congo Basin|Congo]] → Congolese
*[[Da Lat]] → Dalatese
*[[East Timor]] → East Timorese
*[[Faroe Islands]] → Faroese
*[[Emirate of Fujairah]] → Fujairahnese
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonese (also "''Gabonais''", "''Gabonaise''")
*[[Genoa]] → Genovese, Genoese
*[[Gilbert Islands]] → Gilbertese (also "''Gilbertine''")
*[[Grenadines]] → Grenadinese
*[[Guangdong]] (Canton) → [[Cantonese]]
*[[Guyana]] → Guyanese
*[[Hainan]] → [[Hainanese]]
*[[Hong Kong]] → Hongkongese
*[[Hunan]] → Hunanese
*[[Japan]] → Japanese (also "''Nipponese''")
*[[Java]] → Javanese (also "''Javans''")
*[[Kawthaung]] → Kawthaunggese
*[[Kelantan]] → Kelantanese
*[[Kokang Self-Administered Zone|Kokang]] → Kokanggese
*[[Lebanon]] → Lebanese
*[[León (historical region)|Leon]] → Leonese
*[[Macao]] → Macanese
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Manila]] → Manilese
*[[Marshall Islands]] → Marshallese
*[[Milan]] → Milanese
*[[Myanmar/Burma]] → Burmese (though see below; irregular forms)
*[[Nanking|Nanjing]] (Nanking/Nankin)→ Nankinese
*[[Navarre]] → Navarrese
*[[Negeri Sembilan]] → Negeri Sembilanese
*[[Pahang]] → Pahangese (also "''Pahangite''")
*[[Pa Laung Self-Administered Zone|Pa Laung]] → Palaunggese
*[[Pa'O Self-Administered Zone|Pa'O]] → Paonese
*[[Piedmont]] → Piedmontese
*[[Pittsburgh]] → Pittsburghese (as used routinely by residents of Pittsburgh referring only to the accent/dialect)
*[[Portugal]] → Portuguese
*[[Rakhine State]] → Arakanese
*[[Emirate of Ras Al Khaimah|Ras Al Khaimah]] → Khaimahnese
*[[Rwanda]] → Rwandese (also "''Rwandans''")
*[[Saba]] → Sabanese
*[[Sagaing Region]] → Sagainggese
*[[San Marino]] → Sammarinese
*[[Sark]] → Sarkese
*[[Sassari]] → Sassarese
*[[Senegal]] → Senegalese
*[[Shan State]] → Shanese
*[[Shanghai]] → Shanghaiese
*[[Emirate of Sharjah]] → Sharjahnese
*[[Siam]] → Siamese
*[[Sikkim]] → Sikkimese
*([[South Sudan|South]]) [[Sudan]] → (South) Sudanese
*[[Suriname]] → Surinamese
*[[Taiwan]] → Taiwanese
*[[Taunggyi]] → Taunggese
*[[Tegal Regency|Tegal]], [[Central Java]] → Tegalese
*[[Togo]] → Togolese
*[[Turin]] → Torinese
*[[Umm Al Quwain]] → Quwainese
*[[Vienna]] → Viennese
*[[Vietnam]] → Vietnamese
}}
"-ese" is usually considered proper only as an adjective, or to refer to the entirety.{{Citation needed|date=April 2013}} Thus, "a Chinese person" is used rather than "a Chinese".{{Citation needed|date=October 2021}} Often used for Italian and East Asian, from the Italian suffix ''-ese'', which is originally from the Latin adjectival ending ''-ensis'', designating origin from a place: thus Hispaniensis (Spanish), Danensis (Danish), etc. The use in demonyms for [[Francophone]] locations is motivated by the similar-sounding French suffix ''-ais(e)'', which is at least in part a relative (< lat. ''-ensis'' or ''-iscus'', or rather both).
===''-i(e) or -i(ya)''===
====Countries====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis (less commonly "''Azeris''," also "''Azerbaijanians''")
*[[Bahrain]] → Bahrainis
*[[Bangladesh]] → [[Bangladeshi]]s
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Iraq]] → Iraqis
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhstanis (also "''Kazakhs''")
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurdistanis (also "''Kurdish''", "''Kurds''")
*[[Kuwait]] → Kuwaitis
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzstanis (also "''Kyrgyz''")
*[[Nepal]] → Nepalis (also "''Nepalese''")
*[[Oman]] → Omanis
*[[Pakistan]] → Pakistanis
*[[Qatar]] → Qataris
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajikistanis (also "''Tajiks''")
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Trinidad and Tobago]] → Trini
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmenistanis (also "''Turkmen''")
*[[United Arab Emirates]] → Emiratis
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbekistanis (also "''Uzbeks''")
*[[Yemen]] → Yemenis
}}
====States, provinces, counties, and cities====
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Allahabad]] → Allahabadis
*[[Azawad]] → Azawadis
*[[Azra District|Azra]] → Azragis
*[[Balochistan]] → Balochistanis (also "''Baloch''", "''Baluch''", "''Baluchi''")
*[[Barisal]] → Barisalis (also "''Borishali''")
*[[Beirut]] → Beirutis
*[[Bengal region|Bangladesh, West Bengal]] → Bengalis
*[[Bhārat Gaṇarājya|Bharat]] → Bharatiya
*[[Bihar]] → Biharis
*[[Birmingham]] (UK) → Brummies
*[[Dagestan]] → Dagestanis
*[[Dhaka]] → Dhakaiya (less commonly "''Dhakaites''")
*[[Faridabad]] → Faridabadis
*[[Glasgow]] → Weegie (predominantly used by those not from Glasgow, slightly pejorative), Glaswegian (better)
*[[Gujarat]] → Gujaratis
*[[Hazara people|Hazara]] → Hazaragis (also "''Azragi''")
*[[Hyderabad, India|Hyderabad]] → Hyderabadis
*[[Kerala]] → [[Malayali]]s (also "''Malayalee''", "''Keralite''")
*[[Kumaon division| Kumaon]] → Kumaonis (also "''Kumaiye''")
*[[Lahore]] → Lahoris
*[[Punjab region|Punjab]] → Punjabis
*[[Rajasthan]] → Rajasthanis
*[[Rangpur Division|Rangpur]] → Rangpuris
*[[Sindh]] → Sindhis
*[[Sylhet]] → Sylhetis (also "''Siloti''")
*[[Tel Aviv]] → Tel Avivi (also "''Tel Avivim''" (plural))
*[[Yorkshire]] → Yorkies (also "''Yorkshireman''", "''Tyke''")
}}
Mostly for [[Middle East]]ern and [[South Asia]]n locales. ''-i'' is encountered also in Latinate names for the various people that ancient Romans encountered (e.g. [[Allemanni]], [[Helvetia|Helvetii]]). ''-ie'' is rather used for English places.
===''-iot'' or ''-iote''===
*[[Chios]] → Chiots
*[[Corfu]] → Corfiots
*[[Cyprus]] → Cypriots ("''Cyprian''" before 1960 independence of Cyprus)
*[[Phanar]] → Phanariotes
Used especially for [[Greece|Greek]] locations. Backformation from ''Cypriot'', itself based in Greek ''-ώτης''.
===''-k''===
*[[Greece]] → Greeks
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
===''-asque''===
*[[Bergamo]] → Bergamasque
*[[Menton]] → Mentonasque
*[[Basque Country (greater region)|Basque Country]] → Basque
*[[Monaco]] → Monegasque (also "''Monacans''")
*[[Sanremo]] → Sanremasque
Often used for [[Italy|Italian]] and [[France|French]] locations.
===''-(we)gian''===
*[[Dawei]] → Dawegians
*[[Galloway]] → Galwegians
*[[Galway]] → Galwegians
*[[Glasgow]] → Glaswegians
*[[Magway Region]] → Magwegians
*[[Norway]] → Norwegians
*[[Poway, CA]]→ Powegians
*[[Tasmania]]→ Taswegians
===''-onian''===
*[[Aberdeen]] → Aberdonians
*[[Boston]] → Bostonians
*[[Bath, Somerset|Bath]] → Bathonians
*[[Connacht]] → Connachtonians
*[[Cork (city)|Cork]] → Corkonians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/corkonian|title=Corkonian|work=merriam-webster.com}}</ref>
*[[Dundee]] → Dundonians
*[[Halifax, Nova Scotia|Halifax]] → Haligonians
*[[Lesotho]] → Lesothonians
*[[Newport, Wales|Newport]] → Newportonians
*[[Oxford]] → Oxonians
*[[Truro]] → Truronians
*[[Washington (disambiguation)|Washington]] → Washingtonians
Often used for [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Republic of Ireland|Irish]] locations.
===''-vian''===
*[[Barrow-in-Furness]] → Barrovians<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |title=North West Evening Mail |work=nwemail.co.uk |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140531105817/http://www.nwemail.co.uk/home/2.4887/what-it-means-to-be-barrovian-1.280102 |archive-date=2014-05-31 }}</ref>
*[[Harrow School|Harrow]] → Harrovians
*[[Moose Jaw]] → Moose Javians
*[[Oamaru]] → Oamaruvians
*[[Oslo]] → Oslovians
*[[Peru]] → Peruvians
*[[Warsaw]] → Warsovians
*[[Waterloo, Ontario|Waterloo]] → Waterluvians<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://twitter.com/citywaterloo/status/395633428395081728|title=Waterluvians! Don't forget about our trail renaming contest|first=City of|last=Waterloo|date=October 30, 2013}}</ref>
*[[Wythenshawe]] → Wythenshavians
===''-ois(e), -ais(e)''===
*[[Benin]] → Beninois(e) (also "''Beninese''")
*[[Gabon]] → Gabonais(e) (also "''Gabonese''")
*[[Seychelles]] → Seychellois(e)
*[[Quebec]] → Quebecois(e) (also "''Quebecker''", most common within [[Canada]])
While derived from French, these are also official demonyms in English.
===From Latin or Latinization===
*[[Alsace]] → Alsatians (''Alsatia'')
*[[Annapolis]] → Annapolitans
*[[Ashbourne (disambiguation)|Ashbourne]] → Ashburnians (''Essiburns'')
*[[Cambridge]] → [[Cantabrigian]]s
*[[Canterbury]] → Cantabrians
*[[Chester]] → Cestrians
*[[Colchester]] → Colcestrians
*[[Courland]] → Couronians (''Curonia'')
*[[Exeter]] → Exonians
*[[Guernsey]] → Sarnians (''Sarnia'')
*[[Halifax Regional Municipality|Halifax]] → [[Halifax Regional Municipality|Haligonian]]
*[[Leeds]] → [[Leodensian]]s (''Ledesia'')
*[[Lviv]] → Leopolitans (''Leopolis'')
*[[Manchester]] → [[List of people from Manchester|Mancunian]]s (''Mancunia'')
*[[Melbourne]] → [[Melburnian]]s (''Melburnia'')
*[[Minneapolis]] → Minneapolitans
*[[Naples]] → Neapolitans (''Neapolis'')
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne|Newcastle]] → Novocastrians (''Novum Castrum'')
*[[Orkney Islands]] → [[Orcadian]]s (''Orcadia'')
*[[Oswestry]] → Oswestrians (''Oswestria'')
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopians (''Salopia'')
*[[Tripoli]] → Tripolitans (''Tripolis'')
*[[Venice]] → Venetians
*[[Wolverhampton]] → Wulfrunians
==Prefixation==
It is much rarer to find Demonyms created with a prefix. Mostly they are from Africa and the Pacific, and are not generally known or used outside the country concerned. In much of East Africa, a person of a particular ethnic group will be denoted by a prefix. For example, a person of the [[Luba people]] would be a Muluba, the plural form Baluba, and the language, [[Kiluba]] or [[Tshiluba]]. Similar patterns with minor variations in the prefixes exist throughout on a tribal level. And Fijians who are indigenous Fijians are known as Kaiviti (Viti being the Fijian name for [[Fiji]]). On a country level:
*[[Botswana]] → Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
*[[Burundi]] → Umurundi (singular), Abarundi (plural)
*[[Lesotho]] → Mosotho (singular), Basotho (plural)
==Non-standard examples==
Demonyms may also not conform to the underlying naming of a particular place, but instead arise out of historical or cultural particularities that become associated with its denizens. In the United States such demonyms frequently become associated with regional pride such as the burqueño of [[Albuquerque]],<ref name="White 2020">{{cite web | last=White | first=Juliet | title=18 Words You'll Only Understand If You're From New Mexico | website=OnlyInYourState | date=July 16, 2020 | url=https://www.onlyinyourstate.com/new-mexico/words-nm/ | access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref> or with the mascots of intercollegiate sports teams of the [[state university system]], take for example the [[sooners|sooner]] of [[Oklahoma]] and the [[Oklahoma Sooners]].<ref name="Oklahoma 2013">{{cite web | last=Oklahoma | first=University of | title=What is a Sooner? | website=University of Oklahoma | date=May 20, 2013 | url=https://soonersports.com/news/2013/5/20/208806115.aspx | access-date=April 26, 2021}}</ref>
===Formal===
*[[Albuquerque]] → Burqueños
*[[Buenos Aires]] → [[Porteños]]
*[[Connecticut]] → [[Nutmeggers]]
*[[Guinea Bissau]] → Bissau-Guinean
*[[Edinburgh]] → Lothian
*[[Lisbon]] → Alfacinha
*[[Indiana]] → [[Hoosier]]s<ref>{{Cite news|last=Mettler|first=Katie|date=January 13, 2017|title='Hoosier' is now the official name for Indiana folk. But what does it even mean?|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/morning-mix/wp/2017/01/13/hoosier-is-now-the-official-name-for-indiana-folk-but-what-does-it-even-mean/|access-date=July 31, 2020|newspaper=The Washington Post}}</ref>
*[[Los Angeles]] → Angelenos<ref>{{Cite Merriam-Webster|Angeleno|access-date=2017-08-10}}</ref>
*[[Massachusetts]] → [[Bay Staters]]<ref>{{cite web|url=https://malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/PartI/TitleI/Chapter2/Section35|title=Massachusetts: General Laws, Section 35|work=malegislature.gov}}</ref><ref>Prior to the Massachusetts State Legislature designating "Bay Stater" as the state's official demonym, other terms used included ''Massachusett'', borrowed from the native [[Massachusett]] tribe, ''Massachusite'', championed by the early English [[Boston Brahmin|Brahmins]], ''Massachusettsian'', by analogy with other state demonyms, and ''Masshole'', originally derogatory.</ref>
*[[North Macedonia]] → Macedonians
*[[Nunavut]] → Nunavummiut, Nunavummiuq (sing.)
*[[Minas Gerais]] → Mineiros
*[[Rio Grande do Sul]] → [[Gaúcho]]s
*[[Rio de Janeiro]] → [[Carioca]]s
*[[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]] → Paulistas
*[[Shropshire]] → Salopian
*[[Tierra Caliente (Mexico)|Tierra Caliente]] → Calentano, Calentana, Guache, Guacha, Huache, Huacha
*[[Uruguay]] → Orientales
*[[Valparaíso]] → [[Porteños]]
===Informal===
*[[Australia]] → [[Aussie]]
*[[Birmingham, England]] → Brummie
*[[Brisbane, Australia]] → Brisvegan, Brisbogan
*[[Canada]] → [[Canuck]]
*[[Cardiff]] → Taffs
*[[Hartlepool, England]] → [[Monkey hanger]]
*[[Jersey]] → [[Jèrriais]] (adjectival), Jerseyman (demonym)
*[[Kansas]] → [[Jayhawker]]
*[[Liverpool, England]] → Scouser, Liverpudlian
*[[London, England]] → [[Cockney]] (Specifically: One hailing from East London, England)
*[[Mexico]] - [[Aztec]]a<ref>https://www.sinonimosgratis.com/mexicanos</ref>
*[[Middlesbrough, England]] → [[Smoggie]]
*[[Newcastle, New South Wales|Newcastle]], [[Australia]] → Novocastrian
*[[Newcastle upon Tyne, England]] → [[Geordie]]
*[[Newfoundland and Labrador|Newfoundland, Canada]] → [[Newfie]]
*[[New Zealand]] → [[Kiwi (people)|Kiwi]]
*[[North Carolina]] → [[Tar Heel]]
*[[Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania]], [[United States]] → [[Yinzer]]
*[[Peru]] - [[Inca]] (also Perulero)
*[[Puerto Rico]] → [[Boricua]] (from Taino Arawak "Boriken" Land of brave people)
*[[South Australia]] → Croweater
*[[City of Sunderland|Sunderland, England]] → [[Mackem]]
*[[Sweden]] → Swede
*[[Sydney, Australia]] → Sydneysider
*[[Ohio]] → Buckeye
*[[Oklahoma]] → [[Okie]], [[Sooner]]
*[[Oldham, England]] → Yonner
*[[Tasmania]] → Taswegian<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/history-culture/2013/05/slang-what-aussies-call-other-aussies|title=Slang: What Aussies call other Aussies|work=Australian Geographic|access-date=2018-07-03|language=en}}</ref>
*[[Wisconsin]] → [[Cheesehead]]
==Demonyms and ethnonyms==
{{main|Ethnonyms}}
Since names of places, regions and countries ([[toponyms]]) are [[morphology (linguistics)|morphologically]] often related to names of ethnic groups ([[ethnonyms]]), various ethnonyms may have similar, but not always identical, forms as terms for general population of those places, regions or countries (demonyms).
{{columns-list|colwidth=22em|
*[[Abkhazia]] → Abkhazians, Abkhaz
*[[Afghanistan]] → Afghans
*[[Albania]] → Albanians
*[[Arab League]] → Arabs
*[[Azerbaijan]] → Azerbaijanis, Azeris
*[[Bengal]] → Bengali (also "''Bengalese''")
*[[Bulgaria]] → Bulgarians
*[[Chechnya]] → Chechens
*[[China]] → Chinese
*[[Croatia]] → Croats
*[[Czech Republic]] → Czechs
*[[Denmark]] → Danes
*[[Egypt]] → Egyptians
*[[England]] → English
*[[Eswatini|Eswatini (Swaziland)]] → Swazis, Swatis
*[[Finland]] → [[Finns|Finn]]
*[[Flanders]] → Flemings
*[[France]] → French
*[[Hayastan]] → Hayastani (also "''Armenians''")
*[[Hungary]] → Hungarians, Magyars
*[[Indonesia]] → Indonesians
*[[Ingushetia]] → Ingushians
*[[Iran]] → Iranians, Persians
*[[Ireland]] → Irish
*[[Israel]] → Israeli
*[[Jersey]] → Jerseymen, Jerseywomen
*[[Kalmykia]] → Kalmyks
*[[Kazakhstan]] → Kazakhs
*[[KwaZulu]] → Zulus
*[[Kurdistan]] → Kurds
*[[Kumaon division| Kumaon]] → Kumaonis, Kumaiye
*[[Kyrgyzstan]] → Kyrgyzs
*[[Sápmi|Lapland]] → Lapps
*[[Madagascar]] → Malagasys
*[[Malta]] → Maltese
*[[Mongolia]] → Mongols
*[[Montenegro]] → Montenegrins
*[[Morocco]] → Moroccans
*[[Netherlands]] → Dutch
*[[New Zealand]] → Kiwis
*[[Odisha]] → Odias
*[[Philippines]] → Filipinos
*[[Poland]] → Poles
*[[Scotland]] → Scots
*[[Serbia]] → Serbs
*[[Sorbia (region)|Sorbia]] → Sorbs
*[[Slovakia]] → Slovaks
*[[Slovenia]] → Slovenes
*[[Somalia]] → Somalis
*[[Spain]] → Spanish
*[[Sweden]] → Swedes
*[[Tajikistan]] → Tajiks
*[[Tamil Nadu]] → Tamils
*[[Tatarstan]] →Tatars
*[[Thailand]] → Thais
*[[Turkey]] → Turkish
*[[Turkmenistan]] → Turkmens
*[[Ulster]] → Ulstermen
*[[United States of America]] → Americans
*[[Uzbekistan]] → Uzbeks
*[[Wales]] → Welsh people
}}
==Fiction==
Literature and science fiction have created a wealth of gentilics that are not directly associated with a cultural group. These will typically be formed using the standard models above. Examples include ''[[Martian]]'' for hypothetical people of [[Mars]] (credited to scientist [[Percival Lowell]]), ''Gondorian'' for the people of [[Tolkien]]'s fictional land of [[Gondor]], and ''Atlantean'' for [[Plato]]'s island [[Atlantis]].
Other science fiction examples include ''[[Jovian (fiction)|Jovian]]'' for those of [[Jupiter]] or its moons and ''[[Venusians|Venusian]]'' for those of [[Venus]]. Fictional aliens refer to the inhabitants of Earth as ''[[Earthling (science fiction)|Earthling]]'' (from the [[diminutive]] ''-ling'', ultimately from [[Old English]] ''-ing'' meaning "descendant"), as well as ''[[wikt:Terran|Terran]]'', ''Terrene'', ''Tellurian'', ''Earther'', ''Earthican'', ''Terrestrial'', and ''Solarian'' (from ''Sol'', the sun).
Fantasy literature which involves other worlds or other lands also has a rich supply of gentilics. Examples include ''Lilliputians'' and ''Brobdingnagians'', from the islands of [[Lilliput and Blefuscu|Lilliput]] and [[Brobdingnag]] in the satire ''[[Gulliver's Travels]]''.
In a few cases, where a linguistic background has been [[Constructed language|constructed]], non-standard gentilics are formed (or the eponyms back-formed). Examples include Tolkien's ''[[Rohirrim]]'' (from [[Rohan (Middle-earth)|Rohan]]) and the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise's ''[[Klingon]]s'' (with various names for their homeworld).
==Notes==
{{notelist}}
{| style="margin-left:28px; line-height:150%; font-size:100%;"
|align="right" valign="top"|a.
|{{note|status}}{{Kosovo-note}}
|}


== References ==
== References ==
{{Reflist}}
{{Reflist}}
[[Category:Demonyms| ]]
[[Category:Semantics]]
[[Category:Types of words]]
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